NGC 1 = UGC 57 =
MCG +04-01-025 = CGCG 477-054 = Holm 2A = PGC 564
00 07 15.9 +27
42 29
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, slightly elongated ~E-W, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 2
just 1.8' S.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, oval 3:2 ~E-W, small, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 1.9'
NNE and a mag 13 star is 1.5' NNW of center.
13"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, very small, small bright core.
13"
(11/5/83): faint, very small.
Forms a pair with NGC 2 2' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1 on 30 Sep 1861 while testing the 11-inch f/17.5 Merz
refractor of the Copenhagen Observatory, though he missed nearby NGC 2. This was his first deep sky discovery,
though d'Arrest was uncertain if his object was identical to h4 or h5 (both of
which refer to NGC 16). He
described (combination of 4 observations) NGC 1 as "faint, small, round,
20", no concentration. In a
straight line connecting two stars 11 and 14 mag." Herman Schultz also observed NGC 1
three times in 1866 and 1868 with a 9.6-inch refractor at Upsala and both
observers missed fainter NGC 2.
The NGC 1 and 2 visual pair are not physically related. NGC 1 lies at a
distance of ~200 million l.y. with NGC 2 at roughly 320 million l.y.
******************************
NGC 2 = UGC 59 =
MCG +04-01-026 = CGCG 477-055 = Holm 2B = PGC 567
00 07 17.1 +27
40 41
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 115d
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, even surface
brightness. A mag 12.5 star lies
1.1' W of center. Forms a pair
(optical) with brighter and larger NGC 1, just 1.8' N.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, elongated ~E-W.
A mag 13 star lies 1' W.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, very small, low surface brightness. Forms a close pair with NGC 1.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 2 on 20 Aug 1873 using Lord
Rosse's 72-inch and recorded a "vF companion [to NGC 1] south". Dreyer confirmed the observation on 29
Oct 1877 Dreyer and noted, "Nova 2' ssf easily seen, vF, eS stellar."
******************************
NGC 3 = UGC 58 =
MCG +01-01-037 = CGCG 408-035 = PGC 565
00 07 16.8 +08
18 06
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 111d
48"
(10/24/11): at 610x appeared fairly bright, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
30"x12", well concentrated with a very small bright core and stellar
nucleus. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.3'
SW. Brightest in a group with the
other members much fainter. These
include NGC 4 4.7' NE, NGC 7840 5.3' NNW and 2MASX J00074110+0814053 7.2' SE.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.25', very small
slightly brighter core, faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.2' SW. Brightest in a group of faint galaxies.
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly faint, small, bright core, slightly elongated. A mag 11.5 star is 1.2' WSW. Brightest in the NGC 3 group with NGC
7838 6.3' NW, NGC 7837 6.9' NW, NGC 7835 10' NW, NGC 7834 11' WNW and NGC 4 5'
NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3 = m 1 on 29 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "F, vS, R, alm stellar." NGC 3 is the brightest in a small group of faint galaxies
(NGC 7834, 7835, 7837, 7838, 7840, 3, 4) all discovered by Marth on the same
night.
******************************
NGC 4 = LEDA
212468
00 07 24.4 +08
22 23
V = 15.9; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
48"
(10/24/11): at 610x appeared fairly faint, very small, round, 10"
diameter, high surface brightness.
This description applies to the core as the faint thin extensions on the
DSS were not noticed. Located 2.9'
W of mag 9.5 SAO 109022 and 4.7' NE of NGC 3 in a group.
18"
(10/21/06): extremely faint and small, round. This threshold object appeared virtually stellar, perhaps
4" diameter and only visible occasionally with averted vision. Located 3' due west of a mag 9
star. Another very difficult galaxy,
NGC 7840, lies 4' WNW.
17.5"
(8/2/86): faintest member of the NGC 3 group. Extremely faint and small, at visual threshold. Located 2.9' W of mag 9 SAO 109022 and
4.8' NNE of NGC 3.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4 = m 2 on 29 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "eF". His
position is 10 tsec of RA following and 5' N of NGC 3 (discovered on the same
night, along with 5 other faint galaxies). The galaxy listed here (PGC 212468) is situated 4.7' NNE of
NGC 3, so is a close match in position.
RNGC and PGC misidentify NPM1G +07.0004 = PGC 620 as NGC 4. PGC 620 is located 15' SE of NGC 3, so
is much too far away to be a reasonable candidate. NED and HyperLeda have the correct identification but SIMBAD
still (as of 2017) misidentifies PGC 620 as NGC 4.
******************************
NGC 5 = UGC 62 =
MCG +06-01-013 = CGCG 517-017 = PGC 595
00 07 48.9 +35
21 44
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, very small, round, small bright core.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 5 = St XII-1 on 21 Oct 1881 using the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "Small core of 13 to 14 mag, surrounded
by a very small and faint nebula."
His position matches UGC 62 = PGC 595.
******************************
NGC 6 = NGC 20 =
UGC 84 = MCG +05-01-036 = CGCG 498-082 = PGC 679
00 09 32.6 +33
18 31
See observing
notes for NGC 20.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6 = Sw II-3 on 20 Sept 1885 with the 16" Clark refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; cE; vS; one of 5 stars which point to
it is pretty near." There is
nothing at his position, but 75 seconds of RA east and 47' north is NGC 20 =
UGC 84. The RA offset is shared by
several other objects discovered this night (NGC 19, 21, 7831, 7836) though the
declination error is much larger (8' for the other objects). But his description matches the chain
of five stars just following NGC 20.
So, it is nearly certain NGC 6 = NGC 20 (discovered by R.J. Mitchell
using LdR's 72" on 18 Sep 1857). The RNGC misidentifies NGC 6 as NGC 7831.
See Corwin's notes for more info.
******************************
NGC 7 = ESO
409-022 = MCG -05-01-037 = PGC 627
00 08 20.8 -29
54 55
V = 13.9; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 29d
17.5"
(8/20/88): extremely faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE. Requires averted vision due to low
surface brightness and elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7 = h4014 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "vF, pL, vmE, gvlbM, 2'
long." The next night he
observed the galaxy again and noted "vF, mE, vgvlbM." On a third sweep he called it
"eeF, L, mE, requires the utmost attention to perceive though the sky is
perfectly pure." His
position matches ESO 409-022 = PGC 627.
******************************
NGC 8 = Holm 3b
= PGC 648
00 08 46 +23 50
16
V =
15.3/16.5; Size 6"
=**, Corwin.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 8 on 29 Sep 1865 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory in St. Petersburg. He
described it as fainter than NGC 9 (found 2 nights earlier) and placed it 3'
northwest (10 sec of RA west and 1' north). At this exact separation is a fairly close, faint double
star at 00 08 46 +23 50 16 (2000) with components mag 15.3/16.5. MCG
misidentifies MCG +04-01-030 as NGC 8.
Although the RNGC New Description reads "looks like double
star", the classification is a galaxy. HyperLeda (as of 2016) also misclassifies this object as a
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 9 = UGC 78 =
MCG +04-01-030 = CGCG 477-059 = Holm 3a = PGC 652
00 08 54.6 +23 49
03
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, weak concentration. Located at the western vertex of an
isosceles triangle with two mag 9 stars 6' E and 6.5' NE.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 9 on 27 Sep 1865 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory in St. Petersburg while unsuccessfully searching for comet
Biela. Struve's position is 15 sec
of RA west and 2' south of UGC 78 = PGC 652. He noted, though, that a mag 9 star follows by 26 seconds in
RA, so the identification is certain.
See NGC 8.
******************************
NGC 10 = ESO
349-032 = MCG -06-01-024 = PGC 634
00 08 34.5 -33
51 30
V = 12.5; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 25d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE. A mag 13 star follows by 2.9'. Located 21' SSE of mag 5.7 SAO 192367.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 10 = h4015 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "Not vF, L, lE,
glbM, 1'.". On a later sweep
he logged it "F, pL, R, bM, 40"." His mean position matches ESO 349-032 = PGC 634.
******************************
NGC 11 = UGC 73
= MCG +06-01-015 = CGCG 517-020 = PGC 642
00 08 42.5 +37
26 53
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 111d
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, edge-on WNW-ESE. A close double star with mag 11/12 components lies 3' N.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 11 = St XII-2 on 24 Oct 1881 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at the Marseille Observatory and described "vF; vS; little
irregular oval SE to NW; two very faint stars involved." Although Stephan did not record this
object as an edge-on (very elongated), his position clearly matches UGC 73 =
PGC 642.
******************************
NGC 12 = UGC 74
= MCG +01-01-040 = CGCG 408-038 = PGC 645
00 08 44.8 +04
36 45
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 125d
17.5"
(12/19/87): very faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 12 = H III-868 = h1 on 6 Dec 1790 (sweep 984) and logged
"eF, pS, irr F." The 4
Nov 1850 observation using Lord Rosse's 72" reads "Some stars seen in
it, it is vF. Nothing further remarkable."
******************************
NGC 13 = UGC 77
= MCG +05-01-034 = CGCG 498-081 = PGC 650
00 08 47.7 +33
25 59
V = 13.2; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 53d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 13 star is 30" S and a mag
12 star lies 1.2' SSW of center.
First of three with NGC 20 12' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 13 = H III-866 = h2 on 26 Nov 1790 (sweep 981) and logged
"vF, vS. 300 verified and showed 3 stars and the nebula placed in the form
of a square; the nebula being the np corner." R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Sep 1857,
recorded "2 neb. nearly in line p. and f; about 14' apart; the p one [NGC
13] is of irregular outline; F; bM. The f. one [NGC 13] is S; R; pB;
bM." The pair was observed 5
times up to 1873. The NGC position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 14 = Arp 235
= VV 80 = UGC 75 = MCG +03-01-026 = CGCG 456-034 = PGC 647
00 08 46.1 +15
48 56
V = 12.1; Size 2.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 25d
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE, broad concentration,
faint extensions. Located 1.4Ą ESE
of NGC 7814.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 14 = H II-591 = h3 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 590) and recorded
"F, pL, iF, unequally bright."
His position is at the west edge of Arp 235 = VV 80. JH made 4 observations, describing iton
11 Sep 1828 as "eF; R; bM a star 10 m north preceding, dist. 5'."
******************************
NGC 15 = UGC 82
= MCG +03-01-027 = CGCG 456-035 = PGC 661
00 09 02.5 +21
37 28
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, small, very elongated SSW-NNE, brighter core, faint stellar
nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 15 = m 3 on 30 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "vF, vS, R, bM".
His position is reasonably match with UGC 82 = PGC 661.
******************************
NGC 16 = UGC 80
= MCG +04-01-032 = CGCG 477-061 = PGC 660
00 09 04.3 +27
43 46
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 16d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus.
17.5" (9/19/87):
fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~N-S, bright core, stellar
nucleus. NGC 22 lies 12' NE.
13"
(8/24/84) : moderately bright, small, bright stellar nucleus, small fainter
lens SSW-NNE.
8"
(8/16/82): fairly faint, small, elongated N-S, bright nucleus at 200x.
8"
(6/19/82): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, weak concentration.
William Herschel
probably discovered NGC 16 = H IV-15 = h4 = h5 on 8 Sep 1784. He recorded "Stellar, or rather
like a faint star with a small chevelure and two burs [sic]. F, S." His RA is 1 min 24 seconds
east (using a different star Corwin found an error of 1 min 6 seconds) of UGC
80. JH observed this object on 5
Sep 1828 and logged "pB; R; bM; 30" (? if not IV. 15)" Due to the difference in position he
wasn't sure if his object was new, but listed it as a Nova. JH swept the area again 11 nights later
and found h5, which he assumed was his father's IV-15: "a star 15m with a
burr, RA from Cat.", though without an RA the identification of h5 is
unknown. In the NGC, Dreyer
equates h4 = h5 = H IV-15 = NGC 16 and Corwin favors this interpreation.
Wolfgang Steinicke feels H IV-15 more likely applies to NGC 22 than NGC
16. His RA is off by 40 sec (too
far east) and 7' too far south and the description "F, S, Stellar, or
rather like a faint star with a small chevelure and two burs." may be a
better fit.
J.L.E. Dreyer,
using the 72" at Birr Castle on 29 Oct 1877, recorded "pB nucl with
vF neby; round; E sp nf; 2 st 13 and 12 mag preceding in the parallel about 4'
and 5' distant."
******************************
NGC 17 = NGC 34
= MCG -02-01-032 = PGC 781
00 11 06.7 -12
06 27
See observing
notes for NGC 34.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 17 = LM II-276 in 1886 and logged "mag 13.5, 0.1' dia, iR,
two stars mag 9.5, 2.0' in PA 280Ą."
Muller's position was 2.0 min of RA west of PGC 781 (typical error found
in Leander McCormick observations) and his description of the nearby double
star 2' west clinches the identification.
This galaxy was independently found by Lewis Swift (VI-1) on 21 Nov 1886
(same year) at Warner Observatory and catalogued as NGC 34. Herbert Howe noted the identity NGC 17
= NGC 34 (Mon. Not. LXI) based on the descriptions, and Dreyer copied the
correction in the IC II Notes section.
I've used the primary designation NGC 34.
******************************
NGC 18
00 09 23.0 +27
43 56
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 18 on 15 Oct 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala
Observatory. Schultz's micrometric
position is 19 sec of RA following NGC 16 (at 00 09 04.2 +27 43 46) and
corresponds precisely with a double star at 00 09 23.0 +27 43 55 (2000). Dreyer noted that Heinrich d'Arrest and
Lord Rosse couldn't find NGC 18 and neither could douard Stephan (notes
section of his 11th list).
******************************
NGC 19 = UGC 98
= MCG +05-01-046 = CGCG 499-065 = PGC 759
00 10 40.9 +32
58 59
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 42d
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, diffuse. A mag 15 star is 1' SW. Located 9' S of mag 6.8 SAO 53694. This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 21
in RNGC and UGC and NGC 19 is listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 19 = Sw II-4 on 20 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eeF; lE; in [the] center of 3 vF st
forming an equilateral triangle, two of them double." There is no obvious candidate at
Swift's position but 74 seconds of RA east and 8' north is UGC 98. Similar offsets in RA and Dec yield
identities for NGC 21, 7831 and 7836, all discovered the same night (NGC 6 also
shares the same offset in RA).
Furthermore, his description of the surrounding stars matches this
galaxy. Kobold's position for NGC
19 made in 1898 at Strassburg corresponds with UGC 98.
NGC 19 is
mislabeled as NGC 21 in RNGC, PGC and UGC (and software Megastar) and not
assigned a NGC designation in MCG and CGCG. Finally, RNGC misclassifies NGC 19 as nonexistent because of
the error in Swift's position. See
Corwin's Notes.
******************************
NGC 20 = NGC 6 =
UGC 84 = MCG +05-01-036 = CGCG 498-082 = LGG 001-008 = PGC 679
00 09 32.6 +33
18 31
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is just
30" E and a brighter mag 10 star lies 2.4' E. Second of three with NGC 13 12' NW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 20 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Sep 1857 and recorded as
"S; R; pB; bM").
Although no position was measured it was catalogued as GC 6 (Rosse nova)
and later by Dreyer as NGC 20.
Herman Schultz independently found the galaxy on 16 Oct 1866 with the
9.6" refractor at Uppsala and it was entered by Dreyer in the GC
Supplement as GC 5086, though Dreyer added the comment "Query = GC
6". Schultz's micrometric
position matches UGC 84.
Lewis Swift
later independently found this galaxy on 20 Sept 1885 and published it in List
II-3. Based on this entry this
galaxy was catalogued as NGC 6, but Swift's position for the galaxy was 1.1
tmin W and 47' S of UGC 84.
Swift's RA offset is identical, though, to the error in his positions
for NGC 19, NGC 21, NGC 7831, NGC 7836 all found the same evening. Although the dec error is large, his
description ("one of 5 st which point to it is p nr") matches the
chain of 5 stars just following, so NGC 6 is a duplicate of NGC 20 (primary
designation).
******************************
NGC 21 = NGC 29
= UGC 100 = MCG +05-01-048 = CGCG 499-066 = PGC 767
00 10 46.9 +33
21 11
See observing
notes for NGC 29.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 21 = Sw II-5 on 20 Sept 1885 and recorded "eF; S;
lE." His positions for NGC
19, 7831 and 7836 from the same evening are all offset ~70 seconds in RA and 8'
in declination. The offset
position for NGC 21 lands on NGC 29.
So, NGC 21 is a duplicate of NGC 29. RNGC, UGC and PGC misidentify UGC 98 = NGC 19 as NGC
21. See NGC 19.
******************************
NGC 22 = UGC 86
= MCG +05-01-039 = CGCG 499-055 = PGC 690
00 09 48.2 +27
49 57
V = 13.6; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, fairly small, diffuse, slightly elongated, broad
concentration. Located 2.5' S of a
mag 10 star. Forms a wide pair
with NGC 16 12' SW.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, fairly small, roundish, very diffuse, even surface
brightness.
13"
(11/5/83): extremely faint, small, round.
A mag 9 star 3' N interferes with viewing. Located 12' NE of NGC 16.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 22 = St XIII-1 on 2 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and described "eF; pS; R; lbM,
resolvable". His position
matches UGC 86 = PGC 690 and he is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
WH possibly discovered
this galaxy on 8 Sep 1784 (H IV-15, sweep 260) and recorded "F, S,
Stellar, or rather like a faint star with a small chevelure and two
burs." His position is poor
-- 40 sec too far east and 7' too far south -- but the description is a
reasonable fit. Dreyer assumed the
observation referred to NGC 16, which is 1 min 25 sec of RA to the west and he
commented in the NGC notes "Some error in recording the transit, probably
simply of 1 min; reductions correct." Wolfgang Steinicke feels H IV-15 refers to NGC 22 and WH
never observed brighter NGC 16 but Corwin and Seligman favor Dreyer's
interpretation.
******************************
NGC 23 = UGC 89
= MCG +04-01-033 = CGCG 477-062 = Mrk 545 = PGC 698
00 09 53.3 +25
55 26
V = 12.0; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 8d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE, diffuse. Unusual appearance as a mag 14 star is
superimposed 26" SE of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 26 9' SE.
8"
(7/24/82): faint, small, elongated NW-SE, stellar nucleus. A star is at the SE end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 23 = H III-147 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 264) and recorded as
"2 or 3 stars in a line, with seeming nebulosity between them." I only noted a single superimposed
star, though the second "star" may be the nucleus. Dreyer observed the galaxy on 21 Nov
1875 using LdR's 72" and described a "vS neb, with a starlike nucl =
11-12 mag and a *13 in PA 135.2Ą. Dist 26.2"." The NGC position matches UGC 89
(Englemann measured an accurate position, in Astronomische Nachrichten 2485).
******************************
NGC 24 = ESO
472-016 = UGCA 2 = MCG -04-01-018 = PGC 701
00 09 56.4 -24
57 49
V = 11.6; Size 5.5'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 46d
17.5"
(8/2/86): moderately bright, pretty edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 4.0'x0.8', large bright
core. A mag 12 star is just east
of the NE edge. This is a
little-known striking spiral.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 24 = H III-461 = h2308 on 27 Oct 1785 (sweep 467) and logged it
as "vF, cL, lE, glbM, 4 or 5' long." JH logged it from the Cape as "F; vL; vmE; vgbM; 4' l;
1' br." Herbert Howe, using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory, reported the length as 3' and
PA = 45Ą.
******************************
NGC 25 = ESO
149-019 = PGC 706
00 09 59.4 -57
01 14
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 85d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2
E-W, 0.8'x0.5', fairly well concentrated with a brighter core. Flanked by a mag 15 star 0.6' NE and a
similar star 1' S. Located 2.7' SE
of a mag 10.5 star. NGC 28 lies 4'
NE, NGC 31 5.7' ENE, 2MASX J00101851-5700419 2.5' ENE and Fairall 1 3.0'
SSE. NGC 25 is a member of AGC
2731 (distance ~420 million l.y.) and the first (SW end) in a distinctive
string of galaxies oriented WSW-ENE that includes four NGCs. A total of 9 members were logged in the
cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 25 = h2309 on 28 Oct 1834 and recorded as "F; R; 30"
across." His position matches
ESO 149-019 = PGC 706.
******************************
NGC 26 = UGC 94
= MCG +04-01-034 = CGCG 477-064 = PGC 732
00 10 25.8 +25
49 55
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, broad
concentration. Two mag 13.5 stars
are 1.0' NE and 1.2' N of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 23 9' NW.
13"
(12/18/82): very faint, fairly small, oval.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 26 on 14 Sep 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and made a total of 3 observations. His position and descriptions (combined in the NGC as
"vF, pL, R, 2 F stars north) matches UGC 94 = PGC 732.
Dreyer independently found this galaxy using LdR's 72" on 28 Sep
1875 and recorded "eF, pL, R.
Clouds came on."
******************************
NGC 27 = UGC 96
= MCG +05-01-044 = CGCG 499-063 = PGC 742
00 10 32.7 +28
59 46
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 117d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.4', broad
concentration to a brighter core.
Located 1.5' N of mag 9.5 SAO 73786. A wide pair of mag 13.5 stars are 1.4' NNW and 2.0'
NNW. Forms a pair with UGC 105 10'
SE. Alpheratz (Alpha Andromedae, V
= 2.1) lies 28' WNW.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, small, roundish, very small brighter core. Situated between two mag 13 and 14
stars.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 27 = Sw I-1 on 3 Aug 1884 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and recorded as "vvF; vS; E; B* nr." His position matches UGC 96 = PGC 742.
******************************
NGC 28 = PGC 730
= LEDA 395160
00 10 25.2 -56
59 21
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly
round, 30"x25", fairly high surface brightness, steadily increases to
a very small bright core and stellar nucleus. Located in the core of AGC 2731 with NGC 31 1.8' E, NGC 25
4' SW and PGC 394784 2.4' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 28 = h2310 on 28 Oct 1834 and described as "eF, preceding
of 2. Requires attention, but no doubt remains." The 2nd object is h2311 =
NGC 31. His position matches PGC
730. This galaxy is missing from
ESO and RC3, but is included in the Southern Galaxy Catalogue (0007.9-5716)
with the correct identification.
The data in RC3 for NGC 28 refers to NGC 31 and PGC reverses the
identifications of NGC 28 and 31.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 29 = NGC 21
= UGC 100 = MCG +05-01-048 = CGCG 499-066 = PGC 767
00 10 46.9 +33
21 10
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 154d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NNW-SSE, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the north
edge. Located 13' N of mag 6.8 SAO
53694. Third of three with NGC 13
and NGC 20.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 29 = H II-853 = h6 on 26 Nov 1790 (sweep 981) and noted "F,
S, E nearly in the meridian."
JH called it "pB; pL; irr figure." Swift independently found the galaxy on 20 Sep 1885 and
recorded it in list II-5. His
position was offset 1m 10 sec of RA too far west and 8' in declination, and
Dreyer, assuming it was a different object, also catalogued this galaxy again
as NGC 21. But Swift's position
for NGC 19, 7831 and 7836, all discovered on the same night, carry this same
offset. So, NGC 21 is a duplicate
observation of NGC 29, with the discovery priority going to Herschel. NGC 29 was observed 8 times using Lord
Rosse's 72" and recorded on 16 Oct 1854 as "Elongated on and s, * at
on end of neb inv, and another rather fainter s of center."
******************************
NGC 30
00 10 50.8 +21
58 37
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 30 = m 4 on 30 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "Neb * 13."
SDSS shows a very close double 1' N of Marth's position at 00 10 50.8
+21 58 37 (J2000). Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, states "*14 and ? neb *15
nf alm att; *13.3 nff 2.9'.
Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 lists of NGC/IC corrections, identifies NGC
30 as a double star.
******************************
NGC 31 = ESO
149-020 = PGC 751
00 10 38.5 -56
59 11
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): this is the largest of 9 members of AGC 2731
viewed. Appeared moderately
bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8', broad concentration, bright
core. Situated in the center of the
cluster with NGC 28 1.8' W, NGC 25 5.7' SW and NGC 37 6.3' ENE. A mag 12 star lies 1.7' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 31 = h2311 on 28 Oct 1834 and logged "eeF; the following of
2. Requires attention, but leaves no doubt" and on a later sweep as "eeF;
S; R." The preceding object is h2310 = NGC 28. JH's positions clearly establishes NGC 28 = PGC 730 and NGC
31 = ESO 149-020 = PGC 751.
Nevertheless, the PGC reverses the identifications of NGC 28 and
31. The galaxy identified in the
RC2 as NGC 28 is actually NGC 31. The ESO entry (149- G20) for NGC 31 does not
give the NGC equivalence. The SGC (Southern Galaxy Catalogue) identifications
are correct although the PGC errata paper claims the SGC reverses the
identifications.
******************************
NGC 32
00 10 53.5 +18
47 46
=wide **,
Corwin. =several stars, RNGC.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 32 = Au 1 on 10 Oct 1861 while observing Comet Encke with the
6.2-inch Plssl refractor at Athens Observatory. Although it wasn't Schmidt's first discovery, it was
published (AN 1355) in time to be included in Auwers' 1862 list in new nebulae
and by JH as GC 16. His position
corresponds precisely with a pair of mag 13.6/14.7 stars at 27" separation
in PA = 200. Harold Corwin
identifies Schmidt's object as a double star and RNGC calls it several stars.
******************************
NGC 33
00 10 56.6 +03
40 33
=**, Corwin.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 33 = m 5 on 9 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "eF, vS, or neb st."
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, describes
NGC 33 as a "? Neb *13.7, eS, R; *9.5 sp 2.0', *13.0 ssf 1.8'." The POSS shows a faint evenly matched
double star at 00 10 58 +03 40.5 located 2.0' NW of a mag 10 star. This appears to be Reinmuth's object
although the *9.5 is sf 2.0' not "sp". Corwin also identifies NGC 33 as a double star near Marth's
position.
******************************
NGC 34 = NGC 17
= MCG -02-01-032 = PGC 781
00 11 06.7 -12
06 27
V = 13.0; Size 2.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(8/20/88): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A close double star (WZ 1 = 12.4/13.9
at 7") is 2' W. Forms a pair
with NGC 35 6' NNE.
This
infrared-luminous galaxy is in an advanced stage of merger with a tidal tail to
the NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 34 = Sw VI-1 on 21 Nov 1886, along with NGC 35, with a 16"
refractor at Warner Observatory.
His position and description ("equilateral triangle with 2 stars,
one a close double") matches MCG -02-01-032 = PGC 781. Frank Muller independently found this
galaxy in 1886 and reported it in list II-276 (later NGC 17). His position is 2.0 minutes of RA too
far west, but the description matches.
So, NGC 34 = NGC 17 (discovery priority unknown). Herbert Howe searched for NGC 17
unsuccessfully with the 20" refractor at Denver and concluded it was
equivalent to NGC 34 based on the similar descriptions.
******************************
NGC 35 = MCG
-02-01-033 = PGC 784
00 11 10.5 -12
01 15
V = 12.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.4
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, very small, round, fairly even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is at the NE edge. Forms a pair with NGC 34 6' SSW.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered NGC 35 = Sw VI-2, along with NGC 34, on 21 Nov 1886.
Frank Muller also found NGC 35 = LM II-277 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
Swift's position is 48" N of MCG -02-01-033 = PGC 784. The discovery priority is unknown.
******************************
NGC 36 = UGC 106
= MCG +01-01-043 = CGCG 408-040 = PGC 798
00 11 22.3 +06
23 21
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 21d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, bright core. A mag 14 star lies 1.9' NE. Forms a close pair with MCG +01-01-044
1.0' E of center (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 36 = H III-456 on 25 Oct 1785 (sweep 464) and recorded "vF,
pS, irr figure." His RA is
1.0 minute too large, but it was corrected by d'Arrest and Bigourdan and the
NGC position is just 1' south of UGC 106 = PGC 798.
******************************
NGC 37 = ESO
149-022 = PGC 801 = LEDA 395521
00 11 23.0 -56
57 26
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.4'. Sharply
concentrated with a very bright compact core, surrounded by a low surface
brightness halo. A mag 15 star
lies 0.8' E. 2MASX
J00111972-5657065 = LEDA 95382, a very compact galaxy, is just off the NW
side. This member of AGC 2731 is
located 6.3' ENE of NGC 31. A
couple of faint members lie 2.5' NNE (2MASX J00112633-5655018) and 3' NE (2MASX
J00114159-5655469).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 37 = h2312 on 2 Oct 1836 and recorded as "extremely faint,
small, round.". His position
matches ESO 149-022 = PGC 801, though ESO doesn't label their catalogue entry
as NGC 37.
******************************
NGC 38 = MCG
-01-01-047 = PGC 818
00 11 47.0 -05
35 10
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, small, almost round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is 1.4' WNW
a mag 12 star 2.6' ENE of center.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 38 = St XII-3 on 25 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and described as "F; S; R; bM; bright stellar
nucleus." His position
matches MCG -01-01-047 = PGC 818.
******************************
NGC 39 = UGC 114
= MCG +05-01-052 = CGCG 499-076 = PGC 852
00 12 19.0 +31
03 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, diffuse. A mag 14 star is at the south
edge. Forms a pair with NGC 43 12'
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 39 = H III-861 = h7 on 2 Nov 1790 (sweep 975) and noted
"eF, S." JH made three
observations as well as two by d'Arrest.
******************************
NGC 40 = PK
120+9.1 = PN G120.0+09.8
00 13 01.0 +72
31 19
V = 10.6; Size 38"x35"; PA = 14d
48"
(10/23/14): this showpiece, annular planetary was viewed unfiltered
(low-excitation) at 488x and 813x and a remarkable amount of detail was
visible. The main section of NGC
40 is nearly round and 42" in diameter but outer extensions on the north
and south ends increase the dimensions to roughly 60"x48"
SSW-NNE. The darker interior
surrounding the blazing mag 11.5 central star has a very uneven surface
brightness and is slightly darker to the southwest of the central star.
The irregular
rim in much brighter along fairly narrow N-S strips on the west and east
side. The western rim is the
brighter one and somewhat patchy with a slightly darker notch to the south of
its center. At its north end is a
small, faint extension. The eastern rim is more uniform in brightness, but a
very faint, thin outer loop curls north and west at its north end! A small, detached, elongated patch
floats near the north edge, but slightly south of the tip of the outer loop to
its east. A very faint star or stellar knot is involved in this patch.
The rim is very
weak on the south side and an easy star is at the southwest end. A very small, faint detached glow was
easily visible at the southern extremity [32" SSW of the central star] of
NGC 40. This patch forms the
eastern vertex of a small triangle with a star ~10" NW (noted earlier) and
a fainter star 10" SE.
17.5"
(12/30/99): at 100x appeared (unfiltered) as a slightly elongated, moderately
bright disc surrounding a bright mag 11.5 central star. A slightly fainter mag
12 star lies 1.0' SW. This is a
low excitation PN with an OIII/H-beta ratio of just 0.4 and at 100x there was a
noticeable enhancement using the H-beta filter while it dimmed with an OIII
filter. At 220x, a star was
intermittently visible at the SW edge and the PN was slightly elongated
SSW-NNE. The best filter response
with this power was using the UHC.
The surface brightness appeared irregular -- darker around the central
star and slightly brighter along the west and east side of the rim. At 280x, the faint star I noted earlier
was barely off the SW edge and the PN was weakly annular with a brighter rim
along the west and east side and a darker center. The SW and NE ends of the halo were clearly weaker, though. 380x provided a nice view with subtle
irregularities in the interior.
17.5"
(11/1/86): bright, moderately large, round. Contains a prominent mag 11.5 central star surrounded by a
fairly bright halo.
13"
(12/7/85): at 166x, bright central star visible centered within a fairly small
prominent disc.
13"
(10/12/85): moderately large, bright central star surrounded by a moderately
bright halo at 166x-214x using a UHC filter.
8": the
bright central star is surrounded by an easy halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 40 = H IV-58 = h8 on 25 Nov 1788 (sweep 886) and recorded,
"a star about 9th mag, surrounded with vF milky nebulosity; other stars of
the same size are perfectly clear from that appearance. The star is either not
round or double; but I am in the north and above the pole, I could not view it
sufficiently to determine it. Less than 1' in diameter." On 20 Nov 1829 (sweep 228), JH logged
"a star 11m with a luminous atmosphere 30" to 40"
diameter." On 29 Oct 1831 he
noted "a * 10m with strong nebulous atmosphere 15" diameter. Exactly round and pretty suddently
fading away makes a double star class 5 with a star preceding."
Based on
Crossley photographs, Curtis (1918) described, "Central star about mag
10. The nebula resembles a
truncated ring from the ends of which extend much fainter wisps. The brighter central portion is
38"x35" in PA 14Ą, while the total length along this axis is about
60"."
******************************
NGC 41 = MCG
+04-01-039 = CGCG 478-042 = PGC 865
00 12 48.0 +22
01 25
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, small, round, broad concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 42 5' NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 41 = m 6 on 30 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta (along
with m 7 = NGC 42) and logged as
"pF, S, lE, gbM."
******************************
NGC 42 = UGC 118
= MCG +04-01-041 = CGCG 478-043 = PGC 867
00 12 56.3 +22
06 02
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus,
compact. Forms a pair with NGC 41
5' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 42 = m 7 (along with NGC 41) on 30 Oct 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and logged "F, vS, stell."
******************************
NGC 43 = UGC 120
= MCG +05-01-054 = CGCG 499-079 = PGC 875
00 13 00.8 +30
54 55
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 49" NW of
center. Forms a pair with NGC 39
12' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 43 = h9 on 11 Nov 1827 and logged as "eF; has a 12m star
45" dist; pos 325Ą?" His
position is 2' N of UGC 120 = PGC 875 (nearby NGC 39 is also offset 1.5' too
far N).
******************************
NGC 44
00 13 13.4 +31
17 11
=**,
Corwin. =NF, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 44 = h10 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged as "eF, vS; not to be
seen but in the clearest night."
There is a faint, very close double star at his position (00 13 13.4 +31
17 11) on the SDSS. Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, appears to identify this double
star as NGC 44: "cF, eS, E, ident doubtful; BD +30d17 npp 6.6'; double
star 16 and 12.5 nf 1.5', *14 sf 1.3'." Corwin's confirms the identification as a double star.
******************************
NGC 45 = ESO
473-001 = MCG -04-01-021 = UGCA 4 = PGC 930
00 14 03.9 -23
10 52
V = 10.6; Size 8.5'x5.9'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 142d
17.5"
(8/2/86): faint, large, almost round, very diffuse. A mag 10 star is attached at the south end. Located 4' ENE of mag 7 SAO
166132! Both stars interfere with
viewing.
13"
(12/7/85): extremely faint, fairly large.
A mag 7 star 4' WSW detracts from observation.
13"
(8/24/84): only suspected at visual threshold. The nearby mag 7 star interferes with viewing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 45 = h 2313 on 11 Nov 1835 and logged "extremely faint;
large; round; very gradually very little brighter in the middle; attached to
and nearly involving a large star; the following of two. A very faint object of
singular appearance, 3 or 4' diameter; forms a kind of cometic appendage to the
star, which, however, is quite at the edge." His position is 9 sec of RA west of ESO 473-001 (error
corrected by Herbert Howe in 1900).
******************************
NGC 46
00 14 09.8 +05
59 16
=*, Carlson and
Corwin.
Edward Cooper
discovered NGC 46 = Au 2 on 22 Oct 1852 at the Markree Observatory, and noted
as a nebulous star while compiling the Markree Ecliptic Catalogue. There is only a mag 12.2 star at his
position. Auwers reported only finding
a sharp, nebulous star on 28 and 30 Sep 1861, but included it in his 1862 list
of new nebulae. Bigourdan also reported he could not find a nebula at the
Markree position.
******************************
NGC 47 = NGC 58
= MCG -01-01-055 = PGC 967
00 14 30.7 -07
10 04
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, bright core. Collinear with mag 9 SAO 128650 5.4'
WSW and a mag 10 star 4.5' WSW. In
a group with NGC 54 10' ENE and NGC 50 11' SSE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 47 in 1886 with the 11-inch refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. There is no published
record on his observation, so the discovery must have been communicated
directly to Dreyer, but Tempel's position matches MCG -01-01-055 = PGC
967. Lewis Swift likely discovered
this galaxy again on 21 Oct 1886, though his position for Sw V-3 (later NGC 58)
is 1 min of RA east of PGC 967.
The discovery priority is unknown.
******************************
NGC 48 = UGC 133
= MCG +08-01-031 = CGCG 549-027 = PGC 929
00 14 02.1 +48
14 05
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(8/31/86): third and largest of six in a group (first of three NGC galaxies
with NGC 49 and NGC 51 along with the IC trio 1534/1535/1536!). Fairly faint, slightly elongated
SSW-NNE, even surface brightness, diffuse. Lower surface brightness than NGC 49 and NGC 51 but larger.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 48 = Sw II-6, along with NGC 49 and 51, on 7 Sep 1885 with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
His position is 0.7 min of RA east of UGC 1337. Bigourdan measured an accurate
position on 13 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) and as well as E.E.
Barnard, who found them without prior knowledge (AN 4136).
******************************
NGC 49 = UGC 136
= MCG +08-01-033 = CGCG 549-029 = PGC 952
00 14 22.4 +48
14 48
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 165d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fifth of six in the NGC 51 group. Fairly faint, small, almost round, bright core. Second of three NGC galaxies and
situated between NGC 48 and 51.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 49 = Sw II-7, along with NGC 48 and 51, on 7 Sep 1885 with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
His position is 0.5 min of RA east of UGC 136, though his description
"middle one of 3 in line" pins downs the identification. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 13 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) and as well as Barnard (AN 4136). Barnard's sketch of the field was
published in AN 4136.
******************************
NGC 50 = MCG
-01-01-058 = PGC 983
00 14 44.7 -07
20 43
V = 11.6; Size 2.3'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 155d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE. Rises to a small, very bright
core. Brightest in a group with
MCG -01-01-057 3' NNW (logged as "faint, very small, round") and NGC
47 11' NNW.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 50 = Nova #13 = Sw V-1 on 8 Jan 1866 while searching for Biela's
Comet. He was using the 9.5-inch
Merz equatorial at the College Romain as an assistant to Father Angelo Secchi
(see AN 1571). His position
matches MCG -01-01-058 = PGC 983. Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on
21 Oct 1886 and reported it as new in his 5th discovery list (#1). His
position is 12 sec of RA too large and 25" too far south. Swift
noted Sw. V-1 was identical to GC 5092 in the errata section of his 6th
discovery list. Ferrari missed NGC 47 just 11' NNW, which was independently
found by Wilhelm Tempel and Swift. Only two out of the 14 objects found
by Ferrari (Dreyer instead attributed discoveries to the director Angelo
Secchi) can be identified with certainty!
Dreyer credited Secchi, instead of Ferrari, in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 51 = UGC 138
= MCG +08-01-035 = CGCG 549-031 = PGC 974
00 14 34.9 +48
15 20
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core. A faint star is superimposed on SE edge
(or a companion galaxy). Brightest
and last of six in the group. Also
the third of three NGC galaxies in the NGC 51 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 51 = Sw II-8 on 7 Sep 1885, along with NGC 48 and 49, with the
16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His RA is 0.5 min too large (similar offset as the other
two). Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 13 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) and as well as
Barnard (AN 4136).
******************************
NGC 52 = UGC 140
= MCG +03-01-030 = CGCG 456-042 = PGC 978
00 14 40.1 +18
34 54
V = 13.3; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 127d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, small, thin edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 52 = H III-183 = h11 on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 277) and recorded
"eF, S, irr E." The NGC position is 0.4 min of RA east of UGC 140 =
PGC 978. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 13 Nov 1889 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 53 = ESO
111-020 = PGC 982
00 14 42.8 -60
19 44
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 160d
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright and large, elongated 5:3
N-S, 1.2'x0.7'. Broadly
concentrated then suddenly condenses to a sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 1.7' W of center. A faint star lies 1' NE of center [on
the DSS it appears to be a very close double]. Several mag 10-12 stars are in the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 53 = h2314 on 15 Sep 1836 and recorded "extremely faint;
round; very little brighter in the middle; 30" across." His position matches ESO 111-020 = PGC
982.
******************************
NGC 54 = MCG
-01-01-060 = PGC 1011
00 15 07.7 -07
06 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 93d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, even surface
brightness. Located 10' ENE of NGC
47 in a group.
Wilhelm Tempel
independently discovered NGC 54 in 1886 with the 11-inch refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory, along with Lewis Swift (V-2) on 21 Oct 1886 with the
16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. Tempel's observation doesn't appear in any of his lists so
the discovery must have been communicated directly to Dreyer and the discovery
priority is unknown. Swift's
published position is 10 sec of RA east and 27" S of MCG -01-01-060 = PGC
1011, but the RA is accurately stated in the NGC (probably from Tempel).
******************************
NGC 55 = IC 1537
= ESO 293-050 = MCG -07-01-013 = PGC 1014
00 15 05.9 -39
13 01
V = 7.9; Size 32.4'x5.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 108d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran): NGC 55 nearly filled the 37' field of the 21mm Ethos
at 264x, extending close to 30' in length WNW-ESE and roughly 4' in width. The
structure was fascinating at 429x with a highly irregular surface brightness
due to dusty patches and rifts along with bright clumps and knots. The
"bright" central section, which is offset WNW of center, spans ~9' in
length. At the west end of the central section, the surface brightness
dims significantly and the galaxy tapers, extending several arc minutes further
WNW. At the ESE side of the central portion is a bright, elongated,
mottled core, roughly 1' in length and bulging slightly. Just ESE of the core are two noticeable
knots; the first is small but elongated, the second knot is very bright and
elongated. With careful viewing the second knot resolved into two
individual pieces or clumps. Continuing further ESE, the surface
brightness drops significantly very quickly and a large, elongated dark wedge
appears to take a bite out of the galaxy. Just as the galaxy begins to
brighten again towards the ESE end, there is another bright round knot and a
second very small piece just detached to the ENE. At the ESE tip the
galaxy brightens a bit more and has an irregular, patchy appearance with a
couple of brighter stars superimposed.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): viewed at nearly 60Ą elevation at 212x,
this huge galaxy was an amazing sight and overfilled the 23' field (at least 25'
in length). Near the core were two small, prominent HII knots. A
couple of additional low surface brightness knots were visible further east
along the mottled extensions. The appearance was asymmetric with the
brighter WNW section bulging slightly.
17.5"
(11/1/86): very large, edge-on 6:1 WNW-ESE, 16'x3'. Very asymmetric with
a bright, elongated western portion, darker center and a faint eastern section
(IC 1537). Faint stars are involved at the west side. The eastern
portion appears tilted at a slight angle to the main western portion.
13"
(11/5/83): fairly bright. The very faint eastern portion is near detached
from the bright WNW section.
8"
(9/25/81): very large, very elongated, brighter to the west, very faint eastern
section.
15x50 IS binoculars
(10/21/06): although very low in the southern sky, visible as a faint,
relatively large elongated patch using handheld IS binoculars. Easy to
locate 3.8Ą NW of Alpha Phe as the galaxy is exactly collinear with three mag 7
stars to the east that are aligned east to west.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 55 = D 507 = h2315 on 7 Jul 1826 from Parramatta, New South
Wales. Using his 9-inch f/12
speculum reflector, he described it as "a beautiful long nebula, about 25'
in length; position N.p. and S.f., a little brighter towards the middle, but
extremely faint and diluted to the extremities. I see several minute points or
stars in it, as it were through the nebula: the nebulous matter of the south
extremity is extremely rare, and of a delicate bluish hue. This is a beautiful
object." Dunlop sketched the galaxy and observed it on four occasions.
JH first
observed this galaxy from the Cape on 3 May 1834: "bright; very large;
very much elongated in a long irregular train, the preceding end being much the
brightest. Whole length = 1.5 diam. of field, or 22' The nucleus is either a
double star or a much more sharply terminated nebulous mass, elongated in a
different position (146.5 ) from that of the nebula (109.8 )." He observed
it again on 23 October 1835, recording it as "very bright; very large;
very much elongated; at least 25' long and 3' broad. The following part is
faint, the preceding and shorter trinuclear the 2d, nucleus taken. A strange
object." His final observation on 4 October 1836 reads: "very bright,
very large; a very long irregular crooked ray with 3 nuclei, the second of
which appears to consist of stars." His sketch of the galaxy (fig. 8,
plate IV) clearly shows its convoluted form and three brighter sections. In his
discussion, he grouped it together with the galaxy NGC 300 and the star cluster
NGC 1950 as "nebulae of irregular forms having a tendency to several
centres of condensation; in the case of [NGC 1950] but little conspicuous - in
that of [NGC 55] (otherwise remarkable for its extravagant length and crooked
shape) much more so, while in [NGC 300], the formation of separate nuclei is
decided, the intermediate faint nebula barely sufficing to mark them as forming
a connected system."
Corwin notes
that Sw XI-2 = IC 1537, found by Swift on 23 Sep 1897 and described as
"eeeF; vL; eE; close f NGC 55; f of 2." is actually the ESE arm of
NGC 55, which was first seen and sketched by Dunlop. Joseph Turner sketched NGC 55 using the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope. See http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_2.php. He reported "The present
appearance agrees well with H.'s description and drawing. The 'following'
portion is now much fainter than shown by H.'s sketch; indeed it is so very
faint that its exact outlines cannot with certainty be determined, a faint
whitishness being all that can be made out, while the star-like appearance
described by H. in his portion cannot now be seen. The 'preceding' portion is
still, as shown by H., much the brightest. There are still three nuclei, the
centre one of which is much the brightest. H. says this one appears to consist
of stars; but although I have tried several powers, I cannot with any
certainty, determine this point, although it has, at times, a sparkling
appearance. The 'following' portion of this nebula appears to have become much
fainter since H. observed it."
******************************
NGC 56
00 15 24 +12 26
=no neb, Carlson
and Corwin.
John Herschel
found NGC 56 = h12 on 13 Oct 1825 and logged "about this place a
considerable space seems affected by nebulosity." Neither Guillaume Bigourdan nor douard
Stephan found anything near Herschel's position and nothing was found on Mount
Wilson and Lick photographs. RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 57 = UGC 145
= MCG +03-01-031 = CGCG 456-046 = PGC 1037
00 15 30.9 +17
19 43
V = 11.6; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
24"
(9/16/17): at 375x; moderately bright and large, round, diffuse outer halo,
1'-1.2' diameter, but well concentrated with a small bright core and occasional
sharp stellar nucleus. IC 4,
located 31' NW, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
35"x25". No significant
concentration but contains a quasi-stellar nucleus with direct vision.
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 57 = H II-241 = H II-243 = h13 on 8 Oct 1784 (sweep 286) and
recorded (for II-241) "pS, cometic, but hazy weather." A couple of
nights later he logged this galaxy again as II-243, "faint, small,
irregularly round." In the
GC, JH notes that Auwers misidentified H II-243, which is identical to H II-241
(the confusion was caused by an omitted offset star). This galaxy was observed 7 times at Birr Castle and the 26
Oct 1854 observation reads "vF, I think it is resolvable [mottled]."
******************************
NGC 58 = NGC 47
= MCG -01-01-055 = PGC 967
00 14 30.7 -07
10 04
See observing
notes for NGC 47.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 58 = Sw V-3 on 21 Oct 1886, in a trio with NGC 50 and NGC 54, with a
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
There is nothing at Swift's position but his description reads "vF,
pS, R, wide D * near sp"; 3rd of 3. Herbert Howe, using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory, was unable to find NGC 58 on two nights
and suggested that NGC 58 is a duplicate of NGC 47, discovered earlier by
Wilhelm Tempel in 1886. This
requires that Swift's RA for NGC 58 was 1.1 minutes too large. Despite Swift's comment "3rd of
3", his description of a "wide D[ouble] star nr sp" applies to
NGC 47, making this equivalence very likely. Dreyer repeats Howe's efforts in the IC II Notes and adds
"probably = [NGC] 47".
See Corwin's notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 59 = ESO
539-004 = MCG -04-01-026 = PGC 1034
00 15 25.3 -21
26 42
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 127d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, large bright core. There are four mag 13-14 stars to the
west.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 59 = LM I-1 on 10 Nov 1885 and recorded "pS, iR, lE 120Ą". His very rough RA (to nearest tmin) is
coincidentally just 0.2 tmin E of ESO 539-004 = PGC 1034 and the position angle
matches. In the paper
"Southern Nebulae" from Leander McCormick Observatory, the position
was micrometrically measured and pinpoints ESO 539-004.
******************************
NGC 60 = UGC 150
= MCG +00-01-048 = CGCG 382-037 = PGC 1058
00 15 58.4 -00
18 13
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 155d
17.5"
(8/20/88): extremely faint, small, round.
A mag 15 star is off the west edge. Located 17' due east of mag 8 SAO 128658.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 60 = St XII-4 on 2 Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eeF; vS; R; lbM." His position matches UGC 150 = PGC
1058.
******************************
NGC 61 = (R)NGC
61A = MCG -01-01-062 = PGC 1083
00 16 24.5 -06
19 21
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(8/20/88): this is a double system with the brighter component (NGC 61A = MCG
-01-01-062) at the SSE end appearing faint, very small, contains a small bright
core. In a common halo with NGC
61B = MCG -01-01-063 at the NNW edge.
The fainter component appeared very faint, extremely small, round.
Located near the Cetus border. MCG -01-01-065 lies 10' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 61 = H III-428 = h14 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and logged
"vF; vS; irr figure." JH
called it "F; R psbM; 15"." The declination in RNGC (copied from MCG) is 5' too large. The correct dec is given in RC3. RC3 and MCG identify the galaxy as NGC
61A.
******************************
NGC 62 = MCG
-02-01-043 = Holm 5a = PGC 1125
00 17 05.5 -13
29 13
V = 11.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, small, oval WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Located between mag 7.2 SAO 147195 9'
WNW and mag 6.5 SAO 147208 13' E.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 62 = St XIII-2 on 8 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged as "F, vS, R, glbM." His position matches MCG -02-01-043 =
PGC 1125. This is the southernmost
galaxy discovered by Stephan.
Francis Leavenworth independently found this nebula in 1886 and included
it in list I-2. His rough position
was 1.5 tmin too far W (typical error).
******************************
NGC 63 = UGC 167
= MCG +02-01-030 = CGCG 433-042 = PGC 1160
00 17 45.4 +11
27 01
V = 11.6; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 108d
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly bright, fairly small, very elongated ~E-W, bright core,
stellar nucleus.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 63 = Sf 96 on 27 Aug 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded (combining two observations) "class II, round,
35", mag 16 nucleus; lying between two mag 12 and 13 stars, the first
precedes the nebula by 9.7 sec."
His position and description matches UGC 167.
Truman Safford
made an independent discovery on 30 Sep 1867 with the 18.5" refractor at
the Dearborn Observatory as well as Hermann Vogel on 16 Aug 1868 (he credited
d'Arrest) with the 8.5" refractor at the Leipzig Observatory . Dreyer observed NGC 63 at Birr Castle
on 30 Oct 1877 and logged, "pB, pS, oval p f, smbM. Inside a triangle of 3 st 12, one of
them in PA 268.9 (W), Dist 143.7", the 2 others about the same distance np
and f."
******************************
NGC 64 = MCG
-01-01-068 = PGC 1149
00 17 30.3 -06
49 30
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, weak concentration. An anonymous galaxy (2MASXi
J0018358-070255) lies 21' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 64 = Sw V-4 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His position is 17
sec of RA east and 1.6' south of MCG -01-01-068 = PGC 1149.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 65 = ESO
473-010A = MCG -04-02-001 = PGC 1229
00 18 58.7 -22
52 50
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 178d
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, round.
Located 2.6' WNW of mag 8.8 SAO 166184. Forms a pair with NGC 66 3.6' SSE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 65 = LM II-278 (along with NGC 66 = LM II-279) in 1886. His position is 1.0 minute of RA west
of ESO 473-010A = PGC 1229.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes). The MCG entry
for this galaxy (-04-02-001) gives the NGC designation as
"uncertain".
******************************
NGC 66 = ESO
473-010 = MCG -04-02-002 = PGC 1236
00 19 05 -22 56
18
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 32d
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, even surface
brightness. Located 1.4' S of mag
8.8 SAO 166184. Forms a pair with
NGC 65 3' NNW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 66 = LM II-279 (along with NGC 65 = LM II-278) in 1886. His position is 1 min of RA west and 1'
south of ESO 473-010 = PGC 1236.
His description of a mag 9 star 1.2' NNE matches this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes). The
MCG entry for this galaxy (-04-02-002) gives the NGC designation was "uncertain".
******************************
NGC 67 = Arp 113
= VV 166g = Holm 6e = PGC 138159
00 18 12.2 +30
03 19
V = 15.6; Size 0.45'x0.3'; PA = 112d
24" (9/15/12):
very faint, very small, round, 12"-15" diameter, just visible
continuously. This galaxy is at the west end of the NGC 68 group and on a line
extending northeast with PGC 1185, NGC 68 and NGC 70 with each galaxy separated
from the next by less than 1'. PGC
1185, misidentified in most catalogues as NGC 67 and the faintest galaxy in the
central region, is situated just 44" NE. PGC 1185 appeared extremely faint and small, 8"
diameter.
18"
(11/14/09): this galaxy and PGC 1185 were the faintest members viewed in the
NGC 68 group. NGC 67 appeared as a
mag 16 threshold glow 1.7' SW of NGC 68.
It required averted to occasionally glimpse, though a few times I could
tell it was elongated. In a
22" scope, I was able to hold this galaxy continuously at over 400x.
PGC 1185 was
occasionally glimpsed as a threshold "star" sandwiched between this
galaxy and NGC 68 (0.8' from both galaxies). Most sources identify PGC 1185 as NGC 67 and this galaxy as
NGC 67A or anonymous although it was clearly shown on Rosse's sketch of the
field. The identification is
corrected on the NGC/IC Project site.
17.5"
(8/27/87): extremely faint and small.
First in the NGC 68 group of 9 with NGC 68 0.9' NE, NGC 69 1.8' SE and
NGC 71 1.9' E. This observation
may apply to NGC 67 or PGC 1185 very close NE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 67 using LdR's 72" on 7 Oct 1855, while observing and
sketching the NGC 68 group (plate XXV, fig 1 in the 1861 publication). PGC 1185 (close northeast) is
misidentified as NGC 67 in various sources including Megastar. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 68 = Arp 113
= VV 166b = Holm 6a = UGC 170 = MCG +05-01-065 = CGCG 499-106 = WBL 007-008 =
PGC 1187
00 18 18.5 +30
04 18
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x1.1'
24"
(9/15/12): at 322x appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
round, 25" diameter, high surface brightness though contains a brighter
nucleus. One of the brighter
members in a dense group of galaxies and forms a tight trio with NGC 70 1.0' NE
and NGC 71 1.3' SE. In addition,
CGCG 499-104 is just 57" SW.
In total, 10 galaxies were logged in a 5' circle!
18"
(11/14/09): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter. Appears as a compact knot (like a core)
of moderate surface brightness with no outer halo. Forms the southwest vertex of a tight trio with NGC 70 and
NGC 71 in a dense group.
17.5"
(8/27/87): faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration. This galaxy is the brightest in a
compact group and first in an interconnected trio with NGC 70 1.0' NE and NGC
71 1.2' SE. An extremely difficult
galaxy, NGC 67, is just 0.9' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 68 = H V-16 = h15 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and recorded
"eF, 5 or 6' dia, 3 or 4 stars in it; but they seem to have connection
with it." This is the only
galaxy Herschel discovered in the group, but he listed it in his fifth class of
"large" nebulae, and Corwin comments it's likely he saw the merged
light of NGC's 68, 70, and 71 (3 brightest in a small triangle in the
core). JH made a similar
observation. On 16 Sep 1828 he
wrote "An extr F cluster with neb 5' diam. Several *s 15...18m.
Seen distinctly, but there is also unresolved nebulosity. R.J. Mitchell, observing with the
72" on 7 Oct 1855, made a sketch of NGC 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74 (1861
LdR publication). The NGC position
matches UGC 170 = PGC 1187.
******************************
NGC 69 = Arp 113
= VV 166e = Holm 6f = MCG +05-01-066 = CGCG 499-105 = WBL 007-007 = PGC 1191
00 18 20.5 +30
02 24
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.3'
24"
(9/15/12): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, bright quasi-stellar
nucleus. Member of the compact NGC
68 group and first in a string with NGC 72 1.8' E and NGC 72A 3.0' E.
18"
(11/14/09): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1.6' SSE of NGC 71 and a
similar separation due west of NGC 72.
17.5"
(8/27/87): extremely faint and small, faint stellar nucleus. In the core of the NGC 68 group with
NGC 67 1.8' NW, NGC 71 1.6' NNE, NGC 72 1.8' E.
R.J. Mitchell discovered
NGC 69 on 7 Oct 1855 using LdR's 72", while observing the NGC 68
group. It's clearly shown on the
sketch on plate XXV in the 1861 publication. The NGC position matches CGCG
499-105 = PGC 1191.
******************************
NGC 70 = Arp 113
= VV 166a = Holm 6c = UGC 174 =
MCG +05-01-067 = CGCG 499-108 = WBL 007-010 = IC 1539 = PGC 1194
00 18 22.6 +30
04 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 0d
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
~N-S. Extends between two mag 14
stars separated by 42".
Sharply concentrated with a small, high surface brightness core and a
much fainter halo.
18"
(11/14/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, sandwiched between
two mag 13.5-14 stars at the NNE and SW ends [42" separation]. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core and a diffuse, low surface brightness halo that might extend to
0.8'x0.6', though the stars confuse the extent of the halo. Forms the northern member of a very
tight trio with NGC 71 1' SSE and NGC 68 1' SW. A total of 9 members were viewed within a 7' circle!
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located in the core of NGC 68 group and
nearly between two mag 13.5 stars 25" NE and 20" SSW. In an interconnected trio with NGC 68
1.0' SW and NGC 71 1.0' SSE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 70 on 7 Oct 1855 while observing the NGC 68 group. It was accurately placed on the sketch
(plate XXV, fig 1) in the 1861 publication. The NGC position matches UGC 174 = PGC 1194. Bigourdan found the galaxy again on 19
Dec 1897, while misidentifying a star as NGC 70, and NGC 70 was catalogued a
2nd time as IC 1539. See Corwin's
notes.
Heber Curtis, in
his 1918 description of nebulae photographed with the Crossley reflector at
Lick, misidentified NGC 70 as NGC 68.
******************************
NGC 71 = Arp 113
= VV 166c = Holm 6b = UGC 173 = MCG +05-01-068 = CGCG 499-107 = WBL 007-009 =
PGC 1197
00 18 23.5 +30
03 48
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharply
concentrated with a high surface brightness 0.4' core and a much fainter halo
to 40" diameter. In a tight
group of 10 galaxies including NGC 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, along with
numerous stars mixed in! A mag 14
star is 40" ENE.
18"
(11/14/09): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter. Compact appearance with a fairly high
uniform surface brightness. A mag
13.5 star is close following [38" ENE]. Forms the SE vertex of a tight equilateral triangle of
galaxies with NGC 68 and NGC 70.
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, small, oval ~E-W, weak concentration. Member of the NGC 68 group and third in
a close trio with NGC 68 1.2' NW and NGC 70 1.0' NNW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 71 on 7 Oct 1855 while observing the NGC 68 group. It was accurately placed on the sketch
(plate XXV, fig 1) in the 1861 publication. Heinrich d'Arrest independently found the galaxy on 23 Sep
1865.
******************************
NGC 72 = Arp 113
= VV 166d = Holm 6d = UGC 176 = MCG +05-01-069 = CGCG 499-109 = WBL 007-011 =
PGC 1204
00 18 28.3 +30
02 26
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 15d
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 30"x24", very
small brighter nucleus. Member of
the compact NGC 68 group and in a string with NGC 60 1.7' W and NGC 72A 1.3'
ESE.
18"
(11/14/09): faint, small, slightly elongated, 35"x30" diameter, low
even surface brightness. Located
2-3' SE of a tight trio (NGC 68/70/71).
NGC 72A, an extremely compact galaxy, lies 1.3' E.
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. Located in the core of the NGC 68 group
with NGC 72A 1.3' ESE, NGC 69 1.8' W, NGC 71 1.7' NW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 72 on 7 Oct 1855 while observing the NGC 68 group. It was accurately placed on the sketch
(plate XXV, fig 1) in the 1861 publication. The NGC position matches UGC 176 = PGC 1204.
******************************
NGC 73 = MCG
-03-01-026 = PGC 1211
00 18 39.0 -15
19 20
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. A mag 14/15 double star is close
following (separation of 24" oriented SW-NE).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 73 = Sw V-5 on 21 Oct 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and logged "vF; S; R; vF D* close following." His position is 30" N of MCG
-03-01-026 = PGC 1211 and his comment about the "vF D * close f"
applies.
******************************
NGC 74 = MCG
+05-01-071 = PGC 1219
00 18 49.3 +30
03 42
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 130d
24"
(9/15/12): faint or fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
0.6'x0.25', broad weak concentration.
On the east side of the NGC 67-72 group, 5.6' due east of NGC 71.
18"
(11/14/09): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
0.6'x0.2'. Appears as a phantom
streak with averted vision.
Located ~6' E of the NGC 68/70/71 triple and furthest east member of the
group.
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, small, elongated NW-SE, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Located 6' E of NGC 71
at the east edge of the NGC 68/NGC 70 group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 74 on 7 Oct 1855 while observing the NGC 68 group. It was accurately placed on the sketch
(plate XXV, fig 1) in the 1861 publication. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 29 Sep 1886,
matching PGC 1219.
******************************
NGC 75 = UGC 182
= MCG +01-01-051 = CGCG 408-048 = PGC 1255
00 19 26.4 +06
26 57
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 5' SE of an isosceles triangle
of mag 11/12 stars with sides 1.3', 1.6' and 1.7'. Mag 7.2 SAO 109145 lies 13' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 75 = Sw V-6 on 22 Oct 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His position is 6 sec
of RA west and 48" north of UGC 182 = PGC 1255.
******************************
NGC 76 = UGC 185
= MCG +05-01-072 = CGCG 499-111 = Holm 8a = WBL 007-013 = PGC 1267
00 19 37.8 +29
56 01
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 80d
24"
(8/31/16): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
E-W, 30"x25", very small bright nucleus. Forms a close pair with MCG +05-01-073 1.1' E. The companion is very faint, small,
round, 15" diameter, low surface brightness. A mag 15.0 star is 30" NE. Member of the NGC 68/70 Group (VV 166).
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~E-W, small bright core.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 76 = Big. 1 on 22 Sep 1884 with the 12" refractor
at the Paris Observatory. This was
Bigourdan's first discovery.
******************************
NGC 77 = ESO
473-015 = PGC 1290
00 20 01.6 -22
31 56
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint spot on the threshold of visibility with averted
vision. Only glimpsed for moments
several times although sighting certain.
Located 3.1' ESE of a mag 11.5 star. Next closest is a 14th mag star 4.0' WSW. Incorrectly identified in the RNGC as MCG
-04-02-003.
17.5"
(10/21/95): not seen, though viewed through thin clouds.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 77 = LM II-280 in 1886 using the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick observatory in Charlottesville, Virginia. Although the discovery positions at the observatory were
generally very imprecise due to poorly calibrated circles (in this case off by
30 tsec in RA), Howe measured an accurate position (given in the IC 2 Notes
section), which matches ESO 473-015 = PGC 1290. Furthermore, Muller stated a mag 9 star lies 2.8' W (in PA
280Ą) and a mag 11 star is 3.1' WNW in PA 282Ą. ESO and SGC correctly identify this galaxy as NGC 77, but
the RNGC misidentifies MCG -04-02-003 as NGC 77. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 78 = (R)NGC
78A = UGC 193 = MCG +00-02-004 = CGCG 383-001 = Mrk 547 = PGC 1306
00 20 25.8 +00
49 35
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 80d
17.5"
(8/20/88): this is a double system with the southwestern member appearing faint,
very small, round, bright core.
The companion is attached at the northeast end and appears very faint,
very small, round, low even surface brightness. The two components are separated by just 30" and are
within a common halo.
Frederick Pechle
discovered NGC 78 around 1876 using the 11-inch Merz refractor at the
Copenhagen Observatory. The
discovery must have been communicated directly to Dreyer as it was included in
the GC Supplement (5094), but there was no published announcement. The NGC position is 1.5' north of UGC
193 = PGC 1306. This is a double galaxy and identified as NGC 78A in MCG and
RC3 . The RNGC designations are
reversed in RA.
******************************
NGC 79 = MCG
+04-02-003 = CGCG 479-003 = WBL 009-002 = PGC 1340
00 21 02.9 +22
34 00
V = 14.0; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(11/22/08): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, broad weak
concentration. This member of the
NGC 80 cluster situated between NGC 86 located 6' E and IC 1542 located 5.2'
WNW.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, fairly small, almost round, broad concentration. Located at the NW end of the NGC 80
group 9.1' NW of NGC 83. NGC 80
lies 13' SSE.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 79 = Big. 2, along with NGC 86 and 94, on 14 Nov 1884
with the 12" at the Paris Observatory at the NW end of the NGC 80
group. His position matches CGCG
479-003 = PGC 1340. 10 days later
he also picked up NGC 96.
******************************
NGC 80 = UGC 203
= MCG +04-02-004 = CGCG 479-006 = WBL 009-003 = PGC 1351
00 21 10.9 +22
21 26
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(11/22/08): this giant lenticular galaxy is the brightest in a rich group of 20
galaxies viewed in a 25' circle.
At 283x it appeared fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.0'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright 30" core that increases to the center and a much
fainter outer halo. The closest
cluster members are NGC 81 1.6' NNE, 2MASX J00205474+2222017 3.7' WNW and NGC
83 5.3' NNE.
17.5"
(9/19/87): moderately bright, fairly small, sharp concentration, very bright
core, stellar nucleus. Brightest
in a group with NGC 81, 83, 85, 86, 91, 93, 94, 96, IC 1546 and MCG
+04-02-010. Forms a close pair
with extremely faint NGC 81 1.6' NNE and NGC 83 is 5.3' NNE.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, fairly small, almost round, small bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 80 = h16 on 17 Aug 1828 and noted "F; S; R; psbM;
15"." The NGC 80 group
was observed 5 times with Lord Rosse's 72" and R.J. Mitchell's observation
on 19 Sep 1857 reads "S; R; or nearly so; and lbM." The NGC position matches UGC 203 = PGC
1351.
******************************
NGC 81 = PGC
1352
00 21 13.2 +22
22 59
V = 15.7; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 84d
18"
(11/22/08): this companion to NGC 80 appeared extremely faint and small, round,
just 6"-10" diameter. A mag
15 star lies 0.7' NNW. Located
1.7' NNE of NGC 80.
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint and small, slightly elongated. Two mag 15 stars are close NW, the
nearer star is 40" NW.
Located just 1.6' NNE of NGC 80 in a group.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 81 on 15 Nov 1873 during one of the observations with Lord
Rosse's 72" of the GC 38 = NGC 80 group. Copeland described a "F neb, fairly certain. Pos 212.3Ą,
dist 219.5" from [NGC 83]".
His micrometric offset matches PGC 1352. Corwin notes that Bigourdan mistook a star NW of the galaxy
(mentioned in my visual observation of the galaxy) as NGC 81.
******************************
NGC 82
00 21 17.4 +22
27 42
=*, Corwin and
Carlson.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 82 = Big. 3 on 23 Oct 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory. According to
Corwin, Bigourdan's offset matches a star at 00 21 17.4 +22 27 42 (2000). NGC 82 is incorrectly equated with NGC
83 in the MCG.
******************************
NGC 83 = UGC 206
= MCG +04-02-005 = CGCG 479-008 = WBL 009-004 = PGC 1371
00 21 22.5 +22
26 01
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(11/22/08): fairly faint, small, round, 20"-24" diameter, weak
concentration. Cradled by three
brighter mag 10-10.5 stars off the following side with the closest 0.9'
SSE. This galaxy is probably the
second brightest in the NGC 80 cluster.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad concentration. This is the second brightest member of
the NGC 80 group with NGC 80 5.3' SSW and the NGC 91/93 pair 7.0' ESE. Three mag 10-10.5 stars lie 0.9' SSE,
1.4' ESE and 1.6' E.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, very small, round. Three mag 10 stars follow. Located 5' NE of NGC 80 is a group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 83 = h17 on 17 Aug 1828 and recorded "E; perhaps bicentral;
makes trapezium with three B stars.". His position is ~1' N of UGC 206 = PGC 1371 and the
description of the nearby stars matches.
Engelhardt measured an accurate micrometric position. R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's
72" on 26 Oct 1854, noted "round and brighter in the middle."
This galaxy is
identified as NGC 82/83 in MCG although NGC 82 refers to a star only.
******************************
NGC 84
00 21 21.3 +22
37 03
=*, Thomson and
Corwin. Incorrectly identified in
the RNGC as MCG +04-02-010.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 84 = Big. 4 on 14 Nov 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory. At his position
is a single star. The RNGC
misidentifies MCG +04-02-010 as NGC 84. The identification was discussed in the Webb Society
Quarterly Journal for July, 1991.
******************************
NGC 85 = NGC 85A
= MCG +04-02-007 = CGCG 479-009 = WBL 009-005 = PGC 1375
00 21 25.5 +22
30 43
V = 14.8; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(11/22/08): faint, very small, slightly elongated, ~18"x15". Forms a very close pair with IC 1546 =
NGC 85B just 0.9' SE within the NGC 80 cluster. Situated between NGC 83 4.7' S and NGC 86 2.8' N.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Forms a close pair with IC 1546 = NGC
85B 53" ESE and NGC 83 lies 5' S.
13"
(9/29/84): extremely faint, very diffuse, small, almost round. Located 5' N of NGC 83.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 85 on 15 Nov 1873 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"eeF, cL, R neb, was certainly and repeatedly seen. Pos 7.4Ą, dist 289.2" or 2.7s f,
4'46" N of [N83]. His
micrometric offset points directly at CGCG 479-009 = PGC 1375. MCG identifies this galaxy as NGC 85A
and assigns NGC 85B to IC 1546.
******************************
NGC 86 = MCG
+04-02-009 = CGCG 479-011 = WBL 009-007 = PGC 1383
00 21 28.6 +22
33 24
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 9d
18"
(11/22/08): this member of the NGC 80 group appeared faint, very small,
elongated 3:2 N-S, ~20"x14".
Elongated in the direction of a mag 12.5 star located just 0.7' S of
center. NGC 85 lies 2.8' S.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, very small, elongated ~N-S. A mag 12.5 star is 35" S. MCG +04-02-010 (incorrectly identified in RNGC as NGC 84)
lies 2.2' NNE. Located 4' N of NGC
85 in the NGC 80 group.
13"
(9/29/84): extremely faint, very small, round. A mag 13 star is close S.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 86 = Big. 5 on 14 Nov 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory, along with NGCs 79 and 94.
******************************
NGC 87 = ESO
194-008 = Robert's Quartet = Phoenix Group = Rose 34 = AM 0018-485 = PGC 1357
00 21 14.2 -48
37 42
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
30" (11/4/10
- Coonabarabran, 429x): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.7'
diameter, low even surface brightness.
Westernmost and second faintest in the compact Phoenix Quartet (Rose 34)
with NGC 88 1.5' SE, NGC 89 2.8' SE and NGC 92 2.9' E. The arrangement is distinctive with the three brighter galaxies (NGC
87/89/92) arranged in an equilateral triangle with NGC 88 in the center,
forming a "Y" or propeller shape. ESO 194-13 lies 12' ENE of the quartet.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 87 = h2316 (along with NGC 88, 89, 92) on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "eF, vS, R, gbM, first of four." The next sweep two nights later he logged "eF; S; R.
The first of a group of four nebulae."
******************************
NGC 88 = ESO
194-010 = Robert's Quartet = Phoenix Group = Rose 34 = AM 0018-485 = PGC 1370
00 21 22.0 -48
38 24
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, very
small bright core. An extremely
faint star is attached at the SW end.
This galaxy is the faintest in the Phoenix Quartet (Rose 34) and
centered in an equilateral triangle of galaxies with NGC 87 1.5' NW, NGC 92
1.9' NE and NGC 89 1.5' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 88 = h2317 (along with NGC 87, 89 and 92) on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "eF, vS, R, 2nd of 4, in centre of gravity of the others.".
******************************
NGC 89 = ESO
194-011 = Robert's Quartet = Phoenix Group = Rose 34 = AM 0018-485 = SCG 0018-4854
= PGC 1374
00 21 24.4 -48
39 55
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 148d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated
2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5', very small slightly brighter core, faint stellar nucleus. Has a slightly higher surface
brightness than NGC 92. Furthest
southern member of the compact Phoenix Quartet (Rose 34) with NGC 87, 88, and
92. NGC 88 lies 1.5' N and a faint
star is 43" N (at the midpoint to NGC 88).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 89 = h2318 (along with NGC 87, 88 and 92) on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "vF; S; R; gbM. The 3rd of four."
******************************
NGC 90 = Arp 65
= UGC 208 = MCG +04-02-011 = CGCG 479-013 = WBL 009-009 = PGC 1405
00 21 51.4 +22
24 00
V = 13.7; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 113d
48"
(10/30/16): at 488x and 610x; bright, oval 3:2 E-W, sharply concentrated with a
very bright roundish core (slightly elongated at 610x) and a fairly large oval
halo, ~60"x40". A spiral
arm is visible on the northwest side, curling clockwise to the south but the
long, thin tidally stretched extensions to the northwest and southeast were not
seen. Forms a striking
(interacting) pair with NGC 93 2.8' ENE.
A mag 12 star is 1.3' SW.
Although this galaxy is often identified as NGC 91, that number applies
to a mag 14.8 star 1.9' S.
NGC 90 = Arp 65
was classified as a Spiral galaxy with small, high surface-brightness
companions on arms. LEDA 1669552,
the "companion" just beyond the northwest tidal extension (2.4' NW of
NGC 90), appeared faint (V ~17.1), small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
10"x6". A mag 15.7 star
is 30" SE. No redshift is available on this object, so it may lie far in
the background.
18"
(11/22/08): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.5'x0.35'; contains a
small, round, brighter core. NGC
93 lies 2.8' ENE and a mag 12 star is 1.4' SW.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, small (only the central portion of the galaxy observed),
slightly elongated, weak concentration.
A mag 12 star is 1.3' SW.
Forms a pair with NGC 93 2.8' E.
Located on the east side of the NGC 80 group 7.0' ESE of NGC 83.
13"
(9/29/84): very faint, elongated NW-SE.
A mag 13 star is 1' SW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 90 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 26 Oct 1854. The description
mentioned "Several S; F neb visible at once in finder" so JH assumed
at least 3 objects were discovered, which he catalogued as GC 40, 41, 42. But a sketch of the NGC 90 field shows
only two nebulae labeled as Alpha (now NGC 90) and Beta (now NGC 93). Herman Schultz observed the field on 17
Oct 1866 with the 9.6" refractor at Uppsala and measured an object he
thought was GC 40, but was actually Mitchell's Alpha. His micrometric position matches UGC 208 = PGC 1405. Because of an uncertainty in the
position and identification, Dreyer catalogued this object as GCS 5096 with the
comment "Query = GC 40, 41, 42?". Dreyer equated GC 40 = 5096 in the
NGC.
Modern
catalogues misidentify UGC 208 as NGC 91 but Schultz's position for NGC 91
falls precisely on a very faint star 1.9' S. This misidentification may have originated in Curtis'
description of nebulae (1918) based on Crossley photographs at Lick
observatory. See Corwin's notes
for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 91 = LEDA
3325956
00 21 51.6 +22
22 06
V = 14.8
48"
(10/30/16): this number applies to a mag 14.8 star 1.9' due south of the center
of NGC 90 = Arp 65.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 91 on 17 Oct 1866 with the 9.6" refractor at Uppsala
Observatory. Schultz's micrometric
position of 00 21 52.1 +22 22 06 (2000) pinpoints NGC 91 as a mag 15 star at 00
21 51.6 +22 22 06. Lord Rosse and
d'Arrest are credited with this number in the NGC, but Corwin notes this star
was not mentioned in the Birr Castle observations of the field nor by
d'Arrest. All modern catalogues
misidentify NGC 90 = UGC 208 = PGC 1405 as NGC 91.
******************************
NGC 92 = ESO
194-012 = Robert's Quartet = Phoenix Group = Rose 34 = AM 0018-485 = PGC 1388
00 21 31.6 -48
37 30
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 144d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): this galaxy is the brightest member and
furthest east in the compact Phoenix Quartet (Rose 34). It appeared moderately bright,
moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6', broad concentration to a
bright core. A faint tidal tail to
the SE was not seen. The nearby
members of the quartet are NGC 87 2.9' W, NGC 88 1.9' SW and NGC 89 2.6' SSW.
ESO 194-013, a
fifth member of the group, lies 11' ENE.
At 429x, it appeared moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3
SW-NE, 0.9'x0.7', broad concentration with a slightly brighter core but no
distinct zones. A distinctive
string of three mag 13 stars [length 1.4'] is centered 2' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 92 = h2319 (along with NGC 87, 88 and 89) on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "F, R, gbM; 20" across. The last of four"."
******************************
NGC 93 = Arp 65
= UGC 209 = MCG +04-02-012 = CGCG 479-015 = WBL 009-010 = PGC 1412
00 22 03.3 +22
24 29
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 48d
48"
(10/30/16): at 488x and 610x; very bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1
or 7:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.3', well concentrated with an intense core that elongates
into a bar with averted vision. A
low surface brightness outer halo increases the size to 1.0'x0.45'. Three mag 13.5-14 stars are close
following. Forms a striking
interacting pair with NGC 90 2.8' WSW.
LEDA 1669768,
located 1.4' NNW, appeared fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S,
30"x10". At a redshift
of z = .071 (light-travel time 950 million years) it resides far in the
background of the cluster.
18"
(11/22/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 0.5'x0.2',
contains a very small brighter core.
A triangle of mag 13.5-14 stars follows by 1'-2'. NGC 90 lies 2.8' W.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, very small, oval SW-NE, faint stellar nucleus, bright
core. This is a double system with
an anonymous companion 35" S.
Three mag 13.5-14 stars follow at 1.2' E, 1.9' E and 1.9' ESE forming a
small right triangle. Forms a pair
with NGC 90 2.8' W at the east side of the NGC 80 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, very elongated.
There is a trio of very faint stars to the east.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 93 on 26 Oct 1854 using Lord Rosse's 72" and labeled it as
"Beta" on his sketch. The description mentions "Several S; F neb
visible at once in finder" so JH assumed at least 3 objects were
discovered, which he catalogued as GC 40, 41, 42, but only two are labeled on
the sketch. NGC 93 was independently found by Heinrich d'Arrest on 5 Oct 1864
and catalogued by Dreyer as GC(S) 5098, as he was unsure of the positions and
identifications. d'Arrest's
position matches UGC 209 = PGC 1412. GC 42 and 5098 entries were combined under
NGC 93.
******************************
NGC 94 = CGCG
479-017 = WBL 009-011 = PGC 1423
00 22 13.6 +22
28 59
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 25d
18"
(11/22/08): faint, very small, elongated 4:3, ~20"x15". This member of the NGC 80 group forms a
nearly contact pair with PGC 1670567 just 35" S of center. The companion appeared extremely faint
and small, round. Located 5' NE of
NGC 93. NGC 96 lies 4' NNE.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a close pair with an anonymous
galaxy (2MASX J00221387+2228242) 35" SSE. Located on the east edge of the NGC 80 group.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 94 = Big. 6 on 14 Nov 1884 with the 12" refractor
at the Paris Observatory, along with NGCs 79, 86 and 96. His position is a reasonable match with
CGCG 479-017 = PGC 1423.
******************************
NGC 95 = UGC 214
= MCG +02-02-003 = CGCG 434-003 = PGC 1426
00 22 13.6 +10
29 31
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 75d
17.5"
(12/19/87): moderately bright, moderately large, round, bright core, very faint
stellar nucleus, diffuse halo. A
mag 12 star is 2.0' NE of center.
13"
(12/19/87): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 95 = H II-257 = h19 on 18 Oct 1784 (sweep 298) and logged
"F, S, R, lbM." He found
it again on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 477) and noted "F, pL, mbM, iR." JH made the single observation
"vF; pL; R; gbM."
******************************
NGC 96 = MCG
+04-02-014 = PGC 1429
00 22 17.8 +22
32 47
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6
18"
(11/22/08): very faint, small, round, 24" diameter, irregular surface
brightness. Occasionally a faint
star at the edge or possibly a stellar nucleus sparkles. Last of 20 galaxies viewed in the NGC
80 group. The SDSS reveals a faint
star is superimposed.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly larger but more diffuse than NGC
94. Located at the NE edge of the
NGC 80 group.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 96 = Big. 7 on 24 Oct 1884 with the 12" refractor
at the Paris Observatory. 10 days
earlier he discovered NGCs 79, 86 and 94 in the NGC 80 group.
******************************
NGC 97 = UGC 216
= MCG +05-02-007 = CGCG 500-009 = PGC 1442
00 22 30.0 +29
44 43
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is 30" WSW and a mag
14 star 1.3' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 97 = h18 on 16 Sep 1828 and recorded "F; R; g; bM;
15"." His position
matches UGC 216 = PGC 1442.
******************************
NGC 98 = ESO
242-005 = PGC 1463
00 22 49.5 -45
16 09
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.0'
diameter, sharply concentrated with a bright core and very small bright
nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 98 = h2320 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded as "very faint;
round; brighter in the middle; resolvable." His position (single observation) matches ESO 242-005 = PGC
1463.
******************************
NGC 99 = UGC 230
= MCG +02-02-006 = CGCG 434-006 = PGC 1523
00 23 59.4 +15
46 12
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 1.4' WNW. NGC 100 lies 42' N.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 99 = St XIII-3 on 8 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged as "vF, R, 1' dia, gbM." His position matches UGC 230 = PGC
1523.
******************************
NGC 100 = UGC
231 = MCG +03-02-009 = CGCG 457-012 = FGC 42 = Holm 9a = PGC 1525
00 24 02.6 +16
29 10
V = 13.3; Size 5.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 56d
48"
(11/8/15): bright, extremely large and thin edge-on 10:1 WSW-ENE, extends at
least 4.0'x0.4'. A brighter
central region extends ~2' in length and the outer extensions fade
significantly and taper towards the tips as they dim out. A mag 15.3 star is just beyond the east
end of the galaxy. Four mag
15.2-16.2 stars (in an E-W string) lie within 2.5' south of the galaxy.
PGC 1509358 is
just south of the southwestern tip of the galaxy. At 488x it appeared very faint (V = 17.2), very small,
slightly elongated, ~10"x7".
With careful averted vision, I could just hold the galaxy continuously.
A fairly difficult mag 17+ star is 30" SW. The redshift based light-travel time (based on z = .10) is
1.2 billion years.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, thin edge-on 7:1 WSW-ENE, moderately large, 2.0'x0.3',
weak concentration. NGC 99 lies
42' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 100 = Sw III-1 on 10 Nov 1885 with a 16" refractor at his
Warner Observatory. His
description reads "vF; pS; vE" and the position matches UGC 231 = PGC
1525, the flattest galaxy in the NGC.
Guillaume Bigourdan observed the galaxy on 7 Sep 1891 and mentioned its
"form and extension are incredible."
******************************
NGC 101 = ESO
350-014 = MCG -05-02-003 = PGC 1518
00 23 54.5 -32
32 12
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 84d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, low surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 101 = h2321 on 25 Sep 1834 and logged as "pretty bright;
pretty large; a little elongated; 45"; precedes a star of 14th
magnitude." On a later sweep
he noted "very faint; round or very little elongated; gradually brighter
in the middle; 15 ".", so the two observation differ significantly in
brightness. His position matches
ESO 350-014 = PGC 1518.
******************************
NGC 102 = MCG
-02-02-011 = PGC 1542
00 24 36.5 -13 57
22
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, round, bright core.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 102 = LM I-3 in 1886 with the 26-inch refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and described as "0.2'. Round." His rough position is just 1' S of MCG -02-02-011 = PGC
1542.
******************************
NGC 103 = Cr 1 =
OCL-291 = Lund 13
00 25 17 +61 19
18
V = 9.8; Size 5'
24"
(1/4/14): at 125x and 260x, ~40 stars were resolved mag 12-15, mostly within or
near a distinctive 3.3' string oriented SSW-NNE. Two brighter mag 11.8/12.3 stars lie at the N end of the
string, just detached from the richest clump of stars near the center of the
cluster. Another sparser string of
stars is parallel and just 1' W of the main string. A string of stars oriented
N-S is detached to the SE of the main string. Observed with a 4 day moon up.
13.1"
(10/20/84): 20 faint stars over unresolved haze, very elongated SSW-NNE. Two mag 11 stars are at the north end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 103 = h20 on 5 Oct 1829 and recorded, "pS, p compressed cl;
3' diam; st 11...18m in 2 or 3 principal branches. If this be VI 35 [NGC 136], there must be a mistake in my
father's obs or mine of 6m in RA."
Herschel's conjecture was wrong - NGC 136 is a much smaller cluster, 6
minutes of RA east.
******************************
NGC 104 = 47
Tucanae = ESO 050-SC9
00 24 05.2 -72
04 50
V = 3.8; Size 30.9'; Surf Br = 0.1
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; the core was distinctly orange-yellow. In addition, I immediately noted a
couple of obvious orange supergiants at the south edge of the core and in the
outer halo on the east side.
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 163x and 264x): absolutely stunning view in the
30" at 163x and 264x. Even in the 37' field of the 21mm Ethos, the
stars appeared to fill the entire field, only thinning out near the edge. The
pinpoint stars were amazingly packed, but increased in intensity to a
relatively small, blazing core, which was plastered with resolved stars. The
very center of the nucleus contained a small, intense knot overlaid with packed
stars giving a strong impression of layers. I immediately noticed the
core had a pale yellowish tint.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at low power (76x using a 27mm
Panoptic) the blazing core had an unusual, pale yellow hue.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this was the best view I had of 47 Tucanae
during the week. At 212x, the
entire 23' field was packed edge-to-edge with pinpoint stars and the blazing,
intense core, which had a yellowish tint, was resolved into a mesmerizing dense
mat of stars. The halo extended to at least 30'.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, this breathtaking globular was viewed
at over 50Ą elevation and was stunningly resolved into several thousand stars
out to a diameter of over 25'. The star density steadily increases
towards the center. The relatively small 4' core was blazing and highly
resolved right to the edge of a very small compressed nucleus. A
3-dimensional affect was very strong with layers of stars forming a dense mat
over the core. Many of the stars in the halo are connected in chains and
lanes. The 9 mm Nagler did a better job of busting apart the stars in the
core, although the cluster overfilled the field at this power. Although the
total visual magnitude is just slightly fainter than Omega Centauri and the
size slightly smaller, 47 Tucanae is certainly equal if not surpassing Omega
Centauri in visual impact due to its dazzling central blaze.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): While at Bargo, I observed 47 Tucanae for the
first time. Though still very low in the sky the view was thrilling. At
186x, the globular filled the 26' field with an uncountable number of stars. Strongly
concentrated to an intense, blazing core which was only partially resolved at a
low elevation. The highly resolved
outer halo extended ~25' in an irregular outline while the central halo was
very symmetric. This is the most prominent naked-eye GC as so much of its
light is concentrated into the central core and it lies in a sparse field with
no other rivals other than the SMC.
Naked-eye: easy
4th magnitude naked-eye blur just west of the SMC, seen many times from the
southern hemisphere. Visible in a dark sky while very low in the sky and
from suburban locations when higher in the sky.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered the nebulous appearance of NGC 104 = Lac I-1 = D 18 = 47
Tucanae = h2322 in 1751-1752 with a 1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his
expedition to the Cape of Good Hope.
It appeared "like the nucleus of a fairly bright comet." He placed it in group I, consisting of
nebulae without stars. The cluster
was noted, though, as a "star" in Bayer's Uranometria, which was first
published in 1603. The designation "47 Tuc" comes from Bode's
extension of Flamsteed numbers to the southern constellations (these are not
used today except for 47 Tuc and 30 Dor). With his 9-inch speculum reflector,
Dunlop logged "(47 Toucan, Bode) this is a beautiful large round nebula,
about 8' diameter, very gradually condensed to the centre. This beautiful globe
of light is easily resolved into stars of a dusky colour. The compression
to the centre is very great, and the stars are considerably scattered south
preceding and north following." His sketch in figure 1 of his
catalogue shows a beautifully resolved, elongated cluster.
John Herschel
observed it for the first time on 11 Apr 1834 and logged "the great
cluster preceding the Nubecula Minor. Estimated dia of the denser portion 5';
of the whole (not, however, including loose stragglers) 8'. Stars 14..16 mag.
and one of 12th mag N.p. the centre. Excessively compressed. (N.B. In a sweep
below the pole, when of course owing to the low altitude much of the light was
lost.)" His observation of 12 Aug 1834 reads: "A most glorious
cluster. The stars are equal, 14th mag., immensely numerous and compressed. Its
last outliers extend to a distance of 2 min, 16 sec in RA from the centre. It
is compressed to a blaze of light at the centre, the diameter of the more
compressed part being 30 arcsec in RA. It is at first very gradual, then pretty
suddenly very much brighter in the middle. It is completely insulated. After it
has passed, the ground of the sky is perfectly black throughout the whole
breadth of the sweep. There is a double star 11th mag. preceding the centre
(Pos. 226.5 - 6.5 arcsec in RA from centre of neb.)" On 21 Sep 1835 he
wrote: "Fills the field with its stragglers, condensation in three distinct
stages, first very gradually, next pretty suddenly, and finally very suddenly
very much brighter in the middle up to a central blaze whose diameter in RA is
13.5 sec and whose colour is ruddy or orange-yellow, which contrasts evidently
with the white light of the rest. The stars are all nearly equal (12..14 mag).
A stupendous object." His final record of the object was on 5 Nov
1836: "A most magnificent globular cluster. It fills the field with its
outskirts, but within its more compressed part, I can insulate a tolerably
defined circular space of 90" dia wherein the compression is much more
decided and the stars seem to run together; and this part I think has a pale
pinkish or rose-colour."
******************************
NGC 105 = UGC
241 = MCG +02-02-008 = CGCG 434-009 = PGC 1583
00 25 16.8 +12
53 02
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 167d
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Two mag 13.5 star
lie 0.7' W and 1.4' ESE. Situated
in a group of six mag 13/14 stars.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 105 = St XIII-4 on 15 Oct 1884 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and described as "eF, S, R, vlbM". His position matches UGC 241 = PGC
1583. Lewis Swift independently
found the galaxy again on 31 Oct 1886 and reported it in list V-7. His position is just 5 tsec too far W
and his comment "inside of and near [the] preceding corner of equilateral
triangle" applies.
******************************
NGC 106 = PGC
1551
00 24 43.8 -05
08 55
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 80d
17.5"
(9/17/88): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, small bright core, faint
stellar nucleus.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 106 = LM I-4 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His rough position in list I is 1.0 tmin E of PGC 1551. N.M. Parrish corrected the RA with a
micrometric offset in "Southern Nebulae" and Dreyer repeated this
correction in the IC 1 notes.
******************************
NGC 107 = MCG
-02-02-014 = PGC 1606
00 25 42.1 -08
16 59
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
17.5" (9/17/88):
very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 4.9' NW of mag 7.8 SAO 128758.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 107 on 14 Jan 1866 with the 15-inch refractor at the Pulkovo
Observatory in St Petersburg while unsuccessfully searching for comet
Biela. MCG (-02-02-014) doesn't
label this galaxy as NGC 107, although the identity is certain.
******************************
NGC 108 = UGC
246 = MCG +05-02-012 = CGCG 500-020 = PGC 1619
00 25 59.8 +29
12 43
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/17/87): moderately bright, fairly small, small very bright core, faint
extensions SSW-NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 108 = H III-148 = h21 on 11 Sep 1874 (sweep 266) and noted
"vF, pL, lbM." JH made
two observations, logging it on 16 Sep 1828 as "pB; R; psbM;
20"."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on the 72" on 3 Nov 1855, recorded "E sp nf, the arms being
vF, and p one rather the brighter, they are perhaps cut off from central Nucl.
by dark spaces, but all this is very uncertain. Night not good."
******************************
NGC 109 = UGC
251 = MCG +04-02-020 = CGCG 479-031 = PGC 1633
00 26 14.6 +21
48 27
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 77d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, oval ~E-W.
Located about 75' SE of the NGC 80 group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 109 = Au 3 on 8 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer
refractor in Copenhagen (early discovery) and described it (combining two
observations) as "vF, vS, R.
Forms a quadrilateral with 3 stars." Auwers included it as #3 in his 1862 list of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 110 =
OCL-300 = Lund 14
00 27 25.4 +71
23 27
17.5"
(9/2/89): this is a loose group of mag 11-14 stars surrounding a mag 10
star. Near the bright star are
several faint stars in a string.
The status as a cluster is doubtful and this is very possibly a random
grouping.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 110 = h22 on 29 Oct 1831 and recorded "a very loose; p rich
cl; *s 9...12m; *9m in middle taken."
******************************
NGC 111 = NGC
113?
00 26 42 -02 38
= Not found,
SG. = possibly equal to NGC 758,
HC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 111 = LM II-281 in 1886 and recorded "vF, vS,
R, lbM, *8.5, preceding 36s and 2' N, RA doubtful". There is nothing at his position and
the RNGC misidentifies MCG -01-02-016 = NGC 113 as NGC 111. NGC 113 (discovered by Wilhelm Tempel
in 1876) is 7.5' N of Leavenworth's position (not an unusual error), but there
is no bright nearby star matching Leavenworth's description. Bigourdan was unable to recover NGC
111.
John Ponting has
suggested NGC 111 is identical to NGC 758, though the RA is 1.5 hours off and
the declination is 20' off. See
Corwin's NGC ID notes for more on this suggestion.
******************************
NGC 112 = UGC
255 = MCG +05-02-013 = CGCG 500-021 = PGC 1654
00 26 48.8 +31
42 11
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 108d
17.5"
(11/25/87): faint, small, oval WNW-ESE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.8' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 112 = Sw II-9 on 17 Sep 1885 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His RA is just 4 sec
east of UGC 255 = PGC 1654.
******************************
NGC 113 = MCG
-01-02-016 = PGC 1656
00 26 54.6 -02
30 03
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Located 43' S of the NGC 114/118 pair.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 113 = T I-1 on 27 Aug 1876 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory. He described
it as a "class III nebula, small, mag 14-15 nucleus." His RA was very round (nearest minute)
but he measured an accurate position in his List IV-1.
******************************
NGC 114 = UGC
259 = MCG +00-02-027 = CGCG 383-014 = PGC 1660
00 26 58.2 -01
47 11
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, round, very small bright core. Forms a twin of NGC 118 4' E. NGC 124 lies 14' ESE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 114 = Sf 114, along with NGC 118, on 23 Sep 1867 with the
18.5" refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. The discovery list was not published until 1887 so Safford
is not credited in the NGC. Wilhelm Tempel independently found the galaxy on 27
Sep 1880 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and published
the discovery in list IV-2. Tempel's micrometric position matches UGC 259 = PGC
1660 and he is credited with the discovery in the main NGC table.
******************************
NGC 115 = ESO
350-017 = MCG -06-02-006 = PGC 1651
00 26 46.1 -33
40 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 127d
17.5"
(12/3/88): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE. An unequal double star is 1' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 115 = h2323 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "faint; large; very
little elongated; 60" across; has a double stars 2.5' distant
N.p.". His position and
description matches ESO 350-017 = PGC 1651.
******************************
NGC 116 = MCG
-01-02-017 = PGC 1671
00 27 05.2 -07
40 07
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 99d
17.5"
(9/17/88): faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, bright core. A mag 11 star is 2.5' SSW. The NGC identification of this galaxy
is uncertain.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 116 = Nova #14 on 14 Jan 1866 while searching for Biela's
Comet. He was using the 9.5-inch
Merz equatorial at the College Romain as an assistant to Father Angelo Secchi
(see AN 1571). The galaxy (MCG
-01-02-017) identified here as NGC 116 is 15' north of Ferrari's position although
it matches in RA. The RNGC and
Harold Corwin both equate NGC 116 with MCG -01-02-017. MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC
116. PGC 1677 is closer to
Ferrari's position but is probably be too faint. Wolfgang Steinicke classifies this number as lost.
******************************
NGC 117 = MCG
+00-02-029 = CGCG 383-015 = PGC 1674
00 27 11.0 +01
20 01
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 100d
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W. A mag 15 star is involved at the west
edge 24" from center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 117 = m 8 on 13 Sep 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
described as "F, vS."
His position matches MCG +00-02-029 = PGC 1674.
******************************
NGC 118 = UGC
264 = MCG +00-02-032 = CGCG 383-016 = PGC 1678
00 27 16.2 -01
46 49
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a twin of NGC 114 4' W. NGC 124 lies 10' ESE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 118 = Sf 91, along with NGC 114 = Sf 90, on 23 Sep 1867 with the
18" refractor at Dearborn Observatory. The discovery was not published until 1887 and Dreyer
included it in an appendix to the NGC.
Wilhelm Tempel (IV-3) independently found the galaxy on 27 Sep 1880
(along with NGC 114 and NGC 124) with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and he is credited with the discovery in the NGC. Tempel's micrometric position matches
UGC 264 = PGC 1678.
******************************
NGC 119 = ESO
150-008 = PGC 1659
00 26 57.6 -56
58 41
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright and large, irregularly round,
~0.9'x0.8', smooth halo, sharply concentrated with a small, very bright
nucleus. Sparsely populated star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 119 = h2324 on 28 Oct 1834 and recorded "pB; R; psbM; 25
arcsec." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 120 = UGC
267 = MCG +00-02-033 = CGCG 383-017 = PGC 1693
00 27 30.0 -01
30 48
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 73d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, oval WSW-ENE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 16' NNE of the
NGC 114/NGC 118 pair.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 120 = T IV-4 on 27 Sep 1880. In his description of NGC 124 (4th entry in his 4th
discovery list), he mentions he found another nebula 10' north of a mag 9.5
star (about 8' north of NGC 124).
The NGC position is 5' too far north. Bigourdan measured an accurate mircrometric position on 16
Nov 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 121 = ESO
050-SC012 = Lindsay 10
00 26 47 -71 32
12
V = 11.2; Size 1.5'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x appeared fairly bright, round, 1.3'
diameter with a brighter core but this globular showed no resolution. A mag 12 star lies just 1' W of center,
a bit beyond the halo. In the same
low power field with 47 Tucanae and 35' SW of mag 6.1 Theta Tuc. This object is the oldest and most
luminous SMC globular, though still 2-3 Gyr younger than the oldest galactic
globulars.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this is one known classical globular in the SMC. At
186x is appeared fairly faint, small, 1.5'x1' diameter, contains a small
brighter core. There was no hint
of resolution. Located 35' NNE of
47 Tucana.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 121 = h2325 on 20 Sep 1835 and logged as "pretty bright; a
little extended; very gradually brighter in the middle; 40"
dia." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 122
00 27 38.3 -01
38 26
=*15?, Gottlieb
and Corwin. =NF, RNGC
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 122 = T IV-4 on 27 Sep 1880 (along with NGC 124) with an
11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory. Tempel noted two nebulae 3'-4' north of a mag 9.5 star. These numbers may refer to a pair of
mag 15.5 stars about 5' NW of the star.
If this is the case, then NGC 122 is at 00 27 38.3 -01 38 26 (2000) and NGC 123 at 00 27
40.0 -01 37 39. See Corwin's NGC
ID notes.
******************************
NGC 123
00 27 40.0 -01
37 39
=*15?, Gottlieb
and Corwin. =NF, RNGC
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 123 = T IV-4 on 27 Sep 1880 (along with NGC 120, 122 and 124)
with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory . In the observation, Tempel noted two
nebulae 3'-4' north of a mag 9.5 star.
These numbers may refer to a pair of mag 15.5 stars about 5' NW of the
star. Assuming this identification is correct, then NGC 123 is at 00 27 40.0
-01 37 39 (2000). See Corwin's NGC
ID notes.
******************************
NGC 124 = UGC
271 = MCG +00-02-038 = CGCG 383-018 = PGC 1715
00 27 52.3 -01
48 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 168d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval NNW-SSE, weak
concentration. A pair of mag 14
stars are 1.8' W of center.
Located in a group with NGC 114 and NGC 118 12' WNW.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 124 = Sf 92, along with NGC 114 and 118, on 23 Sep 1867 with the
18.5-inch refractor at the Dearborn Observatory, but Safford's discovery list
was not published until 1887 so his is not credited with the discovery in the
NGC. Wilhelm Tempel independently
found the galaxy on 27 Sep 1880 (along with NGC 114 and 118) with an 11"
refractor at the Arcetri Observatory, published it in list IV-4, and Tempel is
credited in the NGC. His
micrometric position is just 30" south of UGC 271 = PGC 1715.
******************************
NGC 125 = UGC
286 = MCG +00-02-048 = CGCG 383-027 = PGC 1772
00 28 50.3 +02
50 19
V = 12.1; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core ~15" diameter surrounded by a faint halo. A 20" pair of mag 12 stars is less
than 1' S of center.
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, small, round, very bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 12/13 double star at 20"
separation oriented NNW-SSE lies 1' SW.
Located 6' WSW of NGC 128 in a compact group.
13"
(11/5/83): faint, small, round, small bright core. Two stars close SW are oriented N-S. Second brightest of three in the NGC
128 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 125 = H III-869 = h23, along with NGC 128, on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep
985) and recorded "vF, vS, bM, N.f. 2 small stars. 300 shewed it very plainly in the field
with the following [NGC 128]. The
NGC position is accurate. The CGCG
(383-027) doesn't label their entry as NGC 125.
******************************
NGC 126 = MCG
+00-02-049 = CGCG 383-028 = LGG 006-009 = PGC 1784
00 29 08.1 +02
48 40
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 110d
18"
(12/3/05): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.3'x0.2', weak
concentration, low surface brightness but easy with averted vision and slightly
brighter than the close companions to NGC 128. Located 3.6' SW of NGC 128 in a group of five. A mag 12 star lies.1.6' NW.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, oval ~E-W?. Located 3.6' SSW of NGC 128 in a group.
13" (11/5/83):
extremely faint, very small.
Member of the NGC 128 group.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 126 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 12 Dec 1874, and recorded
"Suspected a nebulous knot between [NGC 125] and [NGC 128], a little
south." Heinrich d'Arrest's
position is close to CGCG 383-028 = PGC 1784.
******************************
NGC 127 = MCG
+00-02-050 = CGCG 383-029 = LGG 006-010 = PGC 1787
00 29 12.4 +02
52 21
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 70d
18"
(12/3/05): this very close companion to NGC 128 is quite dim, appearing as an
extremely faint knot just 12" diameter with no details. It is fainter and closer than NGC 130
and situated just west of the northern extension, 0.8' from center. Not noticed initially, but once seen
was not difficult with averted vision at 225x.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, round.
Located just 0.8' NW of NGC 128.
Faintest of five in the NGC 128 group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 127 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 4 Nov 1850 and described
"2 S objects [NGC 127/130] about equally distant from [NGC 128]. Both Lord Rosse and I thought they were
small nebulae, they lie a little below the minor axis of [NGC 128]."
******************************
NGC 128 = UGC
292 = MCG +00-02-051 = CGCG 383-029 = LGG 006-002 = PGC 1791
00 29 15.1 +02
51 51
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 1d
18"
(12/3/05): moderately bright and large, very elongated 7:2 N-S, 1.4'x0.4',
sharply concentrated with a very bright core that gradually increases to a
stellar nucleus. The N-S
extensions fade out and taper towards the tips. Flanked on either side of the northern extension by two
close companions, NGC 127 and NGC 130, less than 1' NW and 1' NE.
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, bright
core, stellar nucleus. Brightest
in a group of five with two extremely close companions: NGC 127 0.8' NW and NGC
130 1.0' ENE. NGC 125 lies 6' WSW.
13"
(11/5/83): fairly bright, fairly small, spindle N-S.
8"
(8/16/82): faint, small, elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 128 = H II-854 = h25, along with NGC 125, on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep
985) and logged "pB, vS, R, vgmbM, pretty well defined on the
margin". Using the 72"
on 12 Dec 1874, Dreyer recorded "cE in PA 2.4Ą, mbM, probably sharp on f
side, and a little curved, convex side f; two stars (or eS nebulous knots
perhaps?) follow very near."
******************************
NGC 129 = Cr 2 =
OCL-294 = Lund 15
00 29 58.5 +60
12 43
V = 6.5; Size 21'
24"
(1/4/14): at 125x and 260x, ~100 stars resolved in a 10'x5' region elongated
N-S. The cluster is more
compressed on the south side, where three mag 9 stars (HD 236429, HD 236433 and
HD 236436), form a near equilateral triangle with sides of 3'-4'. Fainter stars nearly complete an oval
ring with these stars, though several stars are also inside of the ring. Starting with the mag 9 star at the
south end of the triangle, a number of the brighter stars form two strings
extending NNW and NNE, so the overall appearance is an elongated wedge. Two mag
9.5/10 stars are at the N tips of these strings and the eastern string is
richer and better defined.
Scattered mag 12-15 stars fill the interior of the wedge, with a couple
of brighter stars on the south end, which is more eye-catching .
17.5"
(8/29/92): 60 stars mag 10-15 in the 8'x6' central region of the cluster formed
by an isosceles triangle with vertex at the south end. Each side of this triangle includes a
mag 10 star and most cluster members are contained within triangle. No real boundaries and many mag 15
stars are at the edges of this triangle.
Mag 6.0 SAO 21457 lies 10' S.
Berkeley 2 lies 35' NW.
8":
ring-shaped open cluster with stars mag 9-13. There is a line of stars to the north on the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 129 = H VIII-79 = h24 on 16 Dec 1788 (sweep 892) and logged
"a coarsely scattered cluster of large stars, mixed with smaller ones, not
very rich." JH reported
"a * 9m about middle of a vL, coarse sc rich cluster of *s 9..13 which
more than fills field."
******************************
NGC 130 = MCG
+00-02-052 = CGCG 383-029 = LGG 00-011 = PGC 1794
00 29 18.5 +02
52 13
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 44d
18"
(12/3/05): very faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, ~0.3'x0.2', weak
concentration, easy with averted vision.
Slightly brighter of two companions to NGC 128 and situated just off the
NE flank, 1.0' from center.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, oval ~SW-NE, small bright core. Located 1.0' ENE of NGC 128. Second faintest of five in the NGC 128
group.
Bindon Stoney
and William Parsons (Lord Rosse) discovered NGC 130, along with NGC 126 and
127, on 4 Nov 1850, while observing NGC 128. Described as "2 small objects about equally distant
from [NGC 128]. Heinrich d'Arrest
measured an accurate position (3 different nights) with the 11-inch at
Copenhagen.
******************************
NGC 131 = ESO
350-021 = MCG -06-02-010 = PGC 1813
00 29 38.3 -33
15 36
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 63d
17.5"
(12/3/88): very faint, very small, oval WSW-ENE, weak concentration. A mag 14.5 star is off the ENE
edge. Located 9' WSW of much
brighter NGC 134.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 131 = h2326 on 25 Sep 1834 and logged "pretty bright;
pretty large; pretty much elongated; very gradually brighter in the
middle." On a later sweep he
noted "very faint; the preceding of two. The other [NGC 134] very large
and bright."
******************************
NGC 132 = UGC
301 = MCG +00-02-063 = CGCG 383-032 = PGC 1844
00 30 10.6 +02
05 34
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval SSW-NNE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 132 = H II-855 = h26 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985) and recorded
(summary from 2 observations) "pB, cL, iR, resolvable, vgbM, about 1 1/2'
sp a vS star." Bindon Stoney,
LdR's observer on 6 Dec 1850, logged "R, F nucleus, 40" broad."
******************************
NGC 133 = Cr 3 =
OCL-296 = Lund 17
00 31 17 +63 21
12
Size 7'
17.5"
(10/13/90): about 15 stars including 5 brighter stars forming a "Y"
asterism and 10 faint stars. One
of the brightest stars is a very close double star (9.7/11.3 at 6") and a
curving lane of very faint stars passes through this double star, not
rich. This is the poorest of three
clusters just north of Kappa Cassiopeia.
8"
(8/16/82): group of 8 stars in "Y" asterism, in field with open
cluster NGC 146 and King 14.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 133 on 4 Feb 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded (single observation) a "double star in a group of
scattered stars, mag 10 and fainter.
Found while observing h28 [NGC 146]. The double star is mag 10 and 11 at a separation of
6"." His position and
description matches this weak cluster.
******************************
NGC 134 = ESO
350-023 = MCG -06-02-012 = PGC 1851
00 30 21.5 -33
14 50
V = 10.4; Size 8.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
17.5"
(12/3/88): bright, fairly large, very elongated SW-NE, sharp concentration with
a bright core and long faint arms. Two mag 13.5 stars are nearby; one at
the preceding edge 40" NW of center and one on the opposite side of the
core, 1.5' SE of center. NGC 131 is in the field 9' WSW.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, very elongated SW-NE, small bright core, sharp edge
along the west side. A star is off the preceding side.
8"
(11/8/80): fairly faint, elongated, low surface brightness.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 134 = D 599 = D 590 with his 9" reflector on 7 Jul 1826. His
description for D 599 reads "very faint nebula, about 25" diameter,
rather elliptical. North of Eta Caelae Sculptoris. There are four
small stars south of the nebula in the form of a lozenge." His
position is 22' NNW of the galaxy but the description of the four nearby stars
to the south clinches the identification. For D 590 he simply logged
"a faint round nebula, about 2' diameter."
John Herschel's
position is accurate and he noted that his h2327 could be identical D 590. He
recorded it on 25 Sep 1834 as "vB; vL; vmE; pslbM; 8' long; 1' broad; pos
= 47.9Ą; dies away gradually at both extremities; has a star 10th mag.,
distance 45", pos = 327.9. On a second sweep on 19 Oct 1835 he
logged "bright; large; vmE; pretty suddenly little brighter middle; 4'
long; 1' broad; position = 227Ą; the following of 2." He also
sketched the galaxy (Plate VI, figure 19), clearly showing its spindle-shape
with tapering edges.
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 134 with the 48" Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_1.php)
and noted, "The present appearance of nebula is exactly as represented in
Herschel's sketch; the centre is sharp and stellar-like with power of 255; but
with 420 it is more diffused, and somewhat sparkling. A careful examination
leaves the impression that it is practically unchanged since Herschel's time, the
only difference between his sketch and present aspect being the position of the
North star, which in Herschel's sketch is shown in a straight line with the
centre of nebula and s.f. star, whilst at present it is somewhat to the n.f. of
that point; this may however be the fault of the engraver."
******************************
NGC 135 = IC 26
= PGC 2010 = LEDA 138192
00 31 45.9 -13
20 16
V = 15.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(10/21/95): faint, very small, round, weak concentration with a slightly
brighter core. Forms a
quadrilateral with three mag 14 stars, all within 2'. Located 3.5' SW of a mag 9.5 SAO 147324.
IC 27,
misidentified as NGC 135 in the RNGC and PGC, lies 20' ESE. It appeared very faint, small, slightly
elongated ~N-S, very low surface brightness. Located 7.9' SSE of mag 8.9 SAO 147331 and 8.6' NW of mag
8.6 SAO 147330. MCG -02-02-051
lies 13' N.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 135 = LM I-5 on 2 Oct 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is 2 min of RA west (typical error) of
LEDA 138192 but his sketch (examined by Harold Corwin) clearly identifies NGC
135 with this galaxy. Javelle
rediscovered the galaxy on 4 Nov 1891, reported it as new, and Dreyer
catalogued J. 1-19 as IC 26. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position for NGC 135 around 1899 (repeated in the IC
2 notes) though Dreyer failed to equate NGC 135 and IC 26. See Corwin's notes.
RNGC and PGC
(and second sources such as Megastar) misidentify NGC 135 as IC 27 based on
their positions. The correct
identification is given in NED, HyperLeda and SIMBAD.
******************************
NGC 136 = Cr 4 =
OCL-295 = Lund 18
00 31 31 +61 30
36
V = 11.6; Size 1'
24"
(1/4/14): ~10 faint stars are resolved in a small, circular patch ~1' diameter,
over unresolved haze. A small
detached group to the southeast increases the total to 15 stars and the size to
2'. Most of the resolved stars are
mag 14-15. Located ~6' NE of mag
8.5 SAO 11238. Observed with a 4
day moon up, so not dark.
17.5"
(8/16/93): 7-8 faint stars mag 14 resolved in very tight, compact group of 1.5'
diameter, over background haze. A
few additional stars trail to the SE so there are about 10 stars in the group. Located 6' NE of mag 8.3 SAO 11238.
13"
(10/20/84): 5 or 6 very faint stars 13/14 over haze. Appears similar to a small, faint gc with no strong
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 136 = H VI-35 on 26 Nov 1788 (sweep 887) and described a "a
small cluster of vF, exceedingly compressed stars about 1' diam. The next step to an easily resolvable
nebula." He considered this
cluster a miniature globular.
******************************
NGC 137 = UGC
309 = MCG +02-02-017 = CGCG 434-019 = PGC 1888
00 30 58.1 +10
12 30
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 15 star is 1' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 137 = H II-471 on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 477) and logged "F,
irr figure, lbM." His
position is very accurate.
Heinrich d'Arrest also measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 138 = UGC
308 = MCG +01-02-016 = CGCG 409-023 = PGC 1889
00 30 59.2 +05
09 35
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, small, oval N-S, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is 1'
N. Brightest in a trio with NGC
141 5' ENE and NGC 139 5' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 138 = m 9 (along with NGC 139 and NGC 141) on 29 Aug 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and recorded "F, eS, sbM." Marth's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 139 = CGCG
409-022 = PGC 1900
00 31 06.4 +05
04 43
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, small, almost round. Located in a group with NGC 138 5' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 139 = m 10 (along with NGC 138 and NGC 141) on 29 Aug 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged "eF, S." Marth's position is 2' N of CGCG
409-022 = PGC 1900.
******************************
NGC 140 = UGC
311 = MCG +05-02-021 = CGCG 500-038 = PGC 1916
00 31 20.5 +30
47 32
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, round, diffuse, broad concentration. Two faint stars following including a
mag 15 star 44" SSE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 140 = Sf 60 = St XII-5 on 8 Oct 1866 with the 18" refractor
at Dearborn Observatory and described it as "probably a small
cluster". His discovery list
was not published until 1887, too late to be credited in the NGC. douard Stephan independently found the
galaxy on 5 Nov 1882 and is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 141 = CGCG
409-027 = PGC 1918
00 31 17.5 +05
10 47
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 5' ENE of NGC 138 in a compact trio.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 141 = m 11 (along with NGC 139 and NGC 138) on 29 Aug 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged as "vF, vS, iR." His position is 0.1 minute east of CGCG
409-027 = PGC 1918.
******************************
NGC 142 = ESO
473-021 = MCG -04-02-014 = PGC 1901
00 31 07.9 -22
37 07
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 101d
17.5"
(10/8/88): first of three with NGC 143 and NGC 144. Faint, small, round, very weak concentration. A mag 14/14.5 double star at 20"
separation is off the NNW edge.
NGC 143 lies 3' NNE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 142 = LM II-282 (along with NGCs 143 and 144) in 1886 using the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is OK and his note
of a double star 0.5' N pins down the identification. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 143 = ESO
473-022 = MCG -04-02-015 = PGC 1911
00 31 15.6 -22
33 36
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 20d
17.5"
(10/8/88): second of three with NGC 142 and NGC 144. Extremely faint, small, oval SSW-NNE. Located 3' NNE of NGC 142.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 143 = LM II-283 (along with NGCs 142 and 144) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is a reasonable match with ESO 473-022 =
PGC 1911. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 144 = ESO
473-023 = MCG -04-02-016 = PGC 1917
00 31 20.6 -22
38 45
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(10/8/88): third of three with NGC 142 and NGC 143. Faint, small, round, very weak concentration. Located 3' SE of identical NGC 142.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 144 = LM II-284 (along with NGC 142 and 143) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is a reasonable match with ESO 473-023 =
PGC 1917. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 145 = Arp 19
= MCG -01-02-027 = PGC 1941
00 31 45.7 -05
09 09
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 135d
48" (11/8/15):
at 375x and 488x; fascinating irregular spiral galaxy. A bright bar extends 30" N-S. A spiral arm is attached at the north
end of the bar and is easily visible extending to the west, and curling
clockwise. The arm has a fairly
high contrast and definition. A
small HII knot (~8" diameter) is nearly attached to the north end of the
bar where the spiral arm begins. A
fainter, low contrast arm is attached at the south end of bar and extends
30" due east.
Two companions
were picked up. PGC 1048844 is
3.1' NE. At 488x it appeared
fairly faint (V = 16.0), small, roundish, 15" diameter. PGC 1048201 (not catalogued in
Megastar) appeared faint (V = 17.1), very small, round, 12" diameter.
17.5"
(9/17/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval ~E-W, small bright core. Located 6' WNW of mag 8.7 SAO
128813. This star is situated
within a string oriented SW-NE with a mag 10 star 7' SSE of NGC 145 forming the
southwest end of this string. The northeast
end of the string intersects a shorter line of four mag 11-12 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 145 = h27 = h2328 on 9 Oct 1828 and recorded "vF; vlE;
glbM, 60" long." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 146 = Cr 5 =
OCL-299 = Lund 21
00 33 01 +63 18
42
V = 9.1; Size 7'
24"
(1/4/14): at 125x and 260x, ~60 stars are resolved in a 7' region that stands
out reasonably well at low power.
Near the southeast end of the group is the pair h 1033 = 10/10 at
7". The cluster is generally
elongated NW-SE and includes a dozen or so brighter stars. A rectangular "void" lacking
stars is on the NW side.
17.5"
(10/20/90): about 30 stars in a fairly large group about 10' diameter. Includes a close mag 10 pair at 7"
separation, 10 stars mag 12-13 and 20 stars mag 14-15. Third of three open clusters in low
power field with King 14 10' SW and NGC 133 10' WNW.
8"
(11/28/81): includes a few mag 10 stars, many mag 12 stars and fainter stars
over haze. Located 22' N of a mag
4 star. NGC 133 is in the field to
the WNW and King 14 is close SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 146 = h28 on 27 Oct 1829 and recorded a "loose cl; *s 11
and 12m; 10' diam; place that of a double +* (h 1033) whose RA is erroneously
stated in my 4th catalogue."
******************************
NGC 147 = UGC
326 = MCG +08-02-005 = CGCG 550-006 = DDO 3 = LGG 011-004 = PGC 2004
00 33 11.7 +48
30 27
V = 9.5; Size 13.2'x7.8'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 25d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, very large, elongated almost 2:1 SSW-NNE, 5'x3', very
low almost even surface brightness.
A mag 13.8 foreground star is superimposed just north of center. The halo gradually fades into
background.
17.5"
(8/29/92): appears larger (8'x4') using 20mm Nagler in the White Mountains
(elevation 12,500 ft).
8"
(8/28/81): very faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, diffuse.
24"
(1/1/16): Hodge III is the brightest globular cluster in NGC 147 at V Ĺ
16.5. At 450x and 500x it only
occasionally popped but was verified at the same position using a detailed
finder chart.
I first
identified two mag 13 stars at 1' separation oriented N-S, which are situated
5' SSE of the center of NGC 147.
These stars are just outside the halo of the galaxy. A mag 14.7 star is 1' further NW,
forming an obtuse isosceles triangle with the two mag 13 stars. Hodge 3 is 41" N of the mag 14.7
star and nearly forms the 4th vertex of a parallelogram with these three stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 147 = h29 on 8 Sep 1829 and recorded "vF; vL; irr R; 4..5'
diam; loses itself insensibly; has a *11m in the centre." Bindon Stoney, LdR's observer on 25 Oct
1851, logged "L, vF neby, round a * 12m. I suspect it is a spiral of the faintest class, perhaps h
29."
In 1944 William
Baade announced that NGC 147, along with NGC 185, were members of the Local
Group (1944ApJ...100..147B) when they were resolved into stars on plates take
with the 100-inch at Mt Wilson.
NGC 147 is considered a satellite system of M31 at a distance of 2.3
million light years.
******************************
NGC 148 = ESO
410-020 = MCG -05-02-017 = PGC 2053
00 34 15.5 -31
47 10
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 90d
17.5"
(8/2/86): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated E-W, small bright
core.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, small, elongated E-W, very small bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 148 = h239 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "vB; S; lE in
parallel; smbM to a * 11m."
His RA is 1.0 min west of ESO 410-020 = PGC 2053, although he notes that
his two positions differed by a minute (incorrect position used in NGC). MCG (-05-02-017) gives the NGC equivalence
as uncertain.
******************************
NGC 149 = UGC
332 = MCG +05-02-024 = CGCG 500-044 = PGC 2028
00 33 50.3 +30
43 24
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, very small, round. Contains a faint stellar nucleus or a mag 15 star is
involved. A mag 13 star is close
SW just 0.6' from the center.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 149 = St XIII-5 on 4 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, R, gbM, mag 14 stellar nucl,
*12 close sp". His position
and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 150 = ESO
410-019 = MCG -05-02-018 = UGCA 7 = PGC 2052
00 34 16.0 -27
48 16
V = 11.4; Size 3.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 118d
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, weak
concentration, irregular surface brightness, slightly mottled.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 150 = Sw VI-3 on 20 Nov 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His position is about
30 sec of RA west of ESO 410-019 = PGC 2052. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes). The error was also noted in the Harvard
College Observatory NGC correction list.
******************************
NGC 151 = NGC
153 = MCG -02-02-054 = PGC 2035
00 34 02.5 -09
42 20
V = 11.6; Size 3.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 75d
24"
(12/1/16): bright, fairly large, contains a very bright boxy rectangular central
section that is slightly elongated NNW-SSE (this is the central bar and
nucleus), encased by a fairly low surface brightness halo extended at least 2:1
E-W, ~2.7'x1.2'. A mag 12.5 star
is at or just off the ENE edge (1.7' from center). A superimposed companion is
at the tip of the eastern spiral arm of the galaxy, very close southwest of the
mag 12.5 star. It was marginally
glimpsed but only occasionally popped.
17.5"
(9/17/88): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 5:3 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.5',
bright nucleus. A mag 13 star is
at the ENE edge, 1.7' from the center.
13"
(8/24/84): fairly bright, bright core, very bright nucleus, very faint halo
elongated ~E-W. A faint star is at
the ENE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 151 = H II-478 = h30 = h2330 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and
logged "pB, L, lE, lbM."
JH observed this nebula at Slough and at the Cape, where he recorded
"pF; R; gbM; 60"."
JH's two entries were combined in GC 74 and his position matches MCG
-02-02-054 = PGC 2035. Lewis Swift
(IV-1) found the galaxy again on 9 Aug 1886, but his position was 17 sec of RA
too far east. He assumed it was
new and Sw. IV-1 was catalogued again as NGC 153. So NGC 151 = NGC 153 with NGC 151 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 152 = ESO
028-SC024 = Lindsay 15
00 32 55.5 -73
06 59
V = 12.9; Size 3'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this SMC cluster appeared
as a fairly faint, fairly large, round glow, ~2' diameter. At 228x, the cluster has a fairly smooth,
fairly low surface brightness with no core and no signs of resolution. NGC 176 lies 13' ESE. Located 1.2Ą SSE of 47 Tucanae.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 152 = h2331 in the SMC on 20 Sep 1835 and logged "vF; L; R;
vglbM; 2'." His position was
2 min of RA too far west, but the position was corrected in the GC and NGC.
******************************
NGC 153 = NGC
151 = MCG -02-02-054 = PGC 2035
00 34 02.5 -09
42 20
See observing
notes for NGC 151.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 153 = Sw IV-1 on 9 Aug 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and logged "pF; pS; R; * near north-following". There is nothing at his position but 17
sec of RA west is NGC 151 = PGC 2035, a similar offset as other objects observed
that night, and his description matches this galaxy. The equivalence NGC 153 =
NGC 151 was discussed by Spitaler in AN 3100 and Dreyer mentioned it in the IC
1 Notes. RC1 mistakenly identifies
the mag 12.5 star at the end of the northeast arm as NGC 153.
******************************
NGC 154 = MCG
-02-02-053 = PGC 2058
00 34 19.4 -12
39 24
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a triangle with two mag 13.5
stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 154 = H III-467 = h31 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"eF, vS, 240 power left some doubt." His position matches MCG -02-02-053 = PGC 2058. JH made the
single observation "eF; S; R; 15 or 16"." The RNGC position is 15 seconds of RA
too small.
******************************
NGC 155 = MCG
-02-02-055 = PGC 2076
00 34 40.1 -10
45 59
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
17.5"
(9/17/88): fairly faint, very small, oval 4:3 N-S, bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 155 = Sw IV-2 = LM I-6 on 1 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor
at Warner Observatory. His
position is 10 sec of RA west of MCG -02-02-055 = PGC 2076. Frank Muller also found the galaxy in
1886 (sometime before Oct 12th) with the 26" Leander McCormick refractor
and reported "mag 13.0, S, R, bsp, *12 in PA 90Ą at 3.2'
separation." Bigourdan
measured an accurate micrometric position on 21 Oct 1890 as well as Howe at
Denver near the end of the century.
******************************
NGC 156
00 34 35.8 -08
20 24
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 156 (in list V) in 1882 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory, while observing NGC 157 = H II-3. There is a mag 15.7 star at his
position although Corwin and Carlson identify it as a double star (the second
star is much fainter).
******************************
NGC 157 = MCG
-02-02-056 = PGC 2081
00 34 46.6 -08
23 48
V = 10.4; Size 4.2'x2.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
17.5"
(9/17/88): bright, large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, broad concentration, small bright
core, mottled appearance, sharp edge along the east side. Two stars, mag 13.5 and 15, are near
the NE edge. Located between mag
9.5 SAO 128835 5.5' S and mag 8.6 SAO 12833 6' NNW.
8": fairly
faint, fairly large, diffuse.
Located between two mag 8.5/9.5 stars to the north and south.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 157 = H II-3 on 13 Dec 1783 (sweep 44) and recorded "F, L,
mE, between two considerably bright stars." His position was not accurately determined but his description
is a perfect match with MCG -02-02-056 = PGC 2081. Eduard Schnfeld, Heinrich d'Arrest and Father Secchi
provided accurate positions, so the NGC position is correct. douard Stephan (IX-1) independently
found the galaxy with the 31" reflector at Marseille on 28 Oct 1878.
******************************
NGC 158
00 35 05.3 -08
20 40
=*?,
Corwin. =NF, Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 158 in 1882 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory, and recorded in list V while observing the field of NGC 157 = H
II-3. Corwin identifies his object
as a single star at 00 35 05.3 -08 20 40.
******************************
NGC 159 = ESO
150-011 = PGC 2073
00 34 35.7 -55
47 24
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 95d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated
nearly 3:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.3', contains a small bright, round core and a stellar
nucleus. Located 29' SSE of mag
7.3 HD 3075 = HJ 3376 (7.5/10 pair at 7").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 159 = h2332 on 28 Oct 1834 and logged "vF, S, R, 15",
precedes 3 stars." On a
second sweep he noted "vF, R, glbM, 20 arcseconds". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 160 = UGC
356 = MCG +04-02-033 = CGCG 479-043 = PGC 2154
00 36 04.1 +23
57 29
V = 12.6; Size 3.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 45d
24"
(9/30/16): at 200x; fairly bright or bright, large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 SW-NE,
sharply concentrated with a small very bright core that increases to a stellar
nucleus. Surrounding the core is a
large, low surface brightness halo ~1.8'x0.8'. Situated 4.3' SSW of mag 7.3 HD 3293. NGC 169/IC 1559 (close pair) lies 11'
ENE and mag 6.2 HD 2311 is 15' ENE.
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, almost round. Located 4.2' SSW of mag 7.5 SAO 74134. Forms a wide pair with NGC 169 11' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 160 = H III-476 = h32 on 5 Dec 1785 (sweep 484) and logged
"vF, vS, stellar, a few minutes south preceding a pretty bright star. 240 showed the same." JH reported "has a * 7m, 5'
distant; pos of neb from * 195.5Ą." Lord Rosse's assistants made 7
observations of the field with the 72-inch.
******************************
NGC 161 = MCG
-01-02-036 = PGC 2131
00 35 33.8 -02
50 55
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 150d
24"
(11/24/14): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, fairly high surface
brightness. Contains a small
bright nucleus that increases to a stellar point. A mag 12 star is 1.2' N and a mag 12.5 star is 2' SSW. Forms a close pair with IC 1557 1.7'
S. Located 6' SE of mag 8.8 HD
3205.
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, round, small bright core. Bracketed by two mag 12 stars 1.2' N and 1.5' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 161 = Sw VI-4 on 21 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; eS; R; nearly between 2 equal mag
stars." His position is 18
sec of RA east and 1' north of MCG -01-02-036 = PGC 2131 but his description
matches. Bigourdan measured an
accurate micrometric position on 9 Oct 1890 as well as Howe near the turn of
the century at Denver.
The MCG, PGC,
RNGC and Roger Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 incorrectly equate NGC 161 with IC 1557. IC 1557 is a separate galaxy discovered
by Howe, just 1.7' south.
******************************
NGC 162
00 36 09.2 +23
57 45
=* 75" NE
of NGC 160, Thomson and Corwin.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 162 on 16 Oct 1866 using Lord Rosse's 72" and by Herman
Schultz on 5 Sep 1867 with the 9.6" refractor at Uppsala Observatory. Both
observers recorded a single star 75" NE of NGC 160. This star was possibly noted even
earlier by Heinrich d'Arrest on 22 Aug 1862. Schultz assumed this object was GC 82, discovered by R.J.
Mitchell at Birr Castle on 18 Sep 1857.
But Mitchell's object is a close companion of NGC 169 (now known as IC
1559), not NGC 162 as JH assumed.
Dreyer also observed this star on 6 Nov 1874 and noted "An eS, F
neb point, or probably a F* nf h79 in PA 78"."
In the GC
Supplement, Dreyer incorrectly decided "Rosse nova does not exist [so GC
82 = IC 1559 did not receive an NGC number]. 82 was undoubtedly observed instead of 79, which latter
nebula is not double. The
description in PT 1861, agrees perfectly with the appearance of 82" He added that "Schultz's GC 80 has
not been seen in Birr before 1874: I have therefore entered it in the catalogue
as a nova." So, Dreyer
assigned Schultz's GC 80 to the single star (the one first seen by Lawrence
Parsons in 1866) following NGC 160 and renumbered it as GC 5107. RNGC misidentifies NGC 162 with an anonymous
galaxy close SE of NGC 160 and Dorothy Carlson incorrectly equates NGC 160 =
NGC 162 in her NGC errata list.
Wolfgang Steinicke thoroughly covered the identifications of GC 80 and
82 in his book on the history of the NGC.
******************************
NGC 163 = MCG
-02-02-066 = PGC 2149
00 35 59.8 -10
07 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(9/17/88): fairly faint, small, round, brighter core, stellar nucleus, diffuse
halo. Forms a pair with NGC 165 6'
E.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 163 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position
(also measured on the next night) matches MCG -02-02-066 = PGC 2149. Though WH's III-954 is equated with NGC
163, his observation more likely applies to NGC 165 (see that number). d'Arrest noted the 32 second
discrepancy between his position of NGC 163 and that of III-953, but
surprisingly d'Arrest didn't record NGC 165, so he didn't make the connection
between III-953 and NGC 165.
Lewis Swift
independently found NGC 163 on 9 Aug 1886 and recorded it in list IV-3. Swift's position was 14 sec of RA east
of MCG -02-02-066 = PGC 2149 and falls between NGC 163 and 165. Harold Corwin
notes that Swift's positions for three other galaxies he observed on this night
(NGC 153, 217 and 7774) are all 10 - 15 seconds of time too large.
******************************
NGC 164 = MCG
+00-02-089 = PGC 2181
00 36 32.9 +02
44 59
V = 15.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(11/6/88): extremely faint, very small, round. Located about 30' W of the NGC 182 group. Sighting not 100% certain but sketch
matches POSS.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 164 = m 12 on 3 Aug 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged as "eF". MCG
+00-02-089 is a good match with Marth's position. Bigourdan searched for this object unsuccessfully (too faint
for his 11"). Engelhardt's
position corresponds with a single star at 00 36 39.0 +02 43 46.
******************************
NGC 165 = MCG
-02-02-069 = PGC 2182
00 36 28.8 -10
06 23
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 50d
17.5"
(9/17/88): faint, fairly small, almost round, very weak concentration, low
surface brightness. Slightly
larger but fainter than NGC 163 6' W.
A mag 14 star lies 1.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 165 = H III-954 on 10 Dec 1798 (sweep 1086) and recorded
"eF, S." His position is
just 1.6' north-northwest of NGC 165 = PGC 2182, and much further from NGC 163
= MCG -02-02-066 = PGC 2149, the galaxy associated with III-954 in the
NGC. In the 1912 "Scientific
Papers of WH", Dreyer noted the RA of III-954 was 28 sec too large (for
NGC 163). Wolfgang Steinicke and
Harold Corwin agree with the conclusion that III-954 more likely applies to NGC
165.
Wilhelm Tempel
independently found NGC 165 in 1882 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and reported it in his fifth discovery paper. In his note on NGC 163, he mentions he
found another fainter nebula 30 sec following. Tempel's second nebula was assumed to be new, so he was
credited with the discovery of NGC 165 in the NGC. Spitaler measured an accurate position in 1891 at Vienna.
******************************
NGC 166 = MCG
-02-02-063 = PGC 2143
00 35 48.8 -13
36 38
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/3/88): very faint, very small, oval NW-SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 166 = LM I-285 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
of the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is just under 1 min of RA preceding
MCG -02-02-063. A mag 12 star is
5' NW, matching Leavenworth's description. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 167 = ESO
473-029 = MCG -04-02-022 = PGC 2122
00 35 22.9 -23
22 29
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 171d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, small, oval 3:2 ~N-S, very weak concentration.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 167 = LM II-286 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "0.8', iR, gbM." His position is 1 min of RA east of ESO
473-029 = PGC 2122. Frank Muller
is incorrectly attributed with the discovery in the NGC. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 168 = ESO
474-004 = MCG -04-02-026 = KTS 4A = PGC 2192
00 36 38.7 -22
35 37
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 26d
24"
(10/3/13): first of three edge-ons with NGC 172 8.1' E and NGC 177 13'
ENE. At 375x appeared fairly
faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, 40"x8", broad weak
concentration. A mag 10.4 star is
5.5' N.
17.5"
(12/3/88): first of three in a group with NGC 172 and NGC 177. Very faint, very small, slightly
elongated. An extremely faint star
is possibly involved. NGC 172 lies
7' E and NGC 177 13' ENE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 168 = LM II-287 (along with NGC 172 = LM II-288 and NGC 177 = LM
II-289) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position and description matches ESO 474-004. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 169 = Arp
282 NED1 = UGC 365 = MCG +04-02-035 = CGCG 479-044 = PGC 2202
00 36 51.7 +23
59 27
V = 12.4; Size 3.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 88d
24"
(9/30/16): at 200x; fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W,
~0.8'x0.3'. Contains a small,
bright elongated core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Forms a disturbed, interacting pair
(Arp 282) with IC 1559 at the south edge [22" between centers]. The companion is fairly faint, small,
slightly elongated ~N-S, 15" diameter, faint stellar nucleus. Located just 3.8' SW of mag 6.2 HD
3411.
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, slightly elongated ~E-W. Located 3.8' WSW of mag 6.4 SAO
74148! Forms a contact pair with
IC 1559 = NGC 169A just 21" S of center (Arp 282). Similar appearance to NGC 160, which
lies 11' WSW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 169 on 18 Sep 1857 with Lord Rosse's 72" and noted "a
vS, double nebula, the n one is E sp nf, bM. A month later he logged "D nebula, alpha [on a diagram]
is mE p f, bM. Beta [IC 1559] is
lE nearly n s, bM." Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found this nebula on 22 Aug 1862. JH credited d'Arrest with the discovery
in the GC, but both are listed in the NGC.
The brighter
northern galaxy is labeled NGC 169B in the MCG (+04-02-035) with IC 1559 = MCG
+04-02-034 called NGC 169A.
******************************
NGC 170 = MCG
+00-02-091 = CGCG 383-042 = PGC 2195
00 36 45.8 +01
53 11
V = 14.4; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 85d
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, round.
Located 2.0' NW of mag 9.0 SAO 109310 and 7.5' SW of NGC 173.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 170 = m 13 on 3 Nov 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "F, S, R."
Marth's position is 1' N of CGCG 383-042 = PGC 2195.
******************************
NGC 171 = NGC
175 = ESO 540-006 = MCG -03-02-024 = PGC 2232
00 37 21.6 -19
56 04
See observing
notes for NGC 175.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 171 = H III-223 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 303) and recorded
"vF; lE or rather oval; roughly 1' dia; np 2 pB stars". There is nothing at the NGC position,
but Dreyer states in the 1912 revision of WH's catalogues that Carolyn Herschel
made a one degree error in copying the declination for III-223. Once corrected, NGC 171 is identical to
NGC 175, found by JH on 11 Nov 1834.
This galaxy is generally identified as NGC 175, due to the error in
declination for NGC 171. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 172 = ESO
474-005 = MCG -04-02-027 = KTS 4B = PGC 2228
00 37 13.6 -22
35 13
V = 13.4; Size 2.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 12d
24"
(10/3/13): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.2',
irregular surface brightness.
Second of three edge-ons in the KTS 4 triplet with NGC 168 8' W and NGC
177 5.3' NE.
17.5"
(12/3/88): second of three with NGC 168 and NGC 177. Faint, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, low even surface
brightness. NGC 168 lies 7' W and
NGC 177 5' ENE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 172 = LM II-288 (along with NGC 168 = LM II-287 and NGC 177 = LM
II-289) in 1886 with the 26" Clark refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is a
good match with ESO 474-005 = PGC 2228.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and commented
there is mag 13 star close southwest.
******************************
NGC 173 = UGC
369 = MCG +00-02-092 = CGCG 383-043 = PGC 2223
00 37 12.4 +01
56 32
V = 13.0; Size 3.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 15.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly large, round, broad concentration. Located midway between a mag 12 star
1.5' SW and a mag 13 star 1.6' NE.
Forms a pair with NGC 170 7.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 173 = H III-871 = h33 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 988) and logged
"vF, S, R, vgbM." CH's
reduced position is 4' north of UGC 369.
The On 20 Dec 1827 (sweep 113), JH recorded "vF; R; bM;
20". A star 11m pos 225Ą +/-,
dist = 80"."
******************************
NGC 174 = ESO
411-001 = MCG -05-02-028 = PGC 2206
00 36 58.9 -29
28 40
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 152d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, small, oval NW-SE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is just off the SE
edge. Situated among a group of
mag 10-11 stars including mag 9.5 SAO 166412 3' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 174 = h2333 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "F, S, lE, among
several bright stars." The
next sweep he noted "vF, S, R.". Finally on a third sweep he recorded
"vF, R, 25", near one or two stars." His mean position matches ESO 411-001 = PGC 2206.
******************************
NGC 175 = NGC
171 = ESO 540-006 = VV 791a = MCG -03-02-024 = PGC 2232
00 37 21.6 -19
56 04
V = 12.2; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 109d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, oval small
bright core, diffuse halo. Forms a
right angle with two mag 11 stars 4' SSE and 5' ENE.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, diffuse, even surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 175 = h2334 on 11 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB, pL, E, gbM, r,
80" long, 60" broad. If this nebula be really III.223 [NGC 171], the
P.D. [polar distance] assigned to that nebula by my Father's observations must
be 1 degree in error. The error cannot lie in this observation, the 109th
degree of Polar distance being beyond the possible reach of the instrument in
[this] sweep." His position
and description matches ESO 540-006 = PGC 2232.
By historical
precedence, the principal designation should be NGC 171, but the galaxy is
usually identified as NGC 175 due to the unambiguous position.
******************************
NGC 176 = ESO
029-SC002 = Lindsay16
00 35 54 -73 10
00
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this SMC cluster is fairly
faint, fairly small, round, ~40" diameter, low surface brightness with a
brighter core. No resolution
except for a mag 13 star at the north edge and a mag 14 star at the south
edge. NGC 152 lies 13' WNW. Located 3.5' NNE of mag 8 HD 3395.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 176 = h2335 in the SMC on 12 Aug 1834 and recorded "eF; R;
near a *8m (At the beginning of the Nubecula Minor." On a second sweep he logged "eF;
S; lE, resolvable." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 177 = ESO
474-006 = MCG -04-02-028 = KTS 4C = PGC 2241
00 37 34.3 -22
32 57
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 9d
24"
(10/3/13): this galaxy is the most prominent of a trio of edge-ons (KTS 4) with
NGC 172 5' SW and NGC 168 13' WSW.
Moderately bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 nearly N-S, 1.5'x0.3',
sharply concentrated with a small, bright elongated core increasing to a stellar
nucleus.
17.5"
(12/3/88): third and brightest of three with NGC 168 and NGC 172. Faint, edge-on 4:1 N-S, bright core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 172 lies 5'
WSW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 177 = LM II-289 (along with NGC 168 = LM II-287 and NGC 172 = LM
II-288) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. Muller's position is
2' S of ESO 474-006 = PGC 2241, although he was uncertain if this object was a
star. His comment "E 175Ą"
is fairly accurate (actual PA = 9Ą).
The IC 2 notes remark "Delete the (original) query; it seems to be
a nebula (Howe)"
******************************
NGC 178 = IC 39
= VIII Zw 34 = MCG -02-02-078 = PGC 2349
00 39 08.4 -14
10 26
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
24"
(9/30/16): at 282x; fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S,
~1.5'x0.6'. Appears mottled along
the major axis with a brighter knot or region at the north end [HST image
reveals this is a giant star-forming region]. The galaxy appears to spread or bulge out with a faint
extension on the southwest side [the HST image shows this is a series of
HII/star-forming clumps]. This
highly disrupted galaxy lies 8' NE of mag 9.0 HD 3579. Brightest in a trio with NGC 207 8.7' SE
and IC 41 7.8' E.
17.5"
(11/6/93): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S, 1.8'x0.8', broad
low concentration but no nucleus.
NGC 207 is in the field 9' ESE and NGC 210 lies 27' NE.
13"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, fairly small, weak concentration, elongated 2:1 N-S,
lies 27' SW of NGC 210.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 178 = LM I-7 on 3 Nov 1885 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "F, S, mE 0Ą, bM, faint wing
south-preceding." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 1.5 min of RA west of MCG -02-02-078 = PGC
2349, and his description and sketch (examined by Harold Corwin) matches this
galaxy. Stephane Javelle
independently discovered the galaxy on 26 Aug 1892, assumed it was new based on
position and listed it as the 28th object in his first discovery paper (J.
1-28, later IC 39). Herbert Howe
later searched for NGC 178 and measured an accurate position in 1898-99
(repeated in the IC 2 notes), though Dreyer failed to equate NGC 178 and IC
39. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 179 = ESO
540-007 = MCG -03-02-026 = PGC 2253
00 37 46.1 -17
50 57
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 113d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round.
Forms a double with a mag 14.5 star just 25" NNW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 179 = LM II-290 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position matches ESO 540-007.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 180 = UGC
380 = MCG +01-02-039 = CGCG 409-050 = PGC 2268
00 37 57.7 +08
38 06
V = 12.9; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 160d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 11 star is at the NW edge
39" from the center.
13"
(12/7/85): faint, small, elongated NW-SE.
A mag 10.5 star at the NW edge detracts from viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 180 = H III-876 on 29 Dec 1790 (sweep 991) and logged "vF,
pL, iR, just S.f. a small star which is partly involved in the
nebulosity." Auwers'
reduction is 1Ą off in NPD. The
NGC position is just 2' north of UGC 380 = PGC 2268.
******************************
NGC 181 = MCG
+05-02-032 = CGCG 500-055 = PGC 2287
00 38 23.2 +29
28 21
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 151d
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.15'. Located 2.7' SSW of NGC 183. Second brightest in a trio of NGCs with
NGC 184 3.1' SW. A mag 12.4 is
near the midpoint of NGC 181 and 184.
This trio is apparently in the foreground of Abell Galaxy Cluster 71.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.2'. In a trio with NGC 184 4' ESE and NGC
183 2.7' NE. A mag 12 star lies
1.5' SE
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, small, round, diffuse. First of three with NGC 183 2.7' NE. Located 10' N of 30 Andromedae (V =
4.4). Member of AGC 71.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 181 = St XIII-6 on 6 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory, along with NGC 183 (originally discovered by Truman
Safford) and 184. His position
matches CGCG 500-055 = PGC 2287.
******************************
NGC 182 = UGC
382 = MCG +00-02-095 = CGCG 383-045 = PGC 2279
00 38 12.4 +02
43 43
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75d
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 4' SE of mag 7.6
SAO 128868. Brightest in the large
NGC 182 group including NGC 186, NGC 193, NGC 194, NGC 198, NGC 199, NGC 200,
NGC 202, NGC 203, NGC 204, NGC 208.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 182 = H III-870 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985) and logged "vF,
S, iR, vgbM." The NGC
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 183 = UGC
387a/b = MCG +05-02-035 = CGCG 500-057 = PGC 2298
00 38 29.3 +29
30 40
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
24"
(9/15/12): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 50" diameter, well
concentrated with a bright core increasing to a very small bright nucleus. Brightest and largest in a group
including NGC 181 2.7' SSW, NGC 184 4.1' SSE and PGC 1871091 (very low surface
brightness edge-on) 5.2' NNE. A
mag 12.4 star lies 3.2' S. It was
easy to locate this group as it is situated just 12' N of mag 4.4 Epsilon And.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, round, very small bright nucleus,
40" diameter. Based on the
listed dimensions, I missed a very low surface brightness halo and viewed the
high surface brightness core.
Forms the NW vertex of a triangle with a mag 12 star 3' S and a mag 13
star 3' E. Brightest in a trio
with NGC 181 and NGC 184 close south.
MCG +5-2-31 lies 6' N.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Located 12' N of 30 Andromedae (V = 4.4). Brightest of three in AGC 71 with NGC
181 2.7' SW and NGC 184 4.1' SSE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 183 = Sf 65 on 5 Nov 1866 with the 26" refractor at
Dearborn Observatory and simply called a "neb. * 13m." douard Stephan independently found the
galaxy on 6 Oct 1883, recorded it in his list XIII-7 and was credited with the
discovery in the NGC as Safford's discovery list was not published until 1887.
******************************
NGC 184 = CGCG
500-059 = PGC 2309
00 38 35.8 +29
26 51
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 5d
24"
(9/15/12): faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 24"x12", slightly
brighter core. Faintest in a trio
with NGC 181 3.1' NW and NGC 183 4.1' NNW. Bracketed by a mag 12.4 star 1.6' WNW and a mag 13.5 star
50" E.
18"
(10/21/06): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 24"x16". Situated between a mag 13 star 0.9' E
and a mag 12 star 1.6' WNW. In a
trio with NGC 181 3' NW and NGC 183 4' NNW. Located 8' N of mag 4.4 Epsilon (30) Andromedae.
17.5" (10/17/87):
very faint, very small, round. A
mag 13.5 star is 1' E. Third of
three in AGC 71 cluster with NGC 183 4.1' NNW.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 184 = St XIII-8 on 6 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, eS". His position matches CGCG 500-059 = PGC
2309. Stephan also independently
found NGC 183 (discovered earlier by Truman Safford) on the same night and NGC
181.
******************************
NGC 185 = UGC
396 = MCG +08-02-010 = CGCG 550-009 = PGC 2329
00 38 57.2 +48
20 15
V = 9.2; Size 11.7'x10.0'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 35d
24"
(9/14/12): Hodge V is the brightest globular cluster in NGC 185, first
identified by Paul Hodge in his 1974 paper "Photometry of the Globular
Clusters of NGC 185" (PASP, 86, 289). At 325x and 450x it appeared as an extremely faint star (V =
16.7), forming the southern vertex of a small equilateral triangle with a mag
14.5 star 20" N and a mag 15 star 20" NW. This extragalactic globular was repeatedly glimpsed for
brief moments and a couple of times it could be held for a few seconds. Situated 3.8' NE of the center of NGC
185 and outside the visible halo of the galaxy.
17.5"
(10/13/90): bright, very large, slightly elongated ~E-W, broad concentration
but no nucleus. Three mag 14 stars are at the W, NW and SW ends. Higher surface brightness than NGC
147. The brightest globular is
located 8' N of center and is a marginal object at high power (see
description). This is a satellite
system of M31 and a Local Group member at a distance of 2.15 million light
years.
8"
(10/4/80): fairly faint, fairly large, diffuse, NGC 147 58' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 185 = H II-707 = h35 on 30 Nov 1787 (sweep 786) and recorded
"pB, vL, irr R, vgmbM, resolvable, 5 or 6' diameter." The first observation with LdR's
72" on 28 Mar 1848 reads "Resolved by a power of 800, although the
night was rather hazy." This is a good example of how preconceptions that
nearly all nebulae were resolvable influenced the results. The NGC position is accurate.
James Keeler
first photographed the galaxy using the Crossley reflector at Lick around
1900. It was described (1918
Curtis publication) as "rather irregular slightly oval, 3' long; there are
two curious rifts near the nucleus; it appears to be an irregular spiral. The nebular matter is faint and
diffuse. A star of mag 14 is north
of the very faint nucleus."
In 1944 William
Baade announced that NGC 185, along with NGC 147, were members of the Local
Group (1944ApJ...100..147B) when they were resolved into stars on plates take
with the 100-inch at Mt Wilson.
******************************
NGC 186 = UGC
390 = MCG +00-02-098 = CGCG 383-047 = PGC 2291
00 38 25.3 +03
09 59
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 23d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, elongated NW-SE, stellar nucleus. Located between mag 6.4 SAO 109315 15'
W and mag 7.4 SAO 109348 11' E.
Member of the large NGC 182 group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 186 on 6 Dec 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and he recorded
"beta is much smaller than alpha (NGC 194), and is sbM and I think a
nova." Heinrich d'Arrest
independently found this nebula on 23 Sep 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. d'Arrest's position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 187 = MCG
-03-02-034 = PGC 2380
00 39 30.3 -14
39 23
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 148d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 5:2 NW-SE, even
surface brightness. Located 30'
SSE of NGC 178.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 187 = LM I-8 on 3 Nov 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and he logged "F, S, mE 150Ą, bM." His rough position is 1 min west of MCG
-03-02-034 = PGC 2380 and the description matches. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 188 = Cr 6 =
Mel 2 = OCL-309
00 47 30 +85 14
30
V = 8.1; Size 14'
17.5"
(12/26/00): At 100x, ~75 stars within 10'-12', roundish group. The cluster is fairly rich but
unconcentrated with a noticeable void of stars near in the center and a
somewhat ill-defined boundary. The
stars appear to be layered with at least a dozen mag 12-13 stars superimposed
on a much richer carpet of mag 14-15 stars over unresolved haze. At 220x, some additional very faint
stars are visible bringing the total up to ~85. Two mag 9.5-10 field stars are just off the west edge and
two mag 8.5-9 stars are beyond the eastern border. This is one of the older
known open clusters with an age of ~6.3 billion years.
13"
(8/24/84): about 50 stars at 62x with several mag 7-9 stars in field, appears
fully resolved.
8": large
cluster, many faint stars, not rich, blank areas near center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 188 = h34 on 3 Nov 1831 and recorded a "Cl, vL, p Rich,
150-200 stars mag 10-18; more than fills the field. The Sky Catalogue 2000.0
gives a poor position of 00 44.0 +85 20.
******************************
NGC 189 = Cr 462
= OCL-301 = Lund 23
00 39 36 +61 05
42
V = 8.8; Size 4'
24"
(1/4/14): well detached, roundish group of stars at 125x. Using 260x, ~40 stars are resolved in a
5'-6' group. There are several
pairs and tight groupings. Many of
the stars are in a richer 3' inner group, generally arranged in a ring and
including h 1043 = 11.6/12.7 pair at 12" (oriented N-S). A few of the brighter stars, though,
form the 6' outline. A distinctive
quadrilateral of stars is ~6' NW.
17.5"
(11/27/92): 30 stars mag 10-14 in 6' diameter, weakly compressed, no dense
areas but appears to have some unresolved background haze. Elongated E-W due to a couple of
strings extending to the west. A
6'x5' parallelogram of four mag 9 stars in the field to the south. Not an impressive cluster.
8"
(11/13/82): about two dozen stars, moderately large, irregular shape,
scattered, haze.
Caroline
Herschel probably discovered NGC 189 = h36 on 27 Sep 1783 although William
attributed her with the discovery of NGC 381. This is unlikely as the object she found preceded Gamma Cas,
while NGC 381 follows. Although WH
made no observations, JH independently discovered the cluster on 27 Oct
1829. He logged, "Cl, L; p
rich; irreg R; 8' diam; straggling; *s 11...15m."
******************************
NGC 190 = UGC
397 = MCG +01-02-041/042 = (CGCG 409-051) = (III Zw 10) = HCG 5A/5B = PGC 2324
00 38 54.7 +07
03 46
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
48"
(10/25/11): HCG 5A is the brighter northern component of a double system
forming NGC 190. It appeared
bright, moderately large, slightly elongated E-W, 50"x40", bright
core, stellar nucleus. Forms a
very close double with smaller and fainter HCG 5B just 21" between
centers. The halos of the two
galaxies are in contact. HCG 5C is
0.8' NNE and HCG 5D is 0.9' S. The
entire length of the N-S chain of four galaxies is 1.6'.
18"
(8/26/06): this double system was just resolved into two very close, small
knots, roughly 20" each in diameter with their halos in contact. Both components have faint stellar
nuclei. The northern component
(HCG 5A) was slightly brighter and larger. HCG 5C is a difficult object 1' NW. The entire quartet is arranged in a N-S
chain with a total length of only 1.6'.
18"
(11/23/05): NGC 190 is a double system which often appears as an elongated
glow, 40"x20", oriented N-S.
With careful viewing, the system just resolves into two very small round
knots, just 20" between centers.
The northern component is ~20" diameter and the southern member
~15". The two knots both have faint stellar nuclei and appear virtually
tangent. A third member, HCG 5C,
is occasionally visible as an extremely faint knot off the NW side.
17.5"
(12/11/99): Initially seen as a single faint, elongated glow at 220x. At 280x in moments of good seeing this
object cleanly resolved into two very close, very small knots with the brighter
component on the north side. HCG
5C was only intermittently visible with averted vision as a 15" threshold
knot.
17.5"
(9/5/99): NGC 190 is a challenging double system best viewed at high
power. Using 280x, at first
appeared as an elongated irregular glow but with extended viewing, two
"knots" oriented N-S were resolved within a common halo. The brighter and larger component (HCG
5A) is at the north end and appears very faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter. The southern component
(HCG 5B) is extremely faint and small, perhaps 15" diameter. HCG 5C is a threshold knot 1' NW. The HCG is a subgroup of AGC 76 whose
core is ~20' SSE and includes IC 1565, 1566 and 1568.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very close double system, faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE,
irregular. HCG 5B is a very small
companion attached at the south edge just 22" between centers. In a compact group of four (HCG 5).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 190 = Sw V-8 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 6 sec of RA east of UGC 397.
His description mentions "3 or 4 stars near sp". There are two mag 13 and 14.7 stars
about 2' SW, but perhaps he also noticed the companion at the south edge (HCG
5B) and took it to be stellar.
Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor in Denver, noted a
mag 12.5 star lies about 30" due south of the nebula. But this probably refers to HCG
5B. MCG identifies M+01-02-042 as
NGC 190 instead of both -041 and -042.
******************************
NGC 191 = Arp
127 NED1 = Holm 13a = MCG -02-02-077 = PGC 2331
00 38 59.3 -09
00 09
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 125d
17.5"
(9/17/88): close double system with IC 1563 0.6' SE. Fairly faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is 30" SE of center. A very faint halo surrounding the core
extends to IC 1563 and the mag 14 star.
IC 1563 appeared faint, very small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 191 = H II-479 = h38 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and logged
"pB, mE nearly in the meridian, near 2' long". Sir Robert Ball, using Lord Rosse's
72" on 12 Dec 1866, recorded "One neb, with either 2 stars or B, S,
neb knots very closely foll - cB, pL, R, bM, two pB st preceding." One of these "knots" is IC
1563, although discovery credit is given to Bigourdan in the IC. The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 192 = HCG 7A
= UGC 401 = MCG +00-02-104 = CGCG 383-051 = LGG 010-002 = PGC 2352
00 39 13.5 +00
51 49
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 167d
18"
(11/23/05): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
0.9'x0.3' or 1.0'x0.3'. Well
concentrated with a small very bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Brightest in the HCG 7 quartet with NGC
196, NGC 197 and NGC 201.
17.5"
(10/8/88): brightest of four in the HCG 7 group. Moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated NNW-SSE,
bright core. NGC 197 lies 2.1'
NNE, NGC 196 3' N and NGC 201 5' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 192 = H III-872 = h39, along with NGC 196 and NGC 201, on 28 Dec
1790 (sweep 988) and logged "vF, vS, bM." JH made 5 observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 193 = UGC
408 = MCG +00-02-103 = CGCG 385-055 = PGC 2359
00 39 18.5 +03
19 52
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, very small, round, sharp concentration. Located 2.6' WNW of a mag 10 star
(9.9/10.6 at 2"). A mag 13
star is off the west edge. Member
of the NGC 182 group with NGC 204 7' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 193 = H III-595 = h37 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 657) and logged
"vF; S; 3 or 4 stars in it, but I have not been out long enough, however I
have no doubt." WH's RA was
off so JH thought his observation was new: "vF; L; close to a *15. RA by III. 595, which this precedes 25.5
seconds." R.J. Mitchell
observed the galaxy with LdR's 72-inch on 24 Nov 1854 and noted "Not L; R;
bM; a bright star close sp; resolvable?". The NGC position is accurate.
WH also recorded
nearby NGC 204 and noted "vF, vS, but I have not been out long enough, any
may be a deception." His
offset from NGC 193 clearly matches NGC 204, but he didn't assign it an
H-designation.
******************************
NGC 194 = UGC
407 = MCG +00-02-105 = CGCG 383-054 = PGC 2362
00 39 18.4 +03
02 14
V = 12.2; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 5' S of mag 7.3
SAO 109348! Member of the NGC 182
group with NGC 199 6' NE and NGC 200 10' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 194 = H II-856 = h40 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985) and recorded
"F, S, vgbM." JH called
it "pB; S; R; bM." The NGC position matches UGC 407 = PGC 2362.
******************************
NGC 195 = MCG
-02-02-079 = PGC 2391
00 39 35.8 -09
11 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
24"
(12/1/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE,
0.5'x0.4', weak concentration.
MCG -02-02-086,
the brightest cD member of AGC 85 (distance ~750 million l.y.) lies 34'
ESE. It appeared fairly faint,
irregularly round, 40" diameter, low irregular surface brightness, no
distinct core or zones. Two other
cluster members were also viewed.
17.5"
(9/17/88): faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 195 = T I-2 in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. His position was 0.4
min of RA west and 5' north of MCG -02-02-079 = PGC 2391. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 16 Dec 1897 (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 196 = HCG 7B
= UGC 405 = MCG +00-02-110 = CGCG 383-053 = LGG 010-003 = PGC 2357
00 39 17.8 +00
54 46
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 3d
18"
(11/23/05): moderately bright, small, fairly high surface brightness. Sharply concentrated with a bright,
very small core surrounded by a much fainter oval halo 3:2 N-S, ~0.6'x0.4'. Second brightest in the HCG 7 quartet
with NGC 192 3' SSW and much fainter NGC 197 1' SSE.
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a very close pair with NGC 197 1'
SSE in the HCG 7 group. NGC 192
lies 3' SSW and NGC 201 5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 196 = H II-860 = h41, along with NGC 192 and NGC 201, on 28 Dec
1790 (sweep 988) and logged "pF, pS, vgbM." JH made 4 observations. MCG mislabels this galaxy as NGC 197.
******************************
NGC 197 = HCG 7D
= UGC 406 = MCG +00-02-107 = CGCG 383-053 = LGG 010-006 = PGC 2365
00 39 18.8 +00
53 31
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(11/23/05): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. This galaxy is the smallest and
faintest in the HCG 7 quartet and was missed by William and John Herschel
(discovered by Albert Marth).
17.5"
(10/8/88): extremely faint, very small, almost round. Member of the HCG 7 group and located 2.1' NNE of NGC
192. Forms a close pair with NGC
196 1' NNW and NGC 201 lies 4' SE.
Appears fainter than 14.2z.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 197 = m 14 on 16 Oct 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "eF, s of 196."
His position matches UGC 406 = PGC 2365. This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 196 in the MCG
(+00-02-107).
******************************
NGC 198 = UGC
414 = MCG +00-02-109 = CGCG 383-057 = PGC 2371
00 39 22.9 +02
47 52
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. Located within the NGC 182 group with
NGC 200 6' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 198 = H II-857 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985) and recorded "F,
S, vgbM". At the same time he
found H II-858 = NGC 200 to the northeast. Herman Schultz, Heinrich d'Arrest and Basilius von
Engelhardt measured accurate micrometric positions.
******************************
NGC 199 = UGC
415 = MCG +00-02-111 = CGCG 383-058 = PGC 2382
00 39 33.1 +03
08 19
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 160d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, elongated NNW-SSE, small bright core. Located 5' E of mag 7.3 SAO 109348
within the NGC 182 group. NGC 194
lies 6' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 199 on 24 Sep 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and described (from 3 observations) "faint and small. A mag 8
star precedes 27 sec and somewhat south." His position and description matches UGC 415 = PGC
2382. Ralph Copeland independently
found this galaxy on 11 Dec 1873 at Birr Castle and logged "cF, L
neb."
******************************
NGC 200 = UGC
420 = MCG +00-02-112 = CGCG 383-060 = PGC 2387
00 39 34.8 +02
53 15
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 161d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak
concentration. Member of the NGC
182 group with NGC 198 6' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 200 = H II-858, along with NGC 198, on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985)
and recorded "pB, S, vgbM."
Ralph Copeland, LdR's assistant on 17 Sep 1873, logged "cB, L, cE
north-south, gbM". There was
a confusion, though, in the orientation with respect to NGC 198. The NGC position (from Herman Schultz?)
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 201 = HCG 7C
= UGC 419 = MCG +00-02-115 = CGCG 383-059 = LGG 010-004 = PGC 2388
00 39 34.9 +00
51 35
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 155d
18"
(11/23/05): NGC 201 is the largest member of the HCG 7 quartet. At 225x appears faint, fairly large,
round, ~1.6' diameter, low nearly even surface brightness with only a very weak
concentration. Located 5' E of NGC
192.
17.5"
(10/8/88): largest in the NGC 192 group = HCG 7. Faint, moderately large, diffuse, even surface brightness,
slightly elongated NW-SE. Last of
four including NGC 192, NGC 196 and 197.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 201 = H III-873 = h43, along with NGC 192 and NGC 196, on 28 Dec
1790 (sweep 988) and recorded "eF, cL. I should not have seen it but for
the other two [III-872 = NGC 192 and II-860 = NGC 196]." On 20 Dec 1827 (sweep 113), JH recorded
"vF; L; E; 60". The last
of 3 on the parallel of the first."
******************************
NGC 202 = UGC
421 = MCG +00-02-113 = CGCG 383-062 = PGC 2394
00 39 39.8 +03
32 11
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 153d
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, elongated NNW-SSE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is at
the east edge 0.7' from center.
Located 7' S of mag 7.8 SAO 147387. Member of the NGC 182 group with NGC 203 5' S.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 202 = St VIIIa-1 on 17 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 203 = NGC
211 = MCG +00-02-114 = CGCG 383-061 = PGC 2393
00 39 39.5 +03
26 34
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, oval E-W, weak concentration. Member of the NGC 182 group with NGC
202 5' N.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 203 on 19 Dec 1873, while observing the field of NGC 193 and
204. His micrometric position
matches CGCG 383-061 = PGC 2393.
This galaxy was independently found by douard Stephan (List VIII-2) on
18 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory and catalogued
as NGC 211, but Stephan misidentified his offset star so his position was in
error. Applying the correction
reveals NGC 211 = NGC 203, with discovery priority going to Copeland.
******************************
NGC 204 = UGC
423 = MCG +00-02-116 = CGCG 383-063 = PGC 2397
00 39 44.2 +03
17 58
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 4' ESE of a mag
9.5 star. Member of the NGC 182
group with NGC 193 7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 204 = h42 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 657) and noted "vF, vS, but
I have not been out long enough, any may be a deception." His offset from NGC 193 clearly matches
NGC 204, but he didn't assign it an H-designation and is uncredited in the GC
and NGC.
JH independently
discovered NGC 204 on 16 Oct 1827 and logged "pB; R; the following of 2
[with NGC193]." His position
(marked as uncertain) is between NGC 193 and 204. In the Slough Catalogue, JH mistakenly equated h42 with H
III-595 (which applies to NGC 193).
******************************
NGC 205 = M110 =
UGC 426 = MCG +07-02-014 = CGCG 535-014 = Holm 17c = PGC 2429
00 40 22.0 +41
41 07
V = 8.1; Size 21.9'x11.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 170d
13.1":
bright, very large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 10'x4', quite prominent but only a
gentle broad concentration. G73,
the brightest globular cluster in M110 (or associated with M31), lies 6' E of
center and appears as a 15th magnitude "star".
8"
(10/4/80): fairly bright, large, elongated ~N-S, companion to M31.
Charles Messier
probably was the first to discover NGC 205 = M110 = H V-18 = h44 on 10 Aug
1773, though no observation was published, nor does it appear in his notes. A
sketch he made, though, was published in 1807 and showed both companions to
M31. Kenneth Glynn Jones suggested adding NGC 205 as M110 in a 1967 Sky
& Telescope article. Caroline Herschel independently rediscovered
M110 on 27 Sep 1783. On 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 613), WH recorded "vB,
mE, above 20' long nearly in the meridian; a few degrees from np to sf, the
branches lose themselves." On 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 621), he also
logged "eB, mE. I suppose not less than 1/2Ą long and 10 or 12'
broad. vgmbM; so as to come to a luminous nucleus. The time very
inaccurate, the telescope being off the roller, and only guided by hand."
M110 was
observed with Lord Rosse's 72" on 2 Nov 1850 and "spirality" was
suspected (falsely). A later observation on 16 Oct 1855 recorded
"vL; mE np by sf; sharp nucleus, for some distance round which, the neb.
is bright and then suddenly decreases; there is a bright star np the nucleus;
and another involved in sf end; another in preceding border.Ó
******************************
NGC 206 =
M31-A78 = OB 78
00 40 31.3 +40
44 22
Size
4.2'x1.5'; PA = 0d
48"
(11/1/13): We examined the large association NGC 206 carefully for resolved
stars using the finder chart in Stephen Odewahn's 1987 study "A
photometric survey of the rich OB association NGC 206 in M31". I carefully
identified the 6 or 7 brightest members down to V = 17.6 with the brightest
star #12 (V = 16.1) at the north edge relatively prominent. Then just scanning over the cloud with
averted vision, roughly 20 additional extremely faint stars popped in and out
of view, mimicking the appearance of a dense open cluster or partially resolved
globular cluster! Based on
photometry in the paper, the magnitudes extended down to approximately V =
18.3-18.4. The cloud, itself, was quite irregular and split up into several
slightly brighter patches.
17.5"
(8/18/93): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S, 4.0'x1.6', low and
uneven surface brightness. A few
very faint stars are just visible over surface including a brighter star at the
south tip. Located 40' SW of the
core of M31. This is the huge star
cloud at the SW end of M31.
8"
(12/6/80): very faint, moderately large, elongated N-S, low surface brightness
patch near the SW end of M31.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 206 = H V-36 = h45 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 613) and recorded
"vF, vL, mE, about 20' long nearly in the meridian, or a little from np to
sf." JH simply called it
"a very large space filled with neb." E.E. Barnard independently found this M31 star cloud in 1883
and assumed it was new. In
September 1885 he wrote "about two years ago, I found with my 5-inch
refractor, a moderate size nebula involved with the extreme preceding end of
the Great Nebula in Andromeda. I
have now confirmed the observation with the 6-inch Cooke Equatorial and as I
can find no record of such nebula I suppose it is new." Barnard caught his mistake and credited
Herschel in 1886. But apparently
Barnard did discovered the M31 association A54.
******************************
NGC 207 = MCG
-03-02-035 = PGC 2395
00 39 40.6 -14
14 13
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
24"
(9/30/16): at 282x; fairly faint/moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3
E-W, 25"x15". A mag 14
star is close southwest [separation 38"]. NGC 178 is 8.7' NW and IC 41 is 3.8' N. A mag 9.5 star lies 4.4' SE.
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 25"x15". A mag 14.3 star is just 40" SW of
center. Located 4.4' NW of mag 9.2
SAO 147389. Forms a pair with NGC
178 9' WNW. Member of the NGC 210
group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 207 on 7 Dec 1857 as the observer for Lord Rosse's 72". It was found near NGC 210 and described
in two observations (second one by Dreyer himself on 29 Oct 1877). With respect to NGC 210, Dreyer roughly
placed this object 25'ą south and about 35 sec of RA west. His description reads "vF, S, lE
[little elongated] pf, mbMN, stellar, 5' nnf a coarse double star 10-11 and
12m. A very insignificant
object."
Mitchell's
offset from NGC 210 places NGC 207 at approximately 00 37.5 -14 34 (1950). MCG -03-02-035 is located at 00 37 09.8
-14 30 44 (1950), which is a reasonable match. Furthermore, this galaxy is elongated E-W and is located 5'
NNW (incorrectly stated as NNE) of a wide double star at 40"
separation. So, the identification
NGC 207 = MCG -03-02-035 is virtually certain. Ormond Stone independently discovered this galaxy at
Leader-McCormick Observatory on 3 Nov 1885 and reported it as new in list LM
I-9.
IC 41
(discovered by Javelle) lies 3.7' north, although MCG, PGC and HyperLeda
incorrectly equate IC 41 with NGC 207 (error also in Megastar). RNGC misclassified NGC 207 as
nonexistent. See RNGC Corrections
#5.
******************************
NGC 208 = MCG
+00-02-118 = CGCG 383-064 = PGC 2420
00 40 17.6 +02
45 22
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, round.
Located west of four mag 11-13 stars that form a rhombus. The closest is a mag 11 star 3'
ENE. Member of the NGC 182 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 208 = m 15 on 5 Oct 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply logged "pF". His
position is very close SE of CGCG 383-064 = PGC 2420.
******************************
NGC 209 = ESO
540-008 = MCG -03-02-031 = PGC 2338
00 39 03.6 -18
36 30
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 70' SW of Beta Ceti.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 209 = LM I-10 on 9 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory . His position is ~1.4 min of RA east of ESO 540-008 = PGC
2338. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and called it "almost a nebulous
star." MCG does not identify
-03-02-031 as NGC 209.
******************************
NGC 210 = MCG
-02-02-081 = PGC 2437
00 40 34.8 -13
52 28
V = 10.9; Size 5.0'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 160d
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated ~NNW-SSE, small very
bright core. A mag 11.5 star is
close WSW 1.3' from the center.
Located 7' E of mag 8.3 SAO 147392. Forms a pair with MCG -02-02-082 7.7' NE (not seen).
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, round. A
mag 9 star is 7' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 210 = H II-452 = h46 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 451) and recorded
"pB, pS, mbM, resolvable, star 1.5' distant". His position is 30 tsec too far west.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's observer on 7 Dec 1857, logged "bright centre; much elongated north
and south, arms vF." Francis
Leavenworth independently found the galaxy on 2 Oct 1886 at the
Leander-McCormick Observatory and reported it as new in list I-11.
******************************
NGC 211 = NGC
203 = MCG +00-02-114 = CGCG 383-061 = PGC 2393
00 39 39.5 +03
26 34
See observing
notes for NGC 203.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 211 = St VIIIa-2 on 18 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. Corwin
notes that Stephan misidentified his offset star (GSC 0014-1250 at 00 40 43.5
+03 28 05) and when his offsets are reapplied they point directly to NGC 203,
which was found three years earlier by Ralph Copeland using Lord Rosse's
72" on 19 Dec 1873. So, NGC
211 = NGC 203, with the original discovery going to Ralph Copeland. Emmanuel Esmiol did not catch Stephan's
error when his rereduced Stephan's positions at the Observatoire de Marseille,
so the position is incorrect in his 1916 paper.
******************************
NGC 212 = ESO
150-018 = PGC 2417
00 40 13.3 -56
09 11
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 131d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): NGC 212, along with NGC 215, are the two
brightest members in the core of AGC 2806. At 429x it appeared moderately bright, fairly small,
irregularly round, ~55"x45", broad concentration. A dozen members were easily picked up
in the 23' field, though I didn't spend time looking for the faintest
members. The nearest is 2MASX J00400662-5609299
just 1' WSW, while NGC 215 lies 6' SE.
Located 25' NW of mag 5.7 Xi Phoenicis and just 2.4' N of mag 9.6 SAO
232142. 2MASX J00400423-5610499 is
situated just 1' NW of the mag 9.6
star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 212 = h2336 on Oct 28 1834 and recorded "vF, S, R,
15", the preceding of two [with h2337 = NGC 215]".
******************************
NGC 213 = UGC
436 = MCG +03-02-023 = CGCG 457-026 = PGC 2469
00 41 10.0 +16
28 09
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 13.5-14.0 star is off the SE edge
26" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 213 = H III-200 on 14 Oct 1784 (sweep 289) and logged "2
small stars with nebulosity between, verified with 240 power." His position is accurate. On 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 590) he noted
"2 small stars with faint nebulosity, most of the chevulure is about the
preceding star; the stars are within 1/2' of each other."
******************************
NGC 214 = UGC
438 = MCG +04-02-044 = CGCG 479-059 = PGC 2479
00 41 28.0 +25
29 58
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, slightly elongated SW-NE, brighter core, faint
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 214 = H II-209 = h47 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 264) and recorded
"vF, pL, iR, equally bright, r." R.J. Mitchell (LdR's assistant) observed the field on 3 Nov
1855 and noted, "I find 3 neb, perhaps 4, as in annexed sketch. A is oval, and I think resolvable; and
has a star at np edge."
Mitchell goes on to describe 1 or 2 additional nebulae in the field, but
these are either stars or close doubles.
******************************
NGC 215 = ESO
150-019 = PGC 2451
00 40 48.9 -56
12 51
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 120d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): this is the brightest member of AGC 2806.
Appeared moderately bright or fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3
NW-SE, well concentrated with a bright core that increases to the center. NGC 212 (just barely inferior) lies 6'
NW. Located 4' NE of mag 10 SAO
232144. The nearest two members
are PGC 101135 3.4' WSW and PGC 128457 2.9' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 215 = h2336 (along with NGC 212 = h2336) on Oct 28 1834 and
recorded "pF, S, R, 20", the following of two [with NGC
212]." On a later sweep he
logged "F, R, vgbM; among stars." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 216 = ESO
540-015 = MCG -04-02-035 = PGC 2478
00 41 27.1 -21
02 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 27d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, fades at
tips.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 216 = H III-244 = h49 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 330) and noted "eF,
vS, E." JH logged "eF;
lE; nf to sp." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 217 = MCG
-02-02-085 = PGC 2482
00 41 33.8 -10
01 20
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
17.5"
(12/3/88): moderately bright, fairly small. This is a pretty edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE with a small bright
core and stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 217 = H II-480 = h48 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded
"F, pL, lE, lbM." JH
observed this galaxy on a single sweep and noted "not vF; S; gbM;
10-15"." Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy again on 9 Aug 1886 and reported it in list
IV-4. His position was 15 sec of
RA east of MCG -02-02-085 = PGC 2482, a similar offset as other objects he
observed that night.
******************************
NGC 218 =
"The Pattern" = VV 527 = UGC 480 = MCG +06-02-016 = CGCG 519-021 =
PGC 2720
00 46 31.9 +36
19 32
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 177d
24"
(12/22/14): moderately bright and large, irregularly round, ~0.8' diameter
though the halo increases in size and shape with averted vision. A brighter nucleus is offset to the
east side of the galaxy, so could be mistaken for a knot in the halo. Forms an interacting pair with CGCG
519-022 1.4' ENE.
CGCG 519-022 is
fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.2', very weak
concentration. The SDSS reveals
numerous thin, blue arm segments of NGC 218 that are apparently tidally
stretched towards CGCG 519-022.
17.5"
(9/1/02): fairly faint, fairly small, irregular shape and surface brightness,
1.0' diameter, broadly concentrated.
Forms the right angle of a small isosceles triangle with two mag 13.5-14
stars 1.4' N and 1.3' W. Forms an
interacting pair with MCG +06-02-017 1.4' E. The companion is very faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S,
0.5'x0.25'. Member of the
Pisces-Perseus Supercluster.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 218 = St VIIIa-3 on 17 Oct 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
published position implies an offset of just 40" S of mag 8.9 SAO 54096
(given as the offset star) but there is nothing at this position and his
description makes no mention of a nearby bright star. The only nearby candidate is UGC 440, which is located 45
tsec W and almost 2' N of Stephan's offsets, and this galaxy is taken as NGC
218 in all modern catalogues.
I checked
Emmanuel Esmiol's 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions at Marseilles
Observatory and found that NGC 218 was left off of the main tables, but
replaced with an "Anonymous" galaxy using a different delta RA but
the same offset star (SAO 54096) and the same delta Dec. Esmiol's new position corresponds
exactly with UGC 480, although apparently this correction to the position of
NGC 218 has gone unnoticed until now.
At the bottom of the page is the note "wrongly identified as NGC
218". So, NGC 218 = UGC
480. Harold Corwin and Wolfgang
Steinicke agree with this analysis.
Wolfgang notes in his book on the history of the NGC, that Esmiol's
catalogue gives 4 discoveries of Stephan that did not receive NGC designations,
but he missed this connection with NGC 218. This identification has now been incorporated into NED,
although it is still incorrect in HyperLeda (as of 2013) as well as the NGC/IC
Project, which has not been updated in a long time.
******************************
NGC 219 = MCG
+00-02-128 = CGCG 383-073 = PGC 2522
00 42 11.3 +00
54 16
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60d
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, extremely small, slightly elongated. A mag 12 star is 1.1' SSW of
center. Located 3.7' NNW of NGC
223.
George Bond
discovered NGC 219 = HN 1 on 16 Sep 1863 at Harvard College observatory with
the 15-inch Merz & Mahler refractor.
His position and description matches MCG +00-02-128. This is one of the few galaxies
"discovered" by Bond that are not single or multiple stars.
******************************
NGC 220 = ESO
029-SC003 = Lindsay 22
00 40 30.6 -73
24 11
V = 12.4; Size 0.8'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, round, ~50" diameter, brighter
nucleus. No resolution except for
a single faint star near the center.
A mag 11 star lies 1' NE and just south of NGC 222. This is the first of three in a chain
with NGC 222 1.5' NE and NGC 231 4.0' NE with NGC 176 24' NW. Located at the west edge of a large SMC
star cloud (Hodge Association 3).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 220 = h2338 (along with NGC 231 = h2340) on 12 Aug 1834 in the
SMC and recorded "F, vgbM, irregular figure." On a second sweep he wrote "The
first of an irregular string of nebulae and stars which descends at an angle of
about 45 degrees from the centre to the edge of the field (i.e. in a
north-following direction)."
Finally, on a third sweep he recorded "F, R; the field is full of
the nebulous light of the Nubecula Minor." Harold Corwin notes that NGC 222 = h2339 may be a 4th
observations of this cluster (see notes).
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 220 = D 2 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and
described a "faint nebula, about 1 1/2' long, irregular figure, rather
branched. This is involved in the
margin of the Nebula minor."
His position is 3.6' NW of NGC 220 though given his general poor
positions this identification is not certain. Herschel assigned D 2 to NGC 231 = h2340 instead.
******************************
NGC 221 = M32 =
Arp 168 = UGC 452 = MCG +07-02-015 = CGCG 535-016 = Holm 17b = PGC 2555
00 42 41.9 +40
51 53
V = 8.1; Size 8.7'x6.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 170d
24"
(11/24/14): extremely high surface brightness, large, elongated at least 4:3
NNW-SSE, ~5'x3.5'. The large halo
is highly concentrated to a small very bright core. The core itself is sharply concentrated to a very small,
very bright nucleus punctuated by an intense stellar nucleus.
13.1"
(8/24/84): very bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, about 4'x3',
increases to small very bright core which is almost stellar. Located 24' S of the center of M31.
8": very
bright, moderately large, round, 24' S of M31.
15x50mm
(7/26/06): an intense "star-like" core is surrounded by a small halo
in my IS binoculars.
Guillaume Le
Gentil discovered M32 = NGC 221 = h51 on 29 Oct 1749. In the Appendix to the 1912 'Scientific Papers of Sir
William Herschel' this description is given of M32: "1813, December 26, 20
feet telescope, a vB R nebula, vgbM, up to a nucleus." JH recorded (1 Oct 1828), "eB; pL;
sbM to a * 10m; 40"; a small star follows it 11.5 seconds."
******************************
NGC 222 = ESO 029-SC004
= Lindsay 24
00 40 44.5 -73
23 03
V = 12.2; Size 0.6'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): second and the smallest of three
SMC clusters in a string with NGC 220 1.5' SW and NGC 231 2.5' NE. At 228x, appears as a fairly faint,
small, round glow of ~30" diameter.
A mag 11.5 star lies 30" south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 222 = h2339 on 11 Apr 1834 and simply recorded "vF, R,
outlying." His position,
though, is unusually poor - landing 3.7' S of NGC 220. Since h2339 was only recorded on the
single sweep 441, Harold Corwin suggests this number may be another observation
of NGC 220, which was recorded on 3 later sweeps, but not the one on 11 Apr
1834! As NGC 220 is much more
prominent than the smaller cluster taken as NGC 222, it seems unreasonable that
JH would have missed NGC 220. On
sweep 625, JH recorded NGC 220 as "The first of an irregular string of
nebulae and stars which descends at an angle of about 45 degrees from the centre
to the edge of the field (i.e. in a north-following direction)". It's very possible that the cluster
taken as NGC 222 was one of these "string of nebulae and stars" as it
is just 1.5' NE of NGC 220, so perhaps he did see the cluster on this
date. See Corwin's notes for more
on this identification.
James Dunlop's D
2, discovered on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector, may refer to this
chain. He described a "faint
nebula, about 1 1/2' long, irregular figure, rather branched. This is involved in the margin of the
Nebula minor." His position
is ~3.5' WNW of NGC 220/222 but given his general poor positions, this
identification is not certain, and more likely would apply to NGC 220
(brightest cluster). Herschel
assigned D 2 to NGC 231 = h2340.
******************************
NGC 223 = IC 44
= UGC 450 = MCG +00-02-129 = PGC 2527
00 42 15.8 +00
50 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 62d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 219 3.7'
NNW. Located close to the midpoint
of a mag 11 star 2.8' SE and a mag 12 star 3.0' NW that is just south of NGC
219.
George Bond
discovered NGC 223 = HN 7 = Au 4 = Sw VI-5 on 5 Jan 1853 with the 15-inch Merz
refractor during the Harvard Zone observations of stars near the celestial
equator. He noted a round nebula,
between stars #131 and 132 and measured the dec, but not the RA. The discovery was listed as #4 in
Auwers 1862 list of new nebulae, though the RA was only given to the nearest
minute of time. Heinrich d'Arrest
found this galaxy again on 1 Jan 1862 (he noted Bond's earlier discovery), as
well as by Lewis Swift on 21 Nov 1886.
Finally Swift "discovered" it again on 12 Nov 1890, and
described Sw X-1 (later IC 44) as "eF; S; R; bet 2 st." His position
is ~2' too far north and Dreyer either assumed it was new or just missed the
equivalence. In any case, NGC 223 =
IC 44.
******************************
NGC 224 = M31 =
Andromeda Galaxy = UGC 454 = MCG +07-02-016 = CGCG 535-017 = And A = Holm 17a =
PGC 2557
00 42 44.1 +41
16 08
V = 3.4; Size 191'x62'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 35d
17.5"
(7/5/86): the remarkable "Andromeda galaxy" is very bright, extremely
large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, about 2.5Ą length. Very large bright core containing a stellar nucleus using
direct vision. There are two black
parallel dust lanes along the NW side of the core. The galaxy extends beyond the star cloud NGC 206 located
about 40' SW of the core.
18": a
total of 38 globular clusters have been tracked down in M31 as well as 9 star
clusters.
Persian
astronomer Al-Sfi first mentioned M31 = NGC 224 = h51 in his "Book of
Fixed Stars" (~905 AD) as the "Little Cloud" lying before the
mouth of a Big Fish (an Arabic constellation). German astronomer Simon Marius made the first telescopic
observation of M31 (actually of any nebula) on 15 Dec 1612 and remarked,
"resembling the light of a burning candle, shining through translucent
horn." William Herschel first
observed M31 in 1780 ("has no star in it") but using a 6-inch on 2
Aug 1783 he noted, "227x, a strong suspicion of stars. This speculum has not light
enough. I doubt not but 20 feet will
confirm it. 460x, suspicion still
stronger." He was obviously
mistaken on the resolvability. WH
also noted the nebula "begins to shew a faint red colour." Perhaps he detected a slight hue to the
nuclear region (red giants), though this seems unlikely.
According to
Joseph Ashbrook, the quasi-stellar nucleus was observed by Johann Lamont on 13
Oct 1836 with a 10.5-inch refractor at Munich Observatory and measured as
6.9" diameter. George Bond
discovered and sketched the two dark lanes or "canals" in 1847 with
the 15-inch Harvard refractor. He
also traced the major axis to a length of 4Ą. Leopold Trouvelot produced a beautiful sketch of the dust
lanes in 1874 at the Harvard College Observatory. The spiral nature, though,
was first revealed in photographs by Isaac Roberts in 1887 with a 20-inch
reflector and E.E. Barnard in 1890 with a 6-inch f/5 refractor, though neither
used in the word "spiral" in their papers.
Ernst Hartwig
discovered a supernova on 20 Aug 1885 near the center of M31. Steinicke notes that there is a report
by Isaac Ward about sighting it one day earlier than Hartwig (Sidereal
Messenger 4, p281).
******************************
NGC 225 = Cr 7 =
OCL-305 = Lund 25
00 43 35 +61 46
V = 7.0; Size 12'
24"
(1/4/14): bright, large, scattered group of ~50 stars in 10' group. Includes 15-18 brighter stars that
stand out (mag 9.5-11). A ragged
N-S string of stars defines the eastern border of the cluster. There are no rich subgroups and a lack
of faint stars.
A detached group
of stars is off the north side, but these stars do not appear to be part of the
cluster. vdB 4, a very faint
reflection nebula, is involved with these stars though it was not noticed.
17.5"
(11/2/91): about two dozen stars at 100x in a 12' diameter. Bright but scattered. Outline forms an isosceles triangle
with the vertex at west edge and the long base on the east side. Most stars are mag 10-11 and evenly
spaced. The cluster appears
completely resolved. Only one
fairly close double star in group.
Just ENE of the main group is a line of five mag 9 stars oriented N-S.
8": two
dozen stars in a cluster, fairly bright but scattered, no dense spots.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 225 = H VIII-78 = h52 on 27 Sep 1783 (and found again
on 23 Feb 1784) with her 4.2" comet seeker. On 26 Nov 1788 (sweep 887), WH recorded "a good many
coarsely scattered L stars of an equal size, they take up a space of 15 or
20'."
******************************
NGC 226 = UGC
459 = CGCG 500-076 = LGG 014-003 = PGC 2572
00 42 54.0 +32
34 52
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(9/1/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.6'x0.45', very weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is just off the south side, 30" from the
center. Located 11' ESE of mag 8.5
HD 3925, which is just outside the 220x field.
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, bright core,
irregular surface brightness. A
mag 14 star is 30" S. Located
7' NE of mag 9.4 SAO 54094 and 10.5' ESE of mag 8.5 SAO 54088.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 226 = h53 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged "eF; S; R; has a 13m to
south, dist 20"." His
position and description matches UGC 459 = PGC 2572. R.J. Mitchell (LdR assistant) recorded it on 19 Sep 1857 as
"vF, S, R, bM, just on of a vF *."
******************************
NGC 227 = UGC
456 = MCG +00-02-135 = CGCG 383-076 = PGC 2547
00 42 36.8 -01
31 43
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 155d
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, very small bright core or stellar nucleus?
13.1"
(9/29/84): compact galaxy elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, small prominent nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 227 = H II-444 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged "F, pL,
lbM". The micrometric
position from Engelhardt in the NGC is accurate.
******************************
NGC 228 = UGC
458 = MCG +04-02-048 = CGCG 479-062 = PGC 2563
00 42 54.5 +23
30 12
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, small, almost round, weak concentration. In a tight quadruple group with NGC 229
2.5' E, CGCG 479-061 1.5' SW ("extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1
E-W, very low even surface brightness") and CGCG 479-065 11' ESE
("very faint, very small, round, bright core").
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 228 = St X-1 on 10 Oct 1879 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory, along with St X-2 = NGC 229. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 229 = MCG
+04-02-049 = CGCG 479-064 = PGC 2577
00 43 04.6 +23
30 33
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, stellar nucleus. In a quadruple group with NGC 228 2.5'
W and CGCG 479-065 9' ESE.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 229 = St X-2 on 10 Oct 1879 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory, along with NGC 228 = St X-1. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 230 = ESO
474-014 = MCG -04-02-037 = PGC 2539
00 42 27.1 -23
37 44
V = 14.7; Size 1.1'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 44d
24"
(12/22/14): extremely faint to very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
~20"x10", low surface brightness. Requires averted and concentration, but clearly visible ~25%
of time.
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely tough, very small object only suspected on a couple of
occasions. My field sketch shows
it situated just south of the midpoint of two stars oriented NW-SE [separation
1.5'] and it seemed extended SW-NE (perpendicular to the line connecting the stars). This matches the DSS image, so I
probably finally detected this galaxy.
Located 6' SW of NGC 232 and 8' SW of the double system NGC 235.
17.5":
Negative sightings on 12/3/88 (Fiddletown), 10/21/95 in thin clouds
(Fiddletown) and 12/20/95 at Digger Pines.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 230 = LM II-291 (along with NGC 232 and NGC 235) in
1886 with the 26" refractor the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 0.2 min of RA east
of ESO 474-014. As Leavenworth
gave a size of just 0.1' and mag 16.0, it must have appeared nearly stellar.
******************************
NGC 231 = ESO
029-SC005 = Lindsay 25
00 41 06.4 -73
21 08
V = 12.7; Size 0.8'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appears
as a moderately large, low surface brightness hazy region with an irregular
outline, ~2' diameter. A few mag
14 stars are resolved. Last of
three open clusters with compact NGC 222 2.5' SW and NGC 220 4.0' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 231 = h2340 on 12 Aug 1834 and recorded "an irregular train
of stars and nebulosity in the Nubecula Minor. (Evidently that referred to in
Sweep 625 [NGC 220])." His position falls very close to the cluster taken
as NGC 231 (ESO 029-005 = Lindsay 25), but based on the description Corwin
suggests that NGC 231 really refers to the entire string of 3 clusters - NGC
220, 222 and 231. Corwin lists a
separate entry for the traditional NGC 231 as the core of this string of
clusters.
JH noted that
h2340 might be equivalent to D 2, but Dunlop more likely found brighter NGC
220, which he described as "a faint nebula, about 1.5' long, irregular
figure, rather branched. This is involved in the margin of the Nebula
minor."
******************************
NGC 232 = ESO
474-015 = MCG -04-02-040 = VV 830 = PGC 2559
00 42 45.7 -23
33 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 171d
24"
(12/22/14): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, weak
concentration. NGC 235/235B lies
2.0' NE and NGC 230 is 6' SW.
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a trio with NGC 235A/NGC 235B
2.5' NE. Extremely difficult NGC
230 lies 6' SW (see notes of 10/4/97).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 232 = LM II-292 (along with NGC 230 and 235) in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position essentially matches ESO
474-015 = PGC 2559, but Herbert Howe measured a precise position in 1898-99
using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes).
******************************
NGC 233 = UGC
464 = MCG +05-02-041 = CGCG 500-078 = PGC 2604
00 43 36.6 +30
35 13
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core,
stellar nucleus, diffuse outer halo, no distinct edges.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 233 = H III-149 = h54 on 14 Oct 178 (sweep 266) and logged
"eF, vS, R." R.J.
Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 22 Nov 1854, recorded "pB, vS, R,
a F* v close preceding??". There is a very faint star close west of the
core. The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 234 = UGC
463 = MCG +02-02-028 = CGCG 434-032 = PGC 2600
00 43 32.4 +14
20 33
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, moderately large, irregularly round, broad
concentration, faint nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 234 = H II-245 on 14 Oct 1784 (sweep 289) and logged "F,
pS, irregular oval." On 16
Oct 1784 (sweep 295), he noted "F, pS, R, lbM." and again on 18 Sep
1786 (sweep 590), "pB, cL, gmbM." Dreyer made a detailed observation at Birr Castle on 8 Nov
1876: "pB, pL, iR, seems with higher power to have two points of
condensation, p and f, the f. one the brighter. I think the p one is a S * involved. Lord Rosse thought it
resolved." A mag 16.3 star is
at the west edge and the following "point of condensation" probably
refers to the nucleus. The NGC position is 2.5' too far south.
******************************
NGC 235 = (R)NGC
235A = ESO 474-016 = MCG -04-02-041 = PGC 2569
00 42 52.8 -23
32 29
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 117d
24"
(12/22/14): at 260x; NGC 235A, the brighter northwest component of this
interacting double system, appeared fairly bright, fairly small, round,
24" diameter high surface brightness, bright core increases to a very
bright stellar nucleus. NGC 235B
is attached on the southeast side and appeared fairly faint, small, 12"
diameter, round, very small brighter nucleus. The pair of galaxies are separated by just 20" between
centers!
17.5"
(12/3/88): the western member of this double system appeared faint, very small,
round, small bright core. The
eastern component, attached at the following end, appeared extremely faint and
small, round. Forms a double with
NGC 232 2.5' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 235 = LM II-293 (along with NGC 230 and NGC 232) in
1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.3 min of RA east of
ESO 474-016 = PGC 2569. This is a
double system with the brighter component on the NW side, although it was not
resolved by Leavenworth. Often NGC
235 is taken as the northwest component with the southeast component (ESO
474-017) a separate galaxy, though Leavenworth likely observed the merged image
of both objects. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes), but also makes no
reference to it appearing double.
******************************
NGC 236 = UGC
462 = MCG +00-03-001 = CGCG 383-080 = PGC 2596
00 43 27.5 +02
57 30
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160d
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 SW-NE, fairly low even surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is off
the NE edge 1.4' from center.
Located roughly 1 degree east of the large NGC 182 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 236 = m 16 on 3 Aug 1864 using Lassell's 48" reflector on
Malta and recorded "vF, pL".
His position is 1.5' N of UGC 462 = PGC 2596.
******************************
NGC 237 = UGC
461 = MCG +00-02-136 = CGCG 383-079 = PGC 2597
00 43 27.9 -00
07 30
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE, brighter core.
13"
(12/7/85): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, weak concentration.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 237 = Sf 94 on 27 Sep 1867 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory. His discovery list was not published until 1887, so
Dreyer was unable to credit him in the NGC. The galaxy was independently found
by Lewis Swift on 21 Nov 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner Observatory
and catalogued in list VI-6, though his position is 16 seconds off in RA. Swift is credited with the discovery in
the NGC. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 238 = ESO
194-031 = AM 0041-502 = PGC 2595
00 43 25.5 -50
10 57
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 93d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, roundish, ~1.5'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very small bright nucleus.
A weak central bar extends NW-SE from the nucleus.
Subtle structure
is evident in the halo with slightly enhanced regions. A slightly brighter patch is on the
northwest and west side (images show this part of an inner ring) and an
extremely faint "star" is superimposed [25" NW of center]. The DSS2 image reveals this is either a
bright knot or possibly an interacting companion. In 1981ApJS...46...75A ("Spectroscopic Measures of
Galaxies, Their Companions, and Peculiar Galaxies in the Southern
Hemisphere"), Arp identifies this object as a companion galaxy as well as
Madore in the 2007 paper "The Curious Case of NGC 6708".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 238 = h2341 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "eF, pL, R, gvlbM,
50"." His position
matches ESO 194-031 = PGC 2595.
******************************
NGC 239 = MCG
-01-03-007 = PGC 2642
00 44 37.4 -03
45 34
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 28d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, broad
concentration. A mag 12 star is
2.6' E of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 239 = LM I-12 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
position is just 1' S of MCG -01-03-007 = PGC 2642. Ormond Stone's "corrected" position, given in the
IC 1 notes, is 1.1 tmin too far E.
In the IC 2 notes section, Max Wolf states the original NGC position was
correct!
******************************
NGC 240 = UGC
473 = MCG +01-03-001 = CGCG 410-003 = PGC 2653
00 45 01.9 +06
06 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, oval 4:3 ~E-W, small bright core. A mag 14 star is 1.2' SSE of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 240 = Sw V-9 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "vF; S; R; * nr south". His position is 9 sec of RA east of UGC
473 and his "* nr south" is probably the mag 13.6 star 1.2' SE.
******************************
NGC 241 = NGC
242 = ESO 029-SC006
00 43 34 -73 26
36
V = 12.0; Size 0.9'
See observing
notes for NGC 242.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 241 = h2342 on 12 Aug 1834 and described "a very F, R
nebula or group (We are now fairly in the Nubecula Minor, and field begins to
be full of faint perfectly irresolvable nebulous light." There is nothing at his published CGH
position but 10' N is h2343 (first observed on 11 Apr 1834). Herschel caught this error and
corrected the NPD in an errata list at the end of the CGH catalogue. So, NGC 241 = NGC 242 = ESO 29-SC6. ESO, Eric Lindsay and Harold Corwin
also equate NGC 241= NGC 242.
Since NGC 242 is the earliest observation, this should be the primary
designation. See Harold Corwin's
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 242 = NGC
241 = ESO 029-SC006 = Lindsay 29
00 43 34 -73 26
36
V = 12.0; Size 0.9'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 282x, this SMC cluster appeared
fairly bright, slightly elongated E-W, 0.8'x0.6'. A faint star is at the west end and another faint star or
clump of stars is at the SE end. A
pair of mag 12.5/13 stars lie 2.5' SW.
NGC 248 lies 9' NE and NGC 256 can be found 11' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 242 = h2343 on 11 Apr 1834 and recorded "pL; vF; R; vgbM;
(in a sweep below the pole and ill seen) the RA is probably also in error. On a second sweep he recorded "a
binuclear nebula, or two, vS, R, running together." Finally on a third sweep he noted
"a small irresolvable knot in the bright part of the Nubecula
Minor." NGC 241 = h2343,
recorded in Aug 1834, is a duplicate observation (see notes).
******************************
NGC 243 = MCG
+05-02-043 = CGCG 500-082 = PGC 2687
00 46 00.9 +29
57 34
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 145d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 1.4' E of a mag 10.5 star.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 243 = St XII-6 on 18 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged "F, vS, R, gbM,* 10 precedes by 6
sec". His position and
description matches CGCG 500-082 = PGC 2687.
******************************
NGC 244 = UGCA
10 = MCG -03-03-003 = VV 728 = PGC 2675
00 45 46.7 -15
35 50
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 50d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, very small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, small bright
core. Located 3.5' NNW of a mag
10.5 star. A tight trio of mag
14.5 stars is 8' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 244 = H III-485 = h55 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and logged
"vF, S, iF, resolvable."
The NGC position is just 1' too far N.
******************************
NGC 245 = UGC
476 = MCG +00-03-005 = Mrk 555 = PGC 2691
00 46 05.5 -01
43 22
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~E-W,
stellar nucleus. A pair of stars
mag 13.5 and 14.5 with a separation of 35" lie 1.5' S.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, star superimposed or
faint stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 245 = H II-445 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and recorded "F,
iR, easily resolvable, 1' broad." The NGC RA is just 0.1 tmin too large.
******************************
NGC 246 = Skull
Nebula = PK 118-74.1 = PN G118.8-74.7
00 47 03.3 -11
52 19
V = 10.4; Size 240"x210"; PA = 120d
48"
(10/23/14): At 488x with an NPB filter the view of the Skull Nebula was
breathtaking and all the structure in a detailed photograph was visible. The thin brighter rim varied in
brightness, thickness and scalloped structure along its entire length.
The rim is
brightest along a 60Ą arc on the western side, bulging inward just north of
center, creating a small darker indentation in the rim due west of the
prominent central star. Moving counterclockwise around the rim, a small
brighter, elongated patch is at the northwest edge, close to a mag 11.5 star
just outside the planetary. The
rim is relatively weak along the north side, but two brighter (detached)
patches are along the northeast side.
An irregular, elongated luminous patch spreads inward here. This glow is fairly prominent just
northwest of center, on line with the central star and the second interior mag
12 star, and a second patch is midway from the central star to the north
rim. The rim is weakest overall
along a 90Ą arc on the eastern side, near a mag 13.5 star, which is embedded
just within the planetary. At the south rim, two more luminous patches are
visible with the westernmost glow both larger and brighter.
The interior is
relatively dark, though glows weakly with subtle variations, creating pockets
of darkness - one is northeast of the central star. A very faint interior glow is just south of the mag 12 star
on the southwest side. More
extensive faint nebulosity extends inward from the southern rim, though the
brightest interior glow is the split nebulosity mentioned earlier on the
northwest side.
33"
(9/16/07): gorgeous annular planetary viewed at 200x. The thin brighter rim was striking and varied in brightness
and thickness around the periphery.
The rim is brightest along the western or WNW edge and weakest on the
east side. The interior was darker
but irregular in surface brightness.
18"
(10/13/07): 175x gave an excellent view using the NPB filter and the thin,
bright irregular rim (only dimming on the east side) and darker center was
quite striking.
18"
(8/23/03): I took a quick look at 160x from Chew's Ridge with a thin waning
crescent low in the ENE. Without a
filter I don't remember the brighter rim being so crisply defined and the
annularity so clear. The
superimposed stars gave the planetary a transparent, 3-dimensional feel as if I
was seeing inside the object.
17.5"
(1/8/00): at 100x, appears as a moderately bright, 3.5' irregular glow with a
darker center and encompassing four stars including the 12th magnitude central
star. Excellent contrast gain
using an OIII filter, which sharpens up the edge of the roundish annulus and
enhances the irregular surface brightness. The halo is brightest along a 270Ą arc running from SW to NE
and is clearly weakest at the east edge of the halo. A mag 11.5 star is embedded at the NW edge of the halo 2.0'
from center. The irregular central
hole is much darker but faintly luminous.
Also superimposed is a mag 12 star SW of the central star and a 4th star
is just inside the eastern boundary.
The central star forms a thin right triangle with the other two brighter
stars. At 220x, the western 90Ą
outer arc is brightest and there appears to be a knot embedded at the NE edge
of the halo.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly bright, large, 4' diameter, annular. Four stars are involved including the
central star. This planetary has
an irregular surface brightness with subtle structure.
13"
(11/05/83): fairly bright with filter, clearly annular, sharper edges. NGC 255 lies 15' SSE.
8": fairly
faint, large, four stars involved.
No annularity noted.
16x80 (8/24/84):
faintly visible in finder.
80mm finder
(10/13/07): visible unfiltered at 25x.
Nice contrast gain using the NPB filter and the planetary also appears
to increase in size.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 246 = H V-25 = h56 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"four or five pL stars forming a trapezium of 4 or 5' diameter. The
enclosed space is filled up with milky nebulosity faintly terminated. The stars
seem to have no connection with the nebulosity." The sign of the declination is reversed (+) in the RNGC.
Based on a
Crossley photograph, Curtis (1918) described, "a somewhat irregular oval,
brightest on western edge; 4'x3.5' in PA 120Ą. Periphery clear-cut, with a broken ring effect. Very faint, irregular matter in inner
parts. The central star is bluish,
and considerably brighter photographically than visually."
******************************
NGC 247 = ESO
540-022 = MCG -04-03-005 = UGCA 11 = PGC 2758
00 47 08.2 -20
45 37
V = 9.1; Size 21.4'x6.9'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 174d
48"
(10/31/13): at 287x, NGC 247 spanned at least 18'x5' NNW-SSE, stretching from
an HII region at the NNW tip to beyond a mag 9.5 star near the SSE end. An interesting feature is a very large,
elongated darker (dusty) region dubbed the "Needle's Eye" on the NNW
side, extending at least 3.5'x1.0'.
A relatively bright HII knot (identified in NED as MRSS 540-038059 from
the "Muenster Red Sky Survey") is beyond this feature, 9.5' NNW of
center. It appeared fairly faint,
relatively large for an HII region, elongated ~N-S, 20"x12". A second well-defined HII knot is MRSS
540-038506, found 5' NNW of center.
This easy patch appeared fairly faint, elongated,
15"x10". At least two
small knots (including MRSS 540-038001) are on the SW side of the halo ~2.4'
from center and ~1.5' E of a mag 12-12.5 star just off the west edge of the
disc. Finally, I picked up a
faint, very small knot, ~6" diameter, situated 3.5' SSE of center and 1.1'
N of a mag 13.5 star. This HII
region (not in the MRSS) forms a "double" with a mag 15 star 15"
N.
17.5"
(11/1/86): bright, very large, bright core, elongated 7:2 N-S, 14'x4'. The southern extension is brighter and
mag 9 SAO 166572 is superimposed at the southern end about 6' from the
core. Burbidge's Chain (VV 518)
lies 18' NNE.
13"
(8/5/83): fairly bright, diffuse, very large, bright core.
8"
(10/4/80): very large, elongated ~N-S, bright core. A mag 10 star is at the south tip. The southern extension appears brighter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 247 = H V-20 = h57 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 303) and logged "a
Streak of light about 27' long, and in the brightest part, which was pB is 3'
or 4' broad. The extension nearly in the meridian (I believe a little from from
S.p. to N.f.) ... The situation is so low, that it would probably appear of
much greater extent in a higher altitude." JH observed NGC 247 at Slough on 16 Sep 1830 and noted
"eF; vL; vmE; vglbM; 10' long; pos 172.0 deg. Has no bright star in it,
but a star 8.9 mag at some distance n.p." Surprisingly, he made no (published) observations at the
Cape of Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 248 = ESO
029-EN008 = LMC-N13A/B
00 45 24.0 -73
22 47
Size 0.8'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this fairly faint SMC
nebulous cluster appeared as an irregular glow, 0.8'x0.6', elongated
NW-SE. Good response to the UHC
filter at 76x. One or two stars or
knots are involved including a small nebulous knot at the southeast end. NGC 256 lies 8' SSE and NGC 242 is 9'
SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 248 = h2344 on 11 Apr 1834 and logged "very faint. Below the pole, and the sweep otherwise
irregular." On a later sweep
he recorded "faint, elongated or binuclear, small, very gradually a little
brighter in the middle." His
position matches the knot at the southeast end.
******************************
NGC 249 = ESO
029-EN9 = SMC-N12B
00 45 33 -73 04
48
Size 2.0'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): NGC 249 is the first of four striking, collinear SMC
nebulae and clusters with NGC 261 5' ESE, SMC-N19 10' ESE and SMC-N30 15'
ESE. At 244x; fairly bright,
large, roundish, ~1.5' diameter, a few stars are superimposed. Superb view with a NPB filter, which
increased the contrast and size to over 2'. Resides in a gorgeous region of the SMC with a bright
background due to star density.
The nebula contains one of only 12 known Wolf-Rayet stars (SMC AB 10) in
the SMC.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this SMC cluster with
nebulosity appeared fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, 1.3'x0.9',
weakly concentrated. Two or three faint stars are involved including a mag 13
star just north of the center. The UHC filter produces a good contrast boost
and increased the size to at least 2'.
Forms a pair with NGC 261 4.5' ESE with NGC 242 18' S.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 249 = D 19? = h2346 on 5 Sep 1826 with his homemade
9" speculum reflector and recorded "a small faint elliptical nebula -
this is the preceding in a line of small faint nebulae." His position is just 3.7' N of this SMC
nebula, although his positions can be all over the map, so assigning a specific
object is difficult as NGC 261 is close following.
JH recorded this
nebula on 3 sweeps, first logging "faint, large, round; very gradually
brighter in the middle; 2' across. Here begins a starry region of the Nubecula
Minor." The second observation reads: "pretty bright, pretty large,
oval, resolvable, 2' diameter." The last notes are "faint, round, 30
arcseconds." Herschel notes that this entry could refer to either Dunlop
19 or 21.
******************************
NGC 250 = UGC
487 = MCG +01-03-002 = CGCG 410-005 = PGC 2765
00 47 16.0 +07 54
36
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, almost round, faint stellar nucleus. Located in the center of a small right
triangle consisting of two mag 13.5 stars 2.1' NE and 2.8' NE and a mag 12.5
star 2.7' S. Located 29' NW of mag
4.4 63 Psc.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 250 = Sw III-2 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 17 sec of RA east of UGC 487 = PGC 2765. His description "in center of 3 stars in form of a
right angle triangle" applies to UGC 487, so this identification is
secure.
******************************
NGC 251 = UGC
490 = MCG +03-03-003 = CGCG 458-005 = PGC 2806
00 47 54.0 +19
35 48
V = 13.2; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 105d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 E-W, weak concentration. Enclosed by a small group of four mag
12-14.5 stars including a mag 12.5 star (close double) just 0.7' E. Located 9.5' E of 59 Piscium (V = 6.1).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 251 = H III-204 = h58 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and reported
"vF, S, s.p. 2 vS stars, a third star in it but not in the center, and I
suppose is not connected with it.
240 verified it." On
13 Nov 1786 (sweep 635) he logged "vF, S, lbM, just preceding two stars
are in the same meridian." JH
recorded "vF; R; follows a *6.7 40s and is 1.5' north of it. It is near 2 v s st. If this be III 204, my father polar
distance is 5' wrong." JH's
position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 252 = UGC
491 = MCG +04-03-004 = CGCG 480-007 = Holm 23b = PGC 2819
00 48 01.5 +27
37 26
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80d
17.5"
(10/17/87): moderately bright, moderately large, large slightly elongated halo,
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Brightest and first of three with NGC 258 3.2' NE and NGC 260 8.4'
NE. An uneven double star is 4'
WNW (9.5/12 at 30").
William Herschel
discovered NGC 252 = H II-609 = h59 = h60 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and logged
"pB, S, iR, gbM." JH
made 4 observations under h59 and a 5th under h60. Both Herschels missed NGC 258 and NGC 260, which were found
by George Stoney on 22 Dec 1848 ("3 neb in a line") with LdR's
72".
******************************
NGC 253 = ESO
474-G29 = MCG -04-03-009 = UGCA 13 = Sculptor Galaxy = Silver Coin Galaxy = PGC
2789
00 47 33.1 -25
17 17
V = 7.2; Size 27.5'x6.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 52d
48"
(10/23/14): although I've viewed NGC 253 several previous times with Lowrey's
48", I'm always amazed by the spectacular view as the mottled galaxy
explodes into numerous bright knots, dusty patches, dark lanes and luminous
star associations. Using a 21mm
Ethos (232x), NGC 253 completely filled the 26' field. The central region of this starburst galaxy
contains a blazing, nonstellar nucleus surrounding by an intense, elongated
core with several bright patches around the periphery of the core (segments of
the inner spiral arms). Just
northwest and southeast of the nucleus are extremely bright sections of the
core. Since the galaxy is only 12Ą
from edge-on, many visible features extend parallel to the SW-NE major axis (PA
= 52Ą).
A dark lane
running SW-NE parallels the core just off its northern side. Close northwest and parallel to this
dust lane is a very bright, fairly narrow arm, extending ~3' in length. Another thin arm (also running SW-NE)
is to the southeast of the core with a prominent, very thin section ~3.5' SW of
center, just southwest of a superimposed mag 12.5-13 star. Three smaller bright patches surround a
superimposed star ~2.5' NE of the nucleus. The brightest and largest of these patches is close
southeast of the star. Further
northeast the surface brightness lowers in the outer portion of the galaxy, but
it still appears curdled and blotchy.
Several bright stars are near the periphery including a mag 9.3 star
6.2' SW of center and a mag 11.6 star 3.8' W of center. A brighter patch is ~3.5' WSW of center
is near the latter star.
Additional luminous patches are further out on the southwest end.
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): superb view at 152x and 303x with NGC 253 within 10Ą of the
zenith. Much of the detail seen in
Lowrey's 48" was visible, although the bright patches were not quite as
contrasty. The nucleus is a very
small region embedded in a very bright, elongated central region that is
enhanced immediately south of the nucleus. A thin, luminous "arm" extends in the direction of
the major axis near the north side.
A long spiral "arm" is along the northeast flank of the galaxy,
extending 5 or 6' in length. Three
slightly brighter patches were noted to the northeast of the core close to a
superimposed star (also marked in the 48" observation). A bright, elongated strip was along the
southwest side, about 2.8' NNW of a mag 9.3 star near the southwest edge (6.2'
from center).
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): stunning view in the 13mm Ethos at 264x
although the galaxy overfilled the 23' field. The dust structure and knots were mesmerizing but I didn't
take detailed notes.
17.5"
(8/29/92): at 100x; very bright, very large, edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, 30'x5', at
100x. The galaxy exhibits only a
weak central concentration to a small elongated core that is slightly larger
than the visible knots. Remarkable
dust structure and mottling visible particularly on the southwest extension and
a dark lane runs along the north side.
Three faint HII knots are visible near a superimposed star on the
southwest side and a slightly brighter knot lies northeast of a star near the
core.
13"
(9/11/82): very bright, elongated 4:1 SW-NE, very mottled, dust lanes, dark
patches, 30' diameter.
8": very
bright, very elongated, mottled, 25'-30' diameter.
10x30mm IS
binoculars: easily visible as an elongated glow.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 253 = H V-1 = h61 = h2345 on 23 Sep 1783 (before WH
started his sweeps) with a "small Newtonian Sweeper of 27 inches focal
length, and a power of 30."
WH independently found it just a month later on 30 Oct 1783 (sweep 8 on
his second night sweeping and internal discovery #3), though he realized it was
found by his sister. On 27 Oct
1785 (sweep 467) he recorded "about 45' long and 7 or 8' br; cB, mBM. The place taken is that of the
brightest part of it, where there is a small star visible, which however I
suppose has no connection with the nebula. It makes an angle of 25 or 40Ą with the meridian, from sp to
nf. The faint ends of it require
much attention to be seen, and I believe extend much farther than I could trace
them."
From the Cape of
Good Hope, JH recorded "vvB; vvL; vmE; 30' long, 3' or 4' broad; has
several stars in it; gmbM to a centre elongated like the nebula itself. The
nebula is somewhat streaky and knotty in its constitution and may perhaps be
resolvable." A second observation in 1836 was logged as "vvB; vvvL; a
superb object; 24' in length, breadth about 3'; pos = 143.8 very exact. Its
light is somewhat streaky, but I see no stars in it but 4 large and one very
small one, and these seem not to belong to it, there being many
near." In the GC, he noted
the position angle should read 54.5Ą.
Lassell sketched
NGC 253 from Malta in November 1863 with his 48" and included numerous
dark lanes on the southwest side and a very irregular outline. Tempel's sketch
with the 11" Amici refractor at Florence captures several small knots
(brightest in the nucleus) and accurately depicts the surrounding star field
and superimposed stars. The origin
of the "Silver Coin" nickname goes back to at least 1964 (Time-Life
International edition of "The Universe"), with the description
"Silvery Coin of the flat Sc spiral NGC 253", though the 1962 edition
published in the U.S. reads "Silvery Dollar ..."
******************************
NGC 254 = ESO
411-015 = MCG -05-03-005 = PGC 2778
00 47 27.6 -31
25 20
V = 11.7; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 137d
17.5"
(12/3/88): moderately bright, fairly small, very bright core, stellar nucleus,
elongated 2:1 NW-SE. Located 5' SW
of mag 7.1 SAO 192746.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, small, elongated ~E-W, small bright nucleus. Located 5' SW of a mag 8 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 254 = h2347 on 28 Sep 1834 and logged "vB, R, gmbM,
40", has a star 8th mag 5' distant." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 255 = MCG
-02-03-017 = PGC 2802
00 47 47.1 -11
28 07
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 15d
17.5"
(8/16/93): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x1.6',
broad mild concentration. A mag 14
star lies 2.5' ESE. Forms a pair
with MCG -02-03-13 11' NNW.
Planetary nebulae NGC 246 is located 25' SSW.
13"
(8/24/84): similar to previous observation but exhibits a weak concentration.
13"
(11/5/83): moderately bright, fairly small, round, no noticeable
concentration.
8"
(8/28/81): faint, small, round.
Located 25' NNE of NGC 246.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 255 = H II-472 = h62 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and simply
recorded "F, pS." His
position is accurate. JH made the
single observation "vF; L; R; gbM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 256 = ESO
029-SC11 = Lindsay 30
00 45 54 -73 30
24
V = 12.5; Size 0.9'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; bright, fairly small, roughly triangular
outlines, 30"-35" diameter, high surface brightness, bright core,
mottled, a few faint stars were resolved.
A mag 9.7 star (HD 4558) is 2' NNE. Several clusters are nearby; NGC 265 is 5.8' ENE, NGC 269 is
10' ESE, NGC 248 is 8' NNW and NGC 242 is 11' NW.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, triangular or wedge-shaped, 30"
diameter. Weakly concentrated with
a slightly brighter core but no resolution. Located 1.9' SSW of mag 9.7 HD 4558, which detracts somewhat
from viewing. NGC 248 lies 8' NNW
and several clusters are within 15' including NGC 265 6' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 256 = h2348 in the SMC on 11 Apr 1834 and described "not
vF, S, R, has a star 9th mag Nf."
On a second sweep he logged "F, S, R, gbM, 40" south of a star
8th mag. (In Nubecula Minor)."
His third observation reads "F, lE, 30", precedes a star 9th
mag" and a fourth record states "F, S, R, 18"; a star 9th mag
Nf."
******************************
NGC 257 = UGC
493 = MCG +01-03-003 = CGCG 410-006 = PGC 2818
00 48 01.6 +08
17 48
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 105d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 ~E-W, weakly concentrated
but no core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 257 = H II-863 on 29 Dec 1790 (sweep 991) and logged "pL,
lE, gbM, resolvable." The NGC
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 258 = MCG
+04-03-005 = Holm 23d = PGC 2829
00 48 12.8 +27
39 26
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(10/17/87): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 11 star is close WSW 40" from center. Second of three with NGC 252 3.2' SW
and NGC 260 5.3' NE.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 258 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 22 Dec 1848. The field was observed no less than 7
times at Birr Castle, although the descriptions are sometimes contradictory and
made under poor conditions. It's
possible that Stoney also discovered NGC 260 to the northeast, and it was also
seen in 1854, though d'Arrest is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 259 = MCG
-01-03-015 = Holm 22a = PGC 2820
00 48 03.2 -02
46 31
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140d
17.5"
(11/28/97): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
2.0'x0.7', broad concentration.
Forms the vertex of a right isosceles triangle with a mag 11 star 3' SSE
and a mag 11.5 star 3.4' WSW. MCG
-01-03-012 lies 14' WNW (see notes for NGC 331).
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, bright core, stellar
nucleus, pretty system. Forms a
right angle with a mag 10.5 star 3' SSW and a mag 11.5 star 3.5' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 259 = H II-621 = h63 = h64 on 13 Dec 1786 (sweep 646) and
recorded "F, E from np to sf, 1 1/2' long, lbM." He found it again the following year on
11 Sept 1787, relisting the nebula as II-703. The second observation had an error in the offset position,
so WH thought it was a new discovery.
Strangely, JH also recorded the galaxy twice, as h 63 (called a
"Nova") and h 64 = H II-621.
Heinrich d'Arrest noted the equivalence of both entries. See JH's note
in the GC and NGC.
******************************
NGC 260 = UGC
497 = MCG +04-03-006 = CGCG 480-009 = Holm 23c = PGC 2844
00 48 34.6 +27
41 33
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. A faint mag 14.5-15.0 star is close NE. This galaxy is the third of three with
NGC 252 8.4' SW and NGC 258.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 260 on 22 Dec 1848 with LdR's 72" and recorded
"3 neb in a line nff, p one = h59 [NGC 252], other two vF [NGC 258 and NGC
260], middle one [NGC 258] eF, vS, distance of extremes about 12'." Although NGC 260 = UGC 497 is 9' ESE of
NGC 252, it is collinear with the other two, and most likely the 3rd nebula
seen by Stoney. Another
observation in 1854 also mentions "3 neb".
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 260 on 27 Aug 1865 with the 11"
refractor at Copenhagen. His
position matches UGC 497. He noted
"one of Rosse's" although d'Arrest, instead of LdR, was credited with
the discovery by Dreyer.
******************************
NGC 261 = ESO
029-EN12 = SMC-N12A
00 46 29 -73 06
06
Size 1.8'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; prominent, fairly large roundish glow, ~1.25'
diameter, high surface brightness, surrounding a 13th magnitude H-alpha
emission star (SK 9). Excellent
contrast gain adding a NPB (narrow-bandpass) filter yielding a superb 2'
nebula, sandwiched between similar NGC 249 5' WNW and a stellar association
(Hodge 12) with nebulosity (SMC-N19).
A number of stars follow (part of the association) including three
collinear mag 13.5-14 stars 2' E and a 4th mag 12.5 star 3' E.
SMC-N19 lies 5'
ESE. At 244x it was a fairly
faint, very large nebulous glow, ~3' diameter. With careful viewing an uncatalogued detached piece is
sometimes visible to the NW (centered at 00 47.5 -73 05) and very faint
nebulosity spreads to the southwest for a total diameter of 4' diameter. Unfiltered a 6' cloud of at least 50
mag 12.5-15 stars (Hodge Association 12) are involved with the nebula.
SMC-N30 lies
~11' ESE. At 244x unfiltered it
was a fairly easy, fairly large, irregular curving or kidney-shaped nebula
SW-NE, ~1.5'x0.8', involves a couple of 14th magnitude stars unfiltered. Adding a NPB filter, the nebulosity is
prominent and fills in to a more roundish outline.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this SMC HII region
appeared fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter with a single
mag 13 star at the center (emission-line star Lin 78 = SK 9). A UHC filter produced a good contrast
gain and increased the size to over 2'.
A group of four stars follows including supergiant SK 13 (three brighter
in a string and one faint star) and a number of faint stars are scattered
nearby. Forms a similar pair with
NGC 249 4.5' WNW. NGC 267 lies 12'
SE.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 261= D 4 = D 21? = h2349 with his 9" reflector on
5 Sep 1826. D 4 was described as a
"faint round nebula, about 30" diameter" while D 21 was
described as a small round faint nebula." His position for D 21 is just 3'
N of ESO 29-12.
JH made 3
observations, first logging "very faint, round, gradually brighter in the
middle, 2' across, resolvable." He next described it as "pretty
bright, round, 60". Has a star 13th mag in centre. Occurs in a field
illuminated by the Nubecular Minor and many stars." His final observation
was "pretty faint, round, 90"." Herschel noted this could be
either Dunlop 3, 4 or 21.
******************************
NGC 262 = UGC
499 = MCG +05-03-008 = Mrk 348 = PGC 2855
00 48 47.1 +31
57 25
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(11/24/14): moderately bright, small, round, dominated by a high surface
brightness core that increases to the center, very low surface brightness halo,
~25" diameter. Forms a pair
with 2MASX J00485285+3157309 = PGC 212600 just 1.2' E. The companion appeared very faint,
round, just 10" diameter. It was too faint (V = 15.4) for any details.
17.5"
(11/25/87): faint, small, round, bright core. Contains a faint stellar nucleus about 15th magnitude.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 262 = Sw II-10 on 17 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 15 sec of RA east of UGC 499.
Bigourdan's measured an accurate RA on 13 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2
Notes).
******************************
NGC 263 = MCG
-02-03-021 = PGC 2856
00 48 48.4 -13
06 27
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 30" W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 263 = LM I-13 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His rough position is close to MCG -02-03-021 = PGC 2856.
******************************
NGC 264 = ESO
295-006 = MCG -07-02-016 = PGC 2831
00 48 21.0 -38
14 04
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 113d
18"
(11/22/08): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.3'. Contains a very small brighter core
with direct vision. A group of 4
stars including mag 9 HD 4735 and nearly forming a trapezoid follows by ~6'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 264 = h2350 on 30 Aug 1834 and noted "F, S, R, vsvmbM to a
star 13th mag. A trapezium of large stars follows." His position and description matches
ESO 295-006 = PGC 2831.
******************************
NGC 265 = ESO
029-SC14 = Lindsay 34
00 47 10 -73 28
36
V = 12.2; Size 1.0'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; bright, fairly large, irregular outlines,
~1' diameter, mottled appearance, brighter on the north end, a few stars
occasionally sparkle. Three other
clusters are within 6'; NGC 256 to the WSW, Kron 25 is 3.6' WSW and NGC 269 to
the SE. A mag 9.7 star is 4.8' W
and a mag 8.5 star is 9' E. In a
very rich field of faint stars with numerous HII regions and clusters to the
north.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
moderately bright and large, 1' diameter, round, fairly symmetrical appearance
with no concentration. NGC 256
lies 5.7' WSW with NGC 269 6' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 265 = h2351 in the SMC on 11 Apr 1834 and remarked "vF;
situated on the edge of the Nubecula Minor." On a later sweep he recorded
as "vF, R, 30 arcseconds."
******************************
NGC 266 = UGC
508 = MCG +05-03-009 = CGCG 501-022 = PGC 2901
00 49 47.8 +32
16 40
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~E-W, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Located on the
Andromeda border 4' N of mag 8.2 SAO 54174.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 266 = H III-153 = h65 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and noted
"vF, pL, lE, r, very little brighter towards the following
side." JH observed this 4
times and at Birr Castle 5 times with the 72-inch. On 18 Sep 1857 it was described as "S, pB disc, in vF
haze of mottled nebulosity, which seems brightest in a line p and f." E.E. Barnard found it in Feb 1889 while
sweeping with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory and noted it as
"R, 1' +/- or less, bM to faint nucleus of 13m."
******************************
NGC 267 =
SMC-N22 = ESO 029-SC15
00 48 02.9 -73
16 27
Size 2.5'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x + NPB filter; bright, very large nebulous cluster,
slightly elongated N-S, ~2'x1.6'.
Removing the filter, several faint stars are peppered across the glow. Very good contrast gain using the NPB
filter.
SMC-N25 is a separate
1' patch 2' NNE that appeared fairly bright (with the filter), moderately
large, round glow, ~50" diameter.
SMC-N28 is a very large, lower surface brightness patch (barely detached
from NGC 267), ~1.5' diameter, centered ~2.3' ENE of NGC 267. On close inspection it was divided into
two sections on the north and south side and weaker in the center. The southern section (SMC-N28A) was
extended E-W and slightly brighter.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this SMC cluster with nebulosity
appears as a fairly faint, fairly large irregular glow ~2'x1.4'. The surface was grainy with a
half-dozen mag 14 stars resolved (Hodge Association 15). There was a good response using a UHC
filter, which increased the size of the visible nebulosity. Collinear with two mag 10.5 stars ~6'
SE. A string of brighter stars to
the north heads east for 17' towards NGC 290. LHa 115-N25, a very small detached piece ~2' N, appears as a
15" glow and increases the total size to nearly 5'.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 267 = h2352 in the SMC on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "a faint, pretty
large, cluster of very small stars. It is the preceding knot (or centre of
condensation) of the resolvable portion of the Nubecula Minor which fills the
subsequent field and consists of irregularly scattered clustered stars
12...20th mag." His position
is on the southwest side of the cluster/nebula.
******************************
NGC 268 = MCG
-01-03-017 = PGC 2927
00 50 09.4 -05
11 38
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 95d
13.1"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse, slightly elongated 4:3 ~E-W,
weak concentration but no nucleus.
Lies west of a group of four bright stars including mag 8.5 SAO 128977
5' NE, mag 7.8 SAO 128978 9' SSE, mag 8.5 SAO 128987 15' E and mag 6.8 SAO
128986 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 268 = H III-463 = h66 on 22 Nov 1785 (sweep 474) and logged
"vF, pL, irr R, resolvable."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 269 = ESO
029-SC016 = Lindsay 37
00 48 21 -73 31
54
V = 12.6; Size 0.6'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; bright, fairly large, round, 45" diameter,
contains a relatively large brighter core that's a little lively, but shows no
resolution. A mag 10.5 star is 3'
SE. Kron 25, situated 3' NNW,
appeared fairly faint, irregular
glow, ~35" diameter, low surface brightness. NGC 269 is located in a rich SMC region with numerous
clusters and nebulae to the north.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, fairly faint, fairly
small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak concentration but no core or resolution. A 2.5' string of three stars follows by
2'-3' and a mag 11 star lies 3' SE.
Situated in a rich SMC star field 6' SE of NGC 265.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 269 = h2353 on 5 Nov 1836 in the SMC and described as "vF; S; R;
30"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 270 = MCG
-02-03-027 = PGC 2938
00 50 32.4 -08
39 07
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, bright core, almost stellar
nucleus. NGC 277 is 12' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 270 = H III-955 on 10 Dec 1798 (sweep 1086) and logged "cF,
vS, iR." His position matches
MCG -02-03-027 = PGC 2938. Nearby
NGC 277 was missed by WH.
******************************
NGC 271 = UGC
519 = MCG +00-03-012 = CGCG 384-013 = PGC 2949
00 50 41.9 -01
54 37
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, small bright
core. Mag 8.4 SAO 128981 is off
the SE edge 1.5' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 271 = H II-446 = h67 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and noted
"F, S, E, milky; about 1 1/2' preceding a pB star." On 13 Dec 1786 (sweep 646) he noted
"pB, R, mbM, about 1' sp a bright star." JH logged "Not vF; R;
pslbM; 30"; a star 8-9m follows."
******************************
NGC 272 =
OCL-312
00 51 25 +35 49
18
V = 8.5; Size 5'
17.5"
(9/26/92): 9 stars in a 5' diameter forming a "hook" asterism. Includes a mag 9 star and a close
double star. Appears to be fully
resolved and only an unimpressive, scattered asterism.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 272 on 2 Aug 1864 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
points directly to this group of stars.
It is listed in the 4th edition of the Gosta Lynga catalogue but was removed
from the 5th edition. Visually it
appears to be a scattered asterism.
******************************
NGC 273 = MCG
-01-03-019 = PGC 2959
00 50 48.4 -06
53 08
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 105d
24"
(10/5/13): moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
~48"x16". Contains a
very small brighter core. A mag 14
star is off the NW edge by ~20".
NGC 272/274 = Arp 140 lies 11' SSE.
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W. A mag 14 star is off the NW edge, 42" from center. NGC 272/274, a contact pair of
galaxies, lies 11' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 273 = H III-430 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and noted "vF,
vS. This precedes the former [NGC
274]". The NGC position from
Wilhelm Tempel is accurate.
******************************
NGC 274 = Arp
140 NED1 = VV 81a = Holm 26b = MCG -01-03-021 = PGC 2980
00 51 01.9 -07
03 28
V = 11.8; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 155d
24"
(10/5/13): bright, round, fairly small, 0.6' diameter, sharply concentrated
with a small intensely bright core that gradually increases to the center, but
no nucleus. This is the brighter
but smaller component of a striking double system (Arp 140 = VV 81) with NGC
275, which is attached on the SE side.
NGC 273 lies 11' NNW.
13.1"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, small, compact, very small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 275 1' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 274 = H III-429 = h69 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435), although he
only noted a single object as "vF, pS, E."
The pair was
observed 8 times with Lord Rosse's 72-inch. On 3 Oct 1856, observer R.J.
Mitchell's wrote, "69 [NGC 274] is S, B, R, with bright nucleus; 70 [NGC
275] is F, E and patchy. Suspect formed of two knots involved in faint
nebulosity; there appears to be a nebulous connexion between them all." On
15 Nov 1857, Lord Rosse experimented with a silvered secondary (the speculum
secondary was covered with a thin silver layer) and noted "silvered mirror
shows the object brighter than before, but no new details.Ó
******************************
NGC 275 = Arp
140 NED2 = VV 81b = Holm 26a = MCG -01-03-022 = PGC 2984
00 51 04.5 -07
03 56
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90d
24"
(10/5/13): at 375x appeared moderately to fairly bright, elongated 5:3 NW-SE,
~45"x27". Very unusual
patchy, irregular appearance! A
brighter elongated N-S patch (or arm) is on the east end. Also the southwest border is slightly
brighter with a sharp, curving edge. This edge is more prominent at the NW end
of the galaxy, where it merges with NGC 274 just northwest.
13.1"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, fairly small, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with NGC 274 1' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 275 = h70 on 9 Oct 1828 and logged "A fine double neb; the
preceding only seen by my father.
pB; S; smbM. The f is vF;
S; R; pos = 60Ą; dist of centres 40". The neb join at borders." Also see the observations using Lord Rosse's 72" under
NGC 274.
******************************
NGC 276 = IC
1591 = ESO 474-034 = MCG -04-03-021 = PGC 3054
00 52 06.5 -22
40 49
V = 14.9; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
17.5"
(10/21/95): extremely faint, very small, 20" diameter. This is a threshold object and can just
glimpse at moments. No details
visible including shape but detection repeated several times. View hampered by mag 7.6 SAO 166640
4.0' NNE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 276 = LM II-294 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and he noted a "*11, position 0Ą [North] Delta 3.2'." His position is 1.2 min of RA west of
ESO 474-034 = PGC 3054. This
galaxy was independently found by DeLisle Stewart on a Harvard plate, correctly
placed, and catalogued as HN 123 (later IC 1591). But Muller's note about the star (much brighter than 11th
magnitude!) clearly establishes that NGC 276 = IC 1591, with the discovery
priority going to Muller. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position for NGC
276 in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated
in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 277 = MCG
-02-03-028 = PGC 2995
00 51 17.2 -08
35 49
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50d
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, very small, round.
A mag 11 star is just off the NW edge 50" from core.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 277 on 8 Oct 1864 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position and
description of the nearby mag 11 star (52" distant) is a perfect match
with PGC 2995.
******************************
NGC 278 = UGC
528 = MCG +08-02-016 = CGCG 550-016 = PGC 3051
00 52 04.3 +47
33 02
V = 10.8; Size 2.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.2
48"
(10/27/16): at 610x and 813x; NGC 278 is extremely bright, large, the halo has
a squarish appearance, ~1.4' diameter, high surface brightness. Very well concentrated with an intense
round core that increases to the center.
Sections of the two main thick spiral arms are visible, particularly
along the north and south portion of the halo. Slightly darker lanes outline the inside of the arms. The
inner arm sections are only noticed as subtle brighter patches. A well defined, small knot is on the
east side of the halo [25" from center] and a second small knot is on the
northeast side [23" from center].
These two star-forming complexes are catalogued as X-ray sources in
NED. I also noted a third object
at the NE edge, but at this position on the HST image is a very faint star.
17.5"
(10/13/90): bright, moderately large, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 3' S of mag 8.8 SAO 36725.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 278 = H I-159 = h71 on 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 644) and logged
"vB, R, vgmbM, about 1.5' dia., about 1' south of a pretty considerable
star." On 30 Nov 1787 (sweep
786) he noted "cB, R, vgbM, about 1 1/2' dia." R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 16 Oct 1855, recorded "pB, R, N, light
certainly patchy, but I can distinguish no stars in it. It is a right handed spiral?? I suspect a F* cl following the
nebula."
******************************
NGC 279 = UGC
532 = MCG +00-03-19A = Mrk 558 = PGC 3055
00 52 08.9 -02
13 07
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 5d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, small bright core,
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 279 = H III-439 = h73 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged
"vF, S, irr figure." JH
recorded it twice at Slough and the NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 280 = UGC
534 = MCG +04-03-013 = CGCG 480-017 = PGC 3076
00 52 29.9 +24
21 01
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 95d
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 E-W, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SE edge
1.0' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 280 = H III-477 = h72 on 5 Dec 1785 (sweep 484) and logged
"vF, S, R, just preceding a vF star." This galaxy was observed with on 3 nights at Birr Castle and
R.J. Mitchell recorded on 26 Oct 1854, "F object with two nuclei, possibly
a spiral." There is no double
nuclei, but the spiral suggestion is correct.
******************************
NGC 281 = IC 11
= IC 1590 = Cr 8 = LBN 616 = Sh 2-184 = Ced 3 = "Pac-Man" Nebula
00 52 49 +56 37
40
Size 35'x30'
18"
(2/16/07): remarkable view of this detailed emission nebula/cluster at 115x and
220x. Without a filter at 220x
about three dozen stars are visible in the region of the nebula, including a
number of faint stars. At the
center of the cluster (IC 1590) and nebula (NGC 281) is the multiple star HD
5005 = Burnham 1, a striking triple with a difficult 4th component at
1.1". A 13" pair of mag
11.5 stars lie 0.9' SW of Burnham 1.
The nebulosity
responds dramatically to a UHC or OIII filter. The two brightest regions have a butterfly appearance with
the two lobes or wings partially divided by a curving dust lane oriented
roughly N-S. A fainter detached portion is on the southeast side. The overall dimensions extend to
15'-18'. The two lobes are fairly
similar in size and surface brightness, though the following section is larger
including the southern piece. The
western section has the brightest and most sharply defined edge running along
its southern border and oriented E-W.
A long straight dust lane extends along the southern boundary of both
lobes and defines the sharp edge on the western lobe. The curving central dust lane intrudes into the nebula on
the south side and nearly divides the two sections, though weak nebulosity connects
the two wings.
17.5"
(9/28/02): the bright central quadruple (ADS 719 = Burnham 1) includes a mag
8.6/9.1/9.8 trio at 4" and 9".
At 140x, a fainter companion (mag 10) at 1.54" separation is just
visible close following the brightest member and is cleanly resolved at 324x.
17.5"
(10/17/98): spectacular view of this detailed HII region at 100x using an OIII
filter. This 15' nebulous complex
has a mushroom appearance and is separated into three main lobes apparently by
dust. The brightest and largest
lobe is following a bright triple star embedded near the center (8.6/9.2/9.8 at
4" and 9"). There
appears to be a much fainter detached piece off the south end of this
lobe. Preceding the triple star is
a section that is noticeably elongated and irregular in surface brightness
fading to the NW. The section to
the north is faintest and separated from the eastern lobe by a curving dark
lane. A dark intrusion, apparently
due to obscuring dust, is visible south of the triple star.
13"
(8/24/84): very large, fascinating nebulosity, very irregular, dark gaps
between sections, five brighter stars mag 8.6-12.5 involved. The brightest star is a very close
double.
80mm (2/16/07):
at 13x and a UHC filter, the PacMan nebula is easily visible surrounding the
central star.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 281 visually on 26 Nov 1881 (Sidereal Messenger, Vol 2, p226 and
AN 369, 108, 1884) with his 5-inch refractor at Nashville and recorded a
"large, faint nebula, very diffuse, not less than 10' diameter." IC 11, found around 1892 by Barnard
using the 6-inch Cooke refractor at Vanderbilt Observatory in Nashville
(probably relayed directly to Dreyer) was placed 30 min of RA west, but Corwin
notes that the description "vF, L, triple * on np corner" points to
NGC 281 and perhaps he made a transcription error. IC 1590, discovered by Bigourdan on 31 Oct 1899 is a large,
scattered cluster on the west side.
NGC 281 is misclassified as an open cluster in the RNGC, as Barnard made
no reference to a cluster.
******************************
NGC 282 = MCG
+05-03-015 = CGCG 501-030 = PGC 3090
00 52 42.2 +30
38 21
V = 13.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 2' N of mag 8.4
SAO 54223.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 282 = St X-3 on 13 Oct 1879 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "F, S, R, lbM". His position matches CGCG 501-030 = PGC
3090.
******************************
NGC 283 = MCG
-02-03-031 = PGC 3124
00 53 13.2 -13
09 50
V = 14.1; Size 1.6'x1.0'; PA = 160d
24"
(10/5/13): first and largest of five galaxies including four similar NGCs and
much fainter MCG -02-03-03. At
375x appeared fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 0.4'x0.3',
weak concentration. A mag 13.5
star lies 1.6' NE. NGC 284 and 285
follow directly east by 2.7' and 4.1' with NGC 286 5.2' NE and much fainter PGC
173072 is 1.9' NNE. The entire
quintet fits in a 5' circle.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' NE. First of four similar galaxies with NGC
284 3' E and NGC 285 5' E almost on a line.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 283 = LM I-14 (along with NGCs 284, 285 and 286) on
2 Oct 1886. He gave the same
positions for NGC 283, 284 and 285 in his discovery list, although the (rough)
position is good. NGC 286 was
placed 2' further N. Since the
positions were only given to the nearest minute of RA, this is reasonable and
his rough position is a reasonable match with MCG -02-03-031 = PGC 3124. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1897 of NGC 282, 284, 285 and 286 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 284 = MCG
-02-03-032 = PGC 3131
00 53 24.2 -13
09 33
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
24"
(10/5/13): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, 20"x15". Collinear with NGC 285 1.4' E and NGC
283 2.7' W, all three similar in brightness. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.6' NW with MCG -02-03-032 2.4' NW.
17.5" (10/28/89):
extremely faint, very small, round.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.6' NW.
Second of four similar galaxies with NGC 283 3' E, NGC 285 1.5' E and
NGC 286 3' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 284 = LM I-15 (along with NGCs 283, 285, and 286) on
2 Oct 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. His (rough) position
is a good match with MCG -02-03-032 = PGC 3131. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 285 = MCG
-02-03-033 = PGC 3141
00 53 29.8 -13
09 39
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(10/5/13): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, 18"x15", very
small brighter nucleus. Third in a
string with similar NGC 284 1.4' W and NGC 283 4.1' W. NGC 286 is ~3' due N.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, round. Third of four in a group and third of three almost on a line
with NGC 283 and NGC 286 3.5' S.
Appears similar to NGC 284 2' W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 285 = LM I-16 (along with NGCs 283, 284 and 286) on
2 Oct 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. His (rough) position
is a good match with MCG -02-03-033 = PGC 3141. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 286 = MCG
-02-03-034 = PGC 3142
00 53 30.3 -13
06 46
V = 14.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 175d
24"
(10/5/13): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 N-S, 40"x30", weak
concentration, small brighter nucleus.
By a slight margin, the brightest in a compact quartet of similar NGC
galaxies with NGC 283/284/285 in an east-west string just 3' S. Also PGC 173072, a much fainter galaxy,
lies 3.7' SW.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. Fourth of four with NGC 285 3.5' S and
NGC 284 4' SSW.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 286 = LM I-17 (along with NGCs 283, 284 and 285) on 2 Oct 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His (rough) position is a good match
with MCG -02-03-034 = PGC 3142.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 287 = CGCG
501-033 = PGC 3145
00 53 28.3 +32
28 56
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.4'; PA = 15d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 287 = h75 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "eF; S; R. The faintest object imaginable; (night
wonderfully clear)." His position matches CGCG 501-033 = PGC 3145. This galaxy is not catalogued in the RC
3, MCG or UGC.
******************************
NGC 288 = ESO
474-SC37
00 52 47.4 -26
35 24
V = 8.1; Size 13.8'; Surf Br = 0.1
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): this very loose globular appears fully resolved at
303x. There were too many stars to
possibly count, but certainly several hundred were resolved including a number
of relatively bright stars (brightest members mag 12.6). The core is loosely overlaid with a
dozen or so brighter stars. A
number of stars in the halo appear to be arranged in strings and arcs including
one string extending towards the west.
18"
(1/1/08): at 220x-280x, ~60 stars were resolved in an 8' diameter. This globular has a very loose,
irregular appearance with a very small brighter core containing a clump of
resolved stars. A string of stars
running SSW-NNE runs through the west side of the halo with a brighter star
(double) at the NNE end of this string.
A roughly parallel string also passes through the east side of the
halo. Located 1.8Ą SE of NGC 253
and form a nice pair in the 80mm finder at 13x.
18"
(8/25/06): this bright globular is quite loose (concentration class 10) and
well-resolved at 220x over the entire face and halo. The outer halo is very irregular with a scraggly appearance
and extends to 8'-10' in diameter.
Roughly 100 stars were resolved in total.
18"
(8/23/03): bright but loose globular, well-resolved at 323x into 75-100 stars
(difficult to count). A number of
the stars are clearly aligned in long chains.
17.5"
(8/29/92): very bright, very large, round, ~8' diameter. Well-resolved over entire disc into
75-100 stars mag 13-15 at White Mountains over background glow although not
densely packed. 60 stars resolved
previously at Fiddletown, only weakly concentrated in core.
13.1"
(11/5/83): 30-40 stars resolved over haze.
8"
(10/13/81): faint stars resolved across entire disc at 200x with averted, many
near visual limit
8"
(10/4/80): very large, grainy, few stars resolved at the NW and south edges,
other clumps on the verge of resolution.
15x50 (8/25/06):
easily visible in IS binoculars as a fairly large, diffuse glow.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 288 = H VI-20 = h74 = h2354 on 27 Oct 1785 (sweep 467) and
recorded "pB, L, oval round, bM, 7 or 8' long, 4 or 5' br." His summary description (including a
2nd observation) reads "cB, iR, 8 or 9' diameter, a great many of the stars
visible, so that there can remain no doubt but that it is a cluster of vS
stars." Caroline Herschel
missed this cluster two years earlier when she discovered NGC 253. JH observed this globular both at
Slough and at the Cape, where he recorded "globular cluster; bright;
large; round; gradually brighter in the middle; all resolved into stars 12..16
mag; 5' diameter."
******************************
NGC 289 = ESO
411-025 = VV 484 = AM 0050-312 = MCG -05-03-010 = PGC 3089
00 52 41.6 -31
12 28
V = 11.0; Size 5.1'x3.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly bright, fairly large, oval NW-SE, broad concentration. A mag 13.5 star is off the NW edge 3.2'
from the center.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, oval ~E-W.
A mag 13 star is off the west edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 289 = h2355 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "vB; L; pmE; oval;
has a star 11th mag north preceding.". His position and description is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 290 = ESO
029-SC019 = Lindsay 42
00 51 15 -73 09
42
V = 11.7; Size 0.8'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; bright, fairly small, irregular, triangular
shaped, 40" diameter. A star
or quasi-stellar knot is at the north tip. SMC-N45, located 4.5' SE, appeared bright, moderately large,
irregular or triangular in shape, 35"-40" diameter. Several very faint stars are
superimposed or at the edges of the glow including a couple of mag 15 stars at
the south edge and a couple of mag 15.5 stars at the east edge. Two mag 13/14 stars lie 0.8' SE.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, very small,
granular, 20" diameter, brighter core. A faint star or knot is at the north edge (may be a compact
HII region). A pair of mag 10/11
stars 8' NE are collinear with the cluster. LHA 115-N45 (cluster with nebulosity) lies 4.5' SE. This SMC HII region and cluster
appeared as a faint, elongated patch with a few faint stars resolved around the
edges.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 290 = h2357 in the SMC on 11 Apr 1834 and simply logged
"eF". His position
(single sweep) is about 35" N of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 291 = MCG
-02-03-035 = PGC 3140
00 53 29.8 -08
46 04
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 45d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, very thin extensions. Located 12' W of 21 Ceti (V = 6.2) at
the edge of 220x field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 291 = m 17 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "vF, vS, lE, alm stellar." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 292 = ESO
029-021 = Small Magellanic Cloud = PGC 3085
00 52 38 -72 48
00
V = 2.3; Size 316.2'x186.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 45d
18": This
number actually refers to the entire Small Magellanic Cloud, a prominent
naked-eye "cloud" with 47 Tuc off to one side. Over a couple of nights, I went through
the most prominent clusters and nebulae with the 18" at Magellan, although
it was first viewed at Bargo.
Amerigo Vespucci
was the first northern hemisphere explorer to see the SMC in 1501, 20 years
earlier than Magellan according to a 1990 article by Dekker.
John Herschel
(h2356) has two entries: "I should consider this to be about the main body
of the Nubecula Minor, which is here fairly resolved into excessively minute
stars, which are however certainly seen with the left eye." On a later sweep he noted:
"Hereabouts seems to be placed the main body of the Nubecula Minor which
is a Faint, Rich, Large Cluster of very small stars (12..18) filling many
fields, and broken up into many knots, groups, and straggling branches. But the
whole is clearly resolved into stars."
******************************
NGC 293 = MCG
-01-03-030 = PGC 3195
00 54 16.0 -07
14 08
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10d
17.5"
(10/13/90): extremely faint, very small, round, very low surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is off
the SE end 1.1' from center. Forms
a pair with NGC 298 11' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 293 = m 18 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "vF, S." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 294 = ESO
029-SC022 = Lindsay 47
00 53 05 -73 22
48
V = 12.2; Size 0.8'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; bright, moderately large, round, 40"
diameter, slightly mottled but no resolution. Bruck 67, located just 2.3' SSW, appeared faint, fairly
small, irregular low surface brightness patch, 35" diameter.
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly small, round,
45"-50" diameter, contains a bright core. The halo has a smooth moderately high surface brightness but
there were no resolved stars. Four
mag 12-13 stars forming a parallelogram are centered 4.5' NW, but there are no
bright stars in the immediately field.
Bruck 67, a slightly smaller irregular glow with a low surface
brightness, lies 2.2' SW. NGC 267
lies 23' WNW.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 294 = D 5 in 1826 with his 9" reflector and reported
"a small faint nebula, about 10 or 12 arcseconds diameter." His position is 5' due north ESO
029-022. JH first observed this
nebula (NGC 294 =h2358) on 11 Apr 1834, noting "eF. In a sweep below the Pole." He added a note later that "This
obs give 47 -- instead of 46 -- for the min of RA. The earlier minute preferred." On a later sweep, he recorded the RA
minute as 46, which was used in the GC and NGC but this is 1.0 min too far west. JH referenced D 5 as the discovery,
though D 6 described as "a faint nebula, about 20" diameter" was
placed only 5' SE, and may be a duplicate observation (D 5 = D 6). The Hodge-Wright Atlas labels this
object as Lindsay 47, though Table 6 lists NGC 294 = L47?
******************************
NGC 295 = CGCG
501-056 = PGC 3555
00 59 32.3 +31
47 53
Size 0.55'x0.5'
24"
(10/1/16): at 375x; faint, small, slightly elongated, 15"-18"
diameter, very weak concentration.
Located 6.5' SW of mag 7.8 HD 5801.
NGC 295 is the
slightly fainter of a pair with CGCG 501-058 4.8' ENE. The companion appeared fairly faint,
small, slightly elongated, 20" diameter, increases to a small bright
nucleus and stellar peak, overall fairly high surface brightness. CGCG 501-058 is situated just 2' SW of
mag 7.8 HD 5801 and it helped to place the bright star off the edge of the
field.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 295, along with CGCG 501-058, on 26 Oct 1872 while observing the
field he assumed was H II 214 (NGC 296).
He found two nebulae and wrote, "(GC) 167 [NGC 296] F, R, *10m
(yellow) Pos 29.6 deg, Dist 123.1".
Nova [NGC 295], S, R, and with a * or another neb 10" n. Pos from
[NGC 296] 242.0 deg, Dist 314.6" or 21.6 seconds p[receding], 147.6"
s[outh]." Dreyer used WH's (inaccurate)
position for NGC 296 to compute a position for the "nova" GC 5123
(future NGC 296) in the GC Supplement and NGC.
There is nothing
at Copeland's offset from NGC 296.
A 10th magnitude star is near NGC 296 but it's not at the reported
position angle and separation, so it's clear Copeland misidentified the field
and Corwin considered NGC 295 as lost.
Confusing the situation further, the computed position for NGC 295
happens to land on NGC 296! As a
result, all modern catalogues label NGC 296 as NGC 295 and UGC 562 is
misidentified as NGC 296.
Recently (2016)
Yann Pothier was able to identify the correct field about 1Ą ENE, surrounding
mag 7.8 HD 5801 = SAO 54330. This
star is 115" distant in PA 32Ą from CGCG 501-058, so Copeland assumed this
galaxy was NGC 296. The second
object is CGCG 501-056, located 288" in PA 248Ą (southwest) from CGCG
501-058. Although Copeland
discovered both galaxies, NGC 295 applies to CGCG 501-056 and CGCG 501-058 is
left without an NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 296 = (R)NGC
295 = UGC 562 = MCG +05-03-024 = CGCG 501-042 = PGC 3260
00 55 07.6 +31
32 32
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 164d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated NNW-SSE, bright
core. Located just 30" W of a
mag 10 star. Brightest in a group
of four with UGC 565 = (R)NGC 296 9' NNE and UGC 567 13' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 296 = H II-214 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and logged "F, E,
preceding a bright star. Appears
almost like a brush issuing from the star, but does not join it by a good
deal." Although his RA was 20
seconds too large and Dec 1' too far north, it is clear from the description
that NGC 296 = UGC 562.
Dreyer used WH's
(poor) position to compute the position of NGC 295, found by Ralph
Copeland. See NGC 295 for the
story on this number.
Coincidentally, the computed position for NGC 295 lands on NGC 296! As a result UGC, CGCG, PGC and RNGC
misidentify NGC 296 as NGC 295. In
addition, RNGC misidentifies UGC 565 as NGC 296.
******************************
NGC 297 = 2MASX
J00545892-0720591 = PGC 3243
00 54 58.9 -07
20 59
Size 0.3'x0.3'
18"
(11/22/03): this extremely faint and tiny galaxy was a marginal object at 257x,
barely glimpsed several times as a fleeting quasi-stellar spot just 1.3' SW of
NGC 298. If this observation is
valid, this is one of the faintest NGC galaxies I've recorded.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 297 = m 19 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "eF". His
position is 2 sec of RA west and 1' S of much brighter m 20 = NGC 298,
discovered at the same time. It's
possible that Marth confused a close, faint double situated 2' S of NGC 298 as
a nebula. But 1.3' SW of NGC 298
at 00 54 58.9 -07 20 59 (2000) is a nearly stellar galaxy, described here,
which is a more likely candidate.
In any case, NGC 297 is not identical to NGC 298 as stated in the
RNGC. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 298 = MCG
-01-03-033 = PGC 3250
00 55 02.2 -07
20 00
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 87d
18"
(11/22/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5', weak
concentration. Located 11' W of a
mag 6 star that I kept outside the field.
NGC 297 is an extremely difficult companion just 1.3' SW.
17.5"
(10/13/90): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 E-W. Forms a pair with NGC 293 11' NW. Located 11' W of mag 5.9 SAO 129032 in
field!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 298 = m 20 (along with NGC 297) on 27 Sep 1864 using Lassell's
48" reflector on Malta. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 299 = ESO
051-SC005 = Kron 32 = Lindsay 49
00 53 24.8 -72
11 47
V = 11.7; Size 0.9'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; bright, fairly small, round, high surface
brightness, 0.8' diameter. Contains an intensely bright quasi-stellar
nucleus. A few stars at resolved
at the edges at 397x. Brightest in
a group of clusters with NGC 306 5' SE, Kron 30 3.7' W, Lindsay 51 8.5' NE, and
Kron 28 14' NW.
Lindsay 51
appeared moderately bright, fairly small, irregular shape, ~30" diameter,
very small bright nucleus. Situated just 0.6' W of a mag 10.6 star (SMC yellow
supergiant) in a rich section of the SMC.
Kron 28 appeared
fairly faint, moderately large, round, ~45" diameter, low surface
brightness glow extending to the west of mag 10.7 HD 5148 = V Tucanae (mag
10-12 eclipsing binary superimposed at east edge).
18"
(7/11/05) - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x appeared fairly bright,
fairly small, round, 50" diameter with a broad weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 306 5' SE.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, this SMC cluster appeared as a
small, round, bright knot, ~45" diameter. Forms the southeast vertex of an
obtuse triangle with two mag 11 stars ~3.5' NNE and 4' W. Forms a trio with NGC 306 4.7' SE and
Kron 30 3.8' W. Kron 30 appeared
as just a hazy patch, ~1.5' diameter with a few mag 13/14 stars superimposed or
resolved.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first of two small knots of
stars (the other being NGC 306) located 26' W of NGC 346. At 171x, it appeared as a small glowing
spot, ~40" in diameter, though standing out fairly well in the field. The cluster is embedded within a
scattered group of brighter stars in the field. Forms a pair with NGC 306 4.7' SE. The second edition of Uranometria 2000.0 and DSFG
incorrectly list both objects twice - as open clusters and bright nebulae.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 299 = h2360 on 12 Aug 1834 and recorded this SMC cluster as
"F; vS; R; glbM; r; 15"."
His fourth and final record reads "pB, vS, R, 12", resolvable.
Situated at the upper limit of the nubecula which here is starry. At the other
it is nebulous."
This cluster is
misclassified as a Bright Nebula in the RNGC, and the wrong type was copied
into the NGC 2000.0 and first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0.
******************************
NGC 300 = ESO
295-020 = MCG -06-03-005 = PGC 3238
00 54 53.4 -37
41 00
V = 8.1; Size 21.9'x15.5'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 111d
25"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): at 187x; bright, extremely large, irregular, elongated
roughly 5:3 WNW-ESE, at least 15'x9'.
Contains a large, brighter core region with a mag 11.5 star at the ENE
edge of the core. A mag 9.6 star
is in the halo (along a faint spiral arm), 2.6' SW of center and a mag 10.6
star is superimposed in the outer halo, 5.3' SE of center. Spiral structure was surprisingly
subtle. A low contrast, broad
inner arm extends west from the north side of the core, curls south on the west
side and spreads out. A more
obvious inner arm emerges from the south side of the core and sweeps east and
north, though the root of the arm is not defined. The arm passes through a relatively bright and large HII
patch/OB association, ~25" diameter, situated 3.9' E of center and loses
contrast further north. This giant
HII complex is catalogued in NED as NGC 300:[DCL88] 137 from a 1988 study by
Deharveng et al, "H II regions in NGC 300". A mag 11.5 star is 2.3' further NE in the outer halo of the
galaxy. I didn't have time to examine the galaxy at higher power to search for
additional H II knots.
13.1"
(9/22/84): fairly large oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, very diffuse appearance, bright
stellar nucleus. There is a hint of structure although the galaxy has a
low surface brightness and was viewed at a low elevation (13Ą at most) from my
latitude of +38.5Ą. This nearby galaxy is located at a distance of 6
million light years in the Sculptor group, and may be physically paired with
NGC 55.
15x50 IS
binoculars: (11/18/06): visible in binoculars as a relatively large, very low
surface brightness hazy region, roughly 15' in size. A star is
superimposed on the SW side.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 300 = D 530 = h2359 on 5 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and
described "a pretty large faint nebula, irregular round figure, 6' or 7'
diameter, easily resolvable into exceedingly minute stars, with four or five
stars of more considerable magnitude; slight compression of stars to the
centre." There are several superimposed Milky Way stars, although the
resolution towards the center was spurious, of course. His position is 8'
E of center and JH (h2359) gave an uncertain identification as D 530 in his
Cape catalogue but removed it in the GC and it is missing in the NGC.
JH observed the
galaxy on 3 occasions. On the first sweep (1 Sep 1834) he described it as
"B; vL; vgpmbM; vmE; irregular figure; 8' to 10' long, 3' or 4' broad; has
subordinate nuclei." His sketch (plate V, figure 10) includes the
nucleus and two or three additional regions of nebulosity. Three nights later,
he noted it as "faint, very large, very gradually brighter towards the
middle; 4' long; 2' broad; has another nebula attached." He noted 10.4' to
the west a "very faint nebula attached to the large one, or a subordinate
nucleus." On 30 Nov 1837 he wrote: "A large oval nebula, containing
three stars." He had tentatively identified it with Dunlop 530, but noted:
"Mr. Dunlop's neb 530 is described by him as easily resolvable into very
minute stars. Its identity with [NGC 300] is therefore very doubtful."
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 300 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope in December 1875
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_3.php)
and appears to show a bright HII complex on the east side. He commented,
"The present aspect of nebula and position of stars agrees very fairly
with Herschel's sketch. There is a slight haze to-night, the day having been
very hot. To see this object properly would require a perfectly clear sky;
still, I feel convinced that my sketch represents very accurately its present
aspect. There is not the least appearance or even suspicion of sparkling in the
denser portions; it seems to be purely nebulous matter throughout. It is so
faint that the eye has to be carefully protected from all extraneous light for
some time before it can be distinctly seen."
******************************
NGC 301 = PGC
3345
00 56 18.3 -10
40 25
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 70d
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, round. Situated between two mag 9/9.5 stars with a separation of
15'.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 301 = LM I-18 in 1886 with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest minute of RA) is fortunately just 0.2 tmin W of PGC 3345 and
his note that a *8 precedes by 30" applies (though the star is NW) . But
the RNGC still managed to identify a plate defect as NGC 301! He also placed NGC 302 (List I-19) just 1' ENE, but there is only a star
there.
******************************
NGC 302
00 56 19.1 -10
40 42
=* 1.8' ENE NGC
301, Corwin.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 302 = LM I-19 in 1886 and placed 1.0' ENE (PA 75Ą) of NGC
301. The only object close to this
position is a faint star. RNGC
misidentifies NGC 302 with PGC 3311, an edge-on galaxy 6' WNW of NGC 301. This error was
followed by PGC and others sources (such as Megastar) based on the PGC. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 303 = PGC
3240
00 54 54.7 -16
39 18
V = 15.3; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 158d
17.5"
(10/21/95): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low surface
brightness with just a weak concentration. Can almost hold steadily with averted vision once identified
on my finder chart.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 303 = LM I-20 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 1' N of PGC 03240.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and he noted
the PA was 160Ą.
******************************
NGC 304 = UGC
573 = MCG +04-03-018 = CGCG 480-023 = PGC 3326
00 56 06.0 +24
07 37
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, very small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, small very bright
core. Forms pair with CGCG 480-021
4' WNW.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 304 = St IX-2 on 23 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory . His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 305
00 56 20.9 +12
03 54
17.5"
(9/26/92): small group of 7 stars in 3' diameter. Includes a mag 9.5 star. A small equilateral triangle of three mag 11-12 stars is
just south. Unimpressive but
fairly distinctive in a very sparse field. RNGC, PGC and RC 3 incorrectly equate NGC 305 with the
galaxy UGC 571.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 305 = h76 on 17 Oct 1825 as "a small cluster of p closely
scattered stars". At
Herschel's position is a small unimpressive asterism (not a cluster). MCG, RNGC
and RC3 misidentify the galaxy UGC 571 as NGC 305. HyperLeda now shows NGC 305 as stellar (or stars) and
NED correctly identifies the number as "six galactic stars". Discussed in Malcolm Thomson's
"Catalogue Corrections" and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 306 = ESO 029-SC023
= Kron 33 = Lindsay 50
00 54 14.7 -72
14 30
V = 12.1; Size 1.1'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): NGC 306 is slightly fainter and smaller than NGC 299 4.7'
NW. At 244x; fairly bright, fairly
small, round, ~35" diameter.
At 397x, two faint stars are resolved at the northeast and southwest
end. Two brighter mag 12 and 13
stars lie 1.8' ESE and 2' ENE. A
fairly close pair of mag 13/14 star (~9" separation) is 1.4' WNW.
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): slightly fainter of a pair with
NGC 299 5' NW. Appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, smooth surface brightness, no
resolution. Two mag 12 stars lie
2' E and SE.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 306 is a slightly smaller and fainter
companion of NGC 299, situated 4.7' NW.
At 128x it appeared small, round, fairly faint, ~35" diameter with
no sign of resolution. Forms the west vertex of a small triangle with two mag
12 stars ~2' SE and a 2' E.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a fainter of a pair of small SMC
clusters with NGC 299 and located 4.7' SE of NGC 299. At 171x it was just a small, hazy compact knot, ~30" in
diameter, with no resolution and fairly even surface brightness to the
edge. A mag 12 star is ~2'
SE. In the same low power field
with the impressive NGC 346 located 22' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 306 = h2361 in the SMC on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "an
extremely small *faint* knot of the Nubec. Min. 15" diameter." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 307 = UGC
584 = MCG +00-03-035 = CGCG 384-039 = LGG 013-005 = PGC 3367
00 56 32.5 -01
46 19
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
18"
(10/16/09): at 285x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W,
0.8'x0.3', sharply concentrated with a very small bright core. This galaxy is in the foreground of
Abell Galaxy Cluster 119, which lies 1/2 degree to the north.
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, oval 3:2 E-W, small bright core. A mag 15.5 star (NGC 308) is 1'
SSE. The center of AGC 119 lies 30' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 307 = h77 on 6 Sep 1831 and logged "pF; S; E;
15"." His position
matches UGC 584 = PGC 3367. This
galaxy is located just south of the central region of AGC 119 but the redshift
is only z = .013, which is 3 times less than the other cluster members so it is
very unlikely to be a member.
******************************
NGC 308
00 56 34.3 -01
47 03
=*, Corwin.
Sir Robert Ball
discovered NGC 308 on 31 Dec 1866 while observing the field of NGC 307. He recorded a faint "Nova" in
PA 147Ą (SE) at a separation of 60" (measured at 52" on 23 Oct
1876). In this position (51"
separation) is a 15th magnitude star that Ball apparently mistook for a very
small nebulous object. The RNGC
misidentifies PGC 3354, an extremely faint galaxy 3' SSW of NGC 307, as NGC
308. I listed this RNGC error in
my RNGC Corrections #3. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 309 = MCG
-02-03-050 = Holm 27a = PGC 3377
00 56 42.8 -09
54 50
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 175d
24"
(12/21/16): at 282x; fairly faint, moderately large, roundish, fairly low but
uneven surface brightness, contains a brighter core that increases somewhat to
the center. Hints of spiral arms
in halo (slightly brighter arcs).
A mag 12.5 star is 2' NNE.
A mag 15 star is off the west side, 1.5' from center. IC 1602, the brightest member of AGC
117, lies 13' WSW. It appeared
fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, slightly brighter nucleus.
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly large, slightly elongated ~E-W, weak
concentration. A mag 12.5 star is
off the NNE edge 2.1' from center.
A mag 15 star is off the west edge.
8"
(10/13/81): very faint, slightly elongated, even surface brightness.
At a redshift
distance of ~260 million light years, NGC 309 is one of the largest and most
luminous spiral galaxies known.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 309 = T I-4 in 1876 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. His position is 10
sec of RA west and 2' S of MCG -02-03-050 = PGC 3377. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 26 Oct 1897 as
well as Howe in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 310
00 56 48.1 -01
45 58
=*, Corwin and
Gottlieb.
Sir Robert Ball
discovered NGC 310 on 31 Dec 1866 while observing the field of NGC 307. His placed this object, with respect to
NGC 307, at 225" separation in PA 81Ą. The offset was measured again on 23 Oct 1876 as 239" in
PA 84.8Ą. At this position (233"
in PA 85Ą) is a single mag 15.3 star that Harold Corwin identifies as NGC 310.
The RNGC and PGC
misidentify LEDA 3325895 = PGC 3396 as NGC 310. This extremely faint galaxy is situated 303" in PA 91Ą
of NGC 307. As the single star was
measured twice and is a much closer fit, this identification is very
unlikely. See Corwin's
identification notes under NGC 308.
******************************
NGC 311 = UGC
592 = MCG +05-03-028 = CGCG 501-049 = PGC 3434
00 57 32.7 +30
16 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 120d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. First of three on line
and equally spaced with NGC 315 6' NE and NGC 316 12' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 311 = h78 on 15 Sep 1828 while observing H II-210 = NGC 313, and
recorded "F, vS; R; bM; 6".
The next sweep he logged "pB; R; gbM; 10"."
******************************
NGC 312 = ESO
151-006 = PGC 3343
00 56 15.6 -52
46 58
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 62d
30" (10/13/15
- OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly small, high surface brightness,
40"x30", sharply concentration with an intense core. The halo is extended 4:3 or 5:4
WSW-ESE. A mag 11.3 star lies 2.4'
W. NGC 312 is the furthest north in a group of 8 galaxies in a 25' string to
the south. The galaxies share a
common redshift of z = .026, implying a distance of ~350 million l.y. The closest companion is ESO 161-005 3'
SSW, which appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated at least 2:1
N-S, sharply concentrated with a small bright core and faint extensions
~40"x20". NGC 328 lies
10.6' SE and NGC 323 is 12' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 312 = h2363 on 5 Sep 1836 and noted "vF, S, R". On a later sweep he logged "F, S,
R, 15", follows a star 12th mag on same parallel". The mag 12 star mentioned in the
description is 2.5' W. His mean
position from 2 observations is accurate.
******************************
NGC 313 = Holm
28c
00 57 45.7 +30
21 56
=** 1' NW of
core of NGC 314, Carlson and de Vaucouleurs. =***, Corwin
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 313, along with NGC 316, on 29 Nov 1850 using Lord Rosse's
72". Stoney's offset of 1' NW
of NGC 315 points directly to a double star (clearly resolved on the DSS) at 00
57 45.7 +30 21 56 (2000) - position on the southern star. The sketch in the 1861 publication
shows two stars encased in a small nebula (labeled as Gamma), but in the 1880
publication there are only two stars.
Dorothy Carlson
(in her 1940 NGC Correction paper) and Harold Corwin identify this double star
(the northern component itself is a very close double, so technically a triple)
as NGC 313.
******************************
NGC 314 = ESO
411-032 = MCG -05-03-015 = PGC 3395
00 56 52.3 -31
57 48
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 168d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 2.1' ESE of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 314 = h2362 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, eS, R, sbM to a
stellar nucleus." On a later sweep he logged "eeF, vS; almost
doubtful whether really the object looked for. Has a pB star following 2' distant. (N.B. The coincidence of
the places destroys this doubt)."
His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 315 = UGC
597 = MCG +05-03-031 = CGCG 501-052 = Holm 28a = PGC 3455
00 57 48.8 +30
21 09
V = 11.2; Size 3.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 ~SW-NE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 3.5' NW of mag
8.5 SAO 54298. Brightest of three
and at midpoint connecting NGC 311 6' SW and NGC 318 6' NE. A close faint double star is 1' NW of
center = NGC 313.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 315 = H II-210 = h79 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and noted
"F, pL, unequally bright, resolvable, near a pB star." JH observed this nebula on 3 sweeps and
NGC 311 was also found. When the
field was observed using Lord Rosse's 72", NGC 318 was also discovered,
though a nearby single star (NGC 316) and a double star (NGC 313) were mistaken
as nebulous.
******************************
NGC 316 = Holm
28b
00 57 52.4 +30
21 16
=* 47"
following NGC 315, Gottlieb. =**,
de Vaucouleurs.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 316, along with GC 5059 = NGC 313, on 29 Nov 1850 at Birr
Castle. He "suspected .. a
faint nebula (labeled Delta) 44" ENE of the center of NGC 315, but at this
offset is a single star (noted as
such in the 1855 observation published in 1861). JH repeated it was a star in the GC notes but Dreyer still
added it to the GC Supplement.
******************************
NGC 317 = UGC
594 = MCG +07-03-010 = CGCG 536-013 = V Zw 42 = KTG 2B = PGC 3442
00 57 40.4 +43
47 32
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 105d
24"
(10/5/13): this is the larger component of a close double system with NGC 317A
= UGC 593 just 35" NNW (between centers). At 375x appeared fairly faint, very elongated WNW-ESE,
~45"x15", weak concentration, slightly brighter core. Two mag 11.5/13.8 stars lie 1' W. NGC 317A appeared fairly faint to
moderately bright, small, fairly high surface brightness (core region) ~15". With averted vision, the core is
surrounded by a thin, very low surface brightness halo increasing the diameter
to 25". CGCG 536-014 lies 5.5' S, forming the isolated triplet KTG 2.
17.5"
(8/29/92): the SSE component of this double galaxy appeared very faint, very
small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 11 star is 1' W and a faint mag 14 star is 1' SW,
forming a wide 30" double.
The NNW component is the slightly brighter of the pair and appears
faint, very small, very small bright core, stellar nucleus. On the POSS the SSE
galaxy is the brighter component.
MCG +07-03-011 lies 6' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 317 = Sw II-11 on 1 Oct 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 28 sec of RA east and 1' N of PGC 3442. He mentions a "Double star close following", but
he confused the directions as the pair of stars is close preceding. This galaxy is identified as NGC 317A
in the MCG as the close pair are given separate designations.
******************************
NGC 318 = CGCG
501-054 = PGC 3465
00 58 05.2 +30
25 32
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 15d
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 is off the NW edge 0.9' from
the center. Located 5.6' NE of NGC
315 and the third of three in a group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 318 = St XII-7 using Lord Rosse's 72" on the 3 Nov 1855
observation (only) of NGC 315 and noted as "F, S, R." It is placed accurately on the sketch
in line with NGC 311 and 315. douard
Stephan independently found this galaxy on 6 Nov 1882 and listed it as new in
his 12th discovery list, missing the earlier GC entry. Stephan's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 319 = ESO
243-013 = MCG -07-03-001 = PGC 3398
00 56 57.5 -43
50 20
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.5', contains a very small brighter nucleus. A mag 15.4 star is 33" SW of
center and a mag 13 star is 2.3' SSE.
Forms a pair NGC 322 7.1' NNE.
24" (10/5/13):
at 225x appeared faint to fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S,
20"x15". NGC 322 lies 7'
NNE. Despite an elevation of only
10Ą, both galaxies were easily seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 319 = h4007, along with NGC 322, on 5 Sep 1834 and remarked
"eF; vS; R; lbM." His
CGH position has a typo of 23h instead of 00h in RA, but he corrected this
mistake in his errata list at the end.
******************************
NGC 320 = ESO
541-003 = MCG -04-03-037 = PGC 3510
00 58 46.5 -20
50 24
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 159d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, very small, round, very small bright core, very faint stellar
nucleus, diffuse slightly elongated halo.
A mag 12 star is 1.5' NNW.
Located 15' SE of mag 7.8 SAO 166710.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 320 = LM II-295 in 1886 with a 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory. There is
nothing at his position but 1.4 tmin of RA east is ESO 541-003 and his
published position angle (160Ą) matches this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 321 = MCG
-01-03-043 = PGC 3443
00 57 39.1 -05
05 11
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
24" (12/1/13):
faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Easily visible 1.5' SE of a mag 12.5 star and 5.7' WSW of
NGC 329 in a group.
17.5"
(12/11/99): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. The faintest of 5 galaxies in the field
(NGC 325 = MCG -01-03-045 not seen in very soft seeing) including NGC 327 4.8'
SE, MCG -01-03-041 5.1' NNW and NGC 329 5.7' WNW. Located 1.4' SE of a mag 12 star.
13.1"
(7/12/86): very faint, small, round.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 321 = m 21 (along with NGCs 325, 327 and 329) on 27 Sep 1864
using Lassell's 48" on Malta.
His description simply reads "eF, vS", but his position
matches MCG -01-03-043.
Nevertheless, the RNGC, MCG, RC3 and others misidentify MCG -01-03-041
(located 5' further N) as NGC 321.
Furthermore, MCG -01-03-043 is misidentified as NGC 325 in RNGC, MCG,
PGC and other sources. MCG
-01-03-041 was visible in my 13" so it is odd that Marth did not notice
this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 322 = ESO
243-015 = AM 0054-435 = MCG -07-03-003 = PGC 3412
00 57 10.0 -43
43 39
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 153d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright and large, very elongated 7:2
NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.25', contains a very small bright nucleus. PGC 95427, an extremely faint companion
at the west edge [13" from center], was barely distinguishable from a very
dim star. NGC 319 lies 7.1' SSW.
24"
(10/5/13): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 5:3 NNW-SSE,
25"x15". A mag 13 star
lies 1.4' SW. Brighter of a pair
with NGC 319 7' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 322 = h4007, along with NGC 319, on 5 Sep 1834, and recorded
"vF; vS; R; lbM; follows 3 stars 12, 13 and 14m." His position is 6 sec of RA east and 1'
south of ESO 243-015 = PGC 3412 (after corrected for a 1 hour typo in the Cape
catalogue).
******************************
NGC 323 = ESO
151-009 = PGC 3374
00 56 41.6 -52
58 34
V = 12.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 178d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, fairly small, round, high surface
brightness, 40" diameter, very small bright core. In a group of galaxies (8 recorded in a
25' string N-S) with NGC 328 4' NE and ESO 151-010 4.7' N. Forms a very close pair with PGC 95384
1.0' S. The close companion (not
catalogued in Megastar) is faint, very small, slightly elongated,
15"x10", low surface brightness.
ESO 151-012,
situated 7.3' SSE, appeared fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
WNW-ESE, ~50"x25", sharply concentrated with a bright core and
stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is
1.5' SE and a mag 15.5 star is 1' N.
ESO 151-012 is located 10' NE of mag 6.6 HD 5474 and I'm surprised that
John Herschel missed it. Just 2' E
of the bright star is ESO 151-004.
This galaxy appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, very elongated
7:2 NNW-SSE, contains a slightly brighter elongated core. A mag 14.5-15 star is at the south tip,
45" from center. The nearby
mag 6.6 star detracts from the view.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 323 = h2365 on 3 Oct 1834 and recorded "vF, S, R. The RA
may err several seconds. The PD also is not very good." On a much later
sweep he recorded "Viewed; found exactly in the place of No 29, Sweep 498
[previous description] pB, S, R, bM, 15 arcseconds, there is also another [NGC
328], pos = 36.8 degrees [NE], delta in PD = 4'." JH's RA is 0.1 tmin too large.
******************************
NGC 324 = ESO
295-025 = AM 0054-411 = MCG -07-03-002 = PGC 3416
00 57 14.7 -40
57 34
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 95d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; moderately bright and large, elongated at least
3:1 E-W, ~1.0'x0.3'. Strongly concentrated with a bright core and much fainter
extensions that were initially missed.
Resides in a sparsely populated field with a mag 12 star 5' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 324 = h2364 on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "F, S, Stellar, the
bad definition of a south-easter prevents certainty, but I think it is not a
star." There is nothing at
his position, but exactly 30' S is ESO 295-G25 = PGC 3416, a galaxy that fits
Herschel's description, assuming he noticed only the central region. ESO, MCG and RC3 correctly identify
this galaxy as NGC 324 but RNGC misidentifies IC 1609 as NGC 324, and as a
further complication gives incorrect coordinates for IC 1609. Nothing exists at the RNGC position on
the POSS, but the photographic description clearly applies to IC 1609.
******************************
NGC 325 = MCG
-01-03-045 = FGC 111 = PGC 3454
00 57 47.8 -05
06 45
V = 14.6; Size 1.5'x0.2'; PA = 90d
24" (12/22/14):
at 260x; very faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, ~20"x10". Occasionally a mag 16.5 star appeared
to be involved [DSS shows a very faint star just north of the core]. Situated 2.1' NW of NGC 327.
17.5"
(11/6/93): only highly suspected several times as an extremely faint and small
glow situated 2.1' NW of NGC 327.
This galaxy is a very low surface brightness edge-on in a group with NGC
329 4' NE and NGC 321 2.7' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 325 = m 22 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "vF, vS." His
position matches MCG -01-03-045 = PGC 3454, an extremely faint edge-on in a
quartet.
RNGC and MCG
misidentify NGC 321 = MCG -01-03-043 as NGC 325. RC3 doesn't label MCG -01-03-045 as NGC 325. The "Deep Sky Field Guide"
(version 1) mentions a "faint, anonymous galaxy 2' NW" of NGC 327 and
this is probably NGC 321. I find
it odd that Marth described NGC 325 as "vF", while NGC 321, which is
noticeably brighter, is described as "eF".
******************************
NGC 326 = UGC 601
= MCG +04-03-025 = CGCG 480-026 = IV Zw 35 = PGC 3482
00 58 22.7 +26
51 56
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.2' W. Situated at the center of an isosceles triangle consisting
mag 7.2 SAO 74405 5' SSE, mag 8.5 SAO 74400 5' NW (nice close double star) and
mag 9 74409 3.6' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 326 on 24 Aug 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) matches UGC 601 = PGC 3482 and he accurately measured the mag 9-10
star that follows by 15.5 seconds of time and 26" south. MCG misidentifies +04-03-024 (a
much fainter galaxy to the NW) as NGC 326, instead of +04-03-025. NGC 326 has a double nucleus and
appears to be a close pair of merged compacts in a common halo.
******************************
NGC 327 = MCG
-01-03-047 = Holm 30a = PGC 3462
00 57 55.2 -05
07 50
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
24"
(12/1/13): at 375x appeared moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1
N-S, ~48"x15", fairly high even surface brightness with only a weak
concentration. Brightest in a
small group with NGC 329 3.9' NNE and NGC 321 4.8' NW.
13.1"
(7/12/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Second of three with similar NGC 329
3.8' NNE and MCG -01-03-041 9' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 327 = m 23 (along with NGC 321, NGC 325 and NGC 329) on 27 Sep
1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and recorded "F, E." His position and description is
appropriate.
******************************
NGC 328 = ESO
151-013 = PGC 3399
00 56 57.4 -52
55 26
V = 13.3; Size 2.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately to fairly bright, moderately large,
very elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.35', contains a slightly bulging core that
is only weakly concentrated. In a
group of 8 galaxies in a 24' string N-S including NGC 323 4' SW and ESO 151-010 2.6' NW. The ESO galaxy (B = 15.7) appeared fairly faint, very small,
slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 15"x10".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 328 = h2366 on 5 Sep 1836 and logged "vF, lE,
vgbM.". His position is 0.1
min of RA east and 1' north of ESO 151-013 = PGC 3399. Both NGC 323 and 328 were observed on
the same sweep (730), although NGC 323 was first picked up on an earlier sweep.
******************************
NGC 329 = MCG
-01-03-048 = Holm 30b = PGC 3467
00 58 01.4 -05
04 17
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
24" (12/1/13):
fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 45"x15". NGC 327, the brightest member in the
group, lies 3.9' SSW.
13.1"
(7/12/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Third of three with NGC 327 3.8' SSW
and MCG -01-03-041 8' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 329 = m 24 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, E." This
galaxy is the last in a quartet along with NGC 321, NGC 325 and NGC 327. His description and position applies to
MCG -01-03-048 = PGC 3467.
******************************
NGC 330 = ESO
029-SC024 = Lindsay 54
00 56 19 -72 27
48
V = 9.6; Size 1.9'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; extremely bright, fairly large, elongated NW-SE,
~1.5' diameter, high surface brightness cluster. Easily over 20 stars resolved and three dozen if I include
outlyers around the periphery. In
a rich, glowing section of the SMC just 20' SW of NGC 346, the top HII region
in the SMC.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is one of the brightest SMC clusters
and a fascinating object at 228x.
It appears as a bright, extremely rich knot of stars, just 1'- 1.5' diameter,
which was only partially resolved.
Streaming out from the dense core are numerous mag 12 and fainter stars,
some arranged in a curving chain off the following side of the core. The bright outliers seem scattered
about to at least 5' (Hodge Association 40). NGC 330 is situated 20' SW of the remarkable HII region NGC
346 within a rich star field!
10x30 IS
binoculars (11/4/12 - Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand): visible as a very
small, but non-stellar knot.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 330 = D 23 = h2367 on 1 Aug 1826 with a 7" reflector and
recorded "A small, but very bright nebula, exceedingly condensed. This is
the brightest nebula in the small cloud. I think I perceive two bright nuclei
in this body." Dunlop observed the cluster 8 times during his survey and
his position was just 2' N of the cluster.
JH observed the
cluster on 5 separate sweeps, first recording on 11 Apr 1834, "pretty
bright, small, oval, resolved, 60"." His second sweep reads
"globular cluster, S, B, little elliptic, gbM; 2' across. Fairly resolved
into rather large and not very crowded stars." His third observation reads "globular cluster, vB, S,
lE, resolvable or resolved; 90" long, 60" broad; a close compressed
knot of stars with outliers."
******************************
NGC 331 = MCG
-01-03-012 = PGC 2759
00 47 06.9 -02
43 51
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; PA = 127d
17.5"
(11/28/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Requires averted to glimpse and can
only view for moments knowing exact location. A nice mag 13/14 double lies 6' N [at 20"
separation]. Located 14' W of NGC
259. The identification NGC 331 =
MCG -01-03-012 is very tentative.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 331 = LM II-296 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position, though he mentions the RA (which is
often bad) is doubtful. Harold
Corwin suggests the possible identification NGC 331 = MCG -01-03-012 = PGC 2759
(listed here), though that assumes Leavenworth made a 10 min error in RA. Leavenworth's description mention a *12
located 3' NE and there is a faint star (closer to mag 15) in this relative
position. RNGC and PGC misidentify MCG -01-03-039 as NGC 331. This galaxy is closer to Leavenworth's
position but has a mag 7 star 5' NW, so does not fit his description. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 332 = UGC
609 = CGCG 410-021 = PGC 3511
00 58 49.1 +07
06 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, small, bright core, slightly elongated NW-SE. A line of three mag 12-13 stars is
close SW. Located 18' NNE of a mag
6.9 star SAO 109563.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 332 = Sw V-10 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
and description ("5 or 6 stars near south in a curve") matches UGC
609 = PGC 3511.
******************************
NGC 333 = MCG
-03-03-013 = PGC 3519
00 58 51.3 -16
28 09
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 119d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, very slight central
brightening. Almost on a line with
two mag 13 stars 3' SE and 5' SE.
This is a double system (not resolved).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 333 = T I-5 in 1877 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. Tempel's position is
10 sec of RA west and 4' south of PGC 3519. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes). This is a double galaxy
(often listed as NGC 333A and 333B) with a very small companion just southwest
of the nucleus. Based on RA
order, the main galaxy is identified as NGC 333B in NED, RNGC and MCG, and the
companion (PGC 3073571) as NGC 333A.
******************************
NGC 334 = ESO
351-026 = MCG -06-03-012 = PGC 3514
00 58 49.8 -35
06 58
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 169d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no
concentration. Best viewed at
280x. Forms the north vertex of an
equilateral triangle with two mag 11-12 stars 2.5' SW and 2.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 334 = h2368 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, S, R, glbM;
makes a triangle with two stars south of nebulosity." On later sweep he
logged "eF, S, R, at the northern angle of an equilateral triangle formed
with two stars 11th mag." His
position and description (of the nearby mag 11 stars) clearly establishes NGC
334 = ESO 351-026.
******************************
NGC 335 = ESO
541-006 = MCG -03-03-015 = PGC 3544
00 59 19.5 -18
14 01
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 137d
17.5"
(10/21/95): extremely faint, small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.3', low even
surface brightness. NGC 336 lies
20' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 335 = LM I-21 on 9 Oct 1885 with the 26" Clark
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His very rough position is just 0.1 tmin of RA east and 2' S
of ESO 541-006. He gave the same
RA as NGC 336 although both are shown on his discovery sketch (examined by Corwin). Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 336 = ESO
541-002 = PGC 3470
00 58 02.8 -18
23 05
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 42d
17.5"
(10/21/95): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. A mag 13 star is 2.2' NW of
center. NGC 335 lies 20' NE. Incorrect identification in RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 336 = LM I-22 on 31 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Corwin examined the discovery sketch and verified NGC 336 =
ESO 541-002 = PGC 3470. The RNGC,
PGC and ESO misidentify ESO 541-004 = PGC 3526 (located 30' SSW of NGC 335) as
NGC 336. See Corwin's notes and my
RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 337 = MCG
-01-03-053 = IV Zw 35 = PGC 3572
00 59 50.3 -07
34 43
V = 11.6; Size 2.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
48"
(11/1/13): at 488x appeared bright, fairly large, very irregular with a number
of obvious clumps. Although the
galaxy is generally elongated 3:2 or 5:3 NW-SE it contains a bright, elongated
N-S central region that seems to be a bar. On the south end of the "bar" is a brighter
elongated patch extending towards the WSW. Another brighter knot is at the north end of the bar,
extending to the east. On the
southeast flank of the galaxy is an elongated, fainter patch. The northwest side of the halo extends
further out, giving an asymmetric outline, and one or two small knots are
involved. A mag 11 star lies 5' E.
17.5"
(12/26/00): fairly bright and large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~1.8'x1.2', broad
concentration. The appearance is
asymmetric -- with a noticeably mottled or irregular surface brightness. Brighter knots within the halo are also
clearly visible at moments. The
visual impression matches well with the DSS image, which shows a chaotic
structure with a number of large HII knots. NGC 337A, a large faint dwarf spiral, lies 27' E.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated NW-SE, fairly even
surface brightness, diffuse outer halo.
A mag 11.5 star is 5.4' E of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 337 = H II-433 = h80 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and noted
"pB, pL, bM, irregular parallelogram in the direction of the meridian." His position is pretty accurate.
R.J. Mitchell
observed this irregular galaxy using LdR's 72" on 3 Oct 1856 and recorded
"pL, not vF. Its brightest
part is a line running diagonally, and there is a knot at either end. Perhaps it shaped like an "S". The galaxy has a distorted appearance
on CCD photo.
******************************
NGC 338 = UGC
624 = MCG +05-03-034 = CGCG 501-061 = LGG 014-015 = PGC 3611
01 00 36.4 +30
40 09
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 109d
17.5"
(10/5/02): nice, fairly small edge-on oriented WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.25', very small
bright core. A pair of evenly
matched mag 14 stars are close off the south side.
17.5"
(11/25/87): moderately bright, very elongated WNW-ESE, moderately large, bright
core. An easy mag 14 double star
at 22" separation is off the SSE edge just 0.8' from center.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 338 = T I-6 in 1877 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and recorded "small but class III; has 2 stars mag 14-15 near the south end." His position is 11 tsec W and 1' S of
UGC 624 and the description of the nearby stars fits. douard Stephan (XII-8) independently found the galaxy on 6
Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory and the position
was accurately measured.
******************************
NGC 339 = ESO
029-SC025 = Lindsay 59
00 57 42 -74 28
24
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly large, roundish, 3'
diameter, weak concentration to a small brighter core. The outer halo appears ragged and
mottled but the only definite resolution is a star on the east side of the
halo. Located 15' SE of mag 6.7 HD
5499. There are no brighter stars
within 5'. NGC 339 is a massive
intermediate age cluster (6.5 billion years old). Kron 37 lies 8.6' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 339 = h2369 on 18 Sep 1835 in the SMC and recorded "vF, L,
R, vgbM, 3' or 3.5' diameter".
His position is 1.3' NNW of center.
******************************
NGC 340 = MCG
-01-03-055 = PGC 3610
01 00 34.9 -06
52 00
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, bright core. First of six in the NGC 349 group with
NGC 342 7' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 340 = m 25 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, S, E". This
is the first in a group of 6 galaxies he discovered that night (NGC 340, 342,
345, 347, 349, 350). His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 341 = Arp 59
= VV 361 = MCG -02-03-063 = PGC 3620
01 00 45.8 -09
11 09
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Located along the
west side of a triangle formed by a mag 11.5 star 2.5' N, a mag 12.5 star 3'
ESE and a mag 13.5 star 3' SSE.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 341 = St XII-9 on 21 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is an exact match with MCG -02-03-063 = PGC 3620, though the RC3 does
not label this galaxy as NGC 341.
Forms a double system (Arp 59) w/NGC 341B = PGC 3627 on the east edge.
In the Arp category of spiral galaxies with small, high surface-brightness
companions on arms.
******************************
NGC 342 = MCG
-01-03-058 = PGC 3631
01 00 49.8 -06
46 22
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 105d
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 340 7' SW and second of six in the NGC 349 group. Located 11' WNW of mag 7.2 SAO 129088.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 342 = m 26 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS". Second
in a group of 6 galaxies he discovered that night (NGC 340, 342, 345, 347, 349,
350).
******************************
NGC 343 = AM
0055-232 = PGC 133741
00 58 24.1 -23
13 30
Size
0.7'x0.3'; PA = 9d
18"
(12/3/05): extremely faint, very small, ~12" diameter. Appears as a very low surface
brightness spot with averted vision located 2' W of a 1.2' pair of mag 14
stars. Forms a very close pair
with NGC 344. Uncertain historical
identification due to a poor position at Leander McCormick observatory.
18"
(11/6/04): extremely faint, small, round, very low surface brightness. Situated 2' W of a N-S pair of mag 14
stars. A mag 15 star is 1' N. NGC 344 close SE was not seen. The identification of this pair is
uncertain.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 343 = LM II-297 (along with NGC 344 = LM II-298) in 1886 with
the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. This nebula was placed 1' N of NGC 344
but there is nothing at Muller's position. Corwin suggests NGC 343/NGC 344 are the faint pair of
galaxies AM 0055-232 = PGC 133741/PGC 198261, located 2.5 min of RA following
Muller's position, but matching in declination. As the Leander McCormick positions are often well off in RA
(but generally good in dec), this candidate is reasonable, though
uncertain. ESO and RNGC apply NGC
343 to a single star 1' N of ESO 475-006 and ESO 475-006 is misidentified as
NGC 344 in ESO and RNGC.
******************************
NGC 344 =
2MASXJ00582543-2313456 = PGC 198261
00 58 25.4 -23
13 46
Size 0.3'x0.2'
18"
(12/3/05): extremely faint and small, 5" diameter. Forms a very close pair with NGC 343
close preceding, just 24" between centers. At times this object appeared stellar and easier to view
than NGC 343, though there doesn't appear to be a faint star close by that I
might have confused it with.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 344 = LM II-298 (along with NGC 343 = II-297) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory.. Muller described both objects as
possible stars and his position is 0.3 min of RA east and 1.5' north of ESO 475-006. Corwin suggests that NGC 343 and NGC
344 may instead refer to a faint pair of galaxies (Arp-Madore 0055-232 = PGC
13374/198261) about 2.5 min of RA due east of Muller's position. If Muller observed this pair, then NGC
344 (fainter SE component) at B = 17.2 is the faintest discovery at Leander
McCormick Observatory with the Clark refractor.
******************************
NGC 345 = MCG
-01-03-064 = PGC 3665
01 01 22.0 -06
53 04
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, even surface
brightness. Located 6' SSW of mag
7.2 SAO 129088. Third of six in
the NGC 349 group with NGC 347 5' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 345 = m 27 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS, gbM".
Third in a group of 6 galaxies he discovered that night (NGC 340, 342,
345, 347, 349, 350) and placed accurately.
******************************
NGC 346 = ESO
051-SC010 = SMC-N66 = Lindsay 60 = SMC Ass 45
00 59 05 -72 10
36
V = 10.3; Size 14'x11'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the largest HII region in the SMC
and an amazing sight at 171x and UHC filter. The brightest section is a "bar" extending NW-SE
with a well-defined edge along the northern side. Extending from the central region, are two sweeping
"arms" or extensions, creating an exaggerated "S"
appearance similar to a barred spiral galaxy! A longer but lower surface brightness arm is attached at the
southeast end of the central region and broadly sweeps towards the west, below
the bar. A shorter, but high
surface brightness arm is attached at the northwest end and hooks towards the
east. The extensions increase the
diameter to 8'-10' in total size!
Without the filter, the nebula is set in a rich star field (Hodge
Association 45) and a number of stars are superimposed or involved with the
nebula, some in the center (NGC 346 hosts 33 O-type stars, several in a small
clump from mag 12.5). NGC 371 is
in same low power field 22' NE and NGC 330 lies 21' SW. The small clusters NGC 306 and 299 lies
22' WSW and 26' W, respectively.
NGC 346 is easily visible in 10x30 and 15x50 IS binoculars.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 346 = D 25 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" speculum reflector and
recorded a "pretty large, pretty bright nebula, about 2.25' diameter,
irregular round figure, resolvable, very slight condensation, not well defined
at the edges. He observed it on 7
occasions and his position is unusually accurate.
John Herschel
gives 5 descriptions in his Cape observations: He first observed it on 11 Apr
1834 as "B, L, pmE, pgmbM, 5', resolvable (ill seen, below the
pole)." On a second sweep he called it "Cluster, imperfectly
resolved; rather irregular figure; 5' diameter. Not equally condensed about centre;
fades imperceptibly; has a double star (12th mag) in centre." His third
observation was recorded as "B, L, irregularly round, gmbM, 3' or 4' in
extent, fades away insensibly." His next sweep was recorded as "B, L,
neb with resolvable centre; irregularly extended into a kind of broad train as
in figure, gently graduating away to the borders. 6' diameter." His final
observation was logged as "B, L, irregular figure, with a star 13th mag in
most compressed part." His
published sketch is in the CGH catalogue, plate IV, figure 6.
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 346 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope in 1875, which
shows the "arm" attached on the NW end of bar, hooking to the east
(see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_4.php). He commented, "It is very unlike
H.'s drawing and description; indeed I cannot trace any resemblance between
that and its present appearance; and were it not for its position, and the fact
that L.S. observed and sketched it on 5th February 1870, I should be in great
doubt as to its being the proper object. The position, however, accords with
that given by H., and L.S.'s sketch is, in its general features, very like
mine, so that there is no room for doubting its identity. The central portion
is by far the brightest, being a cluster of stars so very distinct that they
could almost be counted; and the nebula here also appears the most dense. From
this point it proceeds s.f. for almost 1' 30", terminating in a few very
faint stars. Towards the n.p. direction it forms a complete bend or hook, and
is here very faint. A little n.f. the main or central portion is a very small
and faint round patch, which at times looks like a cluster of very faint stars,
but I cannot with certainty determine whether or not it be stars or only
nebula, although the night is an exquisite one, being clear and steady."
******************************
NGC 347 = PGC
3673
01 01 35.2 -06
44 02
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very weak
concentration. Located 4' N of mag
7.5 SAO 129988. A mag 13.5 star is
2.1' NE. Member of the NGC 349
group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 347 = m 28 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS". This is
the 4th in a group of 6 galaxies discovered that night (NGC 340, 342, 345, 347,
349, 350). At Marth's position is
PGC 3673, situated 4' N of mag 7.2 HD 6031 and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926
survey of Herschel's catalogues based on Heidelberg plates, identifies this
galaxy as NGC 347.
But RNGC
misidentifies PGC 1028378 as NGC 347 and it is misplotted on the first edition
of the Uranometria 2000 Atlas..
PGC 1028378 is located at 01 01 29.1 -06 48 41 (J2000), just 1.5' SW of the
mag 7.2 star, and is a more difficult object visually (see notes). PGC correctly identifies NGC 347 but
also claims it is equal to IC 71.
See Corwin's notes and my RNGC Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 348 = ESO
151-017 = PGC 3632
01 00 52.0 -53
14 41
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 91d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; NGC 348 and ESO 151-018 form a
contrasting 7' pair with two bright stars nearby. NGC 348 appeared moderately bright at best, fairly small,
slightly elongated E-W, at most 30" diameter, irregular surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is at
the north edge. The galaxy forms
the western vertex of a triangle with mag 8.4 HD 6143 9' SE and mag 8.4 HD 6158
10' NE. A mag 10.8 star, 5.2' W of
NGC 348, forms a larger triangle with the two bright stars, and the two
galaxies are just south of this mag 10.8 star and HD 6158.
ESO 151-018,
situated 7' ENE of NGC 348, appeared fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 N-S,
0.6'x0.2', small bright core. The
extensions fade out at the tips.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 348 = h2371 on 3 Oct 1834 and recorded "eF, S,
R." On a later sweep he noted
"eeeF, seems to have a vF star involved." His position and description matches ESO 151-017 = PGC 3632,
with the faint star at the north edge.
******************************
NGC 349 = MCG
-01-03-068 = PGC 3687
01 01 50.7 -06
47 59
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Located 4' E of mag 7.2 SAO
129088! Forms a close pair with
NGC 350 1.5' E. Brightest in a
group of six galaxies.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 349 = m 29 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS". This is
the fifth in a group of 6 galaxies discovered that night (NGC 340, 342, 345,
347, 349, 350). His position is
just 1' too far south (same offset as NGC 350).
******************************
NGC 350 = MCG
-01-03-069 = PGC 3690
01 01 56.6 -06
47 45
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 11 star is 1.2' E. Last of six in the NGC 349 group and
forms a close pair with NGC 349 1.5' W.
Located 6' W of a mag 7.2 SAO 129088.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 350 = m 30 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF." This galaxy
is the last in a group of 6 he discovered that night (NGC 340, 342, 345, 347,
349, 350). His position is 1' S of
MCG -01-03-069 = PGC 3690.
******************************
NGC 351 = UGC
639 = MCG +00-03-057 = CGCG 384-057 = PGC 3693
01 01 57.8 -01
56 12
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 142d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, broad
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 353 at 7' ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 351 = Sw III-3 (along with NGC 353 = Sw III-4) on 10 Nov 1885
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 12 sec of RA following
UGC 639. Bigourdan measured an
accurate micrometric position on 25 Oct 1897 as well as Howe in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 352 = MCG
-01-03-071 = PGC 3701
01 02 09.2 -04
14 45
V = 12.6; Size 2.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 165d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x0.5',
broadly concentrated with fainter extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 352 = H III-191 = h81 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and logged
"vF, mE." His position
was poor but JH measured a fairly accurate (mean) position.
Harold Corwin's
ESGC and the Deep Sky Field Guide (first edition) give an incorrect PA = 10Ą. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey of
Herschel's objects based on Heidelberg plates, correctly gives the PA = 165Ą.
******************************
NGC 353 = UGC
641 = MCG +00-03-058 = CGCG 384-058 = PGC 3714
01 02 24.6 -01
57 28
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 26d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 351 7' WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 353 = Sw III-4 (along with NGC 351 = Sw III-3) on 10 Nov 1885
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 9 sec of RA following
UGC 641 (similar offset as NGC 351).
******************************
NGC 354 = UGC
645 = MCG +04-03-037 = Mrk 353 = PGC 3763
01 03 16.3 +22
20 33
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 29d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, fairly high surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is at
the WNW end and a mag 11 star is 1' E.
Located 3.3' NNW of mag 9.1 SAO 74452.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 354 = St XII-10 on 24 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF and S; R; a mag 14 star
precedes by 1 sec". His
position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 355 = MCG
-01-03-077 = PGC 3753
01 03 06.9 -06
19 26
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 125d
17.5"
(9/26/92): extremely faint, very small, round. Near my visual threshold and only glimpsed with averted
vision for moments. Located just
4' WNW of NGC 357. Appears extremely faint on the POSS (16 pg) with a nearly
stellar core and very small low surface brightness arms that were not
visible. Previously missed using
my 13.1".
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 355 = m 31 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, vS." His
position matches MCG -01-03-077 = PGC 3753, although it is surprisingly faint
and was barely visible in my 17.5" (missed with my 13").
******************************
NGC 356 = MCG
-01-03-078 = VV 486 = PGC 3754
01 03 07.0 -06
59 17
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 70d
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 3:2 SW-NE, very weak
concentration. Located about 30'
SE of the NGC 349 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 356 = m 32 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, S, iR." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 357 = MCG
-01-03-081 = PGC 3768
01 03 21.9 -06
20 22
V = 12.0; Size 2.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
13.1"
(9/3/86): moderately bright, small, compact, very bright core. A faint mag 14 star is at the ENE
edge. NGC 355 4' WNW not seen in
13.1" but glimpsed in 17.5".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 357 = H II-434 = h82 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and recorded
"F, S, irr figure, bM, resolvable." His position is accurate. JH observed this galaxy on 3
sweeps, logging on 10 Oct 1828: "F; R; sbM; to a *13m; 20" a *14 10
sec nf." His position and
description is a perfect match with MCG -01-03-081 = PGC 3768.
******************************
NGC 358
01 05 10.9 +62
01 14
17.5"
(11/6/93): consists of just four mag 11-12 stars in a 2'x1' trapezoid at the
NGC position. This appears to be
just a small asterism. 10' SE is
also a scattered group in two detached sections elongated E-W with about a
dozen mag 12-13.5 stars in each group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 358 on 4 Feb 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen while observing h 83 = NGC 366. Harold Corwin suggests his description (translated roughly
from Latin) is "A cluster of several stars -- not many members. Found when inspecting the cluster h 83
[NGC 366], which is nearly of the same nature." His position matches the group of 4 stars in my visual
observation although the NGC description ("Cl, vl Ri") is inaccurate.
******************************
NGC 359 = UGC
662 = MCG +00-03-066 = CGCG 384-066 = PGC 3817
01 04 16.9 -00
45 53
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 135d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is 1.2' SSE. Forms a pair with NGC 364 7' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 359 = m 33 (along with NGC 364) on 2 Sep 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and called "eF, vS".
******************************
NGC 360 = ESO
079-014 = FGC 119E = PGC 3743
01 02 51.4 -65
36 36
V = 12.6; Size 3.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 144d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; excellent large, thin edge-on NW-SE with
tapered tips, stretching ~2.5'x20".
The center is slightly brighter with a mottled or clumpy appearance. A
faint double (mag 14.5/15) at ~12" is just west of the southeast end. Two bright stars are near; mag 8.8 HD
6221 lies 6.5' WSW (just outside the field at 397x) and mag 6.3 HD 6311 lies 9'
N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 360 = h2372 on 2 Nov 1834 and remarked "eF, vmE, vlbM; a
Ray nebula, pos = 145.4Ą".
His position and descriptions matches ESO 079-014 = PGC 3743.
******************************
NGC 361 = ESO
051-SC012 = Lindsay 67 = Kron 46
01 02 11 -71 36
24
V = 11.8; Size 1.6'
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
moderately bright and large, round, 1' diameter, weak concentration to center,
grainy. A single star or clump is
resolved. Located 4.5' SE of mag 7.8 HD 6222 (2' pair with a mag 9.8
companion). Observation made
through thin clouds.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 361 = D 54 = h2374 on 6 Sep 1826 with a 9" speculum
reflector and recorded "a small round pretty well-defined nebula, 15"
or 20" diameter." His
position is 7' SE of this SMC cluster.
There are other Dunlop entries near this cluster that may also refer to
it, though this description seems to fits best. JH swept it on 11 Apr 1834 and noted "vF, L, oval,
vgvmbM." Herschel noted the
possible equivalence with D 55, whose position is off by 10' east.
******************************
NGC 362 = ESO
051-SC013 = 75 Tuc
01 03 14 -70 50
54
V = 6.6; Size 12.9'; Surf Br = 0.1
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): At 228x, NGC 362 appeared very bright and
well-resolved into a couple of hundred stars! The rich halo is plastered
with stars and extends to nearly 8Ő diameter. The 2' compressed core is
well-concentrated to a blazing center (concentration class III). Stars
appear to stream out of the core in curving spiral lanes. This globular
has a classic symmetric appearance with a prominent, round core and halo. NGC
362 is situated just north of the SMC, though 47 Tuc (NGC 104) overshadows the
splendor of NGC 362.
Naked-eye
(11/4/12 - Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand): this 6.6-magnitude globular was
just visible naked-eye to the north of the SMC.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 362 = D 62 on 1 Aug 1826 with a 9" speculum reflector and
described "a beautiful bright round nebula, about 4' diameter, exceedingly
condensed. This is a good representation of the 2nd of the Connaissance des
Temps [M2] in figure, colour, and distance; it is but a very little easier
resolved, rather a brighter white, and perhaps more compact and globular. This
is a beautiful globe of white light; resolvable; the stars are very little
scattered." He observed the globular 11 times and his published
position is just 2' NE of center.
John Herschel
(h2375) reported it with his 18" reflector from the Cape of Good Hope on
12 Aug 1834 as a "Fine, highly condensed globular cluster; psbM; diameter
4'." On 3 Nov 1834 he called it "vB; vL; psvmbM; round; 5' or 6'
diameter; all resolved." Observing the next night, he recorded it as
"a globular cluster; vB; vlE; gvmbM. Diameter of more condensed part
approx. 60 sec in RA; but there are loose stars to a considerably greater
distance, stars 13 or 14 mag all nearly equal and distinct, but run into a
blaze in centre." His final observation reads: "globular cluster, vB,
very compact; psvmb; 4' across; all resolved into stars 13..15 magnitude."
There was a 1.0
tmin error in reduction in the NGC position too far west (Dreyer, IC 2 notes). This
error was noted in Harvard College Observatory NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 363 = MCG
-03-03-023 = PGC 3911
01 06 15.8 -16
32 34
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 49d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, very small, round, 0.5' diameter, very small brighter
core. A mag 12 star is 3' NNE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 363 = LM I-23 on 28 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is 1.5 min of RA west of MCG -03-03-023 =
PGC 3911. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes). The MCG does not identify their entry
as NGC 363.
******************************
NGC 364 = UGC
666 = MCG +00-03-069 = CGCG 384-067 = PGC 3833
01 04 40.8 -00
48 10
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 359 7' WNW. Plotted too far south on the first
edition of the Uranometria 2000.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 364 = m 34 (along with NGC 359) on 2 Sep 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and logged "vF, vS". His position matches UGC 666 = PGC 3833. The RNGC position is 3' too far S,
CGCG does not identify their entry
as NGC 364 and the UGC position is 26' too far S!
******************************
NGC 365 = ESO
352-001 = MCG -06-03-017 = PGC 3822
01 04 18.7 -35
07 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 5d
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. A pair of mag 11/13 stars [45"
separation] lie ~5' SE. Requires
averted vision to comfortably view the galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 365 = h2373 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, S, R, gbM, 20"."
His mean declination from two observations is ~1.3' S of ESO 352-001.
******************************
NGC 366 = Cr 9 =
OCL-286 = Lund 37
01 06 26 +62 13
42
Size 3'
24"
(1/4/14): small, rich group with 30 stars resolved in a 3' region at 260x, with
several small knots of stars. On
the south side is the multiple star STI 177 A/B/C = 12/12.9/13 at 3.8" and
10". Just 48" NE, is the
12" mag 12/13 D and E components with a fainter component at 7" and
another close pair or triple is ~30" E. On the N end of the group is DAM 304 = 12/14 pair at
9". A string of mag 14-15
stars oriented SW-NE is on the west side of the main grouping.
17.5"
(11/6/93): 10 stars mag 12-14 in a small 3' group. Consists of two mag 12-13 stars both of which form very
close doubles and a tight trio of mag 13-14 stars on the east side. The rest are faint stars and the
cluster is set over unresolved haze.
Not impressive but stands out clearly in field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 366 = h83 on 27 Oct 1829 and reported a "small cl 2' in
diam. Place that of the double
star h 1070." His position,
though, is 2' S of the double star.
******************************
NGC 367 = PGC
3894
01 05 48.9 -12
07 42
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(12/26/00): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Requires
averted vision but visible ~80% of the time with concentration at 280x once
identified in the eyepiece field.
Elongation not noted so I probably only picked up the brighter central
region.
17.5"
(10/4/97): uncertain sighting.
Possibly barely glimpsed on a couple of occasions using a GSC finder
chart to pinpoint location and averted vision at 280x. No elongation noticed.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 367 = LM II-299 in 1866 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 16.0, 1.0'x0.2', E 175Ą, bn, 3 st
12, np 30Ą. There is nothing at
his position but 1 min of RA east is PGC 3894. This galaxy is elongated SSW-NNE
(Muller's PA is nearly N-S) and his description of three nearby stars matches
this galaxy. RNGC misidentifies
FGC 120 = PGC 90518, an extremely thin edge-on, as NGC 367. PGC 90518 is 13' S of Muller's position
and does not match his description.
******************************
NGC 368 = ESO
243-023 = PGC 3826
01 04 21.9 -43
16 36
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(10/5/13): at 225x; very faint, very small, round, 18" diameter. Situated 3.1' NE of mag 8.8 HD
6368. Viewed at ~10Ą elevation
from Lake San Antonio.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 368 = h4012 on 5 Sep 1834 and logged "eeF; vS; N.f. a star
7-8 mag distant 3'." His
position and description is accurate (after correcting for a 1 hr typo in RA).
******************************
NGC 369 = ESO
541-017 = MCG -03-03-022 = PGC 3856
01 05 08.9 -17
45 32
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 52d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, small, round, 0.8' diameter, gradually weak
concentration. A similar pair of
mag 10.7 and 11.1 stars oriented NW-SE lie 5' SW.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 369 = LM I-24 on 9 Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
rough position is 3' S of ESO 541-017 = PGC 3856. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 370 = NGC
372
01 06 44.6 +32
25 43
See observing
notes for NGC 372. Identification
uncertain.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 370 = Au 5 on 7 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
the Copenhagen Observatory. There
is nothing at his single position, though he mentions a mag 13 star is 15"
to the south.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 370 is possibly equal to NGC 372, a triple star found by
Dreyer at Birr Castle on 12 Dec 1876, at a mean position of 01 06 44.6 +32 25
43 (2000). This triplet is about
10 seconds of time greater and 1' further north than d'Arrest's position. The separation for the north-south pair
is close to d'Arrest's estimate.
This identification is uncertain, but there is nothing else in the
vicinity that matches.
******************************
NGC 371 = ESO
051-SC014 = Lindsay 71 = Kron 48 = SMC-N76 = SMC Ass 53
01 03 30 -72 03
24
Size 8'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x and UHC filter, this is a fairly
bright, prominent, round SMC nebulous cluster, up to 6' in diameter with a
fairly well-defined edge. The haze
has a fairly consistent high surface brightness and seems suspended in a large,
scattered cluster or star cloud (Hodge Association 53). A 5' string of four mag 10-11 stars
oriented NW-SE is superimposed on the glow as well as a number of fainter
stars. This is an excellent low
power field with the striking HII region NGC 346 22' WSW and NGC 395/IC 1624
8'-10' NE.
10x30 and 15x50
IS binoculars: easily visible along with NGC 346.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 371 = D 31 = h2376 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector at
Parramatta and recorded "a pretty large unequally bright nebula, about 5'
diameter, round figure, resolvable into stars of mixt magnitudes." He made 5 observations and his
published position is 8' too far south.
JH made 5
observations beginning on his sweep of 11 Apr 1834, recording "cluster,
6th class; faint, round, 10' diameter, stars 15..18th mag." The next observation was logged as
"vF, L, p rich cluster, 6th class. Stars 14..15th mag." On a third
sweep he noted it as "a F, L, p compressed cl of 6th class. 10' diameter.
gbM; stars 12..16th mag - in some parts almost nebulous." The fourth
observation was recorded as a "cluster 6th class; stars 12..15th mag, a
few = 10th mag and one of 9th mag; much compressed in the middle; fills field
and has loose straggling lines and crooks branching off." The final sweep
was recorded as "F, L, cl; little compressed; gbM; 7' diam; resolved into
stars 14..16th mag." Herschel
noted that this may be Dunlop 31.
******************************
NGC 372 = NGC
370
01 06 44.6 +32
25 43
18"
(11/18/06): faint triple star resolved at 280x. The components form a very small equilateral triangle 1' N
of a mag 12 star with the components ~10" apart. The brightest component of the triple is at the north vertex
and the other two are mag 15-15.5.
NGC 370 may also refer to this multiple star.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 372 on 12 Dec 1876 with the 72" at Birr Castle and stated
"the last nova [GC 5146 = NGC 372] looks at first sight like a hazy *, the
higher power seems to resolve it, at all events sev luminous points were seen.
Has a *12 in pos 166.5d, dist, 74"." This pins down the equivalence with a triple star with a
mean position of 01 06 44.6 +32 25 43 (2000). Heinrich d'Arrest *possibly* also observed this triple star
(or one or more of its components) on 7 Oct 1861 and it was catalogued as GC
197 = NGC 370.
******************************
NGC 373 = PGC
3946
01 06 58.2 +32
18 31
V = 14.9; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(11/18/06): extremely faint, very small, round, 15"-20"
diameter. There appears to be a
15-16th magnitude star superimposed as a stellar point was sometimes visible
offset from the center. Located on
the SW side of the "Pisces Group", 9' SW of NGC 383.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Located 8.3' SW of NGC 383 in the core
of the cluster. Forms a pair with
NGC 375 2.8' NNE.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 373 on 12 Dec 1876 using the 72" at Birr Castle in the NGC
383 group. His description is
simply "vF, vS" but he accurately placed it 428" in PA 225.8Ą
with respect to a mag 12.2 star situated SSW of NGC 382/383. This offset matches PGC 3946. This is one of 8 galaxies in the Pisces
Group discovered at Birr Castle.
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, described
this object as a double nebulous star (there appears to be a very faint star at
the NW edge) and Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 NGC Corrections list, states
"nebula + star".
******************************
NGC 374 = UGC
680 = MCG +05-03-048 = CGCG 501-080 = PGC 3952
01 07 05.8 +32
47 42
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 175d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, bright core,
faint stellar nucleus or mag 15 star is superimposed. Located almost midway between two mag 14 stars 0.7' NE and
0.9' SW. Located about 25' N of
the core of the NGC 383 group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 374 = Au 6 on 7 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer
refractor at the observatory in Copenhagen. His single position is accurate and he noted the nebula was
"between 2 stars mag 15." The discovery was early enough to be included in
Auwers 1862 list of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 375 = PGC
3953
01 07 05.9 +32
20 53
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(11/18/06): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter, weak
concentration. Situated ~2' W of a
triangle of mag 12/13/14 stars (on the opposite side from NGC 384/385) and 5.6'
SW of NGC 383 in the "Pisces Group". The closest cluster member is NGC 373 situated 3' SSW.
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint and small, round. Three mag 12-13.5 stars forming an isosceles triangle with
the long base oriented N-S are about 2' SE. Located 5.6' SW of NGC 383 in the core of the cluster. Forms a pair with NGC 373 2.8' SSW.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 375 on 1 Dec 1874 with his father's
72" and shown on the constructed sketch of the entire Pisces Group in the
1880 publication. The GC and NGC
position matches PGC 3953, an extremely compact elliptical. MCG misidentifies UGC 679 = MCG
+05-03-049 (an extremely low surf brightness edge-on ~2.5' north) as NGC 375.
******************************
NGC 376 = ESO
029-SC29 = Lindsay 72
01 03 54 -72 49
30
V = 10.9; Size 1.0'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; very bright, fairly small, irregular or triangular
shape, 35"-40" diameter.
A half dozen stars are resolved within the glow surrounded by a much
fainter halo. Brighter and larger
NGC 419 lies 20' ESE.
Lindsay 60 is
16' ENE (see NGC 419 for notes) and Lindsay 66 is 18' NW. The latter resolved into three brighter
stars in a small string oriented WSW-NNE [length of 21"]. At 397x, the middle "star" was
a very small knot, ~6"-8" diameter. This is probably the core of the cluster. The three stars
seem surrounded by an extremely low surface brightness halo.
Henize N63 and
N64 are a fairly similar pair of compact emission nebulae 27' WNW. Both are ~30" in diameter and
separated by 1.4' NW-SE. They were
easily noticed at 397x with N63 on the NW side slightly brighter. The contast was increased at 244x
through an NPB filter. A mag 12
star lies 0.7' NW of N63.
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, small, round,
30" diameter, a few individual stars or clumps are resolved. A 10' string
of stars (Hodge Association 56) passing ~4' N and angles towards the NE. NGC 419 follows by 20'. Observation made through thin clouds.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 376 = D 36 = h2378 with his 9" reflector on 2 Sep
1826 and recorded "a faint ill-defined nebula, about 1 1/2'
diameter." He made a single
observation and his published position is 9.5' ESE. JH recorded this cluster on two sweeps: on 12 Aug 1834 he
logged "pretty faint, small, round, resolvable, pretty compact." On a later sweep he recorded it as a
"globular cluster, a vS, vB knot of visible stars 15 or 20" diameter
almost like a solid mass."
His position and description on both sweeps is accurate, although Dreyer
quotes DeLisle Stewart in the IC 2 notes, "only a D*, pos 270d, Dist
10" (from Harvard College Observatory NGC corrections). JH credited Dunlop as the possible
discoverer (D 36) in the GC but not the Cape observations.
******************************
NGC 377 = ESO
541-019 = MCG -04-03-053 = PGC 3931
01 06 34.8 -20
19 57
V = 15.1; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
24"
(12/1/13): at 325x appeared extremely faint, small, round, 18"
diameter. Visible perhaps 25% of
the time as an extremely faint patch and too fleeting to detect an elongated
shape. Forms the northern vertex
of a triangle with a mag 14.5 star 6' SW and a mag 13.5 star 4.7' SE. A large scattered group of stars
including several mag 10-11 lies ~10' E.
18"
(12/3/05): not seen at 225x.
18"
(11/6/04): extremely faint, small, round, 20" diameter (core only
viewed?). Only visible
intermittently with averted and concentration (in fairly poor seeing) but sighting
definite.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 377 = LM I-25 on 15 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Based on the discovery sketch, Corwin determined NGC 377 =
ESO 541-019 = PGC 3931. This would
place NGC 377 17' S of Leavenworth's rough position, an unusual error in
declination. ESO misidentifies
541-019 as possibly NGC 412 (also from Leavenworth).
******************************
NGC 378 = ESO
412-005 = AM 0103-302 = MCG -05-03-024 = PGC 3907
01 06 12.1 -30
10 41
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8'. A mag 11.5 star is 3' NNE. Located 8' WSW of mag 10.7 SAO 192929.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 378 = h2377 on 28 Sep 1834 and noted "vF, S, R, glbM, 15
arcseconds." His position matches ESO 412-005 = PGC 3907. Listed in category 8 (Galaxies with
apparent companions) in the Arp-Madore catalogue and an image is on page 8.2.
******************************
NGC 379 = Arp
331 NED1 = UGC 683 = MCG +05-03-050 = CGCG 501-082 = VV 193 = IV Zw 38 NED1 =
PGC 3966
01 07 15.7 +32
31 13
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.8'x0.5',
broad concentration with a slightly brighter core. Forms a similar pair with NGC 380 2.3' S. This galaxy is at the north end of the
Pisces Group centered on NGC 383 and is one of 11 NGC galaxies viewed in the
field at 280x!
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S, even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with
similar NGC 380 2' S in the NGC 383 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 379 = H II-215 = h84, along with NGC 380 = II-216 and NGC 383 =
II-217, on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and recorded "Three, F, vS, R, all in a
row in the meridian, nearly of equal size, the distance between the two most
south [NGC 383 and 383] is about double that of the other."
******************************
NGC 380 = Arp
331 NED2 = UGC 682 = MCG +05-03-051 = CGCG 501-081 = LGG 017-001 = PGC 3969
01 07 17.6 +32
28 59
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, sharply
concentrated with a very small, very bright core. Forms a 2.2' pair with NGC 379 and 4.5' NNW of NGC 383 at
the north end of the "Pisces Group".
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 379 2' S in the
NGC 383 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 380 = H II-216 = h85, along with NGC 379 = II-215 and NGC 383 =
II-217 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268).
See description under NGC 379.
******************************
NGC 381 = Cr 10
= OCL-317 = Lund 38
01 08 18 +61 35
Size 6'
24"
(1/4/14): nice group of ~75 stars, fairly uniformly distributed in a 6'
group. A triple star (STI 185 =
10.8/12.5 at 9" and third closer companion) is just north of center. The cluster is roughly circular with no
denser patches, but it does include a number of faint stars so the appearance
is fairly rich. Pretty well
detached in the 50' field at 125x (less so on the north side).
17.5"
(8/16/93): 40 stars mag 11-15 in loose 6' diameter, stands out best at
100x. The brightest mag 10.8 star
is part of a triple along the north side.
Fairly uniform in mag 12/13 stars with a scattering of faint stars,
fairly even distribution with no rich regions. Not recognizable as a cluster at 220x.
17.5"
(11/2/91): about three dozen stars in 6' diameter, fairly faint, roughly a
circular group. Consists mostly of
mag 12/13 stars. Includes a triple
star (10.8/12.5/13 at 8"/~3") and two mag 11 stars on the west side. Several stars are arranged in
strings. Relatively few stars in
center. A line of mag 10 stars
trail off to the north edge of field and the mag 10 star at the end of the
string 11' N is a close double star.
8": ~30
stars in a circular group, bright curving string to the north. A mag 8 star is 10' E.
Caroline
Herschel is generally attributed with the discovery of NGC 381 = H VIII-64 on
27 Sep 1783, though according to an article in Aug 2007 S&T, Caroline's
discovery preceded Gamma Cass instead of following and likely refers to NGC 189
instead. WH observed the cluster
on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and noted "a forming cluster of pretty
compressed stars." In his
second published catalogued he added "C.H. disc. 1783."
******************************
NGC 382 = Arp
331 NED5 =VV 193b = UGC 688 = MCG +05-03-052 = CGCG 501-086 = LGG 018-002 = PGC
3981
01 07 23.9 +32
24 15
V = 13.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18"
(11/18/06): fairly faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, slightly
brighter corer, faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Situated at the south edge of the halo
of NGC 383 (the brighter member of the "Pisces Group"), just 30"
from the center.
17.5"
(9/23/00): very faint, extremely small, round, 20" diameter, very faint
quasi-stellar nucleus at moments.
Viewed SN 2000dk, just 5 days after discovery on 9/18/00, as a mag 15.5
"star" at the NW edge of the halo. At the first glance using 280x, the galaxy appeared
elongated in the direction of the SN, but in moments of better seeing, the SN
was clearly resolved and similar in brightness to the nucleus of NGC 382. This galaxy is the fainter of a close
pair with NGC 383 in the Pisces group.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, very small, round.
Forms a double system with much brighter NGC 383 30" NNE in a
group.
13"
(9/29/84): very faint, extremely small, round. Nearly attached to NGC 383.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 382 on 4 Nov 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and labeled as
"Gamma prime" in his sketch of the Pisces Group. Heinrich d'Arrest independently found
this nebula on 26 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer refractor in
Copenhagen. This is one of 5
galaxies discovered by Stoney on that night including NGCs 384, 385, 386 and
388.
******************************
NGC 383 = Arp
331 NED6 = VV 193a = UGC 689 = MCG +05-03-053 = CGCG 501-087 = LGG 018-003 =
PGC 3982
01 07 24.9 +32
24 45
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
18"
(11/18/06): fairly bright, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.3' diameter,
broadly concentrated to a bright core that increases to a 6" nucleus. Forms an interacting pair with NGC 382
30" S of center. This galaxy
is the brightest and largest member of the "Pisces Group" (at the
southwest end of the Pisces-Perseus Supercluster) and is surrounded by 10
galaxies within 8'!
17.5"
(9/19/87): brightest in the NGC 383 cluster. Fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, broadly
concentrated halo. Forms a double
system with NGC 382 30" SW.
NGC 380 is 4.5' NNW, NGC 379 6.8' NNW, NGC 386 3.3' SSE, NGC 385 5.5'
SSE.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, almost round, bright core. Forms a double with NGC 382.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 383 = H II-217 = h86, along with NGC 379 = II-215 and NGC 380 =
II-216, on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268).
See description under NGC 379.
******************************
NGC 384 = Arp
331 NED3 = UGC 686 = MCG +05-03-055 = CGCG 501-084 = LGG 017-002 = PGC 3983
01 07 25.0 +32
17 34
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.6'x0.5',
fairly well concentrated with a small bright core. At the south end of the "Pisces Group" with NGC
385 1.7' N.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, slightly elongated, bright core. NGC 385 2' N and NGC 386 is 4.3' NNE in
the NGC 383 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 385.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 384 = Au 7 on 4 Nov 1850 with LdR's 72" and labeled it
"Zeta" on his sketch of the Pisces Group. Heinrich d'Arrest rediscovered this galaxy (along with NGC
385) and measured an accurate position on 12 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch
Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen.
Auwers published d'Arrest's observation in his 1862 catalogue of new
nebulae and JH credited d'Arrest with the discovery in the GC. Dreyer included
LdR, as well as d'Arrest, in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 385 = Arp
331 NED4 = UGC 687 = MCG +05-03-056 = CGCG 501-085 = LGG 018-004 = PGC 3984
01 07 27.2 +32
19 12
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, strong
concentration with a bright 20" core. Located near the south end of the "Pisces Group"
and appears slightly larger and brighter than nearby NGC 384 1.7' SSW. A trio of mag 12-13 stars lies 2'-3'
WNW and the two northern stars are collinear with the galaxy.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Forms a trio with NGC 386 2.6' N and
NGC 384 1.8' S in the NGC 383 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, small, small bright core, similar to NGC 384.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 385 = Au 8 on 4 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and labeled
"Epsilon" in his sketch of the NGC 383 (Pisces) Group. Heinrich d'Arrest independently found
this galaxy on 7 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen
and measured an accurate position (4 measurements). d'Arrest's observation was included in Auwers 1862 catalogue
of new nebulae and JH credited d'Arrest with the discovery in the GC. Dreyer credited both LdR and d'Arrest
when compiling the NGC.
******************************
NGC 386 = Arp
331 NED7 = MCG +05-03-057 = CGCG 501-088 = PGC 3989
01 07 31.3 +32
21 43
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6
18"
(11/18/06): faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, gradually increases
to a very small brighter core.
Located 3.3' SSE of NGC 383 and on a line to the north of the NGC
384/385 pair in the core of the "Pisces Group".
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Located 3.3' SSE of NGC 383 in a
group. NGC 385 lies 2.6' S.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 386 on 4 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and he labeled this
nebula as "Delta" in his sketch of the NGC 383 (Pisces) Group.
******************************
NGC 387 = PGC
3987
01 07 33.0 +32
23 28
V = 15.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'
18"
(11/18/06): at 280x appeared very faint, very small, round, 8"
diameter. This is perhaps the
smallest and faintest NGC galaxy in the "Pisces Chain". Located 2' SE of NGC 383 and 2.5' N of
NGC 386 in the heart of the "Pisces Group".
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint, round, almost stellar. Located 1.8' NNE of NGC 386 and 2.1' SE of NGC 383 in the
NGC 383 group. Not 100% certain of
its non-stellar appearance.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 387 on 10 Dec 1873 with Lord Rosse's 72" and included it on
the sketch that was made of the cluster (later labeled as GC 5149), along with
offsets from NGC 383. The GC
(5149) and NGC position matches PGC 3987.
******************************
NGC 388 = Arp
331 NED8 = MCG +05-03-059 = CGCG 501-090 = LGG 018-018 = PGC 4005
01 07 47.1 +32
18 36
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 168d
18"
(11/18/06): at 280x appeared faint, small, round, 20" diameter. Located 4.5' E of the NGC 384/385 pair
at the south end of the "Pisces Group".
17.5"
(9/19/87):extremely faint and small, round, size 10"-15". Located 5'-6' E of NGC 385 in the NGC
383 group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 388 on 4 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and labeled it as
"Theta" in the sketch made of the NGC 383 (Pisces) Group.
******************************
NGC 389 = UGC
703 = MCG +06-03-014 = CGCG 520-017 = PGC 4054
01 08 30.0 +39
41 44
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 54d
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, even surface
brightness. A mag 11 star is just
off the NE edge 0.7' from center which detracts from viewing. Forms a pair with NGC 393 3.3' SSE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 389 = Sw II-12 on 6 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 30 sec of RA west and 1.5' north of UGC 703 = PGC 4054. His description "* near"
applies to the star just off the NE end of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 390
01 07 54.4 +32
25 59
=*, Corwin.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 390 = Big. 9 on 19 Nov 1884 with the 12"
refractor at the Paris Observatory and recorded "mag 13.4-13.5; stellar
aspect". According to Harold
Corwin (private correspondence), Bigourdan's offsets match a star at 01 07 54
+32 25 59 (2000).
RNGC
misidentifies PGC 4021 as NGC 390.
PGC 4021 is 4' ENE of
Bigourdan's place.
******************************
NGC 391 = UGC
693 = MCG +00-03-075 = CGCG 384-077 = PGC 3976
01 07 22.6 +00
55 33
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, very small, round, compact, well-defined edge, small
bright core. Located 1.7' SSE of a
mag 9.5 star and 4.4' NNE of mag 9.5 SAO 109686.
George Bond,
director of Harvard College Observatory, discovered NGC 391 = HN 3 = Au 9 on 8
Jan 1853 with the 15-inch Merz & Mahler refractor while taking micrometric
positions of stars for the Harvard Zone Catalogue. He noted a "faint
nebula, 1' 30" south following star number 32 [11th magnitude]." At
this exact position is UGC 693 = PGC 3976. Auwers included Bond's
discovery in his 1862 Catalogue of new nebulae, before the GC was published.
******************************
NGC 392 = UGC
700 = MCG +05-03-062 = CGCG 501-094 = Holm 36a = KTG 3A = PGC 4042
01 08 23.5 +33
08 00
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 50d
24"
(10/5/13): brightest member of the KTG 3 triplet with NGC 394 1.0' NNE and NGC
397 2.2' SE. At 375x appeared
fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 30"x25",
increases to a bright stellar nucleus.
A mag 13 star lies 1.2' SW.
Also recorded IC 1619 13' WSW and UGC 692 15' SW.
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, round, bright core, sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1' SW. Brightest of three (KTG 3) with NGC 394
1' NE and NGC 397 2' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 392 = H II-218 = h87 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and simply noted
"F, resembling the foregoing [NGC 379, 380, 383]." JH remarked "pF; bM nearly to a *;
between 2 stars" and measured an accurate position. Both Herschels missed the nearby
galaxies NGC 394 and 397.
******************************
NGC 393 = UGC
707 = MCG +06-03-015 = CGCG 520-018 = V Zw 52 = PGC 4061
01 08 37.0 +39
38 39
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, sharp concentration, faint
halo, two mag 13/13.5 star are 1.2' WNW and 1.6' NW with a separation of
36". Forms a pair with NGC
389 3.3' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 393 = H I-54 = h88 on 5 Oct 1784 during sweeps 281-285, which
were made in the east (not in CH's fair copy of the sweeps). On 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) he recorded
"pB, S, R, vgbM." When
JH took a look on 1 Oct 1828, he logged "vF; vS; lE; gbM; 10". Allowing the moon & c. this cannot
be a 1st class neb [as his father placed it]; no other neb near it." In the GC notes, JH mentions "This
(h88) is not the I. 54 of the P.T, which proved to be one of Messier's nebulae,
but another subsequently inserted by WH, so as not to break the order of the
numbers..." Both Herschels missed
nearby NGC 389 (discovered by Lewis Swift).
******************************
NGC 394 = MCG
+05-03-063 = CGCG 501-095 = Holm 36b = KTG 3B = PGC 4049
01 08 26.0 +33
08 52
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.3; PA = 135d
24"
(10/5/13): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.4'x0.2',
small brighter core. Second
brightest in a small triplet (KTG 3) with brighter NGC 392 1.0' SW and NGC 397
2.6' SSE.
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, oval NW-SE, small brighter core. In a group with NGC 392 1' SW and NGC
397 3' SSE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 394 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 26 Oct 1854. His description for NGC 392 (GC 212)
reads "B, S, R, bM. [John Herschel] described it as between 2 stars. I think the northernmost one is a
nebula [NGC 394] of same character but smaller." There are two entries for this galaxy in the GC, the second
(GC 215) from Heinrich d'Arrest's independent discovery on 22 Aug 1862. Both GC entries were combined in the
NGC.
******************************
NGC 395 = ESO
051-SC016 = Kron 51 = Lindsay 75 = SMC-N78A/B
01 05 07.9 -71
59 37
Size 2'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): easily picked up in the same field as
brighter NGC 371. At 171x, this is
a moderately bright 4' round knot of mag 14 or fainter stars with a good
response to the UHC filter (emission component = SMC-N78). The surface brightness is fairly high
with the filter although it is just described as a "star group" in
Hartung. Forms a pair with IC 1624
3.2' SSE. Located 8' NE of NGC
371.
IC 1624 appeared
about half the size of NGC 395, roughly 1' in diameter with a mottled
appearance and no central condensation or resolution. A mag 13 star is close west with a mag 11 star 2' W
(supergiant SK 118). A very small
nebulous knot (SMC-N78C) was also noted ~2' SE. A large, scattered group of
stars (OB-association) is superimposed on the field.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 395 = D 35
= D 34? = h2379 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and recorded (for D 35)
"a very small faint nebula, with a small star in the south
margin." He made two
observations of D 35 and one observation of D 34 and his published position for
D 35 is 7' too far south. JH made
a single observation on 5 Nov 1836 and recorded "very faint, pretty large,
round, gradually a little brighter in the middle; 2' across." His position and description is
accurate and no mention is made of Dunlop's possible discovery. See NGC
Corrections list from Harvard College Observatory and the IC 2 notes/corrections,
DeLisle Stewart.
******************************
NGC 396 =
2MASXJ01080838+0431509 = PGC 99944
01 08 08.4 +04
31 51
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Required averted vision to identify
with GSC finder chart but with concentration can just hold steadily. Located 2.1' NNW of a mag 13 star. By a remarkable coincidence, Saturn was
in the same low power field just 15' due S! Best view of NGC 396 at 280x with Saturn sufficiently out of
field to avoid any glare.
Misidentified in RNGC (MCG +00-04-020).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 396 = m 35 on 27 Oct 1864 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and recorded "eF, S, lE."
Harold Corwin notes that a faint galaxy (PGC 99944) is very close to
Marth's position (just 5 sec of RA west) with a star superimposed on the north
side. RNGC misidentifies UGC 729
as NGC 396. UGC 729 is located 1Ą
S and 2.2 min of RA east of Marth's position!
******************************
NGC 397 = MCG
+05-03-064 = CGCG 501-096 = KTG 3C = PGC 4051
01 08 31.0 +33
06 33
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(10/5/13): faintest in the KTG 3 triplet with brighter NGC 392 2.2' NW and NGC
394 2.5' NNW. At 375x appeared
fairly faint, small, 15"x12", slightly elongated SW-NE, very weak
concentration.
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint and small, slightly elongated, very low even
surface brightness. Faintest of
three with NGC 392 2' NW.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 397 on 6 Dec
1866. While observing GC 212 = NGC
392 he noted a "suspected neb preceded by a vF*". The closest match is MCG +05-03-064 and
MCG gives the tentative identification "NGC 397?". There is no
"very faint star" preceding this compact galaxy but there is one
close following.
******************************
NGC 398 = MCG +05-03-065
= CGCG 501-100 = PGC 4090
01 08 53.6 +32
30 52
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
18"
(11/18/06): very faint, very small, round, 10" diameter. Member of the "Pisces Group"
(z = 0.016), though located 20' NE of NGC 383.
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint and small, round, low surface brightness. Requires averted to see well. NGC 399 lies 7' NNE.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 398 = Big. 10 on 28 Oct 1886 with the 12"
refractor at the Paris Observatory.
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 399 = UGC
712 = MCG +05-03-067 = CGCG 501-101 = LGG 018-005 = PGC 4096
01 08 59.2 +32
38 03
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
18"
(11/18/06): this member of the NGC 383 group ("Pisces Group")
appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.45', weak even
concentration.
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, even concentration to bright
core, substellar nucleus. NGC 403
is 7.5' NE and NGC 398 7' SSW.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 399 on 7 Oct 1874 with the 72" at Birr Castle and noted a
"small nebula" 464.3" (7.7') in PA 205.4Ą (SSW) from GC 217 =
NGC 403. This offset matches UGC
712 = PGC 4096. The actual
separation is 465" and the PA 204Ą.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 400
01 09 02.5 +32
43 57
=*, HC. =Not found, JS.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 400 on 30 Dec
1866. He placed his object, with
respect to GC 217 = NGC 403, at a separation of 151" (2.5') in PA 242Ą
(WSW). At this offset is a very
faint star at 01 09 02.5 +32 43 57.
NGC 401, described in the same observation, also refers to a faint star!
******************************
NGC 401
01 09 07.7 +32
45 35
=*, HC. =Not found, JS.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 400 on 30 Dec
1866. He placed his object, with
respect to GC 217 = NGC 403, at a separation of roughly 110" in PA 291.3Ą. At this offset is a very faint star at
01 09 07.7 +32 45 35. GC 5153 =
NGC 400, described in the same observation by Ball, is also a faint star!
******************************
NGC 402
01 09 13.3 +32
48 23
=*, HC. =Not found, JS.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 402 on 7 Oct 1874 with his father's 72" and recorded a
"faint nebulous knot" and placed 281.7" in PA 353Ą from star 1
in the sketch. This star is
87.3" in PA 177Ą from NGC 403 and has a position of 01 09 15.7 +32 43 42
(2000). This offset points to a
very faint star at 01 09 13.3 +32 48 23 (2000).
******************************
NGC 403 = UGC
715 = MCG +05-03-068 = CGCG 501-104 = LGG 018-006 = PGC 4111
01 09 14.1 +32
45 07
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 86d
18"
(11/18/06): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
~1.3'x0.4', sharp concentration with a small, very bright core. The extensions are fairly low surface
brightness but appear a bit asymmetric; possibly misaligned at slightly
different angles or slightly different widths. A group of four stars nearly forming a trapezoid is close
south. Located ~30' NE of the core
of the NGC 383 group ("Pisces Group") and one of the brightest members
of the cluster. MCG +05-03-071
lies 2' SE.
17.5"
(12/23/89): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, bright
core, small bright nucleus. Four
mag 10-13 stars are close south.
Brightest of a trio with MCG +05-03-071 = CGCG 501-105 2' SE and NGC 399
8' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 403 on 29 Aug 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) matches UGC 715 = PGC 4111 and he also noted the four stars to the
south, measuring the one nearly due south.
******************************
NGC 404 =
Mirach's Ghost = UGC 718 = MCG +06-03-018 = CGCG 520-020 = LGG 011-009 = PGC
4126
01 09 26.9 +35
43 05
V = 10.3; Size 3.5'x3.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(10/13/01): bright, fairly large, round, at least 2' diameter. Contains a bright 30" core that
increases steadily to a bright stellar nucleus. Located 7' NW of mag 2.1 Beta Andromedae (Mirach), which
detracts somewhat from viewing.
13"
(12/22/84): bright, round, bright stellar nucleus. Located 7' NW of Beta Andromedae (V = 2.1)!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 404 = H II-224 = h89 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and recorded
"pretty bright (not withstanding the light of Beta Andromeda, which is in
the field with it), cL, R, bM."
The observers on LdR's 72" tried to resolve this nebula. R.J. Mitchell reported on 16 Oct 1855,
"pL, B. I have no doubt it is
a cluster. The F borders of the
nebula extend a long way out, involving several stars."
******************************
NGC 405 = ESO
243-*039
01 08 33.9 -46
40 05
= Double star
7.3/8.3 at 1.2", Corwin and ESO.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 405 = h2380 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "After a long and
obstinate examination with all powers and apertures, I cannot bring it to a
sharp disc and leave it, in doubt whether it be a star or not. The star [Beta
Phe] immediately preceding offered no such difficulty, giving a good disc with
320." This is clearly a
double star on the Southern Sky Survey (SAO 215379) and is identified in the
Sky Catalogue 2000 as SLR (Sellors) 2 = 7.3/8.3 at 1.2".
******************************
NGC 406 = ESO
051-018 = PGC 3980
01 07 24.4 -69
52 33
V = 12.5; Size 3.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 160d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this interesting edge-on is fairly
bright, large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~2.5'x0.8'. Contains a large, elongated core. Emerging from the east edge of the north end is an extremely
thin extension or arm that stretches north-northwest. A fainter, less obvious arm is attached at the west edge of
the south end. In addition there
appears to be a faint star or knot involved [images reveal a star superimposed
south of the core but also a double HII knot further south near the edge]. This
galaxy is located 1Ą NNE of the bright globular cluster NGC 362 and 3Ą NNE of
the center of the SMC!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 406 = h2381 on 6 Sep 1834 and logged "F, R, vL, vglbM, 3'
dia.". His position matches
ESO 051-018 = PGC 3980. In Harvard
College Observatory NGC corrections, DeLisle Stewart notes that "eE wisps
(arms) at 165d" (repeated in IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 407 = UGC
730 = MCG +05-03-077 = CGCG 501-115 = PGC 4190
01 10 36.5 +33
07 35
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, bright
core. Faintest of three with NGC
410 5' ENE and NGC 414 8.4' E.
13"
(8/23/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, NGC 410 5' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 407 = H II-219, along with NGC 410 = II-220, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and described both as "Two, eF and vS. The following [NGC 410] the
largest." He gave a single
position, roughly between the two galaxies. douard Stephan (XIII-9) independently found the galaxy on 2
Oct 1883 at the Marseille Observatory and published an accurate position. Herman Schultz also measured a precise
micrometric position and recorded a nearby star as a "nova" (NGC
408).
******************************
NGC 408
01 10 51.1 +33
09 05
=* 1.6' W of NGC
410, Gottlieb and Carlson.
Incorrect identification in the RNGC. 17.5" (12/23/89): (R)NGC 408 not found.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 408 = Nova III on 22 Oct 1867 with the 9.6-inch refractor at the
Uppsala Observatory. Schultz
placed this object just 8 tsec of RA preceding NGC 410. At this offset is a mag 14.5 star at 01
10 51.1 +33 09 05 (2000), which almost certainly is his object. RNGC misidentified PGC 4221 as NGC
408. This galaxy is 3' SW of NGC
410. Since Schultz micrometric
measurement placed his ŇnovaÓ due west of NGC 410, the RNGC identification is
incorrect. Dorothy Carlson, in her
1939 paper on NGC errata, also came to this conclusion based on Mount Wilson
photographs. Finally, the RNGC has
misinterpreted the NGC description to read "406 F 8S" instead of
"410 F 8S". Bigourdan
probably observed PGC 4221 (described as almost stellar) although I missed it
with my 17.5". See Malcolm
Thompson's "Catalogue Corrections" and my RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 409 = ESO
352-012 = MCG -06-03-023 = PGC 4132
01 09 33.2 -35
48 21
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Located just 45" SE of a mag 13
star. Identified at 280x after
missing at 220x. Brighter than NGC
415 20' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 409 = h2382 on 29 Nov 1837 and reported "eF, R, S, near a
vS star." His position is 8 sec of RA east and 2' north of ESO 352-012 and
the description of the nearby star (to the NW) clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 410 = UGC
735 = MCG +05-03-080 = CGCG 501-118 = Mrk 562 = PGC 4224
01 10 58.9 +33
09 07
V = 11.5; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 30d
17.5"
(12/23/89): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, broadly
concentrated halo, stellar nucleus.
In a trio with NGC 407 5' WSW and NGC 414 5' SE.
13"
(9/29/84): brightest of 3, fairly bright, bright core, slightly elongated
SW-NE, NGC 414 4.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 410 = H II-220, along with NGC 407 = II-219, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and recorded "Two. The preceding faint, very small. The
following pretty large". Herman Schultz measured an accurate position at
Uppsala.
******************************
NGC 411 = NGC
422 = ESO 051-SC019 = Kron 60 = Lindsay 82
01 07 55.9 -71
46 00
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, moderately large,
round, 1.2' diameter. At 228x,
appears as a low surface brightness glow with a very weak concentration and no
sign of resolution. Located 5' NW
of mag 8.6 HD 7031 and 19' NE of NGC 395.
Viewed through thin haze.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this fairly faint SMC cluster was
immediately noticed in the same lower power field while viewing NGC 395/IC 1624
about 20' SW. At 128x it appeared
fairly small, round, ~1.5' diameter, mottled but with no resolution. Located 5.3' NW of mag 8.6 HD 7031 and
13' ESE of mag 7.4 HD 6623.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 411 = h2384 in Sep 1835 and recorded "vF, pL, R, vlbM;
2'." His position is
accurate. On a second sweep he
recorded a similar description and position, but Harold Corwin found the RA
minute (1 tmin too large) was miscopied into his table of "Stars, Nebulae,
and Clusters in the Nubecula Minor" and it later received the designations
GC 231 and NGC 422. So, NGC 411 =
NGC 422, with NGC 411 the primary designation. See entry for NGC 422.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 411 = D 56 or D 57 in 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described "a small faint nebula" and "a small faint nebula,
about 15" diameter." The
first entry is 16.6' SSE of the cluster and the second entry is 19' SE, both
far enough off and a vague enough descriptions that neither is very
secure.
******************************
NGC 412
01 10 18 -20 01
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 412 = LM I-26 on 15 Oct 1885 with the 26" Clark
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and simply noted
"Neb?" There is nothing near Leavenworth's position. Corwin examined the discovery sketch,
but it wasn't of much help and he was unable to recover this object (or even
identify it with a star). ESO
lists ESO 541-019 = PGC 3931 as a possible candidate, although this galaxy is
3.8 min of RA west and 19' S of Leavenworth's place. So, at this time NGC 412 is lost.
******************************
NGC 413 = MCG
-01-04-013 = PGC 4347
01 12 31.5 -02
47 37
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 151d
17.5"
(8/4/97): very faint, diffuse glow located 1.3' SSE of a mag 13.5-14 star. The
galaxy is roundish and ~1' in diameter with little or no concentration. The star to the north is preceded by a
mag 14-14.5 star 1.4' W. The RNGC
identification at 01 12 31.5 -02
47 38 is probably incorrect and this number was deleted from DSFG.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 413 = LM II-301 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His very rough position (to nearest minute of RA and given as doubtful)
is 2 tmin west of MCG -01-04-013 = PGC 4347. This galaxy is not identified as NGC 413 in the MCG. RNGC misidentifies MCG -01-04-004, an
edge-on galaxy, as NGC 413.
******************************
NGC 414 = UGC
744 = CGCG 501-123 = IV Zw 39 = PGC 4254
01 11 17.6 +33
06 48
V = 13.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE. Third of three with NGC 410 5' NW and NGC 407 8.4' W. NGC 414 consists of a merged pair of
compacts, though they were not resolved.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, thin streak NW-SE, weak concentration.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 414 = Nova IV on 15 Oct 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at
Uppsala Observatory. His
micrometric position matches UGC 744 = PGC 4254. This appears to be the only galaxy in the NGC that Schultz
was first to discover. He independently
discovered NGC 20, but it was discovered earlier at Birr Castle. His GC 5096 [later NGC 90] was also
found earlier at Birr Castle (GC 40).
His GC 6153 [later NGC 7553] was discovered earlier (GC 4913) by LdR
assistant George Stoney and finally NGC 7571 is probably a duplicate of NGC
7597, discovered earlier by Albert Marth.
All of his other NGC objects are single or double stars.
This is a double
or merged system with two nuclei.
The companion on the southeast side is catalogued separately as PGC
93079. Based on Crossley
photographs at Lick Observatory, Heber Curtis described NGC 414 as "very
small, binuclear. The almost
stellar nuclei are 7" apart in p.a. 142Ą."
******************************
NGC 415 = ESO
352-014 = MCG -06-03-024 = PGC 4161
01 10 05.7 -35
29 27
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated, 30" diameter
(probably only viewed core).
Required averted vision at 280x and could not hold steadily. NGC 409 is located 20' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 415 = h2383 on 1 Sep 1834 and noted "vF, R, gbM,
20"." On a later he called it "vF, S, R, glbM, 15"."
Herschel's mean position matches
ESO 352-014.
******************************
NGC 416 = ESO
029-SC32 = Lindsay 83 = Kron 59
01 07 59.0 -72
21 19
V = 11.4; Size 1.1'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. A mag 13 star lies 1'
N. Located in a rich faint star field. Located 31' N of NGC 419 and 27' SE of
the large, nebulous cluster NGC 371.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 416 = D 42 = D 43? = h2386 in Sep 1826 with his 9"
reflector and described a "round well-defined nebula, about 30"
diameter." His position is
13.5' SE of the cluster and with a number of other nearby entries that are
either spurious or with poor positions, this identification is uncertain. JH made 4 observations at the Cape with
the earliest on 11 Apr 1834 recording "F; S; R; 30". His other sweeps gave sizes up to
60" and his positions are accurate.
Herschel made no reference to the earlier Dunlop observations.
******************************
NGC 417 = ESO
541-024 = MCG -03-04-019 = PGC 4237
01 11 05.5 -18
08 54
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Can almost hold continuously with
averted vision after identified at 280x.
Very weak if any concentration.
No brighter stars in field.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 417 = LM II-300 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His RA is 0.4 min west of ESO 541-024, a close enough
match. This is a double system,
though Leavenworth missed the fainter northern component. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 418 = ESO
412-009 = MCG -05-04-002 = PGC 4189
01 10 35.5 -30
13 17
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 19d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, slightly elongated, fairly small, 1.2' diameter, low
surface brightness though slight broad concentration, gradually fades into the
background. A mag 14 star is 2' S. Located 7' S of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 418 = h2385 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "not vF, pL, R, gbM,
60"." On a later sweep
he noted "F, R, vglbM, 40", the preceding of two [with NGC
423]." His mean position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 419 = ESO
029-SC33 = Lindsay 85
01 08 17 -72 53
00
V = 10.6; Size 2.6'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): this SMC cluster appeared extremely bright, large, round,
2' diameter, strong concentration with a relatively large bright core. The halo was mottled but no individual
stars were resolved.
Lindsay 80,
located 8' NNW, appeared fairly faint, slightly elongated and irregular,
30"-35" diameter. A mag
13.8 star is at the west edge. A
mag 11 star is 1.6' SSE and a mag 11.3 star is 2.9' E.
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, large, impressive, large bright
core, fainter halo, 2' diameter.
Mottled and lively but not resolved. A mag 9 star lies 8' S and a mag 7 star lies 9' SE.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): quite bright, fairly large, round,
1.8' diameter, moderately concentrated, granular but no resolution. Appears like an unresolved globular
cluster with a very symmetrical appearance although classified as a rich open
cluster. Located 9' NW of mag 7 HD
7187 and 7.5' N of mag 9 HD 6997.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 419 = D 38 (and possibly D 39 and D44) = h2387 on 2 Sep
1826 with his 9" reflector at Parramatta, and recorded (for D 38) a
"very small oval nebula, a little brighter in the centre; a star of the 8th
magnitude south." Dunlop
claimed two observations of D38, two of D39 and one of D44. His position for D38 is 7.8' SSE and
for D44 16' NE (Glen Cozens found a typo in the RA) of this SMC cluster. JH gives 4 observations in the Cape
catalogue, first recording the cluster on 11 Apr 1834 as "pB; pL; R; 2'.
Has two stars near". His
position and description is very accurate. Herschel gave a possible equivalence with D 36, though that
entry more likely applies to NGC 376.
******************************
NGC 420 = UGC
752 = MCG +05-03-083 = CGCG 501-127 = PGC 4320
01 12 09.6 +32
07 24
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, moderately large, round, bright core, large fainter
halo. Located 10' W of ˇ98 =
7.0/8.0 at 20".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 420 = H III-154 = h90, along with NGC 421 = III-155, on 12 Sep
1784 (sweep 268) and logged both as "Two. Both eF, vS. The following [NGC
421] is the largest." Dreyer
commented in the notes section: "Nothing said in the sweep about their
distance apart. John Herschel, d'Arrest (only once, in moonlight), an observer
at Birr Castle and Bigourdan have seen only one neb, no doubt the following
one." Corwin notes that
despite Herschel's comment that the following [NGC 421] is the largest,
"all the observers have assigned the preceding number (H III-154 = NGC
420) to the object" here.
******************************
NGC 421
01 12 12 +32 07
=Not found,
Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 421 = H III-155, along with NGC 420 = III-154 on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and logged both as "Two. Both eF, vS. The following [NGC 421]
is the largest." Dreyer notes
there was no mention in the sweep of the separation between the objects and
that only a single galaxy was observed by JH, Bigourdan, and at Birr
Castle. Perhaps William Herschel
thought that NGC 420 was double?
In any case, although the original description seems to imply that NGC
421 should be the number of the single galaxy here, everyone has assigned NGC
420 to the galaxy. See Corwin's
notes for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 422 = NGC
411 = ESO 051-SC019 = Kron 60 = Lindsay 82
01 07 55.9 -71
46 00
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'
See observing
notes for NGC 411. The cluster
previously assumed to be NGC 422 is IC 1641 and my notes for this cluster are
copied below --
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very faint, small, 30"
diameter, low surface brightness and no hint of resolution. Follows NGC 411 by 7' and forms the
eastern vertex of an equilateral triangle with NGC 411 and a mag 8 star 6'
SW. Observation made through thin
haze.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this faint SMC cluster is located 7'
following NGC 411. At 228x it
appeared as just a very faint knot, less than 1' diameter with a low surface
brightness and no resolution.
Located 5.5' NE of mag 8.6 HD 7031.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 422 in 1836 with his 20-foot (18") reflector and it was
included as #162 in his catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae, and Clusters in the
Nubecula Minor". His position
is 30 sec of RA west (very small offset at this declination) of ESO 051-SC022 =
Kron 65 = Lindsay 87, the faint cluster taken as NGC 422 by all modern sources
(ESO, NED, SIMBAD, etc).
But Harold
Corwin found that the entry #162 in "Stars, Nebulae, and Clusters in the
Nubecula Minor" actually derives from Herschel's second observation of NGC
411 = h2384 ("eF; pL; R; glbM 2'.") on sweep 745 (5 Nov 1836) but he
accidentally increased the RA by 1.0 tmin. So, NGC 411 has two entries in this table (both indicated as
deriving from a sweep with his 18") -- #162, which is 1.0 tmin too large,
and #157, which was copied correctly.
Entry #162 later acquired the numbers GC 231 and NGC 422. So, NGC 422 = NGC 411 with NGC 411 the
primary designation.
The cluster
previously assumed to be NGC 422 was later discovered by DeLisle Stewart on
plates taken in 1900 at Harvard's station in Arequipa, Peru and received the
designation IC 1641. Instead, IC
1641 has been misidentified as a very faint cluster (Hodge-Wright 62) just
following the real IC 1641. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 423 = ESO
412-011 = MCG -05-04-004 = PGC 4266
01 11 22.2 -29
14 04
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 114d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, even surface
brightness. Located 7' S of mag
9.3 SAO 166858.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 423 = h2388 on 14 Nov 1835 and recorded "vF, S, E,
glbM." Two sweeps later he
logged it as "eF, S, lE, 20", following of two [with NGC 418]."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 424 = ESO
296-004 = MCG -06-03-026 = PGC 4274
01 11 27.6 -38
05 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 60d
17.5"
(10/4/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.6', brighter
core. NGC 438 lies 27' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 424 = h2389 on 30 Nov 1837 and logged "vF, S, R, glbM, 18
arcsec." His position matches
ESO 296-004 = PGC 4274.
******************************
NGC 425 = UGC
758 = MCG +06-03-023 = CGCG 520-026 = PGC 4379
01 13 02.6 +38
46 06
V = 12.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(8/16/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', fairly
even high surface brightness. A
mag 11 star is just off NW edge [29" from center].
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 425 = Sf 62 on 29 Oct 1866 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and recorded "pS, pB, gar bM." douard Stephan (X-4) independently
found the galaxy on 11 Oct 1879 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory and was credited with the discovery in the NGC, as Safford's
discovery list was published in 1887, too late to have been seen by Dreyer.
******************************
NGC 426 = UGC
760 = MCG +00-04-035 = CGCG 385-026 = PGC 4363
01 12 48.6 -00
17 25
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, prominent bright
core. First of trio with NGC 429
4' SE and NGC 430 3.5' NE.
Slightly fainter than NGC 430 but comparable in brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 426 = H III-592 = h91, along with NGC 429, on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep
655) and logged "Three, the place is that of the last [NGC 430], which is
the largest and most north, F, S.
The next in size is about 2 or 3' sp [NGC 426], vF, vS. The last [NGC 429] is about 5' south of
the 1st; eF, eS, not verified."
******************************
NGC 427 = ESO
412-014 = MCG -05-04-007 = PGC 4333
01 12 19.2 -32
03 41
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (only core
viewed?). Required averted vision
and GSC finder chart to identify at 280x.
Located in a sparse field.
A couple of very faint nearby stars were not recorded.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 427 = h2390 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "Rather doubtful,
but I strongly incline to the suspicion of its being a vF neb with 2 vS stars
near it". On a second sweep
(#635) he noted "I believe it only 3 vF st, but yet there remains a
suspicion of nebulosity." His
position is just 1.3' S of ESO
412-014, despite the uncertain observations.
******************************
NGC 428 = UGC
763 = MCG +00-04-036 = CGCG 385-028 = PGC 4367
01 12 55.6 +00
58 54
V = 11.5; Size 4.1'x3.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 120d
24"
(12/22/14): bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 ~NW-SE, mottled irregular
appearance, broad weak concentration.
With averted vision the halo increases in size to ~2.5'x2.0'. A quasi-stellar HII region, catalogued
in NED as UM 309 NED1 and NGC 428: [HK83] 44-46, occasionally pops as a very
small detached knot, ~6" diameter.
This is the brightest in a series of blue HII knots on the northwest
side of the outer core [45" WNW of center]. NGC 428 forms the southeast vertex of an isosceles triangle
with mag 8.7 HD 7208 6' W and mag 8.6 HD 7276 8' NNE. Mag 12.5 stars are 2' NW and 2' SSW [6" pair].
13.1"
(9/3/86): fairly bright, moderately large, oval ~N-S, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is at the NW edge 1.8'
from center. Forms the vertex of
an isosceles triangle with two mag 8.5 stars SAO 109728 and SAO 109733 6.0' W
and 6.0' NNE, respectively.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 428 = H II-622 on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep 655) and noted "F, R,
bM, easily resolvable."
Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate micrometric position on 30 and 31
Oct 1864.
******************************
NGC 429 = UGC
762 = MCG +00-04-037 = CGCG 385-027 = PGC 4368
01 12 57.4 -00
20 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 19d
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core. A mag 14 star is 1' N. Faintest of three with NGC 430 6' N and
NGC 426 4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 429 = H III-593 = h92, along with NGC 426, on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep
655) and recorded "The last [NGC 429] is about 5' south of the 1st [NGC
430]; eF, eS, not verified."
******************************
NGC 430 = UGC
765 = MCG +00-04-039 = CGCG 385-029 = PGC 4376
01 13 00.0 -00 15
09
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, round, prominent small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is 1'
SSW. Brightest in a group with NGC
429 6' S and NGC 426 3.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 430 = H II-447 = h93 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and noted
"eF, vS, 240 confirmed it with difficulty but left no doubt." His position is accurate. The following year he found NGC 426 and
429, so his summary description reads "F, S. Two more near it. See
III.592.593 [NGC 426 and 429]."
******************************
NGC 431 = UGC
776 = MCG +05-04-002 = CGCG 501-132 = PGC 4437
01 14 04.5 +33
42 15
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Located 2.5' SW
of a mag 10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 431 = h95 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "F; S;
vsbM". His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 432 = ESO
113-022 = PGC 4290
01 11 46.3 -61
31 40
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 126d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; fairly faint, small, round, 25". Contains a small bright nucleus that
gradually increases to a faint stellar peak. Located 35' NE of mag 5.35 Iota Tucanae. NGC 432 is the brightest member of the
unstudied cluster ACO S137 (distance ~365 million l.y., richness class 0).
I didn't make a
careful survey of possible cluster members but picked up the following two galaxies:
PGC 127867, situated 9.5' WSW, appeared faint, very small, round, 12"
diameter. A mag 11.0 star is 2.4' ENE.
ESO 113-019, located 10.2' WNW, appeared extremely faint, very small,
round, 12" diameter, low surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 432 = h2391 on 6 Oct 1834 and logged "F, S, R." No position was determined on that
sweep. On a later sweep he noted
"pF, S, R, gbM, 15 arcseconds, has a star 12th mag following" and
commented the "place is liable to some error".
******************************
NGC 433 = Stock
22 = OCL-319 = Lund 41
01 15 09 +60 07
36
Size 3'
24"
(1/4/14): the most distinctive part of this cluster is a mag 9.3 star
surrounded by a 2' cloud (mostly south) of ~15 mag 13-14 stars. A mag 11 star is at the NW corner, a 50"
pair of mag 11 stars is at the SE end and a mag 11.5 star is at the SW
corner. A small string of stars
extends from the mag 9.3 star to the southwest.
17.5"
(8/16/93): 30 stars mag 10-14 in a 6' triangular outline although very few
stars are inside the triangle. The
mag 10 star at the north vertex is surrounded (mostly on the south side) by a
rich subgroup of faint stars,
including at least three close multiple systems. Mag 8.7 SAO 22122 is just south of the
triangle and 8' SSW of the mag 10 star in the cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 433 = h94 on 29 Sep 1829 and described a "star 8m the chief
of a small loose cluster." The mag 9.3 star is on the north side of the
cluster. Robert Ball observed the cluster using the 72" at Birr Castle and
logged "Loose CL. consisting of 50 or 60 stars of various sizes from about
8 mag down."
******************************
NGC 434 = ESO
113-023 = AM 0110-583 = KTS 8A = PGC 4325
01 12 14.2 -58
14 51
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 6d
25" (10/15/17
- OzSky): at 397x; bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 or 3:2 N-S,
~1.25'x0.9'. Sharply concentrated
with a bright, elongated core enclosing a round, intensely bright nucleus. The halo has a subtle but definite
uneven surface brightness.
Brightest in a trio (KTS 8) with NGC 440 5' SE and NGC 434A 3.2'
NE. A mag 11.8 star is midway
between NGC 434 and 440. Located
37' SSE of mag 6.4 HD 7082.
NGC 434A
appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 12", very low surface
brightness. This galaxy is a thin
edge-on with very faint curving arms similar to the Integral Sign galaxy, but
only the core was noticed.
Faintest in a trio (KTS 8) and situated 3.2' NE of NGC 434.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 434 = h2392 on 28 Oct 1834 and logged "B, R, psbM, 40"
dia." His position is
accurate (2 sweeps).
******************************
NGC 435 = UGC
779 = MCG +00-04-046 = CGCG 385-035 = PGC 4434
01 13 59.9 +02
04 18
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/23/92): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is just off the WSW edge
20" from the center. Located
midway between mag 8.5 SAO 109745 2.5' SSW and mag 10.5 2.5' N. NGC 445 lies 15' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 435 = m 36 on 23 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, S, E". His
position is 2' N of UGC 779 = PGC 4434.
******************************
NGC 436 = Cr 11
= Mel 6 = OCL-320
01 15 58 +58 49
00
V = 8.8; Size 6'
24"
(1/4/14): at 200x, ~50 stars are resolved in a rich, 4' group that is
well-detached and distinctive. The
main group is confined within a triangular outline with a mag 10.9 star at the
S end, a mag 12 star at the W end and a mag 11.5 star at the N end. Contains a very rich central region
~1.5' diameter and includes STI 1550, a close triple with components
11.2/11.3/11.8 at 9" and 12".
Another uncatalogued pair is just 0.6' S of STI 1550. Two mag 9.5/10 stars are collinear to
the east of the mag 10.9 star at the south end.
17.5"
(8/16/93): 40 stars mag 10-15 in 4' diameter. Includes a rich 1.5' region with 15 stars with a nice triple
star in a tight equilateral triangle.
Other brighter stars in this grouping form a pentagon outline. Three equally spaced mag 9-10 stars
oriented E-W begin just off the south side. Several sprays of stars emanate out in various directions
from the central region.
17.5"
(11/2/91): fairly bright and compact, ~30 stars mag 9-14 at 220x in a 4' diameter, distinctive group. Just north of center is a tight triple
star with 4th star to E, also second trio of stars is close south. A mag 9 star near the south edge is collinear
with two mag 9 stars 2' SE and 4' SE all equally spaced.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 436 = H VII-45 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774). His summary description is "a
small pretty compressed cluster of stars, not rich, iF, like a forming
one." The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 437 = UGC
788 = MCG +01-04-005 = CGCG 411-009 = PGC 4464
01 14 22.3 +05
55 37
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 1.1'
NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 437 = Sw V-11 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 8 tsec west of UGC 788 = PGC 4464 and his description "F * nr np"
applies to this galaxy. Kolbold
later measured an accurate position at the Strasbourg Observatory.
******************************
NGC 438 = ESO
296-007 = MCG -06-03-029 = PGC 4406
01 13 34.2 -37
54 06
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 126d
17.5"
(10/4/97): faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, weak even
concentration. Situated just
following the midpoint of two mag 13 stars 3.1' SSE and 2.8' NNE. NGC 424 lies 27' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 438 = h2393 on 1 Sep 1834.
On one sweep he called this nebula "vF" and another time
"pB". His mean position matches ESO 296-007 = PGC 4406.
******************************
NGC 439 = ESO
412-018 = MCG -05-04-015 = PGC 4423
01 13 47.2 -31
44 51
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 156d
24"
(9/15/12): at 175x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE,
1.5'x1.2', increases to a bright core.
Brightest in
cluster ACO S141 = Klemola 1 with NGC 441 2.6' SSE, MCG -05-04-018 7' SE and a
trio of MCGs (-011/-012/-013) 5' SW.
MCG -05-04-018 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 E-W,
24"x16" and the small trio of MCGs were all extremely to very faint,
round, 12" to 18" diameter.
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x1.2',
broad concentration. A mag 13.5
star is 2.3' SW and a mag 14 star is 2.2' SE of center. Brighter of a pair with NGC 441 2.5'
SSE. Located 11' NE of mag 8.2 SAO
192988. This is the brightest
member of ACO S141.
8"
(1/1/84): very faint, small, round.
Can just hold steadily with averted vision. A mag 8 star is 10' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 439 = h2394 (along with NGC 441 = h2395) on 27 Sep 1834 and
logged "pB, R, bM, 20 arcseconds." His mean position from 2 sweeps is accurate.
******************************
NGC 440 = ESO
113-025 = AM 0110-583 = KTS 8C = PGC 4361
01 12 48.5 -58
16 56
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1
SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', well concentrated with a very small bright core and much
fainter extensions. Second
brightest in a trio (KTS 8) with NGC 434 5' NW and NGC 434A 5' NW. A mag 11.8 star is 2.3' WNW, midway to
NGC 434 and a mag 10.8 star is 2.8' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 440 = h2396 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "F, S, R, 15"
dia." His position (typo
corrected at the end of the Cape of Good Hope catalog) matches ESO 113-25 = PGC
4361.
******************************
NGC 441 = ESO
412-019 = MCG -05-04-016 = PGC 4429
01 13 51.1 -31
47 19
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
24" (9/15/12):
moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:2 WSW-ENE, bright core,
increases to the center. A mag 14
star lies 1.2' NE. Second
brightest member of ACO S141 with NGC 439 2,6' NNW.
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
1.3' NE. Forms a close pair with
NGC 439 2.5' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 441 = h2395 (along with NGC 439 = h2394) on 27 Sep 1834 and
recorded "vF; S; R; gbM."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 442 = UGC
789 = MCG +00-04-054 = CGCG 385-041 = PGC 4484
01 14 38.7 -01
01 14
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 157d
13.1"
(9/3/86): Located 3.9' SW of 38 Ceti (V = 5.7). Fairly faint, small, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 450.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 442 = Sw V-12 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 11 seconds of RA west and 15" south of UGC 789 = PGC 4484. His description mentions "B *
sf", but the mag 5.7 star is actually northeast.
******************************
NGC 443 = IC
1653 = UGC 796 = MCG +05-04-005 = CGCG 502-010 = PGC 4512
01 15 07.5 +33
22 38
V = 13.0; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 20' NNW of NGC 447. Identified as IC 1653 in the UGC and
CGCG.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 443 = Au 10 = Big. 114 on 8 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch
Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen.
There is nothing at his single position, but he measured a mag 15 star
that he placed 8.3 seconds of time directly west. UGC 796 is 9' due north of his position and 8 seconds west
of this galaxy is a very faint star, matching d'Arrest's description. So, this identification is
certain. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position and noted d'Arrest's error in the remarks section of his
second Comptes Rendus list (1887).
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered the galaxy on 17 Oct 1903 with the 30-inch refractor
at the Nice Observatory, placed it accurately, and Dreyer recatalogued J. 3-849
as IC 1653. UGC, MCG
(+05-04-005) and CGCG (502-010) label this galaxy IC 1653, although the primary
designation should be NGC 443.
Malcolm Thomson noted this error in his unpublished "CGCG
Corrections".
******************************
NGC 444 = IC
1658 = UGC 810 = MCG +05-04-007 = CGCG 502-015 = PGC 4561
01 15 49.6 +31
04 50
V = 14.3; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 157d
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 NNW-SSE. A mag 11 star is 3' ESE. Forms a pair with NGC 452 6' SE. Appears fainter than the CGCG
magnitude.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 444 on 26 Oct 1854 with Lord Rosse's 72" at Birr Castle
while observing NGC 452. The first
description reads "vvF ray, elongated NW-SE, without nucleus." The NGC RA is 28 sec too small but
Mitchell's description and sketch clearly identifies NGC 444 = UGC 810 =
4561. Javelle independently
discovered the galaxy on 17 Oct 1903 with the 30" refractor at Nice,
assumed it was new and placed it correctly in paper 3-851 (later 1658). So, NGC 444 = IC 1658 with discovery
priority to Mitchell.
******************************
NGC 445 = CGCG
385-047 = PGC 4493
01 14 52.6 +01
55 03
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, very small, round, broad concentration. On a line between a mag 12 star 0.9'
WNW and a mag 11 star 1.9' ESE.
NGC 435 lies 15' NW. UGC
791 6.3' SW not seen.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 445 = m 37 on 23 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and reported
"vF, vS". His position
matches CGCG 385-047 = PGC 4493.
This galaxy is not included in the MCG, although MCG +00-04-052, located
6.3' SW, is listed as possibly NGC 445.
******************************
NGC 446 = IC 89
= UGC 818 = MCG +01-04-012 = CGCG 411-016 = PGC 4578
01 16 03.6 +04
17 38
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, prominent sharp
bright core with a nearly stellar nucleus. This galaxy is identified as IC 89 in UGC, CGCG and RC3. NGC 446 lies 19' WSW and NGC 462 is 30'
ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 446 = m 38 on 23 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48-inch on Malta and
recorded "F, vS, stellar".
There is nothing at Marth's position but Corwin suggests NGC 446 = UGC
818 = PGC 4578, located exactly 1.0 min of RA east of Marth's position. Javelle independently discovered this
galaxy on 20 Aug 1892 with the 30-inch refractor at Nice, placed it correctly,
and it was catalogued again as IC 89.
UGC, CGCG, MCG and RC3 use IC 89 as the primary designation for this
galaxy. Karl Reinmuth also makes
the equivalence NGC 446 = IC 89 and gives the IC position. UGC, CGCG (411-010) and RNGC identify
UGC 794 = PGC 4494 as NGC 446.
This galaxy is located 13 sec of RA east and 7' north of UGC 794, which
would require random errors in both directions by Marth instead of a single
digit error.
******************************
NGC 447 = IC
1656 = UGC 804 = MCG +05-04-006 = CGCG 502-013 = PGC 4550
01 15 37.6 +33
04 04
V = 14.0; Size 2.2'x2.2'; Surf Br = 15.5
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 15 star is involved at the southeast end. In a group with NGC 449 and NGC
451. Incorrectly identified as NGC
449 in the RNGC, CGCG, UGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 447 = Au 11 on 8 Oct 1861with the 11-inch Fraunhofer
refractor in Copenhagen. His
position (measured on 4 nights) is accurate and he noted the mag 11 star that
follows by 9.2 seconds of RA and 110" north as well as an involved star
about 18-19th magnitude (the star is closer to mag 15). Auwers included this discovery in his
1862 list of 50 new nebulae.
Barnard
independently found this galaxy visually, along with NGC 451, on 25 Oct 1888
using the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. He noted the "nebula is s.p. comparison star [mag 6 HD
7578] and close n.p. a small star.
A 9 1/2m star is s.f. 3'+/- [should read n.f.], a 12m star is s.f.
1/4'." His offset in RA from
the bright star (~40 seconds of time) matches NGC 447, though his declination
is 1.4' too far north (similar offset as IC 1661 = NGC 451). He reported the discovery directly to
Dreyer who recatalogued it as IC 1656.
So, NGC 447 = IC 1656. In Barnard's notebook, he later added the comment
"This is NGC 447. The star is
wrongly located in NGC." See
NGC 443 = IC 1653 and NGC 451 = IC 1661 for more duplicate IC entries.
Based on the NGC
positions, the RNGC has reversed the identifications of NGC 447 and NGC 449
whose correct orientations should be SW-NE. UGC and CGCG misidentify NGC 447 = PGC 4550 as NGC 449 = IC
1656 and NGC 449 is misidentified as IC 1661 in CGCG. MCG identifies these galaxies correctly. These errors were noted in my RNGC
Corrections #3 and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 448 = UGC
801 = MCG +00-04-060 = CGCG 385-051 = PGC 4524
01 15 16.5 -01
37 35
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 116d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, brighter along
major axis, bright core, high surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 448 = Sw IV-5 on 2 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 5 tsec of RA east and 33" S of UGC 801 = PGC 4524.
******************************
NGC 449 = MCG
+05-04-009 = CGCG 502-018 = Mrk 1 = PGC 4587
01 16 07.2 +33
05 22
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 451 1.9'
SE. Located 2.9' SW of mag 6.0 SAO
54567. Incorrectly listed as NGC
447 in RNGC and IC 1661 in CGCG.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 449 = St XII-11 on 11 Nov 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory.
Stephan's original published position matches CGCG 502-018 = PGC 4587,
although the RA is slightly off in the NGC. The RNGC misidentifies NGC 447 as NGC 449 (reversing the
identifications of NGC 447 and NGC 449.
CGCG labels NGC 449 as IC 1661. Although it is possible that IC 1661
(discovered by Barnard) is a duplicate observation of NGC 449, Corwin feels it
is more likely that IC 1661 is a duplicate of NGC 451. See RNGC Corrections #3 and Thomson's
"CGCG Corrections".
******************************
NGC 450 = UGC
806 = MCG +00-04-062 = CGCG 385-052 = PGC 4540
01 15 30.4 -00
51 40
V = 11.5; Size 3.1'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 72d
48"
(10/22/11): at 610x this double system is dominated by NGC 450, which appeared
bright, large, 2.3' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a relatively large
30" bright core, surrounded by a very large, low surface brightness halo. The halo is slightly asymmetric and
more extensive on the west side.
Three faint
"stars" are superimposed on the east side of the galaxy; two appeared
stellar, but the faintest and most westerly object was clearly "soft"
at 610x. These are apparently HII
knots in the galaxy and the southeast object is listed in NED as UM 311 from
the University of Michigan Emission Line Survey.
NGC 450 has a
very close companion, UGC 807, which is attached at the northeast side of the
halo, 1.4' between centers. UGC
807 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.3', even
surface brightness except for a very small brighter nucleus. Despite the fact that UGC 807 appears
to form a double system, the companion has a redshift that is over 6x greater
than NGC 450, so they are a line-of-sight pair.
13.1"
(9/3/86): very large, diffuse, broad concentration, slightly elongated. Located 12.5' NE of 38 Ceti.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 450 = H III-440 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged as
"vF, vL, requires great attention." His RA was 25 tsec too large, but Heinrich d'Arrest provided
an accurate position used in the NGC.
This system is a noninteracting spiral pair with the companion (UGC 807)
over 6 times as distant.
******************************
NGC 451 = IC
1661 = MCG +05-04-011 = CGCG 502-019 = Mrk 976 = PGC 4594
01 16 12.4 +33
03 51
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, oval.
Located 3.3' SSW of mag 6.0 SAO 54567! Forms a close pair with NGC 449 1.9' NW.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 451 = St XII-12 on 10 Nov 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches CGCG 502-019 = PGC 4594. Barnard independently found this galaxy visually,
along with NGC 447, on 25 Oct 1888 using the 12-inch refractor at Lick
Observatory. He noted it was 6
seconds of time preceding his comparison star (mag 6 HD 7578) and called it
"vvF, S, R." The
rediscovery was sent directly to Dreyer who recatalogued it as IC 1661, though
his declination is 1.2' too far north (similar error with IC 1656 = NGC 447). Barnard later wrote in pen in his
notebook that "This is NGC 451". CGCG labels this galaxy IC 1661, though NGC 451 should be
the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 452 = VV 430
= UGC 820 = MCG +05-04-010 = CGCG 502-020 =PGC 4596
01 16 14.8 +31
02 02
V = 12.6; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 43d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, bright core. Located 3.2' SE of a mag 10.5
star. Forms a pair with NGC 444 6'
NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 452 = h96 on 22 Nov 1827 and reported "vF; E; a ....and a S
* nf at the extremity of the nebula." Part of the description is not readable on my photocopy of
Herschel's catalogue but his position is accurate and a star is superimposed at
the NE end. The field was observed
7 times using Lord Rosse's 72".
R.J. Mitchell's observation on 3 Nov 1855 reads "mE, pB nucleus and
a star in north end; np. this neb. is a star of the 9th mag, and about the same
distance preceding this star is another neb., vF, mE [NGC 444].
******************************
NGC 453
01 16 17.4 +33
00 51
=***, Corwin.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 453 = St XII-13 on 10 Nov 1881 (same night he discovered NGC
451) with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position corresponds with a
collinear triple star 2.2' SSE of NGC 451. The triple is cleanly resolved on
the DSS. It is very possible the
two brighter (northern) stars were unresolved (nebulous) to Stephan.
******************************
NGC 454 = ESO
151-036 = PGC 4468
01 14 23.0 -55
23 54
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
25" (10/15/17
- OzSky): NGC 454 was resolved into a neat contact double system at 244x
[28" separation between centers], though better viewed at 397x. The main component is on the east side
and appeared moderately bright, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 E-W, ~50"x25". At 397x it was sharply concentrated
with an extremely high surface brightness elongated core and stellar nucleus.
The interacting companion, PGC 4461, appears as an appendage, poking out of the
southwest side and was easily seen at 397x. It appeared faint or fairly faint,
small, probably elongated ~3:2 N-S, ~20"x14". On the DSS, this galaxy is highly
disrupted with plumes and knots. A
mag 11.9 star lies 1.6' NNW.
Situated 4.7' WSW of mag 8.3 HD 7597.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 454 = h2397 on 5 Oct 1834 and logged "vF, S, R, bM, 15
arcsec." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 455 = Arp
164 = UGC 815 = MCG +01-04-011 = CGCG 411-015 = PGC 4572
01 15 57.6 +05
10 43
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 165d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, bright core. Located 2.5' NW of a mag 10.5 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 455 = m 39 on 27 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "F, vS, alm stell".
His position is 1' N of UGC 815 = PGC 4572
******************************
NGC 456 = ESO
029-SC038 = Kron 65 = Lindsay 94 = SMC-N83A
01 13 44.4 -73
17 26
Size 5'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first of an unusual chain of
three nebulous clusters with NGC 460 and NGC 465 within 10'. The best view of the entire group was
at 171x using an UHC filter. At
220x the largest in the trio is NGC 456, appearing as a roundish 3' glow with a
very small knot embedded in the SE end.
A few stars are superimposed (Hodge Association 61) on the glow. NGC 460 lies 4' ESE. Visible in 10x30 IS binoculars.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 456 = D 7
= h2399 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and described "a faint
round nebula, 35" diameter, with a small star near the south margin, but
not involved." D10 is
possibly a duplicate observation - the description is similar "an
elliptical nebula, about 1' long and 40" broad, with three minute stars in
it." and the position is 20' ENE of NGC 456. JH observed this object on at least 3 sweeps from the Cape
as the first of 3 nebulous clusters with NGC 460 (observed 4 times) and NGC 465
(recorded once). In addition it
appears that h2398, which did not enter the GC or NGC is a 4th observation of
h2399 = NGC 456 but with a poor RA.
Herschel equated D 7 with h2399.
******************************
NGC 457 = Cr 12
= Mel 7 = OCL-321
01 19 33 +58 17
30
V = 6.4; Size 13'
17.5"
(9/19/87): ~150 stars in a beautiful cluster including mag 5 Phi 1 (likely a
foreground star) and mag 7 Phi 2 Cassiopeiae. Includes many mag 14-15 stars.
8"
(1/1/84): ~75 stars in cluster at 100x.
6: striking
bird-shape with two prominent "arms". One of my favorite objects in this scope at 36x.
15x50mm
(7/26/06): the cluster was slightly resolved in IS binoculars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 457 = H VII-42 = h97 on 18 Oct 1787 (sweep 769) and described
"A star [Phi Cass]. About 50
seconds preceding is a cluster of small scattered stars, not very
rich." JH recorded "a
double star 10m, pos 324.5Ą, dist 12", in the midst of a p rich L cl which
fills the field. The stars are
10m; one of 7 and 1 of 8m in the sf part."
By analyzing
William Herschel's early "reviews" of bright stars (before his systematic
sweeps), Wolfgang Steinicke recently found (email Oct '16) that Herschel first
discovered the cluster on 12 Oct 1782 using his 6.2" reflector.
******************************
NGC 458 = ESO
051-SC026 = Lindsay 96
01 14 54 -71 32
54
V = 11.7
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this cluster is an outlying member of the
SMC to the NE of the main body and 70' SE of NGC 362. At 228x, it appears fairly bright, small, 1.5'-2' diameter,
brighter core, slightly elongated.
The surface brightness is irregular with some mottling but there was no
apparent resolution. Three mag 10
stars are on the SW edge of the field, 10' from the cluster.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 458 = D 60 = h2401 on 6 Sep 1826 with his 9"
reflector from Parramatta and described "a round well-defined nebula,
gradually brighter to the centre, about 25" diameter." He made a
single observation (no others nearby) and his position is 12' too far
east. JH made 2 observations,
recording on 12 Aug 1834 "F, L, R, vgbM, 4' dia." Herschel noted the equivalence with D
60.
******************************
NGC 459 = UGC
832 = MCG +03-04-017 = CGCG 459-024 = PGC 4665
01 18 08.1 +17
33 44
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(8/16/93): extremely faint, very small, round, very low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is 1'
SE. Located 5' WSW of two mag
10/11.5 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 459 = H III-205 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and described as
"eF, 240 left a doubt, though it rather confirmed it. I perceived it in
counting a field, otherwise I should never have suspected it." WH's position for III-205 is 01 18.2
+17 39 which is 7' north of UGC 832 = PGC 4665, and this is the only nearby
candidate.
******************************
NGC 460 = ESO
029-S0C39 = Kron 66 = Lindsay 97 = SMC-N84A
01 14 41 -73 17
50
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the second of three SMC clusters
with NGC 456 and NGC 465 in a chain.
At 128x and UHC filter, two close nebulous patches roughly oriented
NW-SE were visible, separated by a dusky lane oriented SW-NE. The total diameter is ~2.5'. The northwest component, which
corresponds with John Herschel's position, has a very small knot or star in the
south end. The fainter southeast
section (SMC-N84B/D) has some stars involved (Lindsay 97), including mag 12.5 SK
155, a massive O9-type. Located 4'
ESE of NGC 456 with NGC 465 a similar distance southeast. A mag 10 star is
close north.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 460 = D 8? = h2402 in 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described a "a small oval nebula, about 10" diameter" and
his position is just 2' NE of this nebulous cluster. The close match in position might be a pure coincidence
given Dunlop's poor positions.
In any case,
this SMC cluster/nebula was discovered by JH on 11 Apr 1834 and observed on 4
sweeps. Described as the second of
three nebulous clusters with NGC 456 (observed 3 times) and NGC 465 (observed
once). JH placed h2402 at a mean
position of 01 14 40 -73 18.2 (2000) and this position was used in the GC and
NGC. Nevertheless, the declination
given in RNGC, Deep Sky Field Guide (first edition only), NGC 2000.0 and
Uranometria 2000 Atlas (first edition only) is one degree too far north. The declination given in ESO is
correct.
******************************
NGC 461 = ESO
352-033 = PGC 4636
01 17 20.4 -33
50 28
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 23d
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low surface brightness,
no concentration. Lies in a barren
field with a mag 13 star 3.3' SW.
Incorrect position in RNGC and on U2000 atlas.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 461 = h2400 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB, R, glbM, 20
arcseconds". There is nothing
at his position but 30' S is ESO 352-033 = PGC 4636. He noted in his observation that because he was not able to
relocate this galaxy he probably made an error in the declination. So, h2400 =
ESO 352-033 = PGC 4636. The RNGC
position is 1.1 tmin too far W and 7' S (17' SW) of this galaxy and it is
plotted incorrectly on the first edition of Uranometria 2000. MCG (-06-04-002) missed assigning the
NGC number.
******************************
NGC 462 = PGC
4667
01 18 10.9 +04
13 34
Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(12/23/92): extremely faint and small, round, visible continuously with averted
vision. A mag 13.5 star is 2.5'
S. The galaxy is almost collinear
with mag 9.2 SAO 109796 5' SE and mag 9.1 SAO 109798 10.5' SE. IC 89 lies 30' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 462 = m 40 on 23 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, vS, stellar".
His position is accurate.
This galaxy is not included in the CGCG, MCG, RC3 and UGC.
******************************
NGC 463 = UGC
840 = MCG +03-04-019 = CGCG 459-025 = PGC 4719
01 18 58.2 +16
19 33
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 4d
17.5"
(12/23/92): very faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, very small
brighter core, extremely faint extensions. NGC 473 lies 20' NE.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 463 = St III-1 on 16 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 464
01 19 26.7 +34
57 20
=** or asterism
of 4*, Gottlieb. Unlikely
identification in the RNGC.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 464 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory,
Italy, and recorded it in list V at 01 19 33 +34 57.7 (2000). According to Bigourdan who searched for
NGC 464, Tempel's entry may refer to a small asterism of four stars close
northeast. But just 1' W of his
position is a 9" pair of mag 14 stars with a mean position of 01 19 26.7
+34 57 20 (2000). Interestingly,
my observing notes with the 17.5" indicate that I thought the close faint
double could possibly be a non-stellar object!
RNGC and PGC
misidentify PGC 4721 as NGC 464.
This extremely faint galaxy is located just 6' W of the NGC position and
is missing in the CGCG, MCG and UGC.
But Corwin mentions that although Tempel included this object in his 5th
list, the original observation was made by the BD observers with a 78mm
refractor and hence the faint RNGC candidate is not plausible. Listed in my
RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 465 = ESO
029-SC040 = Kron 67 = Lindsay 99
01 15 42.7 -73
19 27
V = 11.5; Size 4'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the last in a chain of interesting
knots and clusters including NGC 456, NGC 460nw and 460se. At 171x it appears as a 4' curving
chain of stars (Hodge Association 63) with no central concentration situated 4'
following NGC 460. There is
possibly some faint haze involved or this is just dim stars (no significant
nebulosity shows on the Red DSS 2 image).
The entire complex of stars and nebulosity is ~10' in length and
fascinating in a 171x field (29').
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 465 = D 9 = h2404 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9"
reflector and described "a faint nebula, about 1 1/2' diameter, of an
irregular round figure. His
position is 6' E of this SMC cluster.
JH observed the cluster on 4 Oct 1836 and described it as the third of
three "in an irregular line of loose stars and nebula." This object was only recorded on one
sweep, though while NGC 456 and 460 were recorded 3 or 4 times.
******************************
NGC 466 = ESO
113-034 = AM 0115-591 = LGG 019-004 = PGC 4632
01 17 13.4 -58
54 36
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 103d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; moderately bright, fairly small, round,
0.6' diameter. Gradually increases
to a small brighter nucleus and a stellar peak. An extremely low surface brightness outer halo was not seen
at higher power. Collinear with a
mag 11.7 star 3.5' N and a mag 12.2 star 9' N.
ESO 113-035,
located 16' NE, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
0.5'x0.4', broad concentration.
Situated within a group of stars including a mag 11.7 star 2.7' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 466 = h2403 on 3 Oct 1836 and logged "vF, R, gbM, 30"
dia." His position matches
ESO 113-034 = PGC 4632. RNGC
classifies this galaxy as an "unverified southern object".
******************************
NGC 467 = UGC
848 = MCG +00-04-079 = CGCG 385-065 = KTG 5A = PGC 4736
01 19 10.1 +03
18 02
V = 11.9; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(1/12/13): bright, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, sharply concentrated
with a relatively large high surface brightness core that increases to a very
small, very bright nucleus.
Located 3.5' WNW of mag 7.5 HD 7991. First in a trio with NGC 470 and 474 to the northeast. CGCG 385-068 (which has a similar
redshift) lies 6.8' SE.
13.1" (8/24/84):
moderately bright, slightly brighter core.
13.1"
(11/13/82): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. Collinear with mag 8.1 SAO 109805 3.6'
ESE at midpoint and mag 10 SAO 109809 6.9' ESE. NGC 470 is 11' NE and NGC 474 15' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 467 = H I-108 = h99 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and logged "cB, vL, iR, preceding a very
bright star." Heinrich
d'Arrest measured an accurate micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 468 = NGC
472 = UGC 870 = MCG +05-04-022 = CGCG 502-034 = PGC 4833
01 20 28.7 +32
42 32
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
See observing
notes for NGC 472.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 468 = h98 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; eS;
stellar." His position is
3.6' south of IC 92 = CGCG 502-029 = PGC 4780, and this galaxy has been assumed
to be NGC 468 until recently.
In March 2015,
Harold Corwin checked JH's observing logs (in response to an inquiry from
Courtney Seligman about the identity), and found he made an error in reducing
the position of NGC 468 by 37 seconds in RA (recording the wrong wire). Once corrected for an additional 37
seconds, the position of h98 = NGC 468 is a close match with UGC 870 -- a
significantly brighter galaxy than IC 92.
Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 29 Aug 1862,
measured an accurate position, and it was catalogued as NGC 472. So, NGC 468 = NGC 472. By historical discovery, the primary
designation should be NGC 468, but this galaxy has been known only as NGC 472
up to this time. See Corwin's
notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 469 = MCG
+02-04-023 = CGCG 436-024 = Holm 39a = PGC 4753
01 19 32.9 +14
52 19
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.5'
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 5.1' NNE of mag 8.6 SAO 92336. Situated just north of a string of
three mag 11-13 stars oriented NNW-SSE with a length of 3.3'. Pair with NGC 471 10' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 469 = m 41 (along with NGC 471 and NGC 475) on 3 Nov 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted as "eF, S, R". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 470 = Arp
227 NED1 = UGC 858 = MCG +00-04-084 = CGCG 385-070 = KTG 5B = PGC 4777
01 19 44.8 +03
24 36
V = 11.8; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 155d
48"
(10/25/14): very bright, large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, ~1.8'x1.2'. The bright core contains an intense
circular nucleus. Two spiral arms
are visible with the brighter and better defined arm on the southwest side of
the core. It extends ~40"
SW-NE and is fairly narrow and straight.
A second matching arm to the northeast of the core also stretches SW-NE,
but has a lower contrast. Neither
arm clearly connects to the nucleus, so they appear more as bright arcs.
24"
(1/12/13): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.8'x0.9', high
surface brightness. The halo
gradually and weakly increases towards the center and then a sharp increase to
a bright, quasi-stellar nucleus.
Forms a 5.5' pair with NGC 474 to the east. NGC 467 lies 11' SW.
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak
concentration at center. Largest
of three with NGC 467 11' SW and NGC 474 6' E.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 470 = H III-250, along with NGC 474, on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338)
and logged both as "Two. vF, vS, R, almost stellar 4' or 5' from each
other, nearly in a parallel."
On 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) he noted "pB, L, R, mbM." and on 3
Dec 1787 (sweep 788) he noted "pB, cL, R, gbM, the preceding of two."
******************************
NGC 471 = UGC
861 = MCG +02-04-024 = CGCG 436-029 = PGC 4793
01 19 59.6 +14
47 10
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, very small, round, very small very bright core, sharp
stellar nucleus. NGC 469 is 10'
NW. Superimposed on the distant
cluster AGC 175.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 471 = m 42 (along with NGC 469 and NGC 475) on 3 Nov 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted as "neb *12m". His dec is 1' N of UGC 861. Engelhardt provided a micrometric
position.
******************************
NGC 472 = NGC
468 = UGC 870 = MCG +05-04-022 = CGCG 502-034 = PGC 4833
01 20 28.7 +32
42 32
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, round, small bright core. Located 3.5' SE of a mag 10 star. IC 92 (generally misidentified as NGC 468) lies 10' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 472 on 29 Aug 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 3 nights) and description (he measured the nearby mag 9.7 star as preceding
by 14 seconds) corresponds with UGC 870 = PGC 4833. d'Arrest is credited with the discovery in the GC and NGC,
but in Mar 2015 Harold Corwin found that JH's h98 = NGC 468, which had
previously been equated with IC 92, actually refers to this galaxy. So, NGC 472 = NGC 468, with discovery
priority to JH. See NGC 468.
******************************
NGC 473 = UGC
859 = MCG +03-04-022 = CGCG 459-030 = PGC 4785
01 19 55.1 +16
32 41
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153d
17.5"
(12/23/92): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
1.4'x0.7', broad concentration, bright core, stellar nucleus. Several bright stars are in the field
including three mag 9 stars 5' SE, 10' SSW and 11' NW. NGC 463 lies 20' SW.
13"
(10/20/84): moderately large, very diffuse, slightly elongated. Two very faint stars are off the east
edge and a mag 9 star follows.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 473 = H III-206 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and noted "eF,
S." His position is 5'
southeast of UGC 859 = PGC 4785, but this is the only nearby galaxy.
******************************
NGC 474 = Arp
227 NED2 = UGC 864 = MCG +00-04-085 = CGCG 385-071 = KTG 5C = PGC 4801
01 20 06.7 +03
24 56
V = 11.5; Size 7.1'x6.3'; Surf Br = 15.5; PA = 75d
48"
(10/25/14): the outer halo of NGC 474 was examined closely at 375x for evidence
of the outer, concentric shells and circular streams that are visible on deep
images. Immediately there was a
strong sense of arcs from two more different shells. The easiest arc to confirm
was the outermost on the eastern side, which curves south from a mag 13.3 star
situated 3.3' NE of center. The
arc passes through a mag 16.3 star and extends 30Ą-40Ą. A second outer arc on the northeast
side is half the distance (~1.6') to the center. This arc has a stronger curvature and measures roughly 60Ą. Only a single outer arc (slightly more
difficult to confirm) was noted on the southwest side, 2'-2.5' from
center. My rough sketch shows it
also curving ~60Ą. Additional
inner arcs or ripples were strongly sensed in the main halo of the galaxy, but
too subtle and fleeting to pinpoint locations. The center is sharply concentrated with a very prominent 1'
core. The core itself is sharply
concentrated to a small, blazing nucleus.
24"
(1/12/13): bright, very large with a huge very low surface brightness halo,
extending roughly 4'x3.5' NW-SE.
Very sharply concentrated with a very bright, slightly oval core,
~1.0'x0.8', which increases to a small intense nucleus. Largest in a trio with NGC 470 5.5' W
and NGC 467 16' SW.
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly bright, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 470 6' W. NGC 467 lies 15' SW and NGC 479 is 30'
NE.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, very small, round, bright core. Located 30' ESE of mag 5.2 89 Piscium.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 474 = H III-251, along with NGC 470, on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338)
and logged both as "Two. vF, vS, R, almost stellar 4' or 5' from each
other, nearly in a parallel."
On 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) he noted "pB, pL, mbM." Again on 3 Dec 1787 (sweep 788),
he reported "pB, S, R, smbM, the following of 2."
******************************
NGC 475 = IC 97
= PGC 4796
01 20 02.0 +14
51 40
V = 15.0; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(10/4/97): threshold object that was barely glimpsed on a couple of occasions
at 280x with averted vision using a GSC finder chart to pinpoint the
location. Visible less than 10% of
time and would not have detected at all without first knowing precise
position. Appeared ~10" diameter
but much too faint for any details.
Located 4.5' N of NGC 471 and 7' E of NGC 469.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 475 = m 43 on 3 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, S". His
original position matches PGC 4796 and Dreyer used Marth's position in the GC
Supplement (GCS 5666). But
Dreyer's NGC position (supposedly an improved micrometric position from C.H.F.
Peters) is 0.3 minutes of RA too far east. Bigourdan independently found this galaxy with the 12"
refractor at the Paris Observatory, listed it as nova Big. 117 (misidentifying
NGC 475 with a star). Dreyer
mistakenly assumed this was a new object and catalogued it again as IC 97. So, NGC 475 = IC 97, with NGC 475 the
primary designation.
******************************
NGC 476 = MCG
+03-04-023 = CGCG 459-033 = Holm 40a = PGC 4814
01 20 19.9 +16
01 13
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(12/4/93): very faint, very small, 20" diameter, weakly concentrated
core. Located just east of
distinctive 13' string of six mag 12-13 stars oriented NW-SE including a mag 13
star 3' NW and a mag 11.5 star 3.5' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 476 = m 44 on 3 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, vS, stellar".
His position is a close match with PGC 4814.
******************************
NGC 477 = UGC
886 = MCG +07-03-032 = CGCG 536-032 = PGC 4915
01 21 20.3 +40
29 17
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
18"
(7/11/10): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.4', weak
concentration with just a slightly brighter center but no core or zones. A mag 13.5 star lies 0.8' SE. Brightest of three with MCG +07-03-031
2.3' SW ("very faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", low
even surface brightness") and MCG +07-03-029 4.4' SW ("barely visible
as an extremely faint, elongated glow, roughly 0.4'x0.15'.")
17.5"
(8/16/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5', weakly
concentrated but no core, larger halo with averted. A mag 13.5 star is at the SE edge. Forms a very close pair with MCG +07-03-031 2.3' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 477 = H III-577 = h100 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and noted
"vF, pL, lE, lbM." The
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 478 = ESO
476-IG 003 = VV 398 = MCG -04-04-005 = PGC 4803
01 20 08.9 -22
22 40
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 128d
17.5"
(12/20/95): very faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Situated between two
mag 13.5-14 stars ~1.5' S and a similar star 1.2' NNW. ESO 476-G5 lies 30' SE (picked up first
sweeping in the region).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 478 = LM II-302 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
of the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is just 14 sec of RA east of ESO 476-003 = PGC 4803.
******************************
NGC 479 = UGC
893 = MCG +01-04-031 = CGCG 411-031 = PGC 4905
01 21 15.7 +03
51 44
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/23/89): very faint, small, round, broad mild concentration. Forms the east vertex of a near
equilateral triangle with a mag 11 star 6.6' WSW and a mag 12 star 7' NW. NGC 474 lies 30' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 479 = m 45 on 27 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, S, R". His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 480 = PGC
4845
01 20 34.3 -09
52 50
V = 15.2; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 65d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint and small, round, ~10" diameter. This marginal object required averted
vision and the GSC finder chart to glimpse at 280x. Located 8' E of mag 7 SAO 147742 and nearly at the midpoint
of two mag 12 stars 3.7' SW and 3.3' NE.
Listed as nonexistent in RNGC and this identification of a Leavenworth
discovery is uncertain (see notes).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 480 = LM II-304 in 1886 with the 26" Clark
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 25 sec of RA following PGC 4845 (described
here). This galaxy satisfies the condition of being 40' S of NGC 481 which is
the difference in dec given by Leavenworth and Corwin identifies PGC 4845 = NGC
480. Bigourdan failed to find NGC
480 at Leavenworth's position and the number is listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC.
******************************
NGC 481 = MCG
-02-04-030 = PGC 4899
01 21 12.4 -09
12 40
V = 13.7; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, small bright core,
fairly bright stellar nucleus. A
mag 13 star is 1' NW.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered NGC 481 = Sw VI-7 on 20 Nov 1886 with the 16"
refractor at the Warner Observatory, along with Francis Leavenworth (II-303)
sometime in 1886 or early 1887 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick. The discovery priority
is unknown. Swift's comment
"F * nr np" applies to PGC 4899. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 482 = ESO
296-013 = MCG -07-03-017 = AM 0118-411= PGC 4823
01 20 20.5 -40
57 59
V = 13.7; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 84d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; very nice thin edge-on, elongated at least 6:1
E-W, ~1.5'x0.25'. Contains a
slightly bulging core and very narrow tips. Slightly brighter along a thin strip of the major axis.
Located 13' W of mag 8.6 HD 8283.
ESO 296-012,
located 5.7' N, appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1
N-S, 30"x15", low nearly even surface brightness, faint
extensions. The major axis is
perpendicular and points to NGC 482.
The interacting
pair VV 578 = ESO 296-011 lies 17' SSW.
It appeared faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2, ~24"x18". I
was too tired at the end of a long night to use high power for resolving the
components.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 482 = h2405 on 23 Oct 1835 and logged "eF, lE, 20". A
difficult object but certain after long attention with the left eye." His position is 1' S of ESO 296-013 =
PGC 4823.
******************************
NGC 483 = UGC
906 = MCG +05-04-029 = CGCG 502-050 = PGC 4961
01 21 56.3 +33
31 17
V = 13.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4
24"
(10/4/13): fairly bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, high surface
brightness, increases gradually to a small bright nucleus. The halo is slightly elongated with
averted vision. Two mag 10.2/11
stars lie ~3' E. IC 1679 lies 3'
SW (very faint, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 20"x14") and PGC 169764
("extremely faint and small, round, 8" diameter") is just 1.2'
SE. Member of the NGC 507 Group.
13.1"
(8/8/86): faint, small, round, weak concentration. There is a string of three stars oriented SSW-NNE following
including two mag 10 stars 2.6' ESE and 3' ENE and a mag 13 star 3.8' NE. Member of the NGC 499/507 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 483 = h102 on 11 Nov 1827 and reported "vF, so that had difficulty
in finding it again when it had quitted the field". His declination is 5' S of UGC 906, but
it was marked as uncertain in the observation and he assumed it was a
reobservation of his father's H III-156 = NGC 495. The NGC position is correct (Heinrich d'Arrest and Herman
Schultz provided accurate positions).
See Corwin's notes for NGC 499.
******************************
NGC 484 = ESO
113-036 = LGG 019-005 = PGC 4764
01 19 34.7 -58
31 28
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 94d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 E-W,
~1.0'x0.7'. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright nucleus that increases to a nearly stellar peak and a much
fainter halo. A mag 15.1 star is
barely off the southeast side and a mag 14.7 star is 1.7' WSW. Brightest in a group (LGG 019) with ESO
113-035 14' SW and NGC 466 30' SW (on a line).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 484 = h2406 on 28 Oct 1834 and logged "vB, S, lE,
psmbM." His mean position
from 2 observations is accurate.
******************************
NGC 485 = UGC
895 = MCG +01-04-032 = CGCG 411-032 = PGC 4921
01 21 27.6 +07
01 07
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 3d
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, weak concentration. Located 3.7' NE of mag 8.6 SAO 109824.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 485 = h101 on 8 Jan 1828 and recorded "eF; pL; R; has a red
* 7.8m 45 degrees south preceding."
Herschel's description and the NGC position (from Heinrich d'Arrest and
Herman Schultz) matches UGC 895.
******************************
NGC 486 = PGC
1281966
01 21 43.1 +05
20 47
V = 16.5; Size 0.3'x0.25'
17.5"
(10/4/97): A stellar object was glimpsed a few times at my plotted position
5.5' N of NGC 488. On the DSS the
nearly stellar galaxy forms a close pair with a very faint star off the NE
side. It is possible that I glimpsed
this star, which may be brighter than the galaxy.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 486, along with NGC 490, 492 and 500, on 6 Dec 1850 with the
72" at Birr Castle. The field
was observed on four nights, although this object was mentioned twice as only
"suspected" (labeled Delta on the sketch in the 1880
publication). The micrometric
position from the 22 Oct 1876 observation is 339" N (PA 353Ą) of NGC
488. This corresponds with an
extremely faint galaxy along with a faint star. This galaxy is too faint to be included in CGCG, MCG, RC3,
PGC but is now listed in HyperLeda as PGC 1281966. RNGC, PGC and DSFG misidentify MCG +01-04-037 = PGC 4975
(situated close southwest of NGC 492) as NGC 486. Discussed in Malcolm Thomson's unpublished Catalogue
Corrections.
******************************
NGC 487 = MCG
-03-04-056 = PGC 4958
01 21 55.1 -16
22 14
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 112d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, small, slightly elongated, 30" diameter, weak
concentration.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 487 = LM I-27 on 28 Nov 1885. His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 0.6 tmin west of PGC 4958. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in
1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the
IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 488 = UGC
907 = MCG +01-04-033 = CGCG 411-033 = PGC 4946
01 21 46.8 +05
15 25
V = 10.3; Size 5.2'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
17.5"
(11/1/86): bright, large, very bright core, oval 4:3 ~N-S. A mag 11 star is at the south edge just
1.6' SSE of center and a mag 10 star lies 3' SW. Located 9' W of mag 8.3 SAO 109832. In a group with NGC 490 8' NE, NGC 488
5.5' N and NGC 500 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 488 = H III-252 = h103 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and recorded
"vF, pL, iR, lbM."
JH gave a more detailed
description: "B; L; svmbM, and losing itself imperceptibly; resolvable in
centre with 320x; *7m in parallel 1 min following." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 489 = UGC
908 = MCG +01-04-034 = CGCG 11-034 = LGG 023-001 = PGC 4957
01 21 53.9 +09
12 24
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 120d
18"
(12/3/05): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on streak NW-SE, 0.9'x0.2',
well concentrated with a very small bright core. Contains a faint quasi-stellar nucleus with direct
vision. Furthest west of a large
group of galaxies in the NGC 524 group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on WNW-ESE, bright core. Member of the NGC 524 group with NGC
502 18' SE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 489 on 22 Dec 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 3 nights) and description (he also noted the double star that precedes by 22
seconds) matches PGC 4957.
******************************
NGC 490 = MCG
+01-04-035 = CGCG 411-035 = PGC 4973
01 22 02.9 +05
22 02
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, small, round, bright core. Located 8' NE of NGC 488. Forms the northern vertex of an equilateral triangle with
NGC 488 and mag 8.3 SAO 109832 8' SE.
Seeing conditions very poor.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 490 (along with NGC 486, 492 and 500) on 6 Dec 1850 with Lord
Rosse's 72", during his observation of NGG 488. Shown as Beta in the sketch and described as
"vvF". The NGC position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 491 = ESO
352-053 = MCG -06-04-011 = PGC 4914
01 21 20.2 -34
03 49
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 93d
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, slightly brighter
along major axis. A mag 13.5 star
is off the west edge 50" WSW of core. ESO 352-041 lies 27' W.
8"
(1/1/84): extremely faint, round, very small, threshold object. A mag 13.5 star is off the west edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 491 = h2407 on 25 Sep 1834 and reported "B, vlE, pgmbM,
near a vS star." His mean
position (2 observations) and description matches ESO 352-053 = PGC 4914.
******************************
NGC 492 = MCG
+01-04-038 = CGCG 411-036 = PGC 4976
01 22 13.6 +05
25 01
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low surface
brightness, no concentration. On
line with a mag 12 star 3.7' NW and a faint pair of mag 14-14.5 stars [at
22" separation] 2' NW. Forms
a close pair with MCG +01-04-037 1' SW (not seen). NGC 492 is located 12' NE of
NGC 488 member with several other faint galaxies (NGC 486 8.5' SW, NGC 490 4'
SW, NGC 500 7' ESE) in the field.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 492 on 6 Dec 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72", during his
observation of the NGC 488 field.
It was labeled "Delta" in the diagram and described as
"vvF". The sketch and
position clearly identifies NGC 492 = PGC 4976. The sketch appears to show a
faint double star mentioned in my notes close NW but not the close companion to
the SW, which was noted in Heber Curtis' published descriptions of nebulae
photographed with the Crossley reflector (1918) at Lick.
******************************
NGC 493 = UGC
914 = MCG +00-04-099 = CGCG 385-084 = PGC 4979
01 22 09.1 +00
56 47
V = 12.5; Size 3.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 58d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 3.5'x1.0',
weakly concentrated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 493 = H III-594 = h105 on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep 655) and logged
"vF, mE, bM, 3.5' long, 1.5' broad."
******************************
NGC 494 = UGC
919 = MCG +05-04-034 = CGCG 502-057 = PGC 5035
01 22 55.4 +33
10 26
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
24"
(10/4/13): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
50"x20", large bright elongated core. A mag 15.5 star is at the south edge [16" from
center]. A wide pair of mag 13.5
stars lie 1.4' SW and a similar star is 1.4' SE. Located near the center of the NGC 507 Group with IC 1685 2.6'
NE, NGC 504 7' ENE, NGC 507 11' NE and IC 1682 10' NW. IC 1685 appeared very faint, extremely
small, round, 10" diameter.
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, bright core. A wide mag 13
double star at 30" separation is just 1' SW. Forms the vertex of a right triangle with mag 7.8 SAO 54647
8' NNE and mag 8.7 SAO 54632 11' WNW.
First in a group with NGC 504 7' ENE, NGC 507 11' NE, NGC 508 12' NE and
IC 1685 2.5' NE (seen in 17.5" only).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 494 = h104 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged "vF; E; has a D* to
s". His position and
description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 495 = UGC
920 = MCG +05-04-035 = CGCG 502-058 = WBL 038-008 = PGC 5037
01 22 55.9 +33
28 18
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
24"
(10/4/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
30"x20", contains a small bright core. Bracketed by two 14th magnitude stars 1' SSW and 1'
NNE. Located in the core of the
NGC 507 group (actually the NGC 499 subgroup), with NGC 499 3.3' ESE, NGC 498
3.4' ENE, IC 1684 3.5' S, NGC 496 4.8' NE and NGC 501 6' SE.
13.1"
(8/8/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Located midway two mag 14 stars 1.1'
SSW and 1.1' NNE. First of three
with NGC 496 4.8' NE and NGC 499 3.3' ESE. Located in a rich galaxy group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 495 = H III-156, along with NGC 496 and NGC 499, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and logged "Three [along with NGC 496 and 499], eS and F,
forming a triangle." He
observed this trio again the next night (sweep 271) in more detail:
"Three, forming a [right triangle]; the [right angle] to the south [NGC
499], the short leg preceding [NGC 495], the long towards the north [NGC
496]. Those in the legs [NGC 495
and 496] the faintest imaginable; that at the rectangle [NGC 499] a deal larger
and brighter, but still vF."
The NGC position (from Heinrich d'Arrest and Herman Schultz) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 496 = UGC
927 = MCG +05-04-036 = CGCG 502-060 = WBL 038-010 = PGC 5061
01 23 11.6 +33
31 48
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 28d
24"
(10/4/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.45', low fairly even surface brightness with a weak
concentration. but no distinct core.
Located in the NGC 499 subgroup of the NGC 507 Group with NGC 498 2.4'
S, NGC 499 4.2' S, NGC 495 4.8' SW and NGC 501 6.3' SSE.
13.1"
(8/8/86): faint, low even surface brightness. Second and largest of three with NGC 495 4.8' SW and NGC 499
4.2' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 496 = H III-157, along with NGC 495 and NGC 499, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and observed again the next night (sweep 271). See description under NGC 495. The NGC
position is 0.1 tmin west and 1' south of UGC 927 = PGC 5061.
******************************
NGC 497 = Arp 8
= UGC 915 = MCG +00-04-100 = CGCG 385-085 = PGC 4992
01 22 23.8 -00
52 30
V = 13.0; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 132d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 2.2' SE of
center. Located northwest of the
core of AGC 194.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 497 = St XII-14 on 6 Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate. Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy again on 31 Oct 1886 with his 16" Clark
refractor and recorded it in list V-13.
******************************
NGC 498 = MCG
+05-04-037 = PGC 5059
01 23 11.3 +33
29 22
V = 15.0; Size 0.5'x0.5'
24"
(10/4/13): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 15"x12", low
surface brightness. Located 1.8' N
of NGC 499 and 2.4' S of NGC 496, on a line between the two brighter
galaxies. This is perhaps the
faintest NGC galaxy in the NGC 507 Group.
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint and small, no details visible. This very difficult object was only
detected after extended viewing at 220x, 280x and 420x. Finally started to glimpse a virtually
stellar spot for moments at 280x using a detailed finder chart to pinpoint the
location. Located 1.7' N of NGC
499 and 2.4' S of NGC 496 within the cluster.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 498 on 23 Oct 1856 with Lord Rosse's 72" and placed on two
sketches (object D in the original sketch) in the field of NGC 499. His description says "only
suspected", but the object is placed correctly on the sketch between NGC
496 and 499.
******************************
NGC 499 = IC
1686: = UGC 926 = MCG +05-04-038 = CGCG 502-059 = LGG 024-002 = PGC 5060
01 23 11.5 +33
27 37
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 82d
24"
(10/4/13): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE,
60"x45", well concentrated with a very bright core. Brightest member of a subgroup of the
NGC 507 Group with NGC 498 1.8' N, NGC 501 2.8' SE, NGC 498 3.4' WNW, NGC 496
4.2' N.
13.1"
(8/8/86): moderately bright, moderately large, very bright core with a much
fainter halo! Third of three with
NGC 495 3.3' WNW and NGC 496 4.2' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 499 = H III-158 = h106, along with NGC 495 and 496, on 12 Sep
1784 (sweep 268) and the trio was observed again the next night (sweep
271). See NGC 495 for his
description. JH made two
observations and recorded (sweep 100) "pB; R; bM. Nebulae numerous hereabouts."
Stephane Javelle
independently found this galaxy on 1 Dec 1899 with the Nice Observatory
30" refractor and it was also catalogued as IC 1686. His position is 1.7' S of NGC 499
(matches in RA) but this is a similar offset that he gave for IC 1684 and IC
1692. This makes the equivalence
NGC 499 = IC 1686 pretty certain, although Javelle claims he also measured NGC
499 so there is still some doubt on the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 500 = MCG
+01-04-040 = CGCG 411-039 = PGC 5013
01 22 39.4 +05
23 14
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(12/23/92): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is 1'
NE. Located 10' NE of a mag 8
star. NGC 490 is 9' WSW and NGC
488 18' SW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 500, along with NGC 486, 490 and 492, on 6 Dec 1850 with Lord
Rosse's 72" while examining the NGC 488 field. NGC 500 is labeled Epsilon on the sketch in the 1861 and
1880 publications and simply described as "vF."
******************************
NGC 501 = CGCG
502-062 = PGC 5082
01 23 22.4 +33
25 59
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.4'
24"
(10/4/13): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15",
very small brighter nucleus.
Located 2.8' SE of NGC 499 and 1.8' SW of a mag 11.3 star in the NGC 507
Group.
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Can just hold continually with averted
vision once identified. Located
2.8' SE of NGC 499 in a cluster. A
mag 10.5 star lies 1.8' NE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 501 on 28 Oct 1856 using Lord Rosse's 72". It was sketched as object "E"
and described as "vF, S."
******************************
NGC 502 = UGC
922 = MCG +01-04-043 = CGCG 411-040 = LGG 023-002 = PGC 5034
01 22 55.6 +09
02 57
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, sharply concentrated
with a very small, very bright core ~10" diameter.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, small bright core, possible faint stellar
nucleus. Member of the NGC 524
group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 502 on 25 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 4 nights) matches UGC 922 = PGC 5034.
The identifications of NGC 502 and NGC 505 are reversed in the MCG and
should read NGC 502 = MCG +01-04-041 and NGC 505 = MCG +01-04-043.
******************************
NGC 503 = MCG
+05-04-040 = CGCG 502-065 = WBL 038-014 = PGC 5086
01 23 28.4 +33
19 55
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.3'
24"
(10/4/13): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15". Two mag 13.4/13.8 stars 0.6' SE and
1.1' SE are collinear with the galaxy.
Located 4' NE of mag 7.6 HD 8347 and 5' NNW of NGC 507, in the central
hub of the cluster.
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Collinear with two mag 13.5 stars 0.6'
SE and 1.0' SE. Located 4' NE of
mag 7.5 SAO 54647 within the NGC 507 Group (NGC 507/508 in the field).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 503 on 13 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single micrometric
position is an exact match with CGCG 502-065 = PGC 5086. He was uncertain if it might be one of
WH's III 156-158 [NGC 495, 496, 499].
******************************
NGC 504 = NGC
506: = UGC 935 = MCG +05-04-041 = CGCG 502-064 = PGC 5084
01 23 27.9 +33
12 16
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 47d
24"
(10/4/13): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE,
~40"x16", well-concentrated with a very bright elongated nucleus and
faint extensions. Located 4' SW of
NGC 507 in the core of the NGC 507 Group.
IC 1687 is 4.7' NNW, NGC 508 5.2' NE, NGC 494 7' WSW.
13.1"
(8/8/86): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, small bright core. First of three with NGC 507 4' NNE and
NGC 508 5.3' NNE. Also NGC 494
lies 7.2' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 504 = h107 = Au 12 on 22 Nov 1827. No visual description was recorded but he noted this nebula
"precedes III.159 [NGC 507] by about 10 sec, and is half a field to the
south of it." Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this object on 8 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch
Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen and assumed it was new. His observation was included in Auwers
1862 catalogue of new nebulae. JH
catalogued the two observations separately as GC 291 and 292, but Dreyer
combined these in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 505 = UGC
924 = MCG +01-04-041 = PGC 5036
01 22 57.1 +09
28 08
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(12/3/05): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Contains a faint stellar nucleus with
direct vision. Located 7' WNW of
NGC 509 in the NGC 524 group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, extremely small, round. NGC 509 lies 7' ESE.
13"
(8/24/84): extremely faint, slightly elongated ~E-W? Located 7' WNW of NGC 509 in the NGC 524 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 505 = m 46 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS, stellar".
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 506
01 23 35.3 +33
14 41
V = 15.3
24"
(10/4/13): this number probably applies to a mag 15.3 star 1.3' SW of the
center of NGC 507, beyond the halo.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 506 on 7 Nov 1874 during the 8th
and last observation of the NGC 499/507 Group. There is no description but a micrometric measure is given
223.1" in PA 153.7Ą from mag 7.6 HD 8347 at 01 23 12.1 +33 17 24
(J2000). There is no object at
this offset but the NGC position is further southeast (perhaps Dreyer had
additional information) and the NGC description adds "sp 507". Near this position is a single star
given here that Corwin identifies as NGC 506. RNGC mistakenly equates NGC 506 with NGC 504.
******************************
NGC 507 = Arp
229 NED1 = VV 207a = UGC 938 = MCG +05-04-044 = CGCG 502-067 = PGC 5098
01 23 40.0 +33
15 22
V = 11.2; Size 3.1'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(10/4/13): bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, sharply concentrated
with a blazing core that increases to the center. The outer halo gradually fades out, so there is no distinct
edge, but just beyond the halo on the north side is NGC 508 (1.5' between
centers). A number of galaxies are
nearby including NGC 504 4' SW, IC 1687 4.6' WNW, PGC 5100 3.0' S, CGCG 502-072
5.1' NE ("fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter") and NGC 503
5.2' NNW. A mag 14.3 star is just
off the NW side, 1.3' from center and a mag 15.3 star (= NGC 506) is off the
southwest side, 1.3' from center.
Mag 7.6 HD 8347 lies 6.2' WNW.
13.1" (8/8/86):
moderately bright, moderately large, round, very bright core. Second of three with NGC 508 1.5' N and
NGC 504 4' SSW in a large group.
Located 6' ESE of mag 7.8 SAO 54647.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 507 = H III-159 = h108, along with NGC 508 = III-160, on 12 Sep
1784 (sweep 268) and recorded both as "Two. Both eF, S, but
unequal." The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 508 = Arp
229 NED2 = VV 207b = UGC 939 = MCG +05-04-045 = CGCG 502-068 = PGC 5099
01 23 40.6 +33
16 51
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(10/4/13): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, round, broad
concentration with a brighter nucleus.
Forms a close pair with NGC 507 1.5' S in the central region of the NGC
507 Group. Also nearby is NGC 503
3.9' NW, CGCG 502-72 4.2' NE, IC 1687 4.6' W and NGC 504 5.3' SW. Mag 7.6 HD 8347 lies 6' W.
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, round.
Forms a close pair with NGC 507 1.5' S. Third of three with NGC 504 5.3' SSW. Located 6' E of mag 7.8 SAO 54647.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 508 = H III-160 = h109, along with NGC 507, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and recorded both as "Two. Both eF, S, but unequal." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 509 = UGC
932 = MCG +01-04-045 = CGCG 411-043 = LGG 023-011 = PGC 5080
01 23 24.1 +09
26 01
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 82d
18"
(12/3/05): faint, fairly small, elongated nearly 2:1 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.5', broad
weak concentration. Situated
between two mag 13.8/14.3 stars less than 2' SW and NNE. NGC 505 lies 7' WNW. Member of the NGC 524 group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, small, elongated ~E-W.
Located between a mag 14 star 1.9' SW and a mag 13.5 star 1.4' N. Forms a pair with NGC 505 7' WNW in the
NGC 524 group.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Two faint stars are north and south.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 509 = m 47 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, S, E." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 510
01 23 55.6 +33
29 49
17.5"
(10/4/97): this is a faint and difficult double star that was just resolved at
280x. The fainter eastern
component is difficult to cleanly resolve [separation 8"] and it is easy
to imagine that Schultz would mistake this oibject as nonstellar. Located 7' ESE of NGC 499 and 9' WNW of
NGC 515 in the field of the NGC 507 Group. The RNGC mislabels PGC 5102 as NGC
510.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 510 = Nova V on 11 Nov 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at
Uppsala Observatory. At Schultz's
micrometric position (44 seconds following NGC 499) is a close, faint double
star (also observed by Bigourdan) with a separation of 8" and mean
position of 01 23 55.6 +33 29 49.
The RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC 5102 as NGC 510. PGC 5102 is 32 sec east in RA and 3' S
of NGC 499. Discussed in Malcolm Thomson's "Catalogue
Corrections".
******************************
NGC 511 = UGC
936 = MCG +02-04-033 = CGCG 436-037 = PGC 5103
01 23 30.7 +11
17 27
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is attached at the south edge 17" from
center.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 511 = St VIII-4 on 26 Oct 1876 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at the Marseille Observatory.
His description reads "eF, diffuse, vS, S* inv, S*
attached". His description
and position matches UGC 936 = PGC 5103, with the two faint stars on the west
side.
******************************
NGC 512 = UGC
944 = MCG +06-04-013 = CGCG 521-018 = PGC 5132
01 23 59.8 +33
54 30
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 116d
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 14 star is just off the SE edge
0.6' from center and a mag 12 star is 1.6' SSW. Located 6.5' NE of a mag 11 star. NGC 513 lies 9' SE.
The RNGC misidentifies NGC 512 with a faint companion 2.5' S.
13.1"
(12/22/84): faint, small, edge-on streak NW-SE, requires averted.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 512 = h110 on 17 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; vS." His position (from a single
observation) is just 23" S of UGC 944. The new description in the RNGC refers to CGCG 521-017,
located 2.5' S of NGC 512. The
bright, elongated companion mentioned as 2' N of NGC 512, actually refers to
NGC 512! This misidentification
was mentioned in my RNGC Corrections #1 and the Webb Society Quarterly Journal
in April 1980.
******************************
NGC 513 = UGC
953 = MCG +06-04-016 = CGCG 521-020 = PGC 5174
01 24 26.8 +33
47 59
V = 12.9; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.1; PA = 75d
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Located at the NE end of a line of four
mag 12-13 stars which extend to SW; the closest mag 13.5 star is 0.9' SW and is
followed by a second parallel line of stars. NGC 512 lies 9' NW.
Incorrect RA by 0.6 minutes west in the RNGC and plotted incorrectly on
the U2000.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 513 = H III-169 = h111 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and simply
noted "stellar." This
object is in a large group of galaxies found on this sweep using Beta
Andromedae as a reference star.
Seven of these objects have varying errors in RA except for NGC 404. In
this case, Herschel's RA is off by ~30 seconds from UGC 953. JH made the single observation "F;
S" and measured a good position.
The RA in the
RNGC is also 0.6 min too far west and the galaxy is misplotted on the first version
of Uranometria 2000. The position is given correctly in UGC and RC3. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 514 = UGC
947 = MCG +02-04-035 = CGCG 436-038 = PGC 5139
01 24 03.9 +12
55 03
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 110d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly large, 2.5'x2.0', elongated ~E-W, broad weak
concentration, edges fade into background, low surface brightness but granular
or mottled texture. Located 3.1'
WNW of a mag 9.5 star. A mag 13.5
star is 3.4' SW. Several faint
stars are very close including a mag 14 star at the NE edge and a mag 15 star
at the south edge 1.5' from center.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, moderately large, very diffuse, even surface brightness. A mag 9 star off the east edge
interferes with viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 514 = H II-252 = h112 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and logged
"F, pL, oval, lbM, preceding a pretty bright star." This galaxy was observed 6 times using
Lord Rosse's 72". The
earliest observation on 13 Dec 1848 noted "h's D* [referring to John
Herschel's h 13] is triple and perhaps quadruple. 2 nuclei or nucleus and star in nebula." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 515 = UGC
956 = MCG +05-04-052 = CGCG 502-077 = PGC 5201
01 24 38.6 +33
28 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.1'
24"
(10/4/13): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 ~NW-SE, ~36"x24", fairly
well concentrated with a bright core.
A mag 15.7 star is superimposed on the NW side. Forms a pair with NGC 517 2.9' SE. Located on the east side of the NGC 507
Group.
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, faint stellar nucleus. An extremely faint mag 16 star is
suspected at the NW end (confirmed on the POSS). Forms a pair with NGC 517 3' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 515 = H III-167 = h113, along with NGC 517, on 13 Sep 1784
(problematic sweep 271 using Beta Andromedae as the reference star). WH simply noted "Two, both
stellar" and his single position (marked uncertain) is about 35 sec of RA
east of UGC 956. JH made the single observation "Precedes [NGC 517] and is
2' north." Heinrich d'Arrest
measured an accurate position (4 nights) and noted the error in WH's position.
******************************
NGC 516 = UGC
946 = MCG +01-04-048 = CGCG 411-046 = LGG 023-004 = PGC 5148
01 24 08.1 +09
33 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 44d
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, moderately large, appears as a thin streak,
~1.0'x0.25' oriented SW-NE, weak concentration, bulging core and tapering
extensions. Member of the NGC 524
group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, weak concentration.
Located 10' W of NGC 524.
13"
(8/24/84): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, even surface
brightness. Located about 10' W of
NGC 524.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 516 on 25 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position and
offset from NGC 524 (41 seconds preceding) is an exact match with UGC 946 = PGC
5148.
******************************
NGC 517 = VV 36a
= UGC 960 = MCG +05-04-054 = CGCG 502-079 = PGC 5214
01 24 43.8 +33
25 47
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
24"
(10/4/13): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
SSW-NNE, ~45"x22", well concentrated with a bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 515 2.9' NNW. Member of the NGC 507 Group.
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE. Appears slightly brighter than NGC 515 3' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 517 = H III-168 = h114, along with NGC 515, on on 13 Sep 1784
(problematic sweep 271 using Beta Andromedae as the reference star). WH simply noted "Two, both
stellar" and his single position (marked uncertain) is about 35 sec of RA
east of NGC 515 = UGC 956. JH made
the single observation "pB; R". Heinrich d'Arrest measured a pretty
accurate position (3 nights). See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 518 = UGC
952 = MCG +01-04-049 = CGCG 411-047 = LGG 023-009 = PGC 5161
01 24 17.7 +09
19 52
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 98d
18"
(12/3/05): faint or fairly faint, very elongated E-W, 1.0'x0.3', weak
concentration with a slightly brighter core, irregular surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star lies 1' SW. Located 2.5' SW of a mag 10.5 star.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, very elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is off the SSW side 0.9'
from center. Located 2.5' SW of a
mag 10 star and 15' SSW of NGC 524 in a group.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, small, elongated ~E-W. A mag 10 star is NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 518 = m 48 on 17 Dec 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "F, vS, R." His
position is 1' S of UGC 952 = PGC 5161.
******************************
NGC 519 = CGCG
385-103 = PGC 5182
01 24 28.6 -01
38 29
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14 star is 45" S. Member of the AGC 194 cluster.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 519 = Sw VI-8 (along with NGC 530, 538, 557) on 20 Nov 1886 with
the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 7 sec of RA west and 1.3' south of CGCG
385-103 = PGC 5182.
******************************
NGC 520 = Arp
157 = VV 231 = UGC 966 = MCG +01-04-052 = CGCG 411-050 = PGC 5193
01 24 34.4 +03
47 42
V = 11.4; Size 4.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
48"
(10/22/11): the view of this very bright, highly irregular, disrupted galaxy
was fascinating at 488x. The most
prominent feature is a very high surface brightness curving "bar"
oriented NW-SE (VV 231a), bending out in the middle towards the southwest, and
fading out on the southeast end with a faint extension. The total length of the banana-shaped
bar is close to 2.5'. The
brightest part is at the northwest end, where there is a large, bright knot,
24" diameter that increases to the center. In AJ, 134, 212 (2007), Rossa et all refer to this knot as
the northern nucleus. The edge of the bar is very well defined along the north
side. At the southeast end of the
main bar, the brightness dims sharply but a much fainter hazy glow continues
further southeast (VV 231c) and spreads out.
On the south
side is a fairly bright, elongated section oriented WNW-ESE (VV 231b), that is
separated from the northern "bar" by a prominent, irregular dark lane
running NW to SE, paralleling the bar in the central region. A slightly
brighter "knot" is located is the middle of the southern
section. According to the Rossa
paper, the dust lane just north of this knot optically obscures the southern
nucleus. At the southeast end, the
glow dims rapidly and fans out further southeast.
18"
(10/19/06): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 2'x0.6'. This disturbed galaxy has a very
unusual appearance with a bright knot at the NNW end. The SSE end is wider and fainter and appears to feather out
with a fainter, more delicate section that branches from the main body (VV
231b). The periphery at the SSE
end is difficult to trace due to this chaotic structure.
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 3.0'x1.2'. Very unusual appearance; the NW portion
is noticeably brighter with a bright knot at the NW tip and a mottled
texture. Fades towards the SE
where it merges into a fainter section which is tilted ~E-W with an irregular
surface brightness and ill-defined edges.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, diffuse, elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 520 = H III-253 = h116 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and remarked
"eF, cL, E." On 3 Dec
1787 (sweep 788), he reported "cL, E from sp to nf." Using LdR's 72", Bindon Stoney
wrote on 18 Dec 1851, "South end is like a brush or broom with a split in
it." His sketch was included
in the 1861 publication (as well as 1880). A second observation on 9 Nov 1876
reads "Lord Rosse thought it had two points of condensation 3/4' apart. I (Dreyer) thought it spread out in the
following end like a fan. Not well
seen."
In Arp's
category of disturbed galaxies with interior absorption.
******************************
NGC 521 = UGC
962 = MCG +00-04-118 = CGCG 385-106 = PGC 5190
01 24 33.8 +01
43 53
V = 11.7; Size 3.2'x2.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 20d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; bright, large, round, at least 2' diameter, sharply
concentrated with a large bright core that gradually increases to the center
(quasi-stellar nucleus), halo fades out at the periphery. NGC 533 lies 14' ENE.
13.1"
(1/1/84): sharply concentrated with a very small bright core surrounded by a
fairly large but very diffuse round envelope. Located 14' W of NGC 533.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 521 = H II-461 = h115 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and recorded
"F, pL, irr R, bM." On
20 Dec 1786 (sweep 655) he noted "vF, R, vgbM, 1 1/2' diam." JH made two observations, calling it
"B" and "vF" on the two sweeps. R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 3 Oct 1856,
logged "pB, S, disc enveloped in F outlying neby and looks like an
unresolved cluster." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 522 = UGC
970 = MCG +02-04-038 = CGCG 436-043 = FGC 163 = LGG 023-009 = PGC 5218
01 24 45.9 +09
59 40
V = 12.9; Size 2.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 33d
18" (12/3/05):
faint to fairly faint edge-on streak SW-NE, 1.2'x0.2'. This is a pretty slash with a slightly
brighter core. Fades at the tips
but uniformly narrow in width (does not bulge in the center). NGC 525 lies 17' S within the NGC 524
group. A couple of faint members,
IC 101 and IC 102, lie 10' SW and 8' SW.
IC 101 is a
faint hazy spot, irregularly round, ~20"-25" diameter. A mag 14.5 star lies 1' S. IC 102 is
extremely faint, very small, 15" diameter, no details. This marginal object was just glimpsed as
drifted through the field.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, pretty edge-on steak SSW-NNE, weak concentration. Located 27' N of NGC 524 in a group.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, edge-on streak SSW-NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 522 on 25 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position (2
observations) matches UGC 962 = PGC 5190.
******************************
NGC 523 = Arp
158 = NGC 537 = UGC 979 = MCG +06-04-018 = CGCG 521-022 = IV Zw 45 = VV 783 =
PGC 5268
01 25 20.8 +34
01 30
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 108d
24"
(11/24/14): fairly bright, moderately bright, very elongated 7:2 ~E-W,
~1.1'x0.3'. This disrupted galaxy
(or merger) appeared very asymmetric, widening a bit at the east end and
tapering slightly to the west. A
small, relatively bright knot (HII complex or core of companion?), ~10"
diameter, is at the east end. An
easily visible mag 14-14.5 star is embedded at the west end. The main body, which extends ~40"
from the knot to the star, is fairly thin and only very weakly brighter in the
center. With careful viewing, a
very faint narrow plume extends west of the main glow.
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, thin edge-on 4:1 ~E-W. Located north of the NGC 483-517 cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 523 on 23 Aug 1862 and described this galaxy as a
"Double Nebula, F, S, both very near. A *11 precedes by 11.65 seconds." As he noted this object as a
"Nebula duplex", he apparently saw the knot at the east end
(identified in NED as NGC 523 NED02).
WH probably discovered this galaxy earlier on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic
sweep 271) and simply noted H III-170 = NGC 537 as "stellar". His RA readings for objects in this
sweep are poor (given to the nearest minute) and assuming H III-170 has an
error of about 55 sec in RA, then NGC 523 = NGC 537. The eastern knot was the site of SN 2001EN.
******************************
NGC 524 = UGC
968 = MCG +01-04-053 = CGCG 411-051 = LGG 023-005 = PGC 5222
01 24 47.8 +09
32 19
V = 10.3; Size 2.8'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.3
18"
(12/3/05): very bright, large, round, well concentrated with a bright core
increasing to a very bright small nucleus. The halo extends to 2.0' or 2.5'. A mag 11 star lies 2.3' S of center. Brightest in a large group of 8 NGC
galaxies and a few IC galaxies.
17.5"
(10/17/87): very bright, fairly large, very bright core, large faint halo,
bright stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is 2.5' S. Brightest in the
NGC 524 group including NGC 505, NGC 509, NGC 516, NGC 518, NGC 522, NGC 525,
NGC 532.
13"
(8/24/84): bright, small very bright core surrounded by fainter round halo.
8"
(11/8/80): fairly faint, round, bright core. Located just north of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 524 = H I-151 = h117 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 581) and logged
"cB, cL, R, cometic, vgmbM to a nucleus, several small stars
near." The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 525 = UGC
972 = MCG +01-04-054 = CGCG 411-053 = PGC 5232
01 24 52.9 +09
42 12
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, ~50"x40",
symmetrical appearance and increases steadily to a brighter core and faint
stellar nucleus. Member of the NGC
524 group. A mag 11 star lies 2'
NW.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Located 2' SE of a mag 10.5 star in the
NGC 524 group.
13"
(8/24/84): faint, small, almost round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 525 on 25 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position (2
observations) is fairly accurate and also noted the nearby mag 11-12 star (2'
northwest) as 5 seconds preceding and 1.5' north.
******************************
NGC 526 = ESO 352-IG
066nw = MCG -06-04-019 = PGC 5120
01 23 54.2 -35
03 56
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 112d
17.5"
(11/1/97): at first impression appeared as a very faint, small glow, slightly
elongated WNW-ESE. After extended
viewing, it resolved at times into a close double system with NGC 526B = MCG
-06-04-020 = PGC 5135, [35" between centers] and oriented WNW-ESE. Both galaxies had very small brighter
cores at moments. Forms a trio
with NGC 527 3.1' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 526 = h2408 (along with NGC 527 = h2409) on 1 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pB, S, rather a doubtful object. The preceding of two [with NGC
527]". On a later sweep he
noted "vF;; S; lE; this is the "doubtful" neb of a former
sweep." This double system
consists of NGC 526A = PGC 5120 and NGC 526B = PGC 5135.
******************************
NGC 527 = ESO
352-068 = MCG -06-04-021 = PGC 5128
01 23 58.1 -35
06 54
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 14d
17.5"
(11/1/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.4', weak
concentration to a slightly brighter core. A mag 13 star lies 1' NE. The double system NGC 526 is 3.1' N. NGC 527, itself, is a double system
with MCG -06-04-022 = PGC 5142 (not seen), a faint edge-on system, close
following the south end and just 46" between centers.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 527 = h2409 (along with NGC 526 = h2408) on 1 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pB, S, E, bM, 20".
The following of 2 [with NGC 526]".
******************************
NGC 528 = UGC
988 = MCG +05-04-057 = CGCG 502-083 = PGC 5290
01 25 33.6 +33
40 18
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 55d
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright core. There is a string of mag 10 stars to
the north including two mag 10.5 stars 3.6' NNW and 7.6' NE and a mag 9.5 star
5.6' NNE. Two bright stars lie SE
including a mag 10 star 6' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 528, which was missed by both Herschels, on 22 Aug 1865
with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His single position is quite accurate.
******************************
NGC 529 = HCG
10B = UGC 995 = MCG +06-04-019 = CGCG 521-023 = PGC 5299
01 25 40.3 +34
42 47
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 160d
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, fairly small, bright core. Located 10' NW of mag 6.3 SAO
54695. Brightest along with NGC
536 8.5' E in the HCG 10 group.
13.1"
(12/22/84): faint, diffuse.
Located among group of 4-5 mag 10-11 stars with a mag 6 star 10'
ESE. Brightest in a group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 529 = h118 on 17 Nov 1827 and recorded "pB; vS; sbM. The preceding of two [with H III-171 =
NGC 536]. Corwin suggests
that NGC 529 = UGC 995 was probably discovered earlier by William Herschel and
catalogued as H III-171, but with an error in RA of over 1 min. But Wolfgang Steinicke argues that
III-171 = NGC 536, based on analyzing the sweep order. R.J. Mitchell, LdR's assistant,
discovered the other two members of HCG 10 in 1855.
******************************
NGC 530 = IC 106
= UGC 965 = MCG +00-04-119 = PGC 5210
01 24 41.7 -01
35 14
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 134d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is at the SE end 0.9'
from center. Forms a pair with IC
1696 3' SE within AGC 194.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, edge-on NW-SE, bright core. A mag 12 star is off the SE end.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 530 = Sw VI-9 on 20 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 15 sec of RA east of UGC 965 = PGC 5210. This galaxy was found again by Guillaume Bigourdan on 16 Nov
1887, assumed to be new, and reported as Big. 119 (later IC 106). Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory. The
equivalence of NGC 530 and IC 106 was mentioned in the IC 2 Notes. MCG identifies this galaxy as IC 106
only (NGC 530 is misidentified as MCG +00-04-122) but UGC states NGC 530 = IC
106. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 531 = HCG
10C = UGC 1012 = MCG +06-04-020 = CGCG 521-024 = PGC 5340
01 26 18.8 +34
45 15
V = 13.8; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 34d
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, fairly small. A mag 12 star is just off the NE end
1.0' from center. Member of the
NGC 529-536 group = HCG 10 with NGC 536 3.1' SSE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 531 (along with NGC 542) with Lord Rosse's 72" on 16 Oct
1855 while observing NGC 529 and 536 (found earlier by the Herschels). His position is 28 sec of RA west of
UGC 1012 = PGC 5340, but the sketch confirms the identity. The error in the position was caused by
a confusion in the reference object.
PGC 5340 is not identified as NGC 531 in UGC (1012), CGCG (521-024) or
MCG (+06-04-020). Carlson
advocated removal of NGC 531 from the NGC. See Thomson's Catalogue Corrections and WSQJ April 1986.
******************************
NGC 532 = UGC
982 = MCG +01-04-056 = CGCG 411-055 = LGG 023-006 = PGC 5264
01 25 17.3 +09
15 51
V = 12.9; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 28d
18"
(12/3/05): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 7:2 SW-NE, ~2.0'x0.4',
broad concentration, patchy appearance with an irregular surface
brightness. Member of the NGC 524
group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, fairly large, edge-on 3:1 or 4:1 SSW-NNE, broad
concentration. Member of the NGC
524 group with NGC 518 15' W and NGC 524 18' NW.
13" (8/24/84):
fairly faint, thin streak elongated SSW-NNE, slightly brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 532 = H III-556 = h119 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 581) and noted
"vF, mE, about 1 1/2' long; the extent about 15' from the meridian from sp
to nf." JH recorded "not
vF, L, R, bM, 40" dia."
When JH compiled the GC, he included both his fathers and his own
observations as separate entries as "the description differ so materially,
especially in the particular of extension." Nevertheless, GC 313 = GC 314. Dreyer combined both entries into NGC 532. The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 533 = UGC
992 = MCG +00-04-131 = CGCG 385-121 = PGC 5283
01 25 31.4 +01
45 33
V = 11.4; Size 3.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 50d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; bright, large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, ~2.5'x1.6', sharply
concentrated with a large bright core that is slightly elongated, halo
gradually fades into the background sky.
NGC 521 lies 14' WSW and IC 103/105/109 is ~20' NNW.
13.1"
(1/1/84): moderately bright, bright core, faint stellar nucleus suspected,
elongated halo WSW-ENE. A mag 13.5
star is 3.4' WNW.
8"
(1/1/84): very faint, very small, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is 3.5' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 533 = H II-462 = h121 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and logged
"pB, R, pL, mbM." On 20
Dec 1786 (sweep 655) he noted "pB, R, vgbM, about 1.5' dia." and on 3
Dec 1787 (sweep 788), "F, S, R, gbM." JH recorded on 16 Dec 1827 (sweep 110), "B; pL; R;
bM."
******************************
NGC 534 = ESO
296-021 = MCG -06-04-026 = PGC 5215
01 24 44.6 -38
07 45
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 142d
17.5"
(11/1/97): very faint, very small, round, ~25" diameter, weak
concentration. Slightly fainter
than NGC 544 5.8' ENE. First in a
group with NGC 544, NGC 546 and NGC 549 (latter not seen). Located 4' NNW of a mag 11 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 534 = h2410 (along with nearby NGC 544 and 546) on 23 Oct 1835
and logged "eeF, S, bM."
His mean position from two sweeps matches ESO 296-021 = PGC 5215.
******************************
NGC 535 = UGC
997 = MCG +00-04-133 = CGCG 385-124 = PGC 5282
01 25 31.1 -01
24 30
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 58d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, oval SW-NE, weak concentration. In the central core of the AGC 194
cluster on line with NGC 541 3.8' NE and NGC 545/NGC 547 8' NE.
13"
(9/22/84): extremely faint, elongated SW-NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 535 on 31 Oct 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen
and recorded "eF, vS, 1st of 3 in a line [with NGC 541 and 545
(double)]".
******************************
NGC 536 = HCG
10A = UGC 1013 = MCG +06-04-021 = CGCG 521-025 = PGC 5344
01 26 21.7 +34
42 12
V = 12.4; Size 3.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 62d
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, slightly elongated WSW-ENE. A mag 14 star is involved at the north
edge. Located 8' NNE of mag 6.3
SAO 54695. Brightest along with
NGC 529 in HCG 10 with NGC 529 8.5' W, NGC 542 2.6' SE and NGC 531 3.1' NNW.
13"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, very small faint core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 536 = H III-171 = h120 on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic sweep 271)
and noted "stellar".
Objects discovered on this sweep (NGC 513, 515, 517, 523, 536, 552, 553,
614) have various offset errors in RA.
His position for III-171 is 1.0 min of RA east of UGC 1013. JH made the single observation
"pB; pL; gbM; the following of two." and measured an accurate position. Heinrich d'Arrest made 3 observations
and mentioned the star involved on the north side.
Analyzing the
sweep data, Harold Corwin suggests H III-171 applies to NGC 529, which is 1 min
40 sec west of WH's place, but Wolfgang Steinicke argues that III-171 must
apply to NGC 536 (coming from the previous object NGC 537 in the sweep).
******************************
NGC 537 = NGC
523 = UGC 979 = MCG +06-04-018 = CGCG 521-022 = Arp 158 = IV Zw 45 = PGC 5268
01 25 20.8 +34
01 30
See observing
notes for NGC 523.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 537 = H III-170 on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic sweep 271) and
simply noted "stellar".
All the RA positions are off by varying amounts in this sweep, computed
with respect to Beta Andromedae (except for NGC 404) in varying amounts. Dreyer questioned if this object was
identical to Heinrich d'Arrest's NGC 523 and these numbers are equated in the
RNGC. If Dreyer's suggestion is correct,
WH's RA 1.0 tmin too large and Corwin came to the same conclusion. See his notes for more on the story.
******************************
NGC 538 = UGC
991 = MCG +00-04-130 = CGCG 385-120 = PGC 5275
01 25 26.1 -01
33 02
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, very small, elongated SSW-NNE, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is at the north edge
34" from center. UGC 995 lies
3' NNW within AGC 194.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, elongated SW-NE, star on NE tip.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 538 = Sw VI-10 on 20 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; S; vE; pF * close N; Not 5180 [NGC
558]". Swift's position is 10
sec of RA east of UGC 991 = PGC 5275 and his comment "pF * close N"
applies, though the star is not faint.
******************************
NGC 539 = NGC
563 = ESO 542-010 = MCG -03-04-063 = PGC 5269
01 25 21.7 -18
09 51
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/23/92): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, low even surface
brightness. Followed by a line of
three mag 13-14 stars oriented SSW-NNE located 3.2' SSE, 2.6' SE and 2.7' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 539 = LM I-28 on 31 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is just 1' to 2' S of ESO 542-010 = PGC
5269. NGC 563 (found again by
Leavenworth the next year) is a duplicate observation with a 2 tmin error in
RA. So, NGC 539 = NGC 563.
******************************
NGC 540 = ESO
542-012 = PGC 5410
01 27 08.9 -20
02 12
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 179d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint and small, round. Only glimpsed at moments at 280x using GSC finder chart but
several times appeared virtually stellar.
On two occasions a 20" halo was visible (too faint to determine
elongation but extended 2:1 N-S on DSS). A mag 14 star lies 1.3' due north.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 540 = LM I-29 on 15 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position by ~2 min of RA east and 5'
south is ESO 542-012 = PGC 5410.
Corwin examined the sketch, but there is only one star shown, so the
field cannot be confirmed and identification is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 541 = Arp
133 = UGC 1004 = MCG +00-04-137 = CGCG 385-128 = PGC 5305
01 25 44.3 -01
22 46
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, fairly large, round, sharply concentrated with an
intense core 30" core surrounded by a much fainter halo, nearly 1.5'
diameter. Just off the east side
of the halo are two faint galaxies: PGC 86298 1' E and Minkowski's Object 0.8'
NE. PGC 86298 was faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter, visible continuously. Minkowski's Object was very faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter, low even surface brightness. A mag 17 star 40" NE forms an
equilateral triangle with the pair of galaxies. A 17th magnitude star is 1.4'
NE of center and forms an equilateral triangle with the pair of faint galaxies.
Minkowski's
object, experiencing a burst of star formation, was actually triggered by the
jet from the nucleus of NGC 541 because the body of the jet can be traced all
the way to the region where the new stars are forming.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, oval SSW-NNE. Slightly fainter than NGC 545/NGC 547
4.4' NE in the core of AGC 194.
Also at midpoint with NGC 545/547 and NGC 535 3.7' SW. A bridge of stars and gas connects NGC
541 and the interacting pair NGC 545/547.
Embedded in the bridge just NE of NGC 541 is "Minkowski's
Object" (not seen) which has a very unusual optical spectrum.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 541 on 30 Oct 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and measured on 3 nights.
I'm surprised that WH missed this galaxy in his discovery observation of
NGC 545/547.
A bridge of
stars and gas connects NGC 541 and the interacting pair NGC 545/547. Embedded in the bridge just northeast
of NGC 541 is "Minkowski's Object" which has a very unusual optical
spectrum. See "Minkowski's
object - A starburst triggered by a radio jet" at
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1985ApJ...293...83V. A brief summary and excellent image is
at http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Minkowskis_Object.html.
******************************
NGC 542 = HCG
10D = MCG +06-04-022 = CGCG 521-026 = PGC 5360
01 26 30.8 +34
40 32
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, diffuse, slightly elongated. Located 2.6' SE of NGC 536 in the HCG 10 = NGC 529-536
group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 542 on 16 Oct 1855 with Lord Rosse's 72" while observing
NGC 529 and 536 (discovered earlier by the Herschels). This nebula was shown on the sketch as
Delta and Dreyer measured a micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 543 = MCG
+00-04-138 = CGCG 385-130 = PGC 5311
01 25 50.0 -01
17 34
V = 13.1; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 10.9; PA = 90d
48"
(10/22/11): fairly bright/bright, fairly small, elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.6'x0.2',
contains a small bright core. MCG
+00-04-140 lies 1.5' SSE. In a
string of galaxies oriented SSW-NNE in AGC 194 with NGC 545/547 4' SE.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, very elongated ~E-W. Located 4.5' NW of NGC 545/NGC 547 duo in the core of AGC
194.
13"
(9/22/84): very faint, very small.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 543 on 31 Oct 1864, while measuring positions for other
members of AGC 194 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His single micrometric position is just
off the south edge of CGCG 385-130 = PGC 5311.
******************************
NGC 544 = ESO
296-024 = MCG -06-04-028 = PGC 5253
01 25 12.0 -38
05 41
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 2d
17.5"
(11/1/97): very faint, very small, round, 25" round, weak concentration to
a slightly brighter core. Precedes
a mag 14 star by 1.5' and forms a close pair with NGC 546 1.5' N; the two
galaxies and the star form a nearly perfect equilateral triangle. Located ~15' SW of the core of the
distant AGC 2911.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 544 = h2411 (along with nearby NGC 534 = h2410 and NGC 546 =
h2412) on 23 Oct 1835. His
description reads "eeF; the Sp of two [with NGC 546] which form an
equilateral triangle with a star 13th mag" and matches ESO 296-024 = PGC
5253.
******************************
NGC 545 = Arp
308 NED1 = UGC 1007 = MCG +00-04-142 = CGCG 385-132 = Holm 42a = 3C 40 = PGC
5323
01 25 59.1 -01
20 25
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, large, oval 2:1 SW-NE, 1.4'x0.7', well concentrated
with a large bright core and fainter halo that merges with NGC 547 on the
southeast side.
CGCG 385-129,
situated 2.5' NW of NGC 545, is moderately bright, small, elongated 3:2 ,
0.4'x0.3' WNW-ESE, small bright core.
CGCG 385-127, located 3' due west of NGC 545, appeared moderately
bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.3', contains a small bright
core.
17.5"
(9/19/87): NGC 545 is the brightest member of AGC 194. It appeared moderately bright, small,
round, small bright core. Forms a
double system with NGC 547 in a common envelope.
CGCG 385-129,
located 2.5' NW of NGC 545, is extremely faint and small, round. It forms the eastern vertex of an
equilateral triangle with a pair of mag 13 stars 45" SW and NW. RNGC and MCG misidentify CGCG 385-129
as NGC 545. CGCG 385-127, located
3' W of NGC 545 is extremely faint and small, almost round.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, round, bright core. Preceding of a double system with NGC 547 0.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 545 = H II-448, along with NGC 547, on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448)
and recorded both as "Two, stellar of equal size and within 1' of each
other. Their nebulosities run
together and at first sight seem to form only one extended nebula." These galaxies form a double system and
are the brightest members of AGC 194.
RNGC
misidentifies the double system NGC 545/547 as NGC 547/547A. MCG calls the double galaxy NGC
547a/NGC 547b. RNGC and MCG both
misidentify MCG +00-04-140 as NGC 545. See RNGC Corrections #1 and the Webb Society
Observer's Handbook, Volume 5.
******************************
NGC 546 = ESO
296-025 = MCG -06-04-029 = PGC 5255
01 25 12.7 -38
04 09
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(11/1/97): extremely faint, very small, round, requires averted to view. Located 1.5' N of brighter NGC
544. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 546 = h2412 (along with nearby NGC 534 = h2410 and NGC 544 =
h2411) on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "eeF. The on f of two."
On a later sweep he logged "eeF; S; R; vgbM." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 547 = Arp
308 NED2 = UGC 1009 = MCG +00-04-143 = CGCG 385-133 = Holm 42b = 3C 40 = PGC
5324
01 26 00.7 -01
20 43
V = 12.2; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 85d
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, round, moderately large, 1' diameter, very bright
core. The halo merges with NGC
545, which is in contact on the NW side.
17.5"
(9/19/87): moderately bright, small, round, small bright core. Forms a contact pair with NGC 545 0.5'
NW and the brightest (pair) in AGC 194.
NGC 541 is 4.6' SW and NGC 543 lies 4.1' NW.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, round, bright core, in contact with NGC 545 very
close NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 547 = H II-449, along with NGC 545, on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448)
and reported both as "Two, stellar of equal size and within 1' of each
other. Their nebulosities run
together and at first sight seem to form only one extended nebula." These galaxies form a double system and
are the brightest members of AGC 194.
MCG identifies this galaxy as NGC 547b.
******************************
NGC 548 = UGC
1010 = MCG +00-04-141 = CGCG 385-134 = PGC 5326
01 26 02.5 -01
13 32
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Member of AGC 194.
George Searle
discovered NGC 548 = HN 33 on 2 Nov 1867 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor
(Annal of Harvard Obs, Vol 13, #25) at Harvard Observatory. His micrometric position matches UGC
1010 = PGC 5326.
******************************
NGC 549 = ESO
296-022 = PGC 5243
01 25 07.1 -38
00 29
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
18"
(12/17/11): extremely faint, fairly small, round, no structure, required
averted vision. Located ~5' NNW of
NGC 544/546 pair. Viewed at 11Ą
elevation.
17.5"
(11/1/97): not visible
John Herschel
discovered NGC 549 = h2413 on 29 Nov 1837 and recorded "eeeF, S, R, vgbM.
The 4th of a group of four [with NGC 534, 544 and 546]." There is nothing at this position, but
15' N is ESO 296-026 = PGC 5278, and ESO, SGC and RC3 identify ESO 296-026 =
NGC 549. These galaxies were observed on two sweeps and given very accurate
positions.
Instead, I
suggested that NGC 549 = ESO 296-022 = PGC 5243. This galaxy matches JH's
position in declination but his RA would be off by 18 tsec. Although ESO 296-022 is much smaller
and fainter than ESO 296-026, it is closer in position (off only in RA) and a
much better match with JH's description "The 4th of a group of 4"
[with NGC 534, 544 and 546]. So,
although the identification of NGC 549 is not definite, NGC 549 = PGC 5243
appears to be a much better choice.
See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 550 = UGC
1021 = MCG +00-04-146 = CGCG 385-139 = PGC 5374
01 26 42.5 +02
01 20
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 120d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.5', bright
core has a fairly high surface brightness, faint stellar nucleus, faint
halo. Located 9' SW of a mag 9.5
star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 550 = H II-463 = h122 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and noted
"F, S, lE." On 20 Dec
1786 (sweep 655) he logged "F, S, mbM, irr lE nearly in the parallel"
and on 3 Dec 1787 (sweep 788), "F, vS, irr R, lbM." JH reported on 16 Dec 1827 (sweep 110)
"pB; S; E from p to f; BM; has a granulated (i.e. a resolvable)
appearance." Dreyer observed
the galaxy on 23 Oct 1876 with the 72" at Birr Castle and recorded
"F, pL, E npsf, 2 st 13-14m p & np 2.5'.
Orange-red *9-10 (with a F companion 3/4' preceding) is 9.2'
NE." The mag 9.0 star is
K2-type HD 8827.
******************************
NGC 551 = UGC
1034 = MCG +06-04-027 = CGCG 521-030 = PGC 5450
01 27 40.6 +37
10 59
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is at
the NW end 1.1' from center. A
close mag 14.5 double is just following the SE end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 551 = H III-560 = h123 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and noted
"vF, S, E, among some stars."
R.J. Mitchell observed this galaxy (UGC 1034 = PGC 5450) on 18 Sep 1857
with Lord Rosse's 72"and recorded "much elongated np-sf. Faint triple star following; at Alpha a
vF * or neb. patch." Although
the orientation of the sketch is not shown, at the position of Alpha there is
just a very faint star. The NGC
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 552
01 26 10.1 +33 24
22
17.5"
(12/9/01): this number possibly applies to the mag 15 star just 30"
preceding CGCG 502-084, assuming NGC 553 applies to CGCG 502-084. The star was actually slightly easier
to view than the galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 552 = H III-172, along with NGC 553, on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic
sweep 271) and noted "Two [with NGC 552 = III-172]. Both vS. stellar, but
a little doubtful." There is
nothing near his position and Harold Corwin suggests NGC 552 may apply to a
star at 01 26 10.1 +33 24 21, which is just preceding CGCG 502-084 = NGC
553? Wolfgang Steinicke also
identifies it as a star, but at 01 26 57.0 +33 33 29. See
NGC 553.
******************************
NGC 553 = CGCG
502-084 = Mrk 1155 = LGG 026-033 = PGC 5333
01 26 12.6 +33 24
19
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(12/9/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter (viewed core
only of this faint edge-on), requires averted. A slightly brighter mag 15 star (possibly NGC 552) is
30" preceding. Located 18'
ESE of NGC 517, just following the NGC 507 Group.
This
identification is very uncertain due to a poor position by William Herschel.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 553 = H III-173, along with NGC 552, on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic
sweep 271). He simply recorded
"Two [with NGC 552 = III-172]. Both vS. stellar, but a little
doubtful." There is nothing
near his position and RNGC classifies NGC 553 as nonexistent. Dreyer notes the
observation by Sir Robert Ball at Birr Castle on 4 Jan 1867 ("Two, perhaps
3 neb, but I had not time to examine the field closely. Alpha is F, vS; Beta extremely faint;
Gamma is doubtful") may refer to other objects.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 553 is possibly CGCG 502-084 = PGC 5333. NGC 552 could apply to the faint star
close preceding. This assumes
Herschel's RA is 1.6 min too large, and his dec 3' too far north (his errors in
RA were greater as the sweep progressed).
But Wolfgang Steinicke disagrees. He argues that WH's sweep path from
III-171 = NGC 536, the previous object in the sweep, is not consistent with
CGCG 502-084, which is too far west and south to be seen. So, perhaps it is best to simply
classify NGC 553 and 552 lost.
******************************
NGC 554 = ESO
476-IG011 = MCG -04-04-013 = PGC 5412
01 27 09.6 -22
43 30
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 177d
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, irregular round, 40" diameter, weak
concentration. Two mag 12 stars
follow 1.8' E and 2.5' SE. Close
pair with NGC 552 2.3' S. NGC 554
is a merged pair with the two nuclei separated by only 5"-6".
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, small, round.
Forms the SW vertex of an equilateral triangle with a mag 13.2 star 1.8'
NE and a mag 12.8 star 1.8' E.
Forms a close pair with NGC 555 2' S.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 554 = LM II-305 (along with NGC 555 = LM II-306 and NGC 556 = LM
II-307) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is 0.4
min of RA too far west. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00
using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes). This is an extremely close
double system (PGC 5412 and 5413), with the two components identified as NGC
554A and 554B in NED and NGC 554 and 554A in PGC.
******************************
NGC 555 = ESO
476-012 = MCG -04-04-014 = PGC 5419
01 27 11.8 -22 45
44
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 13d
18"
(12/3/05): extremely faint, very small, round. Appears as a very low surface brightness hazy spot with
averted vision. ~15" diameter.
Visible at best 1/3 of the time with averted vision. Located 2.3' S of NGC 554.
17.5"
(12/9/01): extremely faint, very small, round. In a small group with NGC 554 2' N and NGC 556 (not seen).
17.5"
(11/6/93): extremely faint, very small, just glimpsed at moments though
definitely visible. A mag 13 star
is 1.5' ENE. Forms a close pair
with NGC 554 2' N.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 555 = LM II-306 (along with NGC 554 = LM II-305 and NGC 556 = LM
II-307) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is 0.4
tmin west of ESO 476-012 = PGC 5419.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 556 = ESO
476-013 = PGC 5420
01 27 12.6 -22
41 52
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 136d
18"
(12/3/05): marginal object, glimpsed a few times but confirmed off the NNE side
of NGC 554 and faintest in a close trio with NGC 554 and NGC 555. Appeared quasi-stellar, ~6" in
diameter. Situated just 1.8' NNE of
NGC 554.
17.5"
(11/6/93): not seen.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 556 = LM II-307 (along with NGC 554 = LM II-305 and NGC 555 = LM
II-306) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is 0.5
min of RA east of ESO 476-013 = PGC 5420.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 557 = IC
1703 = UGC 1016 = MCG +00-04-144 =
PGC 5351
01 26 25.1 -01
38 20
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, small, round, broad concentration, halo gradually fades into
background. Located 4.5' WNW of
mag 8.7 SAO 129302 and 20' SE of the core of AGC 194.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 557 = Sw VI-11 on 20 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; S; B * f 15 seconds and is on of
it." His position is poor; 46
sec of RA east of UGC 1016 = PGC 5351 and the bright star is southeast of the
galaxy, but the identification NGC 557 = UGC 1016 is secure. Bigourdan couldn't find the galaxy at
Swift's position but "rediscovered" it on 27 Oct 1897 assuming it was
new. Big. 369 (later IC 1703) has
an accurate position. So, NGC 557
= IC 170, with NGC 557 the primary designation. UGC and CGCG label this galaxy as IC 1703 but RC3 identifies
it as NGC 557.
******************************
NGC 558 = CGCG
385-143 = PGC 5425
01 27 16.1 -01
58 16
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.1; PA = 110d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, ~20"
diameter. Appears to have a
brighter bar oriented WNW-ESE [confirmed on the SDSS]. A mag 12.0 star is 1.3' WNW. NGC 560 lies 4.2' NNE. In AGC 194.
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, very small, very small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE in direction of a mag 12.5 star 1.3' WNW of
core. Member of AGC 194 with NGC
560 4' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 558 on 1 Feb 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen,
while measuring nearby H III-441 = NGC 560 and H III-442 = NGC 564. He also accurately placed the nearby
mag 12 star (called mag 10) as 5 seconds preceding.
******************************
NGC 559 = Cr 13
= OCL-322 = Lund 45
01 29 34 +63 18
12
V = 9.5; Size 4'
17.5"
(11/2/91): about 50 stars mag 10-15 at 220x in a 6'x4' region. Fairly compact and rich with an
irregular outline. Includes a thin
isosceles triangle of three mag 10 stars with the base to the south. The southeast star in this base is a
close unequal double. A number of
the stars are arranged in strings including four mag 13-14 stars over haze
trail from base to the north. Also
four mag 8/9 stars precede the cluster to the northwest in a 10' string.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 559 = H VII-48 = h124 on 9 Nov 1787 (sweep 777) and noted
"a compressed cluster of some pL and many vS stars, iR, 6' or 7'
diameter." JH independently
found this cluster on 5 Oct 1829 and described "A fine rich cluster 5'
diameter, irregular." He made
a clerical error in reducing the PD, which is 1Ą too far south (error caught by
Auwers), so he thought it was a new discovery when compiling the Slough
Catalogue, but corrected this error and equated h124 = H VII-48 in the GC.
******************************
NGC 560 = IC 117
= UGC 1036 = MCG +00-04-151 = CGCG 385-145 = PGC 5430
01 27 25.4 -01
54 47
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 178d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, very elongated at least
3:1 N-S, ~50"x15", slightly brighter core, small bright nucleus. Middle of 3 with NGC 558 4' SW and NGC
564 6' ENE. Also IC 120 is 12' E
and IC 119 is 11' SE.
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, well-defined very
small bright core, faint narrow extensions. In a trio with NGC 558 4' SSW and NGC 564 6' ENE within in
AGC 194.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, small, elongated ~N-S, bright core. Located 5' WSW of NGC 564.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 560 = H III-441 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged "vF,
vS, iE." douard Stephan
independently found the galaxy (St VIII-1, second list) on 21 Nov 1878 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. He noted his object was probably the same as H. III-411 and
St VIII-2, second list, was the probably the same as H. III-442 (later NGC
564). Harold Corwin found that
Stephane Javelle's J. 1-58 (later IC 117) was found by Corwin to be a duplicate
observation, due to an error in identifying the offset star. So, NGC 558 = IC 117. See Corwin's write-up on this error.
******************************
NGC 561 = UGC
1048 = MCG +06-04-029 = CGCG 521-032 = PGC 5489
01 28 18.8 +34
18 30
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Located 15' ESE of
mag 6.3 SAO 54705.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 561 on 23 Aug 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and logged "eF, 30" dia, R". His single position matches UGC 1048 =
PGC 5489. WH and JH missed this
galaxy although they both swept up many galaxies in the region.
******************************
NGC 562 = UGC
1049 = MCG +08-03-025 = CGCG 551-020 = PGC 5502
01 28 29.3 +48
23 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 20d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, fairly small, round, even surface brightness. A bright wide double star is located 4'
S with components 8/10 at 21".
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 562 = Sw III-5 on 30 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and noted "eF; pS; R; D * near south". His position is 17 tsec following UGC
1049 and his comment "D * near south" applies to a wide pair 4' S of
this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 563 = NGC
539 = ESO 542-010 = MCG -03-04-063 = PGC 5269
01 25 21.7 -18
09 51
See observing
notes for NGC 539.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 563 = LM I-30 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
The description mentions "sev faint stars follow in a line n and
s". Corwin identifies NGC 563
as a duplicate observation of NGC 539 = ESO 542-010 = PGC 5269 (discovered
earlier by Leavenworth) with a 2 tmin error in RA as the description of the
line of faint stars matches NGC 539.
ESO 542-013 is misidentified as NGC 563 in RNGC, SGC and RC3 as well as
in Megastar.
******************************
NGC 564 = UGC
1044 = MCG +00-04-154 = CGCG 385-148 = Holm 44a = PGC 5455
01 27 48.2 -01 52
46
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 145d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core,
30" diameter. A mag 14 star
is 1.4' S and a mag 15 star is 40" NW of center.
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, very small bright
core. A mag 15 star is just off
the west edge. Third of three and
similar to NGC 560 6' WSW although different position angles. Located 7' NNW of mag 8.6 SAO 129314
and 10' NNW of mag 6.9 SAO 129315.
Member of the AGC 194 cluster.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, bright core. Two bright stars are in the field to
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 564 = H III-442 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged "vF,
vS, iE." douard Stephan
(VIII-2, second list) independently found the galaxy on 21 Nov 1878 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory, although Stephan noted the
probable equivalence with H III-441.
******************************
NGC 565 = UGC
1052 = MCG +00-04-158 = CGCG 385-153 = PGC 5481
01 28 10.1 -01
18 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 36d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, bright core. Located just west of the midpoint of
two mag 10 stars 3.9' NE and 4.7' S in the rich cluster AGC 194.
George Searle
discovered NGC 565 = HN 34 on 2 Nov 1867 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor
(Annal of Harvard Obs, Vol 13, #26) at the Harvard Observatory. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 566 = UGC
1058 = MCG +05-04-062 = CGCG 502-092 = PGC 5545
01 29 03.0 +32
19 56
V = 13.5; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 178d
17.5"
(12/23/89): very faint, fairly small, elongated N-S, even surface
brightness. NGC 571 lies 15' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 566 = h125 on 22 Nov 1827 and noted "vF; S; R". His position matches UGC 1058 = PGC 5545.
******************************
NGC 567 = MCG
-02-04-053 = PGC 5402
01 27 02.3 -10
15 55
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 125d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star is 4.5' S.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 567 = LM I-31 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15, vS, R". His rough position (RA given as
uncertain) is 1.0 tmin east of MCG -02-04-053 = PGC 5402.
******************************
NGC 568 = IC
1709 = ESO 353-003 = MCG -06-04-037 = PGC 5468
01 27 57.0 -35
43 04
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 137d
17.5"
(11/1/97): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 1.0' diameter, weak
concentration to a small brighter core.
Larger of pair with NGC 574 15' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 568 = h2414 on 29 Nov 1837 and recorded "very faint, small,
round." His position matches
ESO 353-003 = PGC 5468, although he was uncertain of the declination. Lewis Swift found the galaxy on 4 Sep
1897 and assumed it was a new discovery, reporting it in list XI-21. His position is 10 seconds of RA east
and 2.8' south of PGC 5468. The ESO, PGC and Deep Sky Field Guide (first
edition) misidentify ESO 353-004, a much fainter galaxy 4.3' NE, as IC
1709. As Swift makes no mention of
NGC 568 in his description, it is much more likely he picked up this brighter
galaxy. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 569 = UGC
1063 = Mrk 997 = MCG +02-04-053 = PGC 5548
01 29 07.2 +11
07 54
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; PA = 163d
24"
(10/1/16): fairly faint, but moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
~40"x20", fairly low surface brightness, weak concentration. Forms a disrupted interacting pair with
UGC 1065 1.1' NE. The companion
was only occasionally visible as an extremely faint hazy spot (probably the
core).
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5', low
surface brightness with weak concentration.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 569 = m 49 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta. He noted "eF, vS, R" and
measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 570 = UGC
1061 = MCG +00-04-162 = CGCG 385-159 = PGC 5539
01 28 58.6 -00
56 57
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, small bright
core. Contains a faint stellar
nucleus offset towards the west end or a very faint star is superimposed. A mag 13 star is 1.8' SSW. Member of AGC 194.
George Searle
discovered NGC 570 = HN 32 on 31 Oct 1867 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor
(Annal of Harvard Obs, Vol 13, #27) at Harvard Observatory. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 571 = UGC
1069 = MCG +05-04-063 = CGCG 502-098 = PGC 5587
01 29 56.1 +32
30 04
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint, small, round, very diffuse. A close mag 14/15 double star is close
west. Located 5.6' SSW of mag 9.0
SAO 54740. NGC 566 lies 15' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 571 on 1 Oct 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. As well as providing
an accurate position he measured the mag 14 star that precedes by 6 seconds of
RA (or 74" separation), though did not note it was double.
******************************
NGC 572 = ESO
296-031 = MCG -07-04-009 = PGC 5508
01 28 36.4 -39
18 26
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(10/3/13): although quite low from central California, viewed at 280x and 375x
and appeared faint, very small, round, 18" diameter (core only). A mag 14.6 star is at the NW edge. A mag 10.3 star lies 6.2' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 572 = h2415 on 4 Sep 1834 and reported "eF, S; attached to
a minute star, and very near a bright one.". His position and description apply to ESO 296-031 = PGC
5508.
******************************
NGC 573 = UGC
1078 = CGCG 537-010 = PGC 5638
01 30 49.3 +41
15 26
V = 13.1; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 10.9
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, small, fairly strong smooth surface brightness, only
a gradual concentration but no core or nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 30" SW.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 573 = St XII-15 on 21 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, R, gradually brighter to
the center". His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 574 = ESO
353-006 = MCG -06-04-039 = PGC 5544
01 29 03.0 -35
35 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 2d
17.5"
(11/1/97): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak even concentration to a
brighter core. Follows an asterism
of four mag 13 stars, the closest being 2.4' W. In same field with NGC 568 15' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 574 = h2416 on 1 Sep 1834 and described "A Double Star. The
left eye leaves no doubt of its being involved in a vF neb. diffused over
15". An extremely delicate and difficult object. Pos. of the double star
225 degrees; dist. 4", 15 and 16 mag." On a later sweep he noted
"vF, S, R." and the next sweep he recorded it again: "There is a
nebula but I perceive no double star in it." This galaxy is a barred spiral, and possibly he detected a
brightening in the bar at one end.
******************************
NGC 575 = IC
1710 = UGC 1081 = MCG +03-04-051 = CGCG 459-072 = PGC 5634
01 30 46.7 +21
26 25
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, low almost even surface
brightness, broad mild concentration, edges fade into background.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 575 = St VIIIa-5 on 17 Oct 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and described "eF, almost unobservable, irr R,
dia 3/4 to 1'." His published
position matches UGC 1081, although the GC Supplement and NGC position is two
degrees too far north (transcription error by Dreyer). Stephane Javelle found this galaxy
again on 18 Jan 1896, placed it correctly, and reported it in list 3-888 (later
IC 1710). So, NGC 575 = IC
1710. CGCG, UGC and MCG use the IC
designation based on position, although NGC 575 should apply based on
historical discovery. Karl
Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, noted the equivalence
of NGC 575 with IC 1710. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 576 = ESO
196-007 = AM 0126-515 = PGC 5535
01 28 57.7 -51
35 55
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 18d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; moderately bright, fairly small, 30"
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with an elongated bar oriented NW-SE containing a faint stellar nucleus. The outer halo has an extremely low
surface brightness. Situated along
the north side of a pentagon of mag 11.3-14 stars. Located 7.6' SE of mag 7.7 HD 9195 and 19' ESE of mag 7.5 HD
8926.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 576 = h2417 on 3 Oct 1834 and logged "F; S; R; bM; among 5
or 6 stars 11m." His position
and description matches ESO 196-007 = PGC 5535.
******************************
NGC 577 = NGC
580 = UGC 1080 = MCG +00-04-165 = CGCG 385-165 = PGC 5628
01 30 40.7 -01
59 40
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, weak
concentration, occasionally a very faint stellar nucleus is visible. Located near the east edge of AGC 194
and 5' WSW of a mag 10 star.
Aaron Skinner
discovered NGC 577 = Sf 100 = T I-7 on 23 Oct 1867 with the 18.5" Clark
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. Truman Safford published the
discovery list 20 years later (1887), so Dreyer didn't notice it in time for
Skinner to be credited in the NGC. Wilhelm Tempel independently found the
galaxy on 14 Aug 1877 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and
recorded it in his list I-7 and IV-5. Tempel claimed he found two nebulae
2m 50s following NGC 560 and 564 (there is only a single galaxy at this
position), which Dreyer assigned to NGC 577 and NGC 580. Tempel is
credited with the discovery of NGC 577 in the NGC. So, NGC 577 = NGC 580.
******************************
NGC 578 = ESO
476-015 = MCG -04-04-020 = UGCA 18 = PGC 5619
01 30 28.9 -22
40 00
V = 10.9; Size 4.9'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 110d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, ~4'x3', slightly
brighter middle is mottled, no distinct core. A mag 14 star or knot is at the east end 1.3' from the
center. The SDSS image reveals
this is a galaxy, catalogued as PGC 133775. Located 11' SE of mag 7.8 SAO 81972.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, fairly large, elongated. Lies SE of a mag 8 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 578 = h2418 on 11 Nov 1835 and logged "B; L; pmE; gpmbM; 3'
long, 2' broad." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 579 = UGC
1089 = MCG +05-04-064 = CGCG 502-103 = PGC 5691
01 31 46.6 +33
36 55
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, moderately large, almost round, weakly concentrated
but no core. Pair with NGC 582 8'
SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 579 = h127 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged "vF; pL;
gbM". His position matches
UGC 1089 = PGC 5691. Herschel
missed NGC 582 (discovered later by Heinrich d'Arrest), located 8.7' SSE.
******************************
NGC 580 = NGC
577 = UGC 1080 = MCG +00-04-165 = CGCG 385-165 = PGC 5628
01 30 40.7 -01
59 40
See observing
notes for NGC 577.
Wilhelm Tempel
found NGC 580 = T I-8 on 14 Aug 1877 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory, claiming to see two nebulae 2m 50s following NGC 560 and 564. The
second object was assigned NGC 577. But there is only the single galaxy UGC
1080 = PGC 5628 at this position, so possibly one of his objects was a faint
star. NGC 580 is generally equated with NGC 577. Aaron Skinner discovered this
galaxy 10 years earlier on 23 Oct 1867 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at
Dearborn. As the discovery wasn't published until 1887, Skinner wasn't
credited in the NGC.
Lewis Swift
found the galaxy again on 20 Nov 1886 and reported it as new in list VI-12. Dreyer
assigned Swift's position to NGC 580 with Swift and Tempel credited in the NGC.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 581 = M103 =
Cr 14
01 33 22 +60 39
30
V = 7.4; Size 6'
13.1"
(10/20/84): 50-60 stars in cluster, fairly rich. Includes several bright stars in a distinctive triangular
wedge shape containing ˇ131 at the NW edge (7.3/9.9/11.8 at 14" and
28" lined up to the SE) , colorful orange mag 8.4 SAO 11826 (M2-class supergiant)
just SE of center, mag 8.9 SAO 11824 1' S of SAO 11826 and mag 8.2 HD 9365 on the SE edge [not
a cluster member].
Pierre Mchain
discovered M103 = NGC 581 = h126 in April 1781 and was added by Messier into
his 1781 catalogue (without confirmation). John Herschel included M103 in his Slough Catalogue (h126)
but only referenced ˇ131, Struve's entry (1825) from his catalogue of double
stars, so he was apparently unaware of the equivalence with M103.
On 8 Aug 1783 WH
described M103 as "14 or 16 pretty large stars with a great many eS ones.
Two of the large ones are double, one of the 1st the other of the 2nd class.
The compound eye glass shews a few more that may be taken into the cluster so
as to make about 20. I exclude a good many straggling ones, otherwise there
would be no knowing where to stop."
******************************
NGC 582 = UGC
1094 = MCG +05-04-065 = CGCG 502-105 = PGC 5702
01 31 58.1 +33
28 35
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 58d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, weak
concentration. Pair with NGC 579
8' NNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 582 on 9 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He mentioned the mag
12-13 star that precedes by 4.5 seconds of time and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 583 = ESO
542-G20 = MCG -03-04-077 = PGC 5576
01 29 44.1 -18
20 22
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/21/95): very faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration with no distinct core.
A mag 12 star is 1.5' NW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 583 = LM II-308 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His typical poor position is 1 min of RA east of ESO 542-020 = PGC
5576. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
MCG (-03-04-077) does not equate their entry with NGC 583.
******************************
NGC 584 = IC
1712 = MCG -01-04-060 = Holm 45b = LGG 027-001 = PGC 5663
01 31 20.7 -06
52 06
V = 10.5; Size 4.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
24"
(12/28/16): at 200x and 375x; very bright, large, oval ~3:2 SW-NE, ~2.4'x1.6',
sharply concentrated with an intensely bright core that gradually increases to
quasi-stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group (LGG 027) with NGC 586 4.3'
SE. LEDA 1028168, 7' WNW, appeared
extremely faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 20" diameter, very low
surface brightness.
17.5"
(8/2/86): very bright, moderately large, oval WSW-ENE, very bright large
core. Forms a pair with NGC 586
4.5' SE.
8"
(9/25/81): bright, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 584 = H I-100 = h128 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435), along with NGC
586, and recorded both as "two, the first [NGC 584] cB, pS, R, mbM. The second [NGC 586] eF, S, about 5 or
6' following the former, requires great attention to be seen. His position is fairly accurate.
E.E. Barnard
found this galaxy while observing his comet discovery C/1888 RI with the comet
nearly occulting the galaxy! He
commented "The comet's nucleus passed some 30" N of the nucleus of
the nebula. The comet is probably
5 times as bright as the nebula and is a great many times larger." The discovery was reported directly to
Dreyer, who catalogued it again as IC 1712. As Barnard's position is nearly identical to NGC 584, it's
strange Dreyer didn't noticed the equivalence, though Barnard later added in
his notebook "NGC 584".
******************************
NGC 585 = UGC
1092 = MCG +00-05-001 = CGCG 386-001 = PGC 5688
01 31 42.4 -00
55 55
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 86d
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4', small bright
core, faint thin extensions. This
is an outlying member of AGC 194 cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 585 = h129 on 20 Dec 1827 and reported "vF; R; bM;
25"." His position is 7
sec of RA west and 1' south of UGC 1092 = PGC 5688.
******************************
NGC 586 = Holm
45a = MCG -01-05-001 = LGG 027-002 = PGC 5679
01 31 37.0 -06
53 38
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
24"
(12/28/16): at 200x and 375x; moderately bright and large, very elongated 5:2
N-S, 1.0'x0.4', small bright core.
Forms a pair with much brighter NGC 584 4.3' NW.
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse, very weak concentration. Located 4.5' SE of NGC 584.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 586 = H III-431 = h130 = Sw III-6 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435)
along with NGC 584. See description under NGC 584. JH made the single observation "vF; R; 15 arcsec". R.J. Mitchell observed NGC 586 with
LdR's 72" on 28 and 29 Nov 1856.
JH entered the Birr Castle observations as GC 343 = R. nova. In compiling the 1880 Rosse Catalogue,
though, Dreyer noted the equivalence with h130 = III 431. Lewis Swift apparently also thought he
discovered this object on 30 Nov 1885 as it is listed as Sw III-6, though his
position is 19 tsec too far east.
His description mentions "south-following GC 363 [NGC 615], but
this must be a typo.
******************************
NGC 587 = UGC
1100 = MCG +06-04-037 = CGCG 521-045 = PGC 5746
01 32 33.4 +35
21 30
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 67d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WSW-ENE, even surface brightness.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 587 on 27 Aug 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
4.5' south of UGC 1100 = PGC 5746, an unusually large error, though there are
no other candidates nearby.
The CGCG, UGC
and PGC label this galaxy IC 1713, although according to Malcolm Thomson,
Bigourdan's micrometric position for Big. 247 = IC 1713 on 28 Nov 1891 clearly
refers to a faint star near NGC 587.
Bigourdan also determined the position of NGC 587 so NGC 587 cannot be
equal to IC 1713. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 588 =
M33-A27 = BCLMP 280
01 32 45.9 +30
38 51
Size 0.5'
18"
(12/8/07): moderately bright M33 HII region, ~40"x30", well-defined
outline. Situated at the western
edge of M33 along the outer spiral arm that winds counterclockwise from the
south to the west.
17.5"
(7/5/86): extremely faint nebulosity in M33, requires averted vision to
view. Located 14' W of the center
of M33 and forms the western vertex of a very obtuse isosceles triangle with
NGC 592 6' E and NGC 595. Nearly
collinear with NGC 592 and the core of M33. This is a HII region and star
cluster.
13.1":
barely visible with averted.
Almost collinear with NGC 592 and NGC 595.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 588 = Au 13 in M33, along with NGC 592, on 2 Oct 1861
with the 11-inch Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen. His micrometric position (measured on several nights) is
accurate. Auwers included this HII
region in his 1862 catalogue of 50 new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 589 = MCG
-02-05-004 = Mrk 999 = PGC 5758
01 32 39.9 -12
02 34
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, very small, round, small brighter core, very faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star is 2.3'
SW. In a trio with NGC 599 10' SSE
and NGC 593.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 589 = LM II-309 in 1886 with the 26" Clark refractor of the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 50 sec of RA west of MCG
-02-05-004 = PGC 5758. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 590 = UGC
1109 = MCG +07-04-003 = CGCG 537-013 = PGC 5808
01 33 40.9 +44
55 44
V = 12.9; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, broad concentration, faint
almost stellar nucleus, rich star field.
There is a group of mag 10 stars in the field to the north including mag
10 stars 2.1' ENE, 3.2' N and 4.5' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 590 on 22 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 591 = UGC
1111 = MCG +06-04-038 = CGCG 521-046 = Mrk 1157 = PGC 5800
01 33 31.2 +35
40 06
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, oval NW-SE, even surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' N and a faint
mag 15.5 star 1.5' WNW. Located
6.6' NW of 7.3 SAO 54785.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 591 = Sf 61 on 10 Oct 1866 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and described as "pF, S, R, bM." Safford was not credited in the NGC as
Dreyer missed his discovery list published in 1887, just prior to the NGC.
Lewis Swift independently found the galaxy again on 30 Nov 1885, recorded it in
list III-7, and Dreyer credited Swift with the discovery in the NGC. Swift's position is 13 sec off in RA
from UGC 1111 = PGC 5800.
******************************
NGC 592 =
M33-A59 = BCLMP 277
01 33 12.5 +30
38 50
Size 0.8'x0.7'
18"
(12/8/07): moderately bright HII complex, ~40"x30". There appears to be faint star or
stellar knot superimposed. Located
8' due west of the core with NGC 588 an additional 6' further west on the same
line.
17.5"
(7/5/86): faint nebulosity in M33 9' WSW of the core. Forms the vertex of an obtuse isosceles triangle with NGC
588 6' W and NGC 595 6' NE.
13.1"
(8/15/82): fairly easy HII region with averted vision.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 592 = Au 14 in M33, along with NGC 588, on 2 Oct 1861
with the 11-inch Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen. His micrometric position (measured on 3 nights) is fairly
accurate. Auwers included the
discovery in his 1862 catalogue of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 593 = MCG
-02-05-003 = PGC 5733
01 32 20.7 -12
21 16
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 12d
17.5"
(9/26/92): extremely faint, small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S, low surface
brightness. In a small group with
NGC 589 12' NE and NGC 601 3.3' ESE (see observation of 10/4/97). Incorrectly described as a nebulous
cluster by Stephan.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 593 = St XII-17 on 2 Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and described a "vS group of stars, little elongated SSW-NNE, contains very
slight nebulosity". His
position is accurate though Stephan description of a cluster is of course
incorrect.
******************************
NGC 594 = MCG
-03-05-005 = PGC 5769
01 32 57.0 -16
32 08
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 32d
17.5" (12/23/92):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, bright core. Located in a barren field 9' SSE of mag
8.8 SAO 147877.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 594 = LM I-32 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 12.5, pS, E 225Ą."
His rough position essentially matches MCG -03-05-005 = PGC 5769 and the
position angle is close (SW-NE).
Harold Corwin suggests Lewis Swift may have rediscovered this galaxy on
29 Sep 1897 and recorded it in list XII-7 (later IC 1714). Swift's position is 3 degrees north of
NGC 594.
******************************
NGC 595 =
M33-A62 = BCLMP 49
01 33 33.5 +30
41 31
18"
(12/8/07): fairly bright knot near the core of M33, just 4' NW of center and
close west of the spiral arm that winds north from the core on the west
side. Appears elongated SSW-NNE,
~40"x30", with a fairly well-defined outer edge. This is the second most luminous HII
region in M33 after NGC 604.
17.5"
(7/5/86): very faint nebulosity in M33, located 4' NW of the center. Situated just off the west edge of the
beginning of the spiral arm that extends north and then northeast from the core
on the west side. This is a
combination star cluster and HII region.
13.1"
(8/15/82): visible faintly with averted.
Situated at the edge of a spiral arm.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 595 = Sf 63 on 1 Oct 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and measured a fairly accurate position (4 seconds of RA too large).
Truman Safford rediscovered it on 1 Nov 1866 with the 18.5" refractor at
the Dearborn Observatory and recorded "pF, vS, probably a well-known
outlier of M33".
******************************
NGC 596 = MCG
-01-05-005 = LGG 027-003 = PGC 5766
01 32 51.9 -07
01 54
V = 10.9; Size 3.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40d
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly bright, fairly small, very bright core, surrounded by a small
faint halo. Located 12' W of mag
5.8 SAO 129371.
8"
(9/25/81): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Located 12' W of a mag 6 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 596 = H II-4 = h132 on 13 Dec 1783 (early sweep 44). On 10 Sep
1785 (sweep 435) he logged "pB.
Much like the brightest of the two preceding [NGC 584]; but rather
smaller." His summary description from 6 observations reads "pB, pS,
R, mbM, resembling a telescopic comet." On 31 Oct 1877, R.J. Mitchell observing with Lord Rosse's
72-inch, noted "B, S, R, Nucl, a vF * preceding and another north." The stars mentioned are ~mag
16-16.5. The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 597 = ESO
353-011 = MCG -06-04-044 = PGC 5721
01 32 14.7 -33
29 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/26/00): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Located just 1.9' NNW of a mag 12.5
star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 597 = h2419 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF, R,
25"." On a later sweep he logged "F, S, R, bM, 15"."
His mean position matches ESO 353-011 = PGC 5721.
******************************
NGC 598 = M33 =
UGC 1117 = MCG +05-04-069 = CGCG 502-110 = Triangulum galaxy = PGC 5818
01 33 50.9 +30
39 37
V = 5.7; Size 70.8'x41.7'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 23d
17.5"
(11/1/86): bright, very large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, weakly concentrated
irregular halo, rises suddenly to a small bright core. Two prominent spiral arms form an
"S-pattern" with an irregular surface brightness. At least a dozen HII regions or
clusters are resolved (see the numerous IC listings). Overall, the entire galaxy is very mottled and the outer
extent is difficult to define.
13.1"
(8/23/84): two prominent spiral arms distinctly visible.
8"
(10/4/80): the bright central region is slightly grain with the halo showing
some indication of spiral arms.
The edge of the arms were glimpsed with averted vision.
Naked-eye
(several times): just glimpsed in very dark skies, perhaps visible 25% of the
time in best conditions.
Charles Messier
discovered M33 = NGC 598 = H V-17 = h131 on 25 Aug 1764 or possibly earlier by
Hodierna. WH assumed it was new (not at Messier's position) and
catalogued it as V-17 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266). On 11 Jan 1787 (sweep
680) he noted "The large nebula. The middle of it easily resolvable
and some of the stars visible; it is impossible to say how far it may extend;
the nebulosity losing itself so gradually, but goes undoubtedly a great way in
every direction, but chiefly from sp to nf."
Lord Rosse
recognized M33 as a spiral on 16 Sep 1849 and his drawing with four or more spiral
arms was included in the 1850 PT paper, plate XXXVI, figure 5. The
description reads, "New spiral, s(outh) branch the brightest, none F, nf
one short but pB, p(receding) on pretty distinct, sf one but suspected; the
whole involved in F neby which probably extends past several knots which lie
about it in different directions. Faint nebulosity seems to extend very
far following." R.J. Mitchell produced a more detailed drawing on 18
Dec 1857 (included in the 1861 publication).
******************************
NGC 599 = MCG
-02-05-005 = PGC 5778
01 32 53.7 -12
11 28
V = 13.7; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration, in a
poor star field. NGC 589 lies 10'
NNW and NGC 593 12' SW. Forms a
close pair with NGC 601 3.3' ESE (not seen but appears stellar on the POSS).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 599 = H II-473 = LM II-310 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and logged
"F, S, iF, easily resolvable, some of the stars visible.". His position is fairly accurate. This is an S0 galaxy, so I wouldn't
expect that Herschel would find it mottled or resolvable. Frank Muller independently found it
again in 1886 at the Leander McCormick Observatory and it was recorded in list
II-310 as mag 13.0, 0.8' dia, gbM.
******************************
NGC 600 = MCG
-01-05-007 = LGG 027-004 = PGC 5777
01 33 05.3 -07
18 43
V = 12.4; Size 3.3'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 85d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, fairly large, round, 2.5' diameter. Appears as a low surface brightness glow without core or
structure.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 600 = H III-432 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and simply noted
"eF". JH made no
observations of this low surface brightness galaxy and it was probably missed
at Birr Castle. The single
observation on 29 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" commented "searched
for 20' sf [NGC 596], doubtful whether found, perhaps it was a vF stellar
object 2.5' S of a *13m and about 6' S of a *10m." This appears to refer to a 15th mag
star and not the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 601 = Mrk
1000 = PGC 73980
01 33 06.5 -12
12 32
Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint and small, round. Initially appeared as a mag 15.5 "star" but a very
small 10" halo was visible after extended viewing. Located 3.3' ESE of NGC
599. Listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC. Appears stellar on the POSS.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 601 = LM II-311 (close southeast of II-310 = NGC 599) in 1886
using the 16" Clark refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 5 sec of RA west
of PGC 73980 and his PA of 115Ą with respect to NGC 599 is within 5Ą of the
correct value. Bigourdan missed
this object and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. PGC 73980 is not catalogued in the MCG
or RC3, but is included in Harold Corwin's Southern Equatorial Galaxy Catalogue
(ESGC). It appears virtually
stellar on the POSS with a slightly "soft" appearance. PGC equates NGC 599 = NGC 601.
******************************
NGC 602 = ESO
029-SC043 = Lindsay 105 = SMC-N90 = SMC Ass 68
01 29 26 -73 33
36
Size 3'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; NGC 602 is a large nebulous cluster (N90) that is clearly brighter on the
southeast end. The total size is
~3' with the southeast end fairly bright, fairly large, irregular shape,
includes a tight knot of three stars near the cneter. Additional stars are
involved near the edges. On the
west end is a weak dust lane oriented SW-NE, separating the roundish western
section. A mag 13.8 star is
involved just west of the dust lane. This star (Sk 183) is one of the massive
O-type stars in the SMC and the dominant ionizing source of the nebula. The two portions are separated (barely)
without a filter but tangent when I added a NPB filter. A mag 12.5 star is off the SW side
(1.8' from center) and a mag 13 star is off the north side, 2.2' NNW of
center. NGC 602, along with N89
and N88 to the northwest, are situated along the boundary of SMC-1, the only
supergiant shell (~1Ą diameter) in the SMC.
SMC-N89, located
20' NW, is fairly faint, large, roundish, irregular glow, ~3.5' diameter. At the northeast end are four mag
11.5/12/12.5/13 stars (part of Hodge association 67) in a near equilateral
triangle with a 4th star at the center and a 12th mag star is at the E or SE
end of the nebulosity.
Lindsay 104 is a very faint, unresolved patch (cluster) just southwest
of the four distinctive stars. Situated at the western boundary of SMC-1.
SMC-N88, located
33' NW, is dominated by a Highly Ionized Blob (HEB) of only 3.5" diameter
and mag ~12.5. At 244x + NPB
filter it appeared as a bright "star" or quasi-stellar object
surrounded by faint nebulosity on the east and south side. I assume there was a contrast gain with
the filter as this dense, high-excitation object has a ratio of O III
lines/H-beta > 10.5. The
nebula is surrounded by Hodge Assoication 64 including a mag 14 star 2' E, two
close mag 14 stars 1.8' SE and a mag 14.5 star 1' SSE. A mag 11.2 star (part of Hodge
Associatin 65) lies 5.6' S.
Situated at the NW edge of supershell SMC-1.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, a knot of stars is embedded in a
3' fairly bright oval nebula (Henize N90). On closer inspection the knot of stars is offset to the SE
side of the nebula. At 171x and
UHC filter, the nebulosity is fairly bright and clearly locally brighter on the
SE end around the knot of stars. A
weak dark rift, running SW-NE, separates the fainter portion of nebulosity to
the NW. This nebulous cluster is
an outlying member of the SMC.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 602 = D 17 = h2421 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9-inch f/12 speculum
reflector and described "a faint round nebula, about 2' diameter, a very
little brighter in the middle, with some minute stars in it." Dunlop's position is just 3' E of this
SMC cluster. On his first sweep on
11 Apr 1834, JH logged "pB, S, irregularly round, psb but not to the
middle, but rather to a point near the southern edge. Is decidedly resolved,
and has scattered stars. (This is an outlier of the Nubecula Minor)". On a second sweep he called it "B,
R or lE, psbM to a star; has also a star involved which looks like a second
nucleus and several small stars about it." JH credited Dunlop with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 603
01 34 44.0 +30
13 58
17.5"
(9/28/02): identified at 162x as a slightly fuzzy glow and cleanly resolved
into a faint triple star at 325x (7.5mm Tak and Paracorr). Situated ~30' SE of the core of M33.
17.5"
(8/11/96): this is a faint, close triple star within M33 described as a "A
south neb. or Cl. with 3 st in it" by Lord Rosse. It appeared as a faint nebulous spot at
low power and was barely resolved at 220x. The trio of mag 14/15 stars was cleanly resolved at
410x. The maximum separation is
15", the close pair at 9" separation and the other side 12" with
the trio forming a 3-4-5 right triangle!
Located 28' SE of the center of M33.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 603 on 29 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"A S neb. or Cl. with 3 st in it.
It is about 8' ssp a [double star] whose components are of the 11
m. RA 1h 26m +/- NPD 60d 35'
+/-. (I obs)." This description pins down the
identification as a triple star whose components have a maximum separation of
15". This identification was
noted by Mayall and Aller (1942) in the article "The Rotation of the
Spiral Nebula Messier 33," ApJ, 95, pp. 5-23. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg
plates, states "Cl of 3 st 14".
In the IC 2 notes, Dreyer mentioned he only saw an extremely faint star
on plates of M33. See Corwin's
Notes.
******************************
NGC 604 =
M33-A84 = BCLMP 680
01 34 31.9 +30
47 13
18"
(12/10/07): bright, large HII knot in M33 at the end of the spiral arm that
trails to the east on the north side of the core. A mag 10.5-11 star is located 1.5' SE and NGC 604 is
elongated 3:2 in the direction of this star. The outline is oval, though a bit irregular, particularly on
the east side. It appears brighter
and mottled on the northwest side and with direct vision a slightly brighter
stellaring is embedded near the northwest end.
13.1"
(7/5/86): bright HII region located 12' NE of the core of M33. Situated at the end of the large spiral
arm of M33 that extends north and then east of the core. Bright, fairly small, ~30"
diameter, round.
8": fairly
bright, round, knot in M33.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 604 = H III-150 = h133 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and noted
"vF, S, R nebula, brightest in the middle." The 13 Sep 1850 observation with Lord Rosse's 72"
describes a "large spiral full of knots, north following is a bright,
small neb [NGC 604], which on a very good night might appear attached to the
spiral, than which it is brighter."
******************************
NGC 605 = UGC
1128 = MCG +07-04-004 = CGCG 537-014 = PGC 5891
01 35 02.4 +41 14
53
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 145d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus, very small halo surrounds core.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 605 = St XII-18 on 21 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF; eS; R; bN". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 606 = UGC
1126 = MCG +03-05-010 = CGCG 460-011 = PGC 5874
01 34 50.2 +21
25 05
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.5' S of mag 8.8 SAO 74804. A 30" pair of mag 12 stars is 3'
W.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 606 = St XII-16 on 18 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and logged "eF; R, diam = 45", very little
central concentration, seems resolvable". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 607
01 34 16.3 -07
24 46
V =
11.7/13.9; Size 14"
=**,
Spitaler. =***, Carlson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 607 = Au 15 on 23 Aug 1855 with a 4.6-inch Fraunhofer
refractor at Leibniz. At his
micrometric position (measured on two nights) is a pair of mag 12/14 stars at
14" separation. He also
measured a mag 9.2 star (called mag 11) that follows by 29.7 seconds and 2'
north), so this identification is certain. Auwers included this object in his 1862 catalogue of new
nebulae. In the NGC notes, Dreyer
mentioned "no nebulosity seen by Schnfeld, but Auwers saw it [with the
Konigsberg heliometer and reported the observation in the notes section of the
catalogue]." Spitaler found a
double star (mag 11 with a 14th magnitude companion), which was mentioned in
the IC 1 Notes section.
******************************
NGC 608 = UGC
1135 = MCG +05-04-073 = CGCG 502-117 = PGC 5913
01 35 28.2 +33
39 24
V = 13.2; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 32d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, small, oval SSW-NNE, gradually increases to small
bright core. Forms a pair with NGC
614 5' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 608 = h134 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; psbM. Stellar". His position in the Slough and General
Catalogue is 7 sec of RA west of UGC 1135 = PGC 5913. The NGC gives an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 609 = Cr 16
= King 3 = OCL-325
01 36 27 +64 32
12
V = 11.0; Size 3'
24"
(1/4/14): at 200x, ~15 faint to very faint stars sparkle over an unresolved
background glow ~2.5' diameter.
Two brighter mag 12/13 stars are detached, just off the southwest
end. The cluster is 2.5' NW of MLB
187, a 5" pair of mag 9/9.5 stars.
13.1"
(12/7/85): faint, fairly small, diffuse, about six very faint stars over
unresolved haze. Located 10' SSW
of mag 6.6 SAO 11875.
8"
(1/1/84): not found.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 609 on 9 Aug 1863 (one of two open clusters he found,
along with NGC 133) with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. He noted it as
"subtle and elegant group of stars mag 14-15; 4' dia; nearly
round." His single RA measure
is ~50 seconds too large and this error was carried over into the NGC, RNGC and
Sky Catalogue 2000.
******************************
NGC 610 = ESO
542-?029
01 34 18 -20 09
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 610 = LM II-312 (along with NGC 611 = LM II-313) in 1886 with
the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position and
Corwin was unable to recover this object after an extensive search for a
candidate. Listed as nonexistent
in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 611 = ESO
542-?029
01 34 18 -20 08
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 611 = LM II-313 (along with NGC 610 = LM II-31) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position and
Corwin was unable to recover this object after an extensive search for a candidate. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 612 = ESO
353-015 = MCG -06-04-046 = PGC 5827
01 33 57.7 -36
29 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 172d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, ~1.2'x0.8', weak
concentration. Located 1.0'
following a mag 11 star. First of
three with NGC 619 11' E and NGC 623 14' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 612 = h2423 on 29 Nov 1837 and recorded "F, R, 12",
follows a star 12th mag. This is possibly identical with the next [h2424 = NGC
619] but one with a mistaken minute." His position is 1' S of ESO 353-015
= PGC 5827 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 613 = ESO
413-011 = MCG -05-04-044 = VV 824 = AM 0132-294 = PGC 5849
01 34 18.2 -29
25 06
V = 10.1; Size 5.5'x4.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): this very large barred spiral was a stunning showpiece at
303x! The bright central bar
region is oriented NW-SE and extends ~2.5'x1' with the halo and arms stretching
~5'x3.6'. The central region is
sharply concentrated with a very intense core that increases to a bright
stellar nucleus. A prominent
spiral arm is easily visible on the southeast end. It has a well defined edge and a high contrast as it emerges
from the central region and unfurls east and north. The arm then dims but can be followed as it bends backwards
on the east side towards the northwest!
The arm dims out before reaching a mag 9.6 star 2.2' NE of center. A second bright, well-defined arm is
attached on the northwest end and curls south on the west end of the halo.
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 4.0'x1.3', prominent
elongated core, almost stellar nucleus with direct vision. The halo is
broader with averted vision. Southeast of the core there appears to be a
very faint extension or large knot. The DSS reveals this feature to be the
bright spiral arm extending southeast from the central bar. Located 2.4'
SW of mag 9 SAO 167149.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, moderately large, diffuse, small bright core. A mag 9 star
lies 2.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 613 = H I-281 = h139 = h2422 on 9 Dec 1798 (sweep 1084) and
recorded "cB, E np-sf, 5 or 6' long, 1 1/2' broad, a nucleus in the
middle, A pretty considerable star is about 3' north of it, and a little
following." James Dunlop independently found the galaxy on 5 Aug 1826 with
his 9-inch f/12 speculum reflector and recorded "a very small round
nebula, about 15" diameter, pretty well defined, bright at the center."
Stephen O'Meara notes it is curious that Dunlop failed to note any elongation
and didn't mention its proximity to the 10th magnitude star just off its NE
flank.
JH observed the
galaxy both at Slough and at the Cape of Good Hope. On 27 Sep 1834, his
Cape observation reads "vB; vL; vmE; pos 118.3 ; 1st gradually then
suddenly much brighter to the middle to a nucleus 4' long 1.5' broad, has a
star 9th mag N.f." He also noted that the position assigned in his
Slough Catalogue is incorrect. On a second sweep, he logged "pB;
vmE; pslbM, 2 1/2' length. No other near it within 3 fields in RA and 1
field's breadth in declination." Finally on a third sweep he logged
"vB; L; vmE; pspmbM; has a *10; N.F."
******************************
NGC 614 = NGC
627 = UGC 1140 = MCG +05-04-075 = CGCG 502-118 = PGC 5933
01 35 52.3 +33
40 55
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broadly concentrated, faint
stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with
NGC 608 5' WSW. Located 9' S of
mag 7 SAO 54817.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 614 = H III-174 = h135 on 13 Sep 1784 (last object using Beta
And as the reference star in sweep 271) and noted "Stellar, verified with
240 power." There is nothing
at his position, but 78 sec of RA preceding his position is UGC 1140 = PGC
5933. JH measured an accurate
position and also discovered NGC 608 to the southwest. NGC 627 and NGC 618 may be duplicate
observations – see comments on these numbers.
******************************
NGC 615 = MCG
-01-05-008 = LGG 027-005 = PGC 5897
01 35 05.6 -07
20 27
V = 11.6; Size 3.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(1/1/92): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 2'x1',
evenly concentrated halo, very small bright core, bright stellar nucleus. Located 5.4' ENE of mag 8.5 SAO 129385
but otherwise the immediate field is almost devoid of stars.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, small. Located
5' E of an 8th magnitude star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 615 = H II-282 = h137 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and recorded
"pF, cL, irregular brightest about the middle, r." His summary description (including an
observation on 10 Sep 1785, sweep 435) reads "pB, cL, lE, mbM". JH made the single observation
"pB; R; is sf a * 8m distant 10'." The galaxy is only 5' north-following the star. Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate
position with the 27" refractor at Vienna. The RC3 position angle of 25Ą
is incorrect.
******************************
NGC 616
01 36 04.3 +33
46 12
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 616 on 14 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and noted (single observation) a "double star veiled in faint
nebulosity." He measured the
offset to nearby mag 6.5 HD 9728 and his position matches a pair of mag 14
stars at 11" separation.
Harold Corwin and Dorothy Carlson equate NGC 616 with this double star.
******************************
NGC 617 = MCG
-02-05-007 = PGC 5831
01 34 02.5 -09
46 27
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(11/1/97): at 220x appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 25"
diameter, low even surface brightness.
Requires averted to view and cannot hold steadily. Slightly easier to view at 280x. Located 30' NW of NGC 624.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 617 = LM II-314 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 1.2 tmin east of MCG -02-05-007 = PGC 5831, a common
error with the observations there.
MCG (-02-05-007) does not label this galaxy as NGC 617.
******************************
NGC 618
01 36 18 +33 24
= NGC 614??,
Corwin. = Not found, Dreyer and
DC. =*?, IC 1 notes. = NGC 608?, Burnham.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 618 = h136 on 16 Nov 1827 and reported "pB; pL; bM;
precedes a * 2m 51.0s". There
is nothing at Herschel's position and no fairly bright star at the required
separation east of his position. In the NGC Notes section, Dreyer commented
"never found at Birr [in 4 attempts], nor by d'Arrest. Schnfeld (II) has two observations,
vF, eS = *13, place agreeing with [John Herschel]. Query: only a faint star..." In the IC 1 Notes and Corrections entry for NGC 618
and 627, Dreyer adds "Not observed by John Herschel in the same sweep as
[NGC 608 and 614]. Neither of them
seen by Burnham."
Wolfgang
Steinicke suggests NGC 618 may be a mag 10 star at 01 41 36.6 +33 17 40 (J2000)
with a mag 12.7 star 30" southwest and a mag 15.7 star 30"
south. Harold Corwin is skeptical
this combo would mimic a pB nebula and suggests that NGC 618 is possibly a
duplicate observation of NGC 614, although the brighter star following is not
at the required separation, unless Herschel meant 51 seconds, instead of 2m
51s. Wolfgang Steinicke analyzed
the sweep data and arrived at a different position, close to 01 42 +33Ą 23'
(J2000), assuming the bright star precedes the object, but this
"corrected" position has no "pB" objects nearby.
******************************
NGC 619 = ESO
353-021 = MCG -06-04-051 = PGC 5878
01 34 51.7 -36
29 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 130d
17.5"
(11/10/96): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 1.0'x0.8'. Difficult to determine orientation as
requires averted to glimpse (probably affected by fairly low elevation). Preceding of pair with brighter NGC 623
2.9' E. In a group with NGC 612
11' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 619 = h2424 on 30 Nov 1837 and noted "eeF, vS, R; the
preceding of two [with NGC 623] in the field together." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 620 = UGC
1150 = MCG +07-04-006 = CGCG 537-016 = PGC 5990
01 36 59.8 +42
19 23
V = 13.1; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration, fairly high
surface brightness. A mag 12 star
is 45" WSW.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 620 = St III-2 on 14 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and reported "eF, vS, R, bM but no
nucleus." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 621 = UGC
1147 = MCG +06-04-045 = CGCG 521-055 = IV Zw 54 = PGC 5984
01 36 49.0 +35
30 43
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, almost round, broad concentration. Located 2' SW of a mag 10.5 star and 7'
S of mag 8.4 SAO 54831.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 621 = St XIII-10 on 24 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and noted "vF, eS, R, bM and nucleus". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 622 = UGC
1143 = MCG +00-05-014 = CGCG 386-016 = Mrk 571 = PGC 5939
01 36 00.1 +00
39 49
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W. Even surface brightness except for a
well-defined very small bright core and faint stellar nucleus or faint star
superimposed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 622 = H III-454 = h138 on 9 Oct 1785 (sweep 463) and logged
"Suspected, eF, pL, 240 power left it doubtful." The NGC position matches UGC 1143 = PGC
5939.
******************************
NGC 623 = ESO 353-023
= MCG -06-04-052 = PGC 5898
01 35 06.4 -36
29 25
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 94d
17.5"
(11/10/96): brighter of pair with NGC 619 2.9' preceding. Fairly faint, fairly small, 1.0'
diameter, round. Collinear with
NGC 619 and NGC 612 14' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 623 = h2425 on 30 Nov 1837 and recorded "F, S, R; the
following of two [with h2424 = NGC 619]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 624 = MCG
-02-05-010 = PGC 5932
01 35 51.0 -10
00 10
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5'. A mag 13 star is at the south edge
30" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 624 = H III-471 = h140 on 30 Nov 1837 (sweep 479) and described
"a few small stars mixed with seeming nebulosity. 240 showed the
same." There is a star at the
south edge and another 1.4' N. JH
also noted "eF; S; among 2 or 3 vF st, very difficult". The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 625 = ESO
297-005 = MCG -07-04-017 = PGC 5896
01 35 05 -41 26
12
V = 11.1; Size 5.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 92d
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 E-W, brighter core. Viewed
at a very low elevation (less than 10Ą).
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 625 = D 479 = h2426 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector and
described "a very faint nebula, of a round figure, with two or three
minute stars in it near the meridian". His position is ~8' east of ESO 297-005 = PGC 5896. JH logged on 5 Sep 1834, "B, pL,
mE, nearly in the parallel; pmbM." On a second sweep on 4 Dec 1836 he
called it "B, mE, gbM, 80"." The next night he logged the galaxy
again as "B, L, mE, gbM, 1.25' long."
******************************
NGC 626 = ESO
297-006 = MCG -07-04-018 = AM 0133-392 = PGC 5901
01 35 12.0 -39
08 48
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 43d
18"
(10/25/08): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, small bright
core, very faint halo. NGC 630/ESO
297-008 lies 13.5' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 626 = h2427 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF, S, R, bM,
15"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 627 = NGC
614? = UGC 1140 = MCG +05-04-075 = CGCG 502-118 = PGC 5933
01 35 52.3 +33
40 55
= NGC 614?, Corwin. =**, Steinicke.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 627 = h141 on 11 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; R; another
precedes; which must be III.174 [NGC 614]. The RA conjectural and PD liable to some error." Heinrich d'Arrest was unsuccessful in
locating an object at Herschel's position and he commented "is not in the
heavens. Anyway, the place assigned [by Herschel] as doubtful, is errant."
Sherburne
Burnham (Publ of the Lick Observatory, Vol II) was also unable to find the
object and Dreyer concludes "should be struck out" in the IC 1 notes
section. Burnham suggested this
might be a duplicate observation of NGC 614 in which case the object that
precedes would be NGC 608 (misidentified as III 174). See Corwin's identification notes. But Wolfgang Steinicke argues that NGC 614 is located 2.4Ą
due north of ˇ137, the previous object in the sweep, so he could not have
arrived at the field of NGC 614 as the next object.
******************************
NGC 628 = M74 =
UGC 1149 = MCG +03-05-011 = PGC 5974
01 36 41.6 +15
47 03
V = 9.4; Size 10.5'x9.5'; Surf Br = 14.2
48"
(10/22/11): beautiful face-on spiral with long, graceful arms wrapping around
an intense 1' core that increases towards the center, but there is no sharp
nucleus. At first glance at 375x
there appeared to be four arms, but with a more careful look there are two main
arms that each wrap more than 360Ą around the core as well as a couple of side
branches. Each arm is studded with
a number of non-stellar HII regions that highlight the arms. In addition, a number of stars are
superimposed, both in the inner region (two faint stars are within 25" of
the center) and around the edge of the halo, which extends to 7'-8' diameter.
The more
prominent arm "southern" arm is very regular - emerging from the core
on the south side and wrapping counterclockwise around the core to the north,
unwinding gradually as it curves to the east and then pulls away from the
central region more suddenly on the south side. This arm is very patchy and delineated by a large number of
HII knots with the two most prominent ones near the outer southern end. The "northern" arm begins to
emerge from north of the core, tightly wraps counterclockwise around the core,
passing near or through a few superimposed stars on the south side of the core,
unwinding more as it stretches again to the north. The arm structure is a bit more complex on the north side
due to side branches and the embedded HII knots are more scattered.
The HII regions
were viewed more carefully at 610x.
The following identifications are from Paul Hodge's 1976 "HII
regions in NGC 628" (ApJ, 205, 728), which lists over 700 HII knots. The brightest is #627, near the end of
the outer southern arm 2.7' SSW of center. It appeared fairly bright, fairly
small, round, ~20" diameter.
Moving clockwise along this arm towards the core, the next prominent
knot is #598 situated 2.2' SSE of center.
It was slightly fainter than #627, round, 15" diameter. Next in line is #552, a faint round
knot of 10" situated 1.8' SE of center. East of the core by 1.5' is #406, a very faint, round
10" knot situated 36" S of a superimposed mag 14.5 star. Just 30" W of this star and 1.2'
NE of center is #292, a fairly faint, very small knot, ~8" diameter. Continuing inward along this arm, the
next knot is #196, a very faint hazy spot 1.3' N of center. Finally, less than 1' NW of center is
another very faint patch with multiple Hodge numbers #260-268.
There were no
notable knots on the inner southern portion of the northern arm, but a
noticeable clump of knots is on the NW portion of this arm. First was #167/168, a faint 10"
knot 1.6' NW of center. Continuing
outward 2.0' NNW of center is a faint, elongated patch, ~25" diameter,
consisting of #91-95 and #49 at the north end of the glow. I didn't search the outer region of the
halo for additional HII knots, except noted #330, a 10" knot situated
between two mag 12-13 stars at the eastern edge of halo, 3.9' from center.
17.5"
(8/31/86): bright, large, round, very bright core. A spiral arm is attached at the east side of core winding
towards the west along the south side.
A dark gap is visible between the arm and the main central portion. Several stars are superimposed in the
halo.
13.1"
(8/24/84): very prominent, fairly small bright core surrounded by a very large,
diffuse glow. Visible in 16x80
finder.
8": very
small bright core surrounded by a large faint halo.
Pierre Mchain
discovered M74 = NGC 628 = h142 in September 1780. William Herschel made several observations of M74 in which
he claimed to partially resolve M74 into a number of extremely faint stars. On 14 Oct 1784 (sweep 289) he noted
"easily resolvable; some stars visible in it, the coma eF at the edges and
not resolvable."
On 13 Dec 1848,
William Parsons (3rd Earl of Rosse) detected spiral structure with his 72"
and noted "Rough sketch made. Spiral?" The next night he "confirmed last night's observations;
feel confident it is a spiral."
Listed as "Spiral or curvilinear" in Parsons' 1850 paper.
******************************
NGC 629
01 38 58.5 +72
52 01
17.5"
(10/13/01): near Struve's position is a striking 1' chain of 5 stars mag
12.5-13.5 extended WSW-ENE. Two of
the stars at the following end of the chain form a very close pair. There is also a wider trio of stars
which follows by 6', but this is a courser, less interesting group in the field
and less likely to fit Struve's description "3*+ neb".
Wilhelm Struve
discovered NGC 629 = ˇ 2 = Au 16 in 1825 with the 9.6" Fraunhofer
refractor at Dorpat. Auwers
included this object in his 1862 catalogue of new nebulae with the description
"irregular nebula with 3 *.", though he couldn't find it in the Knigsberg
Heliometer in Feb 1861. About 6'
west of Struve's position is a tight string of 5 stars within 1' and Harold
Corwin identifies this asterism as NGC 629. The brightest mag 12.2 star has
companions at 11" and 13".
******************************
NGC 630 = ESO
297-009 = MCG -07-04-020 = PGC 5924
01 35 36.5 -39
21 29
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 60d
18"
(10/25/08): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.6'x0.45,
small bright core increases to the center, fairly high surface brightness. Forms a close pair with slightly
fainter ESO 297-008 1.8' SW, which was surprisingly missed by John Herschel.
NGC 626 lies 13.5' NNW. The companion
is just over the constellation border into Phoenix and appeared faint or fairly
faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6', low even surface
brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 630 = h2428 on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "pF, S, R, bM,
15", precedes two stars 11th mag.
The two stars are there and Herschel's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 631 = UGC
1153 = MCG +01-05-007 = CGCG 412-006 = PGC 5983
01 36 47.0 +05
50 07
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.3
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, small, round, smoothly increases to small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 632 8' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 631 = m 50 on 27 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "vF, S, gbM." His
position matches UGC 1153 = PGC 5983.
******************************
NGC 632 = UGC
1157 = MCG +01-05-010 = CGCG 412-008 = Mrk 1002 = PGC 6007
01 37 17.5 +05
52 39
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, small, very small very bright core dominates,
slightly elongated much fainter halo.
A mag 14.5 star is embedded in the north side. Forms a pair with NGC 631 8' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 632 = h143 on 24 Sep 1830 and logged "pB; S; R; psbM;
15"." His position
matches UGC 1157 = PGC 6007.
******************************
NGC 633 = ESO
297-011 = MCG -06-04-056 = PGC 5960
01 36 23.4 -37
19 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 177d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration (hampered by low elevation). Located 3' SE a mag 9/10 double star at 15"
separation. Forms a pair with ESO
297-G12 1.1' S (not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 633 = h2429 on 1 Sep 1834 and logged "pB, S, R, gbM,
15"; follows a pretty bright double star." On a later sweep he logged
"Not vF, R, 30", has a double star N.p." His mean position and description
matches ESO 297-11 = PGC 5960. He
missed a fainter companion (ESO 297-12 = PGC 5959) 1.1' S.
******************************
NGC 634 = UGC
1164 = MCG +06-04-048 = CGCG 521-060 = PGC 6059
01 38 18.5 +35
21 54
V = 13.0; Size 2.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 167d
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, very elongated ~N-S. A mag 15 star is at the west edge. Located 2' ENE of mag 7.7 SAO 54855.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 634 = St VIIIa-6 on 26 Oct 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and logged "eF, eS, sev F* inv". His position matches UGC 1164 = PGC
6059.
******************************
NGC 635 = MCG
-04-05-002 = PGC 6062
01 38 17.8 -22
55 44
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/9/01): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter, weak
concentration. Forms the SW vertex
of a triangle with a mag 10 star (SAO 167193) 2.9' ENE and a mag 12.5 star 1.6'
NNE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 635 = LM I-33 on 15 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position but based on the
discovery sketch (which shows two or three stars to the NE and another to the
SSE), Harold Corwin has identified NGC 635 = PGC 6062. In this case, Leavenworth's dec was 3Ą
too far north. RNGC lists the
number as nonexistent (not found).
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 636 = MCG
-01-05-013 = LGG 027-006 = PGC 6110
01 39 06.5 -07 30
46
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly bright, fairly small, round, bright well-defined circular
core, very small nucleus. The
faint halo increases diameter to almost 2'. A mag 12 star is 3' ENE.
8" (11/28/81):
faint, small, round, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 636 = H II-283 = h144 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and recorded
"pB, S, of equal light, r, a star or two visible in it." On a second observation on 10 Sep 1785
(sweep 435) he noted "pB, S, mbM." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 637 = Cr 17
= OCL-329 = Lund 51
01 43 03 +64 02
12
V = 8.2; Size 4'
18"
(10/25/08): very pretty cluster at 283x.
The central 2.5' region is rich and contains roughly 3 dozen stars
including a mag 10.2/11.4 double (STI 264 = ADS 1342) at 9.5"
separation. A third mag 11 star
forms a wide trio 46" to the
south. An arc or "C"
shaped curve of stars passes through the central double and opens to the
north. A chain of brighter stars
begins at the center of the open end of the arc (on north side) and zigzags to
the north and NE. A wide bright
double (23" separation) sits at the east end of the central region. Finally another fainter linear chain of
stars heads to the west of the central region. Within a 5' region, 50-60 stars are resolved.
13.1"
(12/7/85): rich cluster of two dozen stars arranged in an arc. There are five bright stars including a
mag 10/11.2 double star at 9" separation.
8"
(1/1/84): 10 stars in cluster includes four mag 10 stars and fainter, mottled,
over haze.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 637 = H VII-49 on 9 Nov 1787 (sweep 777) and noted "a
cluster of some cL stars and many eS, so as hardly to be visible. The large ones
arranged in circular order 3' or 4' diameter."
******************************
NGC 638 = UGC
1170 = MCG +01-05-014 = CGCG 412-011 = Mrk 1003 = PGC 6145
01 39 37.8 +07
14 15
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, almost even surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 638 = Sw V-14 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 639 = ESO
413-013 = MCG -05-05-002 = VV 419 = AM 0136-301 = PGC 6105
01 38 59.1 -29
55 31
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 31d
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint, very small.
Fainter of a close pair with NGC 642 1.7' NE. At first only a 10" round core seen, but with extended
viewing can just detect faint extensions which increase dimensions to 0.9'x0.2'
SW-NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 639 = h2430 (along with NGC 642 = h2431) on 27 Sep 1834 and
noted "vF, vS; the preceding of two [with NGC 642].". His mean position from 3 observations
matches ESO 413-013 = PGC 6105.
******************************
NGC 640 = MCG
-02-05-031 = PGC 6130
01 39 24.8 -09
24 03
V = 15.1; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(10/29/94): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter, no concentration. Collinear with a mag 11-12 double star
(30" separation) located 6' NNE.
A mag 11.5 star lies 4.0' SSW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 640 = LM II-315 in 1886 and reported "mag 15.8;
0.6'; lE 170Ą; lbMN; *10 s 4'.".
His position is only 9 sec of RA east of MCG -02-05-031 = PGC 6130 and
the star 4' S is just where he placed it.
******************************
NGC 641 = ESO
244-042 = AM 0136-424 = MCG -07-04-026 = PGC 6081
01 38 39.1 -42
31 40
V = 12.1; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(10/3/13): at 375x appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
round, 36", well-defined E-type appearance, gradually increases to the
center. A mag 10 star lies 4.2' SW
and a mag 13 star is 1.9' NE, but the field is quite barren of stars. Forms a pair with NGC 644 4.3' SE. Located 24' N of mag 6.7 HD 10167. Surprisingly bright for a galaxy at
only 10Ą elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 641 = h2432 (along with NGC 644 = h2433) on 5 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pB, S, R, gpmbM; the preceding of two [with NGC 644]." His mean position from 3 sweeps matches
ESO 244-042 = PGC 6081.
******************************
NGC 642 = ESO
413-014 = MCG -05-05-003 = VV 419 = PGC 6112
01 39 06.3 -29
54 56
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 31d
17.5"
(12/20/95): brighter of a pair with NGC 639 1.7' SW. Faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, ~1.2'x0.8' (fades
into background so difficult to estimate PA and size), broad weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
just off the SE end 50" from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 642 = h2431 (along with NGC 639 = h2430) on 27 Sep 1834 and
recorded "F, S, R, gbM, 15", has a star near it,
following.". His mean from 3
observations matches ESO 413-014 = PGC 6112.
******************************
NGC 643 = ESO
029-SC050 = Lindsay 111
01 35 02 -75 33
24
V = 13.5
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.2'
diameter, broad weak concentration without a distinct core, some mottling but
no resolution. Located 8.5' NNE of
mag 8 HD 10041. This object is an
outlying cluster of the SMC on the southeast side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 643 = h2435 on 18 Sep 1835 and logged "eF, R, vglbM,
40"."
In 1957, Gerard
de Vaucouleurs concluded (based on Mt Stromlo plates) that NGC 643 was an
outlying cluster of the Small Magellanic Cloud and not a galaxy as listed in
the Shapley-Ames Catalogue. RNGC
gives the type as 28 (cluster in the LMC) instead of 29 (cluster in the
SMC). NGC 2000.0 classifies it as
a globular cluster. NGC 643B = ESO
029-053 = PGC 6117 is misidentified as NGC 643 in the RC3 (letter designation from
the RC1).
******************************
NGC 644 = ESO
244-043 = AM 0136-425 = MCG -07-04-027 = PGC 6097
01 38 53.1 -42
35 06
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
24"
(10/3/13): difficult due to low elevation (10Ą) and fairly poor seeing this far
south. At 200x appeared very
faint, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, ~24"x18", required averted. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 641 4.3'
NW. A mag 10 star lies 6.8' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 644 = h2433 (along with brighter NGC 641 = h2432) on 5 Sep 1834
and recorded "F, S, lE, glbM. The following of two [with NGC 641].". His position and description matches ESO
244-043 = PGC 6097.
******************************
NGC 645 = UGC
1177 = MCG +01-05-016 = CGCG 412-013 = PGC 6172
01 40 08.7 +05
43 35
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 125d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, slight broad
concentration. A line of three mag
9.5-10.5 stars aligned E-W are located just north including a mag 9.5 star 3'
NW, a mag 10.5 star 2.2' N and a mag 10 star 4.7' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 645 = m 51 on 27 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, pL, mE." His
position and description applies to UGC 1177.
******************************
NGC 646 = ESO
080-002 = VV 443 = AM 0135-650 = PGC 6010
01 37 21.2 -64
53 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 107d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): this interacting double system (NGC 646 + PGC 6014) was
resolved at 244x, though more cleanly viewed at 397x. NGC 646, the brighter and larger western galaxy, appeared
fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, 24" diameter, weak
concentration. I didn't notice the
very low surface brightness stretched spiral arms (one extends to to PGC
6014). PGC 6014 appeared faint,
very small, round, 12" diameter.
It was easily seen close east of NGC 646 [0.9' separation between
centers]. The pair is located 8'
NE of mag 9.5 HD 10080.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 646 = h2434 on 2 Nov 1834 and logged "vF, irregularly
round, vglbM." His position
matches this double system.
******************************
NGC 647 = MCG
-02-05-033 = PGC 6155
01 39 56.1 -09
14 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 45d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, small, elongated 4:3, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 649 3.3' SE. Located 5' W of mag 8.8 SAO 129437.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 647 = LM II-316 (along with NGC 649 = LM II-317) in
1886) with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.4 tmin east of MCG
-02-05-033 = PGC 6155. The galaxy
identified as NGC 647 in the MCG is actually NGC 649.
******************************
NGC 648 = IC 146
= ESO 543-006 = MCG -03-05-011 = PGC 6083
01 38 39.8 -17
49 53
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 114d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6', weak concentration. A bright uneven double star h2067 =
7.6/11.6 at 34" lies 10' ENE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 648 = LM I-34 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1.6 min of RA east of ESO 543-006 = PGC
6083. Because of the poor
position, Bigourdan was unable to recover the galaxy. Stephane Javelle independently discovered the galaxy on 30
Sep 1892 with the 30" refractor at the Nice Observatory, assumed it was
new, and Dreyer catalogued J. 1-70 as IC 146. Herbert Howe reobserved and measured an accurate position
for NGC 648 around 1900 (repeated in the IC 2 notes), though neither Howe nor
Dreyer noticed the equivalence NGC 648 = IC 146. ESO states the equivalence NGC 648 = IC 146. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 649 = MCG
-02-05-034 = PGC 6169
01 40 07.4 -09
16 18
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 20d
17.5"
(9/26/92): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 3' SW of mag 8.8 SAO 129437, which hampers the
observation. Forms a pair with NGC
647 3.3' NW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 649 = LM II-317 (along with NGC 647 = II-316) in
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position angle (N-S) is off by 20Ą
but it is clear that NGC 649 = MCG -02-05-034 = PGC 6169. MCG misidentifies NGC 649 as NGC 647.
******************************
NGC 650 = M76 =
Little Dumbbell Nebula = PK 130-10.1 = PN G130.9-10.5
01 42 18.1 +51
34 16
V = 10.1; Size 163"x107"
18"
(10/19/06): superb view at 225x using a UHC filter. The main bi-polar body was very bright, elongated ~SW-NE and
dominated by two large, irregular knots at either end. The SW knot is brighter and the
brightest portion is more elongated in the direction of the minor axis. Both knots are somewhat irregular in
shape and brightness. A faint star
is just off the SW end. The two bright knots are attached with a fainter bridge
of nebulosity. Extending off the north end is a large "arm" that
sweeps around towards the west and a slightly less obvious counterpart is
attached at the south end and sweeps towards the east. The overall effect mimics a photograph
of a barred spiral galaxy or perhaps a rotating sprinkler head with jets of
water curving away.
17.5"
(8/2/86): bright, fairly large, consists of two prominent irregular lobes with
a darker center; the SW lobe is brighter with straight edges while the NE lobe
has a slightly curved edge. A mag
13.5 star is attached at the southern edge of the SW lobe. Extending from the main body of this
striking bipolar planetary is a large halo that contains two large outer arms
or wings similar to a spiral galaxy!
The outer "arm" attached at the NE end is brighter and longer
and curves to the west. The
southern extension is short, fainter and less defined. The general features described above
were clearly seen in my 13.1" at 166x using an OIII filter on 10/10/86.
13": SW end
is brighter while the NE end is slightly curved. Boxy appearance with a dark center.
80mm (1/20/07):
at 12.5x appears as a very faint, very small low surface brightness spot that
blinks well using an OIII filter and increases significantly in contrast. At 25x and OIII filter appears as a
fairly faint, round knot with a fairly high surface brightness.
Pierre Mchain
discovered M76 = NGC 650 = H I-193 on 5 Sept 1780 with a 3"
refractor. WH described the
planetary on 12 Nov 1787 as "Two close together, their nebulosities run
into each other; distance of their centers is 1 1/2 or 2'." The second nebula was catalogued as NGC
651.
Sir Robert Ball
described M76 in detail on 5 Nov 1866 using the 72" at Birr Castle:
"remarkable object; a new spiral possessing details of interest. Previous observation as to form
confirmed with some further particulars well seen in single lens. It consists principally of the two B
knots which according to Herschel are the pair of double nebula, and third much
fainter knot p the other two. Form
compared to a reaping hook.
Sketched by Lord Oxmantown.
The nebulosity terminates very suddenly on the s edge where there is a
star, probably distinct from, through very close to the nebulosity. A branch of nebulosity in the foll
direction was suspected by both observes preceding from between the two
knots."
Based on a Crossley
photograph, Curtis (1918) described, "central star of mag 16. Quite irregular, but evidently to be
included as one of the larger members of the planetary class. The central and brighter portion of the
nebula is an irregular, patchy oblong 87"x42" in pa 40Ą from the ends
of which faint, irregular, ring-like wisps extend total length 157" in pa
128Ą. Brightest patch at southern
end of central part."
******************************
NGC 651 = PK
130-10.1 = M76 = Little Dumbbell Nebula = PN G130.9-10.5
01 42 21.9 +51
34 49
V = 10.1
17.5": part
of NGC 650 = M76, see description for NGC 650.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 651 = H I-193 on 12 Nov 1787 (sweep 780) and recorded "Two
close together; both vB, their nebulosities run into each other. Distance of their centers 1 1/2' or 2'
from sp to nf." As one was
M76 he assigned one new number.
Dreyer assigned NGC 650 to M76 and NGC 651 to H I-193 (following of the
double nebula).
******************************
NGC 652 = UGC
1184 = MCG +01-05-017 = CGCG 412-014 = PGC 6208
01 40 43.2 +07
58 58
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 55d
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, very weak
concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 652 = Sw V-15 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 14 tsec east of UGC 1184 = PGC 6208.
See Corwin's notes for more info on Swift's discoveries that night.
******************************
NGC 653 = UGC
1193 = MCG +06-04-058 = CGCG 521-070 = PGC 6290
01 42 25.7 +35
38 18
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 39d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on SSW-NNE, small bright
core. A mag 12.5 star is 1.3' ESE.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 653 = St XIII-11 on 29 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, pL, mE, 1' major axis, lbM,
sev * inv". His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 654 = Cr 18
= Mel 9 = OCL-330
01 43 59 +61 53
00
V = 6.5; Size 5'
13.1"
(10/20/84): 35 stars, rich, includes several doubles. Located just northwest of mag 7.3 HD 10494, which is a
likely member.
8": rich in
faint stars including doubles. A
mag 7 star is at the southeast edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 654 = H VII-46 = h145 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and noted
"a small cluster of pretty large stars, pretty rich." JH described "a fine rich cluster;
stars 11...14m; 3' dia; irreg fig; place that of the most compressed part; one
star 6.7 mag, south-following the center, is ruddy."
******************************
NGC 655 = MCG
-02-05-037 = PGC 6262
01 41 55.1 -13
04 56
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, weakly concentrated halo, rises quickly to
small bright core. A mag 12/14
double star at 20" separation is 2' S. Located 10' NNW of a mag 9.5 star.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 655 = LM I-35 on 12 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
position is 2' S of MCG -02-05-037037 = PGC 6262. Bigourdan was unable to find this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 656 = UGC
1194 = MCG +04-05-002 = CGCG 482-004 = PGC 6293
01 42 27.3 +26
08 35
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, round, 1.0' diameter, bright core. A mag 11 star is 1.5' NW. Located 8' ESE of mag 9 SAO 74879.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 656 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He measured a very
accurate position on 2 nights as well as the nearby mag 10 star (5 seconds
preceding and 1 1/4' north).
******************************
NGC 657 =
OCL-337 = Lund 52
01 43 47 +55 52
42
17.5"
(10/25/97): very unimpressive asterism near at the double star Oˇ 35 = 7.2/10.4
at 13". Possibly John
Herschel was attracted to a group of ~10 stars 4'-5' SW of the bright
double. There are a few additional
stars following this group which lead back to the double. This grouping includes a couple of
close, faint doubles but appears to be a weak asterism at all powers as there
is no evident clustering.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 657 = h146 on 28 Nov 1831 and noted "A double star (h2070),
the chief of a p rich loose cl; st 12m."
******************************
NGC 658 = UGC
1192 = MCG +02-05-009 = CGCG 437-009 = PGC 6275
01 42 09.7 +12
36 06
V = 12.5; Size 3.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, broad
concentration, fairly faint small core.
Located 4' SSW of mag 8.8 SAO 92587.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 658 = St IX-1 on 27 Nov 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "very faint, very small, irregular,
brighter in the middle." His
position matches UGC 1192 = PGC 6275. This galaxy was independently found by
Lewis Swift on 17 Sep 1885 with a 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and
reported it in list II-13. His
position and description is good, though he criticized Stephan's description by
writing "pB; pL; vE; nearly bet 2 pB st. If this is Stephan's No 1 of his catalogue of 60 nebulae,
A.N. 2390, then his description is wrong in every particular."
******************************
NGC 659 = Cr 19
= Mel 10 = OCL-332
01 44 23 +60 40
12
V = 7.9; Size 5'
13.1"
(10/20/84): ~20 stars in cluster, not impressive. Located 80' E of M103.
13.1"
(11/5/83): 18 stars at 166x over haze.
In field to NW of NGC 663.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 659 = VIII-65 on 27 Sep 1783 with her 4.2"
comet-seeker reflector. WH
independently discovered the cluster on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and logged
"a small cluster of small stars, not very rich." In his PT catalogue,
he noted "Caroline Herschel [discovered it in ] 1783."
******************************
NGC 660 = UGC
1201 = MCG +02-05-013 = CGCG 437-012 = PGC 6318
01 43 01.7 +13
38 35
V = 11.2; Size 8.3'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 170d
48"
(10/23/11): this large, striking galaxy contains a very bright, elongated bar
oriented SW-NE, ~2'x1'. The
northeastern half of the bar is noticeably brighter with a very high surface
brightness. The galaxy is fainter and wider on the southwest portion of the
bar. The central region in mottled
and dusty, but I didn't notice the X-shaped dust lanes visible on photos. At the southwest end, a broad low
surface brightness spiral arm emerges and sweeps south, curving slightly east
for a length of 2'. A second faint
arm begins at the northeast end of the bar and extends north a similar
distance, bending gradually to the west.
The arms give the galaxy a stretched "S" appearance and significantly
increased the overall size to ~6.5'x2.5', roughly N-S.
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly bright, large, oval SW-NE, broadly concentrated halo,
mottled. A mag 14 double star is
1.8' ESE of center. Located 10' SE
of mag 8.1 SAO 92589. UGC 1195
lies 22' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 660 = H II-253 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and noted "pB,
pl, E, bM, r". Sir Robert
Ball, an assistant with the 72" at Birr Castle, described "a fine neb
of the character of the neb in Andromeda.
cB, vL, E 37.1Ą, possibly curved and with details. E Nucl which was suspected to be in two
parts or have some peculiarity."
A later observation by Dreyer reads "pB, pL mE 41Ą. Looks like a brush, fades away
gradually south-following, more sharply defined north-preceding. Condensation in nf end."
******************************
NGC 661 = UGC
1215 = MCG +05-05-005 = CGCG 503-014 = PGC 6376
01 44 14.6 +28
42 22
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 60d
17.5"
(9/26/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, prominent
core, bright stellar nucleus.
Bracketed by two mag 14 stars 75" SW and 75" NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 661 = H II-610 = h147 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and noted
"F, S, bM, resolvable".
JH described this nebula as "pF; S; R; psbM". His position matches UGC 1215 = PGC
6376. E.E. Barnard independently
found it on 11 Oct 1882 with his 5-inch refractor and described a "minute
speck of a nebula...which I assume to be new."
******************************
NGC 662 = UGC
1220 = MCG +06-04-060 = CGCG 521-073 = V Zw 98 = PGC 6393
01 44 35.5 +37
41 46
V = 12.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 20d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, very small, fairly high even surface brightness,
elongated 3:2 ~N-S. Located 3' ENE
of mag 6.9 SAO 10617, which hampers viewing.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 662 = St XIII-12 on 22 Nov 1884 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and noted "F, S, R, rather marked central condensation". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 663 = Cr 20
= Mel 11 = OCL-333
01 46 16 +61 13
06
V = 7.1; Size 16'
13.1"
(10/20/84): ~75 stars, fairly large, rich. Includes several doubles, the most prominent are ˇ153 =
9.3/10.3 at 8" and ˇ152 = 9.0/11.2 at 9" and ˇ151 = 10.5/10.9 at
7".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 663 = H VI-31 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and recorded "a
beautiful cluster of pretty large stars near 15' diameter, considerably
rich." Neither JH nor LdR's
assistants observed the cluster.
******************************
NGC 664 = UGC
1210 = MCG +01-05-029 = CGCG 412-023 = PGC 6359
01 43 45.8 +04
13 23
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, weak
concentration. Nearby are a mag 15
star 50" NW and two mag 14 stars 1.8' WSW and 2' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 664 = h148 on 24 Sep 1830 and noted "vF; R;
20"." R.J. Mitchell,
observing with Lord Rosse's 72" on 11 Dec 1854, recorded "S, R,
bmN. Forms a trapezium [eastern
vertex] with 3 stars."
******************************
NGC 665 = UGC
1223 = MCG +02-05-019 = CGCG 437-019 = PGC 6415
01 44 56.1 +10
25 22
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 125d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, prominent core, bright
nucleus. Brightest in a group of
four with IC 154 14' NNE, IC 156 11NE and CGCG 437-020 6' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 665 = H II-588 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 582) and logged "F, irr
R, r." The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 666 = UGC
1236 = MCG +06-05-002 = CGCG 521-079 = PGC 6483
01 46 06.3 +34
22 28
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus. Almost collinear with a mag 12.5 star
2' NNE and a mag 13 star 3' NNE.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 666 = St XIII-13 on 22 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate and his description "very small star in an extremely
small and faint nebula" applies to the stellar nucleus and small halo.
******************************
NGC 667 = ESO
477-002 = PGC 6418
01 44 56.7 -22
55 09
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 82d
17.5"
(10/25/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low surface
brightness. Not seen with
certainty at 220x and verified at 280x.
Located 1.4' SE of a mag 12 star.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 667 = LM II-318 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.3' west and 2' south of ESO
477-002 = PGC 6418. A mag 10 star
mentioned in his notes as 1.6' in PA 320Ą (NW) clinches the identification. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 668 = UGC
1238 = MCG +06-05-003 = CGCG 521-080 = PGC 6502
01 46 22.6 +36
27 37
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 30d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, slightly elongated SW-NE, broadly concentrated halo,
small bright core. Located 2.5' W
of a mag 10.5 star at the NW edge of AGC 262 galaxy cluster.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 668 = St XI-2 on 4 Dec 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "pF; pS; R; gbM". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 669 = UGC
1248 = MCG +06-05-004 = CGCG 522-004 = PGC 6560
01 47 16.2 +35
33 46
V = 12.3; Size 3.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 36d
17.5"
(11/27/92): moderately bright, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, bright bulging core, thin
tapering extensions, fairly striking appearance. A mag 13 star is just south of the SW tip 1.5' from the
center. Three mag 12 stars form a
shallow obtuse triangle close north with the nearest star 1.8' NW. Located at the SW edge of AGC 262
galaxy cluster.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 669 = St XIII-14 on 28 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and logged "pF; mE NE to SW; 1.5' length; gbM;
mottled center or several small stars involved." His position and
description matches UGC 1248 = PGC 6560.
******************************
NGC 670 = UGC
1250 = MCG +05-05-012 = CGCG 503-024 = PGC 6570
01 47 24.9 +27
53 09
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 172d
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly faint, small, compact, elongated 2:1 N-S, bright core. Located 28' NNW of NGC 672.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 670 = H II-611 = h149 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and noted
"F, S, lE". R.J.
Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Sep 1857, recorded "S, pretty
much E np sf, bM, is about 2' preceding a double star." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 671 = UGC
1247 = MCG +02-05-029 = CGCG 437-027 = PGC 6546
01 46 59.1 +13
07 31
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, seems brighter at both
ends. A double star with
components mag 12.5/13.5 (oriented NW-SE with separation 20") lies 3'
S. Located very close to the
Pisces border.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 671 = Sw II-14 on 17 Sep 1885 with the 16" Clark refractor
at Warner Observatory and logged "eF; pS; R; "between a double star
and a star with a distant companion." Swift's position is 18 sec of RA east of UGC 1247 =
PGC 6546 and his description of the nearby stars to the north and south pins
down the identification. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 672 = VV
338b = UGC 1256 = MCG +04-05-011= CGCG 482-016 = Holm 46a = KTG 8B = PGC 6595
01 47 53.9 +27
25 56
V = 10.9; Size 7.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 65d
24"
(12/28/13): at 225x appeared very bright, very large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
mottled appearance. Contains a
brighter, elongated "bar" that is slightly angled (roughly 7:2 E-W)
to the major axis of the halo.
Slightly brighter "patches" were visible just beyond the bar
(on both the east and west side), probably where spiral arms attach to the
bar. IC 1727 lies 8' SW.
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly bright, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, even surface brightness. Bracketed by a mag 13.5 star 2.2' WNW
and a mag 13 star 3.2' E. Brightest
in a group with IC 1727 8' SW.
8"
(11/13/82): fairly faint, low even surface brightness, fairly large,
diffuse. Two mag 13.5 stars lie NW
and at the east edge.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, fairly large, very diffuse, elongated ~E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 672 = H I-157 = h150 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and logged
"cB, cL, extended in the parallel, mbM, about 6 or 7' long, 3'
broad." This galaxy was
observed 7 times with the 72" at Birr Castle. On 26 Oct 1854, R.J. Mitchell recorded "A tolerably B
ray, bM. The B portion is narrow,
but I think F neby extends laterally; * south of centre and another fainter one
sp center? [this may refer to an HII region]." I'm surprised, though, that IC 1727 was missed during these
observations. The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 673 = UGC
1259 = MCG +02-05-033 = CGCG 437-030 = PGC 6624
01 48 22.5 +11
31 18
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 0d
17.5"
(12/18/89): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
weak concentration. Located 3.1'
WSW of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 673 = H II-589 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 582) and logged "F, pL,
E, brightest following the middle, 2' south-preceding a considerably bright
star [10th mag]." Using the
72" at Birr Castle in 1875, J.L.E. Dreyer accurately described the galaxy
as "pB, pL, irr R, vlbM, *10-11m Pos. 65.8Ą, Dist 195.6".
******************************
NGC 674 = NGC
697 = UGC 1317 = MCG +04-05-022 = CGCG 482-027 = PGC 6848
01 51 17.4 +22
21 28
See observing
notes for NGC 697.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 674 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen
and noted "pretty bright, elongated, *14 follows by 8 seconds." There is nothing at his position, but
2.0 min of RA east is NGC 697 and the description fits! JH and Dreyer assumed this was a new
discovery and catalogued d'Arrest's object as GC 398 = NGC 674. Curiously, he claims the object was
found the same night (4th of 411) that he also observed NGC 697. Father Hagen and Bigourdan searched
fruitlessly for NGC 674 and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on
Heidelberg plates, says "not found, = NGC 697?" That conclusion is warranted. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 675 = UGC
1273 = MCG +02-05-041 = CGCG 437-037 = PGC 6665
01 49 08.6 +13
03 35
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 99d
17.5"
(12/18/89): extremely faint, small, elongated E-W. Forms a pair with NGC 677 1.4' ENE. Located just SW of a mag 14 star, which
is 1' W of NGC 677.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 675 = Sw V-16, along with NGC 677 = Sw V-17, on 25 Sep 1886 with
the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 5 tsec west and 17" south of UGC 1273 =
PGC 6665.
******************************
NGC 676 = UGC
1270 = MCG +01-05-034 = CGCG 412-028 = PGC 6656
01 48 57.3 +05
54 24
V = 11.9; Size 4.0'x1.2'; PA = 172d
17.5"
(12/18/89): very unusual appearance as a mag 10 star (BD +5 244) is superimposed
on the core! Fairly faint, very
elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, almost even surface brightness except for the bright
star. NGC 693 lies 26' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 676 = H IV-42 = h151 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 607) and recorded
"a star with vF branches in the direction of the meridian, each branch
about 1' in length; the star about 8 or 9 m; other stars of the same size are
free from these branches".
Interestingly, he used this example in his 1814 PT paper to argue, not
only of the association of the star [very near the center] and the nebula, but
that the nebula was brighter near the star because nebulous matter was being
drawn by gravity to the star. JH
observed the galaxy on two sweeps and described it as "a *9m with a vF
narrow ray of nebulosity; a most curious object." The galaxy was observed 4 times at Birr
Castle. On 8 Nov 1876, J.L.E.
Dreyer recorded "*9m with pF neb elongated 168.4Ą, longer on the side of
*, concave preceding, convex following."
The 9.5-mag star
superimposed at the center is included in the CGCG magnitude (10.5z). Steinicke notes that the separation
from centre is only 9", the smallest value of all cases of bright
superimposed stars in the NGC!
******************************
NGC 677 = IC
152? = UGC 1275 = MCG +02-05-042 = CGCG 437-039 = PGC 6673
01 49 14.0 +13
03 19
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core increases to a very
small brighter nucleus. A mag 14
star lies 1' W and a mag 15 star is 1' S.
Forms a close pair with NGC 675 1.4' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 677 = Sw V-17, along with NGC 675 = Sw V-16, on 25 Sep 1886 with
the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 10 tsec west and 14" north of UGC
1275. He described NGC 675 as
"vF" and 677 as "eeF", although NGC 677 is the brighter
galaxy at the eyepiece. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897
using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory, but identifies the
object as NGC 675.
******************************
NGC 678 = UGC
1280 = MCG +04-05-014 = CGCG 482-018 = LGG 034-002 = PGC 6690
01 49 24.8 +21
59 51
V = 12.2; Size 4.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 78d
24"
(8/30/16): fairly bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x0.6'. Sharply concentrated with an unusually
brighter core that is irregularly round, stellar nucleus. The arms are long and low surface
brightness, but the warped dust lane was not seen. Forms a striking pair with NGC 680 5.5' ESE.
18"
(11/22/03): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 WSW-ENE,
3.0'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated
with a small bright core that increases to the center. The extensions are much fainter. Forms a pair with NGC 680 5' ESE in the
NGC 697 group (also called the NGC 691 group).
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, elongated 3:1
~E-W. Forms a pair with NGC 680 5'
ESE in the NGC 697 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 678 = H II-228, along with NGC 680, on 15 Sep 1784 (sweep 274)
and described them together as "Two. Both F, pS, irregularly R." The NGC position is accurate. On 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 636) he logged
"pB, S, mbM."
******************************
NGC 679 = UGC
1283 = MCG +06-05-012 = CGCG 522-015 = V Zw 114 = PGC 6711
01 49 43.7 +35
47 08
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(9/19/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, broad concentration, in AGC
262.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, round, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 679 = H III-175 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and simply noted
"stellar." His position
is 17 tsec east and 1' south of UGC 1283 = PGC 6711.
******************************
NGC 680 = UGC
1286 = MCG +04-05-015 = CGCG 482-019 = PGC 6719
01 49 47.3 +21
58 16
V = 11.9; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 156d
24"
(8/30/16): bright, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.5'x1.2'. Sharply concentrated with a bright
30" core that increases gradually to a stellar nucleus. A mag 10.8 star is 3.5' E. Forms a striking pair with NGC 678 5'.5
WNW. IC 1730 is 3.5' NE.
18"
(11/22/03): fairly bright, high surface brightness elliptical or lenticular,
slightly elongated, 1.7'x1.5'.
Contains a well-condensed 30" bright core surrounded by a fainter
halo that fades gradually.
Surrounded by three mag 10-11 stars 3'-4' S, E and NE. In a trio with NGC 678 5' WNW and IC
1730 3.5' NE.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 678 5' WNW in the
NGC 697 group (also called the NGC 691 group).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 680 = H II-229, along with NGC 678, on 15 Sep 1784 (sweep
274). On 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 636)
he noted "pB, S, mbM." See NGC 678.
******************************
NGC 681 = MCG -02-05-052
= LGG 033-002 = PGC 6671
01 49 10.7 -10
25 35
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 68d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, weak concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star is at the NW edge of the halo.
Just SW is a perfect rhombus asterism consisting of four mag 13 stars
with sides 1.5' with an additional mag 14 star just east of the rhombus. MCG -02-05-053 lies 22' N. On images, this galaxy has a striking
resemblance to the Sombrero Galaxy, although the dust lane was not noticed.
13"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, elongated ~E-W, diffuse edges, weak
concentration, small bright nucleus.
A mag 12.5 star is at the west edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 681 = H II-481 = h2436 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and noted
"pB, cL, R, about 1.5' following a small star [mag 13]." His position is 7' N of MCG -02-05-052
= PGC 6671. JH, observing from the
Cape of Good Hope, measured an accurate position and noted "F; R; glbM;
35."
******************************
NGC 682 = MCG
-03-05-022 = PGC 6663
01 49 04.5 -14
58 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 95d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, moderately large, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus, slightly elongated fainter outer halo. Located 15' SE of mag 7.5 SAO 148020.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 682 = H II-501 = h154 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and noted
"F, S, R, very small pretty bright nucleus." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 683 = UGC
1288 = MCG +02-05-047 = CGCG 437-043 = PGC 6718
01 49 46.7 +11
42 05
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, small, round.
A pair of mag 14 stars are 2' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 683 = h153 on 17 Oct 1825 and noted "eF; AR may be a whole
minute wrong [the transit was missed]." Despite his uncertainly,
Herschel's position matches UGC 1288 = PGC 6718.
******************************
NGC 684 = IC 165
= UGC 1292 = MCG +04-05-017 = CGCG 482-022 = KTG 8C = PGC 6759
01 50 14.0 +27
38 48
V = 12.4; Size 3.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90d
24"
(12/28/13): fairly bright, beautiful edge-on 7:1 E-W, 1.8'x0.25', sharply
concentrated with a very small, very bright core and a faint stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 E-W, even concentration,
small bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located 32' NE of NGC 672 in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 684 = H II-612 = h152 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and logged
"pB, pL, lE nearly in the parallel, mbM."
Edward Swift,
Lewis' son, found this galaxy again on 18 Jan 1890 while "searching for
Swift's Comet." and it was reported as a new object in list IX-6. In Astronomische Nachrichten #3429,
Isaac Roberts noted the equivalence of IC 165 and NGC 684. Dreyer repeated this identity in the IC
2 notes.
******************************
NGC 685 = ESO
152-024 = PGC 6581
01 47 42.5 -52
45 47
V = 11.0; Size 3.7'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, large, slightly elongated ~WNW-ESE,
broad concentration with a large brighter core, 3' diameter. Just outside the core, the surface
brightness is irregular or mottled and a couple of extremely faint
quasi-stellar knots (HII regions) are just visible in the outer halo. There is an impression of spiral
structure in the halo, but I couldn't trace the arms.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 685 = h2438 on 3 Oct 1834 and logged "F, vL, R, vgvlbM,
3'.". His position is 1.5' S of ESO 152-024 = PGC 6581.
******************************
NGC 686 = ESO
477-006 = MCG -04-05-008 = PGC 6655
01 48 56.1 -23
47 54
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 0d
17.5"
(11/6/93): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, fairly bright stellar
nucleus. Forms the vertex of a
right angle with mag 9.2 SAO 167314 4' WNW and mag 8.1 SAO 167315 5' SW. Located at the NW edge of Fornax on the
Cetus border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 686 = H III-459 = h155 = h2437 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 465) and
noted "vF, vS, easily resolvable." JH observed this galaxy both at Slough, England and at the
CGH. He logged it on sweep 306
from Slough as "vF; R; gbM; 15"; a *8 m sp."
******************************
NGC 687 = UGC
1298 = MCG +06-05-014 = CGCG 522-017 = PGC 6782
01 50 33.2 +36
22 15
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(9/19/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Member of AGC 262.
13.1"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, small, round, bright core.
13.1"
(12/11/82): fairly bright, small, round, bright core, ~1' diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 687 = H III-561 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and noted "vF,
stellar." The NGC position is
4 sec of RA east and 2.3' S of UGC 1298 = PGC 6782.
******************************
NGC 688 = UGC
1302 = MCG +06-05-015 = CGCG 522-020 = Mrk 1009 = PGC 6799
01 50 44.2 +35
17 04
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 145d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NNW-SSE, weak concentration. Forms a pair with UGC 1299 within in
AGC 262.
13"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, weak concentration.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 688 on 16 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position matches
the starburst (nucleus) galaxy UGC 1302 = Mrk 1009 = PGC 6799.
******************************
NGC 689 = ESO
414-005 = MCG -05-05-019 = PGC 6724
01 49 51.7 -27
27 59
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 68d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, small, round, broad concentration. A mag 14.5 star lies 1.5' SW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 689 = LM I-89 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position is 0.8 tmin west and 3' north of ESO 414-005 = PGC 6724.
******************************
NGC 690 = MCG
-03-05-021 = A0145-16 (RC2) = PGC 6587
01 47 48.1 -16
43 17
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 145d
17.5"
(10/25/97): marginal object that required a GSC finder chart and averted vision
just to glimpse. As the
observation was extremely difficult, no details were visible, although it
seemed round, perhaps 20" diameter.
Position confirmed with respect to a couple of collinear mag 12 stars 5'
SE and 10' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 690 = LM I-37 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is 1.5 tmin east of MCG -03-05-021 = PGC
6587.
******************************
NGC 691 = UGC
1305 = MCG +04-05-019 = CGCG 460-031 = CGCG 482-023 = LGG 034-004 = PGC 6793
01 50 41.7 +21
45 35
V = 11.4; Size 3.5'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 95d
18"
(11/22/03): bright, large, slightly elongated E-W, ~2.0'x1.5'. Fairly sharp concentration with a
well-defined 45" core surrounded by an unconcentrated halo. A close pair of mag 9-10 stars
(uncatalogued) is just off the northeast edge! NGC 691 is the brightest in the NGC 691 group (also called
the NGC 697 group) that includes NGC 678, NGC 680, NGC 691, NGC 694, NGC 695,
NGC 697, IC 167, IC 1730 and others.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, fairly large, almost round, very diffuse, weak
concentration. A close double star
is off the NE edge. Located 15'
SSE of NGC 680 in the NGC 697 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 691 = H II-617 on 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 636) and noted "F, cL,
vglbM". The NGC position
matches UGC 1305 = PGC 6793.
******************************
NGC 692 = ESO
197-003 = PGC 6642
01 48 42.0 -48
38 55
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly bright, moderately large, roundish,
50"-60" diameter.
Contains a bright, elongated core NW-SE that appears to be a bar
(verified later on the DSS) and a quasi-stellar nucleus. Four stars curl south off the southwest
side including a mag 12 star 3.7' SSW.
Mag 9.8 HD 11265 lies 11.5' NE
John Herschel
discovered NGC 692 = h2439 on 2 Oct 1834 and noted "B, R, gbM,
30"." On a later sweep (744) he described it as "vF, R, gbM,
20"." JH's position
(h2439) is accurate, although there was a 10 tsec error in RA on sweep 744.
******************************
NGC 693 = UGC
1304 = MCG +01-05-035 = CGCG 412-033 = PGC 6778
01 50 30.9 +06
08 42
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 106d
17.5"
(12/18/89): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, broad
concentration. A mag 10.5 star is
1.4' E of center. NGC 706 is 22'
NE and NGC 676 26' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 693 = H II-859 = h156 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 986) and noted
"pB, S, E nearly in parallel, south preceding a small star." The galaxy was observed 5 times at Birr
Castle. On 7 Oct 1850, Bindon Stoney recorded "Light rather equable, a
minute star in the p part, resolvable?". A sketch was made on 8 Nov 1876 and included in LdR's 1861
publication (Plate XXV, fig 2).
******************************
NGC 694 = UGC
1310 = MCG +04-05-020 = CGCG 482-024 = Mrk 363 = V Zw 122 = LGG 034-007 = PGC
6816
01 50 58.4 +21
59 50
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; PA = 160d
18"
(11/22/03): moderately bright, fairly small, 0.7'x0.5'. Fairly high surface
brightness, which increases to an occasional faint stellar nucleus. A mag 10.5 star is 2.3' SE. IC 167, which lies 5.5' SSE, is very
faint, elongated 4:3, 0.8'x0.6', low surface brightness.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness. Member of the NGC 697 group (also
called the NGC 691 group) with IC 167 5.5' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 694 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted the nebula
was collinear with two mag 15 stars [probably to the NW and SE].
******************************
NGC 695 = UGC
1315 = CGCG 482-026 = V Zw 123 = PGC 6844
01 51 14.2 +22
34 57
V = 12.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 40d
13.1"
(9/29/84): faint, very small, round.
A mag 13 star is at the west end, 0.5' from center. Located 14' N of NGC 697 in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 695 = H II-618 on 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 636) and noted "vS,
stellar." The NGC position is
1' S of UGC 1315 = PGC 6844.
******************************
NGC 696 = ESO
353-050 = MCG -06-05-004 = SCG 9 = PGC 6695
01 49 31.2 -34
54 19
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
17.5"
(11/1/97): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 40"x30", weak
concentration. A mag 12 star
follows by 3.3'. Forms a pair with
fainter NGC 698 5.1' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 696 = h2440 (along with NGC 698 = h2441) on 29 Nov 1837 and noted
"F, S, R, 15"." His
position is 0.2 tmin east and 2.5' south of ESO 353-050 = PGC 6695 (same offset
as NGC 698).
******************************
NGC 697 = NGC
674 = UGC 1317 = MCG +04-05-022 = CGCG 482-027 = LGG 034-006 = PGC 6848
01 51 17.4 +22
21 28
V = 12.0; Size 4.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 105d
18"
(11/22/03): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
~3.0'x1.3'. Contains a fairly
well-defined bright elongated core and a fairly smooth halo. Located 16' ENE of the bright double
star 1 Arietis. NGC 695 is located
13' N.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, only a weak
broad concentration. The striking
double star 1 Arietis (6.2/7.4 at 3") lies 16' WSW. Brightest in the NGC 697 group (also called
the NGC 691 group) with a number of members about 30' S.
8"
(11/28/81): fairly faint, elongated.
Located ~15' E of a close mag 6/7 double (1 Arietis).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 697 = H III-179 on 15 Sep 1784 (sweep 274) and recorded
"vF, pL, lE." On 13 Nov
1786 (sweep 636) he noted "pB, cL, E, mbM." Heinrich d'Arrest independently found this galaxy was on 2
Dec 1861 but his RA was 2 min too small.
Dreyer assumed d'Arrest's object was new, and recatalogued it as NGC
674. So, NGC 697 = NGC 674, with NGC 697 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 698 = ESO
353-051 = MCG -06-05-005 = SCG 9 = PGC 6710
01 49 43.7 -34
49 52
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 171d
17.5"
(11/1/97): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (probably viewed
core only), low surface brightness, no concentration. Requires averted vision and cannot hold steadily. Forms the northern vertex of a right
triangle with a mag 12 star 4.7' S and brighter NGC 696 5.1' SW.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 698 = h2441 on 29 Nov 1837 and noted "vvF; S." His single position is 10 tsec of RA
east and 2.5' south of ESO 353-051 = PGC 6710 (same amount of offset as NGC
696).
******************************
NGC 699 = MCG
-02-05-059 = PGC 6798
01 50 43.7 -12
02 09
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/23/92): extremely faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, very low surface
brightness, brighter core. Located
7' NNE of mag 8.5 SAO 148050.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 699 = LM II-319 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 16.0, 1.0'x0.4', E 105Ą, bnp,
curved; *9.5 p 22 sec". His
position matches MCG -02-05-059 = PGC 6798 and the mag 9 star he described to
the west is accurate.
******************************
NGC 700 = CGCG
522-030 = Holm 49e = WBL 054-006 = PGC 6928
01 52 16.9 +36
02 12
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/19/87): very faint, small, round.
Two mag 14 stars are collinear 1.5' WSW and 2.7' WSW. Located about 8' SW of the central core
of AGC 262 in a group of four galaxies with UGC 1336 3.7' NW. This galaxy (CGCG 522-030) is not
identified as NGC 700 in any of the major catalogues.
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint, small, round.
A mag 14 star lies 1' W.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 700 with the 72" at Birr Castle on 12 Oct 1855 and recorded
"about 8' sp same group [NGC 703, 704, 705, 708] is another neb., F, S,
R" This rough position is a
reasonable match with CGCG 522-030 = PGC 6928. Bindon Stoney possibly observed the galaxy earlier on 28 Oct
1850, though he just mentions a nebula was found preceding the group.
The RNGC, UGC
and CGCG misidentify UGC 1336 as NGC 700.
This latter galaxy is 6.5' WSW the center of the group, but is not as
obvious at the eyepiece. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 701 = MCG
-02-05-060 = Holm 47a = LGG 033-003 = PGC 6826
01 51 03.7 -09
42 10
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, broadly concentrated
halo, faint stellar nucleus suspected.
Forms a pair with IC 1738 5.4' S.
The smaller companion appeared faint, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 701 = H I-62 = h160 = h2442 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and noted
"F, pS, irr R." On 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) he called this object
"cB; pL; E; bM." It was
placed in class I (Bright Nebulae).
JH observed the galaxy at both Slough and at the Cape, commenting on
sweep 650 from the Cape, "eF, pL; certainly not entitled to a place in the
1st class." In the GC notes, he added d'Arrest missed it with a 4.5-inch
refractor at Leibzig.
******************************
NGC 702 = Arp 75
= MCG -01-05-043 = PGC 6852
01 51 19.2 -04
03 21
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located 10'
NNW of mag 7.3 SAO 129535.
Arp classified
NGC 702 (Arp 75) as a spiral with "small high surface-brightness companion
on arms", though this appears to be a bright emission region. The core of this galaxy, though, may
contain two close nuclei so NGC 702 might be a post-collisional system.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 702 = H III-192 = h158 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and noted
"eF, S, 240 verified it with difficulty." JH observed the galaxy on 3 occasions at Slough and his mean
position is accurate. On sweep 97
he logged "eF; lE in meridian; has a * 14m 90" south."
******************************
NGC 703 = UGC
1346 = MCG +06-05-029 = CGCG 522-037 = Holm 49c = PGC 6957
01 52 39.6 +36
10 17
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 50d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, oval, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the SW end. Located in the central core of AGC 262 with NGC 708 1.8' SE,
NGC 705 1.7' SSE and NGC 704 2.7' S.
13.1"
(10/22/84): faint, very small, third brightest of four in the core of AGC 262.
13.1"
(12/11/82): very faint, round, difficult.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 703 = H III-562 = h157, along with NGC 704, 705 and 708, on 21
Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and recorded "Four, unequal, 3 in a row [NGC 704,
705, 708], the 4th [NGC 703] making a rectangle with them. All in the space of 2 or 3'; the one at
the angular part [NGC 708] is much larger than the others." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 704 = UGC
1343 = MCG +06-05-028 = CGCG 522-034 = V Zw 134 = Holm 49b = PGC 6953
01 52 37.7 +36
07 37
V = 13.1; Size 0.6'x0.5'
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, oval ~N-S, weak concentration. Located in the dense core of AGC 262
with NGC 705 1.3' NE, NGC 703 2.7'N and NGC 708 2.7' NE. This double galaxy (companion NGC 704A
= PGC 3626786 at the south edge) was unresolved, but probably was merged in the
N-S direction.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, very small.
Second brightest of four in the core of AGC 262.
13.1"
(12/11/82): very faint. On a line
with NGC 705 and NGC 708.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 704 = H III-563, along with NGC 703, 705 and 708, on 21 Sep 1786
(sweep 599). He described the
group as "Four, unequal, 3 in a row [NGC 704, 705, 708], the 4th [NGC 703]
making a rectangle with them. All
in the space of 2 or 3'; the one at the angular part [NGC 708] is much larger
than the others."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 7 Oct 1855, noted "[NGC 704] is seen with
higher power (single lens) to be double." So, he resolved this double system. I suggested to Harold Corwin (in Mar
2014) that the two components could justifiably be labeled NGC 704A and NGC
704B.
******************************
NGC 705 = UGC
1345 = MCG +06-05-030 = CGCG 522-036 = Holm 49d = VI Zw 90 = PGC 6958
01 52 41.5 +36
08 39
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 117d
17.5" (9/19/87):
very faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Located in the core of AGC 262 with NGC
703 1.7' N, NGC 704 1.3' SW and NGC 708 1.1' NE. A mag 14 star is 40" south, midway to NGC 704.
13"
(10/20/84): very faint, very small, star less than 1' SW between NGC 703 and
NGC 704.
13.1"
(12/11/82): extremely faint, very small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 705 = H III-562, along with NGC 703, 704 and NGC 708, on 21 Sep
1786 (sweep 599). He described the
group as "Four, unequal, 3 in a row [NGC 704, 705, 708], the 4th [NGC 703]
making a rectangle with them. All
in the space of 2 or 3'; the one at the angular part [NGC 708] is much larger
than the others." The NGC
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 706 = UGC 1334
= MCG +01-05-040 = CGCG 412-037 = PGC 6897
01 51 50.5 +06
17 48
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, almost even surface
brightness but faint stellar nucleus seen at moments. A mag 13 star is 1.0' N of center. NGC 693 lies 22' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 706 = H II-596 = h161 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 607) and noted
"F, S, irr F, about 1' south of a very small star." The star is exactly 1' north and the
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 707 = MCG
-02-05-063 = PGC 6861
01 51 27.1 -08
30 20
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 85d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, very small, round, very small bright core. A faint star is superimposed which
gives the appearance of a double nucleus.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 707 = T IV-6 on 13 Nov 1879 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory and reported "III class, with star in the
middle." His micrometric
position matches MCG -02-05-063 = PGC 6861 (verified by Sherburne Burnham in
the Publications of Lick Observatory, Volume II. Burnham also discovered IC 168 1.0 tmin preceding.
******************************
NGC 708 = UGC
1348 = MCG +06-05-031 = CGCG 522-039 = Holm 49a =PGC 6962
01 52 46.4 +36
09 08
V = 12.7; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.9; PA = 35d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the north end just
0.2' from center. Located in the
central core of AGC 262 with NGC 703 1.8' NW, NGC 705 1.1' SW and NGC 704 2.7'
SW.
13"
(9/22/84): very faint, small, round, largest in a group of four. A mag 15 star is off the north edge.
13.1"
(12/11/82): brightest in the central group, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 708 = H III-565 = h159, along with NGC 703, 704 and 705, on 21
Sep 1786 (sweep 599). He described
the group as "Four, unequal, 3 in a row [NGC 704, 705, 708], the 4th [NGC
703] making a rectangle with them.
All in the space of 2 or 3'; the one at the angular part [NGC 708] is
much larger than the others."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 709 = CGCG
522-040 = PGC 6969
01 52 50.6 +36
13 25
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 130d
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, elongated NW-SE. Located almost at midpoint of a mag 12 star 1.9' SE and a
mag 10 star 2.0' NW. Located just
north of the central core of AGC 262 with NGC 708 4.3' SSW and NGC 703 3.8' SW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 709 on 28 Oct 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"4' or 5' nnf of group [NGC 703/704/705/708] is another nebula, perhaps
two." Lawrence Parsons,
the 4th Earl of Rosse, independently found it again on 18 Nov 1876 and recorded
"Nova [=5195] nf h 157 [NGC 703]., Pos 35.1, Dist. 210.5", vF, pS, it
has a *11 m in Pos 297, Dist 110.3", *12-13m about same distance sf, the 2
st and neb being almost in a line."
The offset and description of nearby stars matches CGCG 522-040 = PGC
6969.
******************************
NGC 710 = UGC
1349 = MCG +06-05-033 = CGCG 522-041 = PGC 6972
01 52 53.9 +36
03 12
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval slightly elongated ~E-W. A mag 15 star is 40" SSW of
center. Located about 6' SSE of
the central four galaxies (NGC 703, NGC 704, NGC 705, NGC 708) in the core of
AGC 262.
13.1"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, slightly elongated, fairly small, largest in field.
13.1"
(12/11/82): faint, round, visible with direct vision, second brightest in the
central core.
Bindon Stoney
probably discovered NGC 710 on 28 Oct 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and
recorded "ssf [a group of 5 or more nebula] about 12' is a F, pL nebula
with stars in it." It was
picked up again by R.J. Mitchell on 12 Oct 1855 and noted as "6' or 7' sf
this group is a pB, R, neb, bM."
It was next found by Heinrich d'Arrest on 12 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen and his position matches UGC 1349 = PGC 6972. Lawrence Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse,
recorded the nebula on 18 Nov 1876 as "Sf the centre of the group of 4 neb
is an eF, pL neb [Nova d'A = 5196], Pos 166Ą, Dist 390", it has 2 stars
12-13 mag south."
******************************
NGC 711 = UGC
1342 = MCG +03-05-024 = CGCG 460-038 = PGC 6940
01 52 27.7 +17
30 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 15d
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE. A mag 14 star is 20" E.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 711 = St XII-19 on 4 Nov 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and reported a "vF*in vF, vS neby". His position matches UGC 1342 = PGC
6940.
******************************
NGC 712 = UGC
1352 = MCG +06-05-035 = CGCG 522-043 = PGC 6988
01 53 08.5 +36
49 12
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 85d
17.5"
(10/24/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, even
concentration, small bright core.
A mag 14 star is close SW 0.6' from center and a mag 12 star is 1' N. UGC 1353 lies 9' NNE. Member of AGC 262.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 712 = h163 in October 1828 (sweep 188 between 11 and 27 Oct) and
logged "vF; R; among several pB stars." His position and description matches UGC 1352 = PGC 6988
******************************
NGC 713 = MCG
-02-05-075 = PGC 7161
01 55 21.5 -09
05 01
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(10/25/97): at 280x, appeared very faint, small, elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.7'x0.2',
low even surface brightness.
Located 7.7' SE of brighter NGC 731.
17.5"
(11/6/93): not found.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 713 = LM II-320 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 3 min of RA west of MCG -02-05-075 although his PA of
90Ą matches this galaxy. There is
also a mag 15 star 2.2' NNW in agreement with Leavenworth's note of "*14,
np 2'." MCG does not label
-02-05-075 as NGC 713. Karl
Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, mentions a galaxy 8'
SE of NGC 731 is much elongated in PA 90Ą, which fits Leavenworth's description
for NGC 713.
******************************
NGC 714 = UGC
1358 = MCG +06-05-037 = CGCG 522-047 = PGC 7009
01 53 29.6 +36
13 17
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 112d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated WNW-ESE, bright core. Two mag 13.5 stars are 1.0' W and 1.4'
NW of center. Member of AGC 262.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, bright core, edge-on WNW-ESE, two faint stars are
close west.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 714 on 28 Oct 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"following this last [NGC 709] is one about 11'." R.J. Mitchell independently found
NGC 714 on 12 Oct 1855 and noted "about 10' nf the group is a pB, 1L neb,
with B Nucl, susp resolvable."
Heinrich d'Arrest next found the nebula on 2 Dec 1863 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen and measured an accurate position matching UGC 1358 =
PGC 7009. Finally, Lawrence
Parsons observed it again on 18 Nov 1876, noting "forming a triangle with
2 stars 13m preceding and north-preceding (perhaps a 3rd star).". In the 1880 publication Dreyer
indicated the observation was a duplicate of GC 5197 (d'Arrest). d'Arrest and
LdR are attributed with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 715 = MCG
-02-05-069 = PGC 6991
01 53 12.5 -12
52 23
V = 15.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/25/97): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.4'. Located 3.5' N of a mag 11 star. A mag 8 star is 11' NW edge at the edge
of the 220x field. Best viewed at
280x.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 715 = O St I-38 on 12 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.5 min of RA east and 3' S is MCG
-02-05-069 = PGC 6991. Due to the
poor position, Guillaume Bigourdan could not recover the galaxy. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 716 = IC
1743 = UGC 1351 = MCG +02-05-054 = CGCG 437-049 = PGC 6982
01 52 59.7 +12
42 30
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 57d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.7', broad weak
concentration but no nucleus.
Located 8' WNW of mag 7.5 SAO 92682. Identified as IC 1743 in UGC, MCG and CGCG.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 716 = Sw IV-6 on 1 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. There is
nothing at his position but Corwin identifies NGC 716 = UGC 1351. This implies Swift made a 40' error
(copying?) in declination, though his description matches this galaxy,
including the "bright * near foll".
Bigourdan found
this galaxy again on 1 Jan 1892, placed it correctly as a nova, and Dreyer
catalogued it again as IC 1743.
The description for IC 1743 mentions "=NGC 716?" and in the IC 2 notes Dreyer comments
that Bigourdan couldn't find NGC 716 but B.250 = IC 1743 may equal NGC
716. This galaxy is identified as
IC 1743 in UGC, MCG and CGCG, although the earlier discovery by Swift implies
that NGC 716 should be the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 717 = UGC
1363 = MCG +06-05-041 = CGCG 522-052 = PGC 7033
01 53 55.1 +36
13 46
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 117d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, edge-on WNW-ESE, small bright core. Located 5.1' E of NGC 715 in the core
of AGC 262.
13"
(9/22/84): very faint, slightly elongated ~E-W, 6' E of NGC 714.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 717 on 12 Oct 1855 with Lord Rosse's 72" and noted "5'
nf this nebula [NGC 714] is another fainter ray." Heinrich d'Arrest independently found
the nebula on 16 Sep 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. Lawrence Parsons made another
observation on 18 Nov 1876, recording "Foll last neb [NGC 714] is an eF,
pL neb with a star 15m ~1' sf."
In the 1880 publication Dreyer indicated that the Birr Castle
observation was a duplicate of d'Arrest's GC 5198. LdR and d'A are mentioned as the discoverers in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 718 = UGC
1356 = MCG +01-05-041 = CGCG 412-039 = PGC 6993
01 53 13.2 +04
11 45
V = 11.7; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
17.5"
(11/6/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, increases to very small
prominent core, stellar nucleus, very faint larger halo 1.5' diameter.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, very small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 718 = H II-270 = h164 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and logged
"pB, S, iR, mbM". The
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 719 = IC
1744 = UGC 1360 = MCG +03-05-026 = PGC 7019
01 53 38.8 +19
50 26
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 150d
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, round, broad concentration. Two mag 14 and 15 star are close
east. The bright double star Gamma
Arietis (components 4.4/4.7) lies 30' S.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 719 on 24 Nov 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
13 sec of RA following UGC 1360 = PGC 7019. Stephane Javelle independently found the galaxy on 18 Jan
1896 with the 30" refractor at the Nice Observatory and measured an
accurate position. Dreyer assumed
J. 3-896 was new and it was catalogued again as IC 1744. So, NGC 719 = IC 1744. MCG labels this galaxy IC 1744 and UGC
equates NGC 719 = IC 1744.
******************************
NGC 720 = MCG
-02-05-068 = PGC 6983
01 53 00.4 -13
44 20
V = 10.2; Size 4.7'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/26/92): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2.0'x1.0',
well-defined very bright core with dimensions 40"x20". A very faint halo extends the major
axis to almost 2' length.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 720 = H I-105 = h165 = h2443 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 451) and noted
"cB, pL, iR, mbM.". This
galaxy was observed by JH at Slough and the Cape, where he logged "pB, lE,
psmbM, 40"."
******************************
NGC 721 = UGC
1376 = MCG +06-05-043 = CGCG 522-056 = PGC 7097
01 54 45.5 +39
23 00
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, fairly small, 1' diameter, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE,
very diffuse, low surface brightness, no central concentration. Located in fairly rich star field.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 721 on 27 Aug 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded "eF, pL, no ncl". His RA is 8 seconds too large (single measure). MCG doesn't
label their entry as NGC 721.
******************************
NGC 722 = UGC
1379 = MCG +03-05-032 = CGCG 460-046 = PGC 7098
01 54 47.1 +20
41 54
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 138d
24"
(12/1/16): at 225x; fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~30"x20",
slightly brighter nucleus.
This galaxy lies a mere 7' SSE from the glare of 2.7-magnitude Beta
Arietis, but the galaxy was not difficult with the star placed off the edge of
the field. A group of mag 11.5-13
stars is nearby, including a mag 12 star 2.7' ENE.
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, oval 3:2 NW-SE. Remarkable location as situated 7' SSE of Beta Arietis (V =
2.6) in the same 220x field. This
is a similar situation as NGC 404 near Mirach, but NGC 722 is much fainter.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 722 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen and
recorded "vF, vS, R, Beta Arietis 7' north." His position (measured on 3 nights)
matches UGC 1379 = PGC 7098, just 6.9' SSE of Beta Ari.
******************************
NGC 723 = NGC
724 = ESO 477-013 = MCG -04-05-016 = PGC 7024
01 53 45.6 -23
45 28
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, 1.0' diameter, just a
slight central brightening. A mag
12.8 star is 2.5' S. Located very
close to Cetus-Fornax border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 723 = H III-460 = h166 = h167 = h2444 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 465)
and noted "vF, vS". The
galaxy was observed by JH at both Slough (two entries) and at the Cape, where he
logged "pF, R, gbM, 25". No other neb within 15' all round." His second entry from Slough (h167 =
NGC 724) is a duplicate observation differing in NPD and he thought it was
likely a different object. The
Cape observation made it clear there was only a single object, so NGC 723 = NGC
724.
******************************
NGC 724 = NGC
723 = ESO 477-013 = MCG -04-05-016 = PGC 7024
01 53 45.8 -23
45 28
See observing
notes for NGC 723.
John Herschel
found NGC 724 = h167 on 14 Sep 1830 and noted "vF; pL; R; gbM; has a small
* 75Ą sp. It is barely possible
that this may be H III 460 [NGC 723] with a mistake in reading the polar
distance." Herschel's
suspicion was correct as he later reobserved the galaxy from the Cape (h2444)
and noted there was only one nebula in the vicinity. Nevertheless, h167 became GC 436 and then NGC 724. So, NGC 723 = NGC 724 and the two
entries are equated by ESO and RNGC.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 725 = MCG
-03-05-025 = PGC 6950
01 52 35.5 -16
31 04
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5" (10/29/94):
very faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 30"x20", low surface
brightness, weak concentration.
Located 6.4' WSW of mag 7.8 SAO 148081.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 725 = LM I-39 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position but 1.6 min of RA west is
MCG -03-05-025 = PGC 6950.
Bigourdan was not able to recover the object at Leavenworth's position.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 726 = MCG
-02-06-003 = PGC 7182
01 55 31.8 -10
47 58
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/4/93): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, low smooth surface
brightness. A mag 12 star is 2.8'
E of center. Located 6.5' SE of
mag 8.9 SAO 148102.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 726 = LM I-40 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (given to the nearest minute of RA) is 1.0 tmin west of MCG -02-06-003
= PGC 7182. He noted a mag 9 star
at 3.6' E, though the separation is 2.8' and the star is closer to mag 12. Bigourdan was unable to recover the
galaxy at Muller's position.
******************************
NGC 727 = NGC
729 = ESO 354-010 = MCG -06-05-012 = PGC 7027
01 53 49.4 -35
51 23
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 76d
18"
(12/3/05): extremely faint, very small, round, appears as a low surface
brightness hazy spot with averted, no details.
18"
(11/6/04): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low surface
brightness. Collinear with two mag
11 and 12 stars 5' NE and 10' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 727 = h2445 on 1 Sep 1834 and logged "F, S, R, bM, 15
arcsec." His position is just
1.5' S of ESO 354-010 = PGC 7027 and there are no other galaxies near, so this
identification is secure. He added
the note in italics that "It is barely possible that this and the next
nebula [h2446 = NGC 729] may be identical with Nos. 2440 [NGC 696] and 2441
[NGC 698] by a mistaken degree in PD." Corwin disagrees, though, and concludes it is more likely
that NGC 729 is a duplicate observation of NGC 727.
******************************
NGC 728
01 55 01.4 +04
13 21
=***, Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 728 = h168 on 16 Oct 1827 and simply recorded a "suspected
nebula". There are three
cleanly resolved stars on the DSS at Herschel's position. Heinrich d'Arrest and Guillaume
Bigourdan were unable to find Herschel's object. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 729 = NGC
727? = ESO 354-010 = MCG -06-05-012 = PGC 7027
01 53 49.4 -35
51 23
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 76d
See observing
notes for NGC 727.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 729 = h2446 on 30 Nov 1837 and logged "eeeF, S, R. RA only rudely taken by a star, being
out of the field." Harold
Corwin feels this entry is most
likely a duplicate observation of h2445 = NGC 727, found earlier on 1 Sep
1834. His position happens to be
12 tsec west of a double star located 5.4' NE of NGC 727 at 01 54 11.3 -35 48
17 and ESO equates NGC 729 with this close double. The RNGC classification is a galaxy, although the position
and description "USB, CLOSE DB*?" applies to this double star!
******************************
NGC 730
01 55 18.0 +05
38 11
=*, Carlson.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 730 = Big. 11 on 7 Nov 1885 with the 12"
refractor at the Paris Observatory.
At his position is just a 15th mag star, though he may have logged a
different star on a separate observation.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 731 = NGC
757 = MCG -02-05-073 = PGC 7118
01 54 56.1 -09
00 38
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration. A mag 13 star is 2.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 731 = H III-266 = h2447, along with NGC 755, on 10 Jan 1785
(sweep 355) and reported "eF, stellar, 240 verified it." JH probably
observed the galaxy from the Cape and simply described "eeF; 40
arcsec". Neither of the
Herschel's positions are very accurate.
C.H.F. Peters' provided a more accurate position matching MCG -02-05-073
= PGC 7118. Ormond Stone (I-43)
probably independently discovered the galaxy in 1886, though his rough position
is 1.5 tmin east and 5' north of PGC 7118. Dreyer assumed this was a different object (there is nothing
at Stone's position) and the galaxy was catalogued as NGC 757. So NGC 731 = NGC 757, with NGC 731 the
primary designation.
******************************
NGC 732 = UGC
1406 = MCG +06-05-057 = CGCG 522-076 = Mrk 1011 = PGC 7270
01 56 27.7 +36
48 08
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE. A mag 13 star is 45" NW of
center. Member of AGC 262.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 732 = St XIII-15 on 5 Dec 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF* involved with a vF, vS, round
neby". His position
corresponds with UGC 1406 = PGC 7270
******************************
NGC 733
01 56 33.9 +33
03 19
=*, Corwin. Listed as a faint galaxy 3.6' NW of NGC
736 in RNGC.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 733 on 11 Oct 1850 and labeled as Epsilon in the field sketch.
No description was given but the measured position is 115" in PA 293.3 deg
(NW) from Alpha [NGC 736]. There
is nothing at his exact offset though a mag 15 star is 97" from NGC 736 in
PA 296 deg. Corwin identifies NGC
733 with this star.
RNGC and PGC
probably misidentify PGC 7255 as NGC 733.
This small elongated galaxy is located 3.6' NW from NGC 736. The separation appears to be too large
to be a match though the PA = 291d is coincidentally close and the galaxy was
(barely) visible in my 17.5".
******************************
NGC 734 = 2MASX
J01532872-1659442 = PGC 170023
01 53 28.7 -16
59 44
Size
0.6'x0.4'; PA = 28d
24"
(10/3/13): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Can hold
continuously at 375x. Located 10'
SE of mag 5.8 HD 11522. PGC 7121,
identified as NGC 734 in the RNGC and PGC, is located 22' ESE. PGC 7121 appeared extremely faint,
small, slightly elongated, 15"x12", required averted vision.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 734 = LM I-41 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 14.0, vS, R,
bMN, *11 p[recedes] 11 sec."
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) happens to be just 3' N of PGC
7121, and this galaxy is identified as NGC 734 in the RNGC and PGC. The 11th mag star in the description
(also shown on his discovery sketch) might refer to a star situated 4.3' WNW
(the difference in RA is 17 sec), though a brighter star even closer (3.2' SSE)
is not shown on the sketch. I
proposed to Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke that a better candidate for NGC 734
is 2MASX J01532872-1659442 = PGC 170023.
This galaxy is brighter than PGC 7121 and has a star 13 tsec due
west. PGC 170023 is further off in
RA from Leavenworth's position than PGC 7121 but is a better match in
declination, typical of the Leander McCormick positions. Corwin agrees with my identification
and is now incorporated in NED, but not HyperLeda.
******************************
NGC 735 = UGC
1411 = MCG +06-05-058 = CGCG 522-078 = V Zw 146 Notes2 = PGC 7275 = PGC 7282
01 56 38.0 +34
10 37
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 138d
24"
(11/24/14): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
36"x15", contains a very small brighter core. A mag 14 star is
superimposed on the NW tip. A mag
10.2 star is 1.5' SW and a mag 12 star is 1.4' NW.
Two faint
companions are nearby, the trio forming V Zw 146. 2MASX J01563383+3411435 = PGC 2045360 is 1.4' NW of
center. It appeared faint, round,
10" dia. Easily visible due
to a reasonably high surface brightness.
It is situated just 35" NNW of the mag 12 star to the NW of NGC
735. PGC 7293 is 1.4' NE of NGC
735 and appeared extremely faint, round, 8" diameter. Only visible
occasionally with averted.
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE. The apparent elongation may be exaggerated due to a mag 14
star located at the NW edge 20" from center. Several stars are nearby including a mag 10 star 1.5' SW and
a mag 11.5 star 1.3' NW. Located
about 1Ą north of the NGC 750/751 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 735 = H III-176 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and logged
"Stellar, the faintest imaginable, even 240 left some little
doubt." His position is 7'
north of UGC 1411 = PGC 7282.
Perhaps due to his error in polar distance, Bigourdan was unable to
recover the galaxy. MCG
(+06-05-058) doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 735.
******************************
NGC 736 = UGC
1414 = MCG +05-05-028 = CGCG 503-055 = VI Zw 111 = PGC 7289
01 56 40.9 +33
02 37
V = 12.1; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core, small
halo. A mag 15 star is 30" N
(this is NGC 737). In a close
quadruple group with NGC 738 1.3' NE, NGC 740 3' SE and (R)NGC 733 3.6' WNW.
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, small, a faint star is at the north edge. A nearly stellar galaxy (NGC 738:) is
close NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 736 = H II-221 = h169 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and logged
"F, pL, mE, r, 1 1/2' long."
JH observed this galaxy on 3 sweeps by and described it on 11 Nov 1827
as "pB; R; bM; has a *13m np".
Both Herschel's positions match UGC 1414 = PGC 7289. JH thought his Father's description was
irreconcileable ("much elongated" vs "R"), so they probably
referred to different objects and he assigned separate GC designations. Bindon Stoney sketched the group on 11
Oct 1850 at Birr Castle and NGC 736 is labeled Alpha.
******************************
NGC 737
01 56 40.8 +33
03 00
17.5"
(11/1/86): mag 15 star only located 30" N of NGC 736.
Bindon Stoney discovered NGC 737 on the 11 Oct
1850 observation of the NGC 736 field and labeled it "Beta" in the
sketch. He measured a distance of
30" in PA 12Ą from NGC 736.
At this offset is a mag 15 star.
The 9 Jan 1874 observation notes "[h169 = NGC 736] has a 12m star
11.9Ą, 35.1" distant, this must be beta of Oct 11 1850, when it was
recorded as a nebula. [Sir J
Herschel records 3 observations of this companion object, all taken in Nov
1827. Nov 11 has *13 np, Nov 16
has a "* near it" and lastly, Nov 22 "has a S* or stellar neb to
the n." In the
"Publications of Lick Observatory (Vol II), Sherburne Burnham identified
NGC 737 as a mag 15.5 star about 30" N of NGC 736. He accurately measured the offset from
NGC 736 as PA = 10Ą, distance 32".
Curtis concluded "Does not exist; is simply a faint star"
based on Crossley reflector plates at Lick and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926
survey based on Heidelberg plates, also writes "*14.7 0.7' N of N736, no
neb...".
******************************
NGC 738 = CGCG
503-057 = VI Zw 113 = PGC 7303
01 56 45.7 +33
03 30
V = 14.9; Size 0.3'x0.2'
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, extremely small, just non-stellar. Forms a pair with NGC 736 1.4' SW.
13.1"
(10/20/84): possible observation as a very faint quasi-stellar object just 1.4'
NE of bright NGC 736.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 738 on 11 Oct 1850 with LdR's 72" and labeled it
"Gamma" in the sketch.
He measured an offset of 79" in PA 46Ą from NGC 736, which matches
CGCG 503-057 = PGC 7303.
CGCG 503-057 is mentioned in UGC notes to NGC 736 but is not identified
as NGC 738.
******************************
NGC 739 = MCG
+05-05-030 = CGCG 503-059 = PGC 7312
01 56 54.7 +33
16 00
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(11/27/92): very faint, very small, round. Forms the south vertex of a triangle with a mag 13.5 star
1.1' NW and a mag 14 star 40" NE.
The galaxy pair NGC 750/NGC 751is in the field 9' SE. Incorrect declination in the NGC (SW of
NGC 750 instead of NW) and not identified as NGC 739 in the CGCG.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 739 on 9 Jan 1874 with the 72" at Birr Castle in an
observation of NGC 750/751 group.
Described as "A cF, vS, R neb, bM (inside a triangle of st) is
south-preceding the n[orth] component". The direction should have read north-preceding the north
component but Copeland gave the correct orientation as PA 292Ą (WNW) and
separation 524" (8.7').
Because of his error the derived position was in error and this was
copied into the NGC. In 1913
Curtis noted there was nothing at the NGC position and suggested MCG +05-05-030
was NGC 739, based on Crossley photographs at Lick. CGCG (503-059) fails to label its entry as NGC 739. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 740 = UGC
1421 = MCG +05-05-031 = CGCG 503-058 = PGC 7316
01 56 54.9 +33
00 55
V = 14.0; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 137d
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, thin edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE. Located midway between a mag 10 star 1.3' ESE and a mag 14
star 1.2' WNW. Last in a group
with NGC 736 3' NW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 740 on 11 Oct 1850 using LdR's 72" and labeled it
"Delta" on the sketch with an offset of 197" in PA 115Ą from NGC
736. Close to this offset is UGC
1421 = PGC 7316. The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 741 = IC
1751 = VV 175a = UGC 1413 = MCG +01-06-003 = CGCG 413-008 = III Zw 38a = WBL 061-004 = PGC 7252
01 56 21.0 +05
37 44
V = 11.1; Size 3.0'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(12/21/16): at 375x; bright, moderately large, round, sharply concentrated with
a small very bright core that increases to the center. The halo increases with averted to over
1'. A mag 11 star is 2.4' NW. NGC 741 is the brightest in a group
(WBL 061) with NGC 742 0.8' E of center, at the edge of the halo. NGC 741 has a extended X-ray
halo reaching a distance of 19' from its center. Furthermore, twin radio jets emerge from the nucleus of NGC
742 and spread into a larger lobe that encircles NGC 741. A total of 8 members
of the group were logged within 15' of NGC 741.
CGCG 413-006
(often misidentified as IC 1751) is 1.5' NW. It appeared faint or fairly faint, very small, slightly
elongated N-S, 0.3'x0.2', sharp stellar nucleus. The mag 11 star lies 1.4' W.
CGCG 413-002,
3.3' SW of NGC 741, appeared faint to fairly faint, very small, round, 12"
diameter.
CGCG 413-001,
9.5' NW of NGC 741, is very faint, very small, elongated ~2:1 ~E-W,
18"x9". Not noticed
initially but once picked up could just hold continuously with careful averted
vision.
CGCG 413-010,
11' NNE of NGC 741, is faint, very small, irregularly round,
~15"x12".
UGC 1425, 12' NE
of NGC 741, is fairly faint to moderately bright, small, roundish, 18"
diameter, high surface brightness (core only), occasional sharp stellar
nucleus. Increases a bit in size
with averted.
UGC 1435, 15' E
of NGC 741, is faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 30"x20", very low
surface brightness patch, no core or zones. Collinear with two 14th magnitude stars 2' and 3' E.
17.5"
(11/6/93): moderately bright, round, prominent core, faint stellar nucleus at
moments, larger halo with averted. A mag 11 star is 2.4' NW. In a common halo with NGC 742 attached at the east end at
0.8' separation in pa 100Ą.
Brightest in a group and forms a close triple with MCG +01-06-006 1.5'
NNW. CGCG 413-006 (generally
misidentified as IC 1751) appeared very faint, very small, slightly elongated
N-S. A mag 10.5 star lies 1.3'
WNW.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, round, diffuse edges, small faint core. A mag 12 star is close NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 741 = H II-271 = h172, along with NGC 742, on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep
338). His description from 25 Oct
1785 (sweep 464) reads "F. I
take it to be two very near each other.
240 stregthens the suspicision; not far from from the parallel [E-W].
The following [NGC 742] is the smallest, and most north, it is also the faintest." R.J. Mitchell , observing on 24 Nov
1854 at Birr Castle, described a "D neb, the p one is pB, R, bM, the f one
is smaller and fainter and lbM."
Lewis Swift
found the galaxy on 26 Nov 1897 and reported in list XI-28, "pF; pS; R; 9m
* near np." His position is
6' too far northwest and Dreyer, assuming it was new, catalogued it again as IC
1751. Herbert Howe corrected
Swift's position though didn't make the connection with NGC 741. The CGCG (413-006) labels the galaxy as
IC 1751 instead of NGC 741. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 742 = VV
175b = MCG +01-06-004 = CGCG 413-009 = III Zw 38a = WBL 061-005 = PGC 7264
01 56 24.2 +05
37 36
V = 14.3; Size 0.3x0.3'
24"
(12/21/16): at 375x; fairly faint or moderately bright, small, round, 15"
diameter, high surface brightness.
NGC 742 is 0.8' E of center of NGC 741 (closest companion) and lies near
the edge its halo.
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, extremely small, round.
Located just off the east edge of NGC 741 in a common halo. Clearly visible, though just
10"-15" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 742 = H II-272 = h173, along with NGC 741, on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep
338). See description under NGC 741.
R.J. Mitchell ,
using Lord Rosse's 72" on 24 Nov 1854, recorded a "D neb, the p one
is pB, R, bM, the f one is smaller and fainter and lbM." CGCG 413-009 is not labeled as NGC 742.
******************************
NGC 743 =
OCL-343 = Lund 66
01 58 31 +60 10
00
Size 5'
17.5"
(11/26/94): bright, distinctive but scattered group in a triangular
outline. Consists of two dozen
stars in a 6' diameter including 10 brighter mag 9-11.5 stars. The brightest star is mag 9.1 SAO 22794
is at the NW end and a distinctive line with three mag 10 stars heads SE and
includes a fairly wide uneven double star (John Herschel's h1098 = 10/12.5 at
12"). Two mag 8 stars to the
NW (mag 7.9 SAO 22785) and SW (mag 8.3 SAO 22796) are collinear with the sides
and form a 10' triangle with the eastern vertex of the cluster. The classification of this group as a
true cluster is uncertain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 743 = h170 on 29 Sep 1829 and recorded a "double star in
the following part of a L, poor, triangular cluster of 15 or 20 stars 10...13m.".
It isn't certain if this group is a physical open cluster.
******************************
NGC 744 = Cr 22
= OCL-345 = Lund 65
01 58 30 +55 28
30
V = 7.9; Size 11'
13.1"
(11/5/83): about two dozen stars in a 7' diameter including several fairly bright
stars. The brightest is mag 7.8
SAO 22809 at the NNE edge. Pretty
scattered appearance.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 744 = h171 on 28 Nov 1831 and logged "p rich, irr fig
cluster of *s 11...13m, 8' dia."
Sir Robert Ball, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 29 Oct 1866, recorded
"about 100 stars, more or less, of various sizes, scattered about, two of
the 7th and the rest from the 8th mag down".
******************************
NGC 745 = ESO
152-032 = AM 0152-565 = PGC 7054
01 54 07.8 -56
41 37
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 30d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2
SW-NE, 1.0'x0.6', broad concentration to a brighter core. A mag 15.5 star is just off the east
side, 27" from center. Forms
a close pair with PGC 95386 just 42" NE of center. The companion appeared faint, very
small, elongated at least 2:1 E-W, 18"x8". NGC 754 is in the field 4.5' SSE. A group of 4 stars zigzag to the east including a mag 10
star 4.8' ENE. Located 2.3Ą NE of
Achenar.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 745 = h2449 on 27 Oct 183 and recorded "pB, R, gbM,
30"." His position
matches ESO 152-032 = PGC 7054.
******************************
NGC 746 = UGC
1438 = MCG +07-05-003 = CGCG 538-004 = PGC 7399
01 57 51.0 +44
55 05
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 90d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, even surface
brightness. A mag 13.5 star is at
the west tip. Several other faint
stars are near and some nice star chains (both faint and fairly bright) lead
off from the west side.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 746 = Sw II-15 on 12 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 5 tsec west of UGC 1438 = PGC 7399.
******************************
NGC 747 = MCG
-02-06-007 = PGC 7366
01 57 30.4 -09
27 45
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/25/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, no concentration. Located 7' SW of a mag 10.5-11
star. Listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 747 = LM II-321 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded a slightly elongated nebula in PA
180Ą. His position is 1.2 min of
RA west of MCG -02-06-007 = PGC 7366 but the position angle matches (N-S)
matches this galaxy, so this identification is very reasonable given the often
poor RA. MCG does not apply the
NGC number and RNGC classifies NGC 747 as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 748 = MCG
-01-06-004 = PGC 7259
01 56 21.7 -04
28 03
V = 12.6; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 138d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6', small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located 1.9' SE of a mag 10.5 star and the galaxy is elongated in the
direction of the star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 748 = H III-193 = h176 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and reported
"eF, verified with 240 power with difficulty, near a small
star". His position was well
off in RA, but JH measured an accurate position (2 sweeps).
******************************
NGC 749 = ESO
414-011 = MCG -05-05-023 = PGC 7191
01 55 41.1 -29
55 21
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 111d
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x0.8'. Fairly sharp concentration with a
prominent core and faint extensions.
The core brightens to a very small but non-stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 3.9' W of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 749 = h2448 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "B, S, E, psbM." His mean position from 3 sweeps matches
ESO 414-011 = PGC 7191. See
Corwin's comments for IC 1740.
******************************
NGC 750 = Arp
166 NED1 = VV 189a = UGC 1430 = MCG +05-05-034 = CGCG 503-062 = VI Zw 123 = PGC
7369
01 57 32.4 +33
12 37
V = 11.9; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, small, round. Forms a contact double system with NGC 751 virtually
attached at the south end.
Resolved into two distinct galaxies at 220x.
13"
(10/20/84): double galaxy with NGC 751 N-S, two distinct nuclei in a common
halo.
8"
(11/28/81): both components merge into a single object.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 750 = H II-222 = h175 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and logged
"just like the former."
This refers to NGC 736, which was described as "F, pL, mE, r, 1.5'
long." This close pair was
not resolved by either Herschel but first seen at double by Bindon Stoney using
Lord Rosse's 72" on 11 Oct 1850.
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 751 = Arp
166 NED2 = VV 189b = UGC 1431 = MCG +05-05-035 = CGCG 503-062 = VI Zw 123 = PGC
7370
01 57 32.9 +33
12 13
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.4'
17.5"
(11/1/86): this is the southern member of double system with NGC 750. Fairly faint, very small, round. Appears smaller and fainter than NGC
750 just off the north edge.
13"
(10/20/84): double nebula with NGC 750 with two distinct nuclei and probably a
common halo, oriented N-S.
8"
(11/28/81): both components of NGC 750/751 merge into a single object.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 751 on 11 Oct 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and wrote "D
neb [with NGC 750], Pos 171Ą, Dist 25", nf is a third nebula [NGC
761]." On 10 Dec 1873, Ralph Copeland gave a more detailed description:
"D neb, cB, pL, R, sbM and pF, S, R, sbM." John Herschel's entry for GC 456 is confused; his
description "nf h175 [NGC 750]" refers to NGC 761, but he used the
same position as NGC 750 ("D neb"), so his comment could be
interpreted as referring to NGC 751.
Perhaps to avoid confusion, Dreyer added the entry GC 5200 in the GC
Supplement (with reference to the 1861 publication) for NGC 751 and used GC 456
for NGC 761 in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 752 = Cr 23
= Mel 12 = OCL-363
01 57 48 +37 51
00
V = 5.7; Size 50'
17.5"
(11/1/97): easy naked-eye cluster, overfills the 100x field (20mm Nagler). The brightest star is a yellowish mag 7
star just south of center. Two equal mag companions to the south form an
isosceles triangle. There are no
dense regions and the many brighter mag 9-10.5 stars are pretty evenly
distributed throughout the field.
Many of the stars appear to be arrange in long strings and arcs,
though. There are perhaps 150
stars in the field (difficult to count) with a few nice pair and trios. Off the SW side just out of the field
is a wide bright pair of mag 5.7/5.9 stars at 3.6' (naked-eye). The western of these two stars (56
Andromedae) has a striking orange-red hue and a faint companion.
8": very
large, bright, many doubles, overfills low power field. Easy naked-eye open cluster in dark
sky.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 752 = H VII-32 = h174 on 29 Sep 1783, though this
cluster is a naked-eye object. WH
described it on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) as "a vL coarse scattered cluster
of vL stars, irregularly round, very rich. I suppose it takes up half a degree." Later he noted "like a nebulous
star to the naked eye."
Italian astronomer Giovanni Batista Hodierna may have found the cluster
earlier around 1654.
******************************
NGC 753 = UGC
1437 = MCG +06-05-066 = CGCG 522-086 = PGC 7387
01 57 42.2 +35
54 58
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 125d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly bright, moderately large, oval NW-SE, broad
concentration. Bright member of
AGC 262.
13"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, small, round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 753 on 16 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 13-4
star follows by 17 seconds and measured an accurate position (2 nights).
******************************
NGC 754 = ESO
152-033 = PGC 7068
01 54 20.9 -56
45 40
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly
round, 40"x35", weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. Located 4.5' SSE of brighter NGC
745. Two mag 10 stars lie 5' E and
NE and a third mag 11.3 star is 4' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 754 = h2450 (along with NGC 745 = h2249) on 27 Oct 1834 and
recorded "vF, S, R, bM.".
His position matches ESO 152-033 = PGC 7068.
******************************
NGC 755 = NGC
763 = MCG -02-06-005 = PGC 7262
01 56 22.5 -09
03 42
V = 12.6; Size 3.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 50d
17.5"
(12/23/92): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
2.5'x0.8', brighter along major axis, brighter core but no well-defined
nucleus, appears mottled.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 755 = H III-265 = h177 = h2447 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and
logged "vF, lE, verified with 240 power." JH's observations of h177 and h2447, which he assumed
referred to H III-265, may instead apply to NGC 731. The NGC position from
C.H.F. Peters matches MCG -02-06-005 = PGC 7262.
Ormond Stone
independently found this galaxy in 1886 at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. There is nothing at
Stone's position but 1 min of RA west and 5' south is NGC 755 and his size
estimate (1.6'x0.4') and PA (65Ą) applies. So, NGC 755 = NGC 763 with NGC 755 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 756 = MCG
-03-05-029 = PGC 7078
01 54 29.2 -16
42 27
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(10/25/97): very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. Situated ~2' S of a
small obtuse triangle of mag 13-14 stars.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 756 = LM I-42 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick.
His rough position is 1.7 min of RA east of MCG -03-05-029 = PGC 7078.
Bigourdan was unable to recover the galaxy at Leavenworth's place. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 757 = NGC
731 = MCG -02-05-073 = PGC 7118
01 54 56.1 -09
00 38
See observing
notes for NGC 731.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 757 = O St I-43 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick. There is nothing at his
position, but 10' S is NGC 755.
Harold Corwin originally equated NGC 757 with NGC 755 but now feels NGC
757 is a duplicate of NGC 731. Although there is no discovery sketch for NGC
757, the sketch for NGC 763 (list I-44) shows that NGC 763 = NGC 755. Applying
the same relative offsets suggests NGC 757 = NGC 731 assuming both galaxies
were observed at Leander McCormick on the same night.
******************************
NGC 758 = PGC
7198
01 55 42.1 -03
04 00
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/29/94): very faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak even concentration to
a very small core. The RNGC
position is 4.5' too far ESE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 758 = LM II-322 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick. His position
is about 0.6 tmin east of PGC 7198 at 01 55 42.1 -03 04 0. The RNGC position is 0.3 tmin east and
2' south (4.5' ESE) of PGC 7198.
This error is listed in my RNGC Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 759 = UGC
1440 = MCG +06-05-067 = CGCG 522-087 = PGC 7397
01 57 50.3 +36
20 35
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, small, round, bright core. Member of AGC 262 with UGC 1434 6' SW.
13"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, faint elongated halo.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 759 on 17 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches UGC 1440 = PGC 7397.
******************************
NGC 760
01 57 47.4 +33
21 20
=**, Carlson.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 760 on 19 Dec 1873, observing with the 72" at Birr
Castle. With respected to GC 456 =
NGC 761, he placed this nebula 80" distant in PA 202.5Ą (close southwest)
and described it as a "cF, R neb". At this exact offset is a close double star just
resolved on the DSS. Corwin and
Carlson also identify this double star as NGC 760. The MCG misidentifies MCG
+05-05-036 as NGC 760.
******************************
NGC 761 = UGC
1439 = MCG +05-05-036 = CGCG 503-064 = VV 425 = LGG 042-003 = PGC 7395
01 57 49.6 +33
22 37
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 143d
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE. A faint triangle of stars is off the north edge. Follows a mag 8.5 star.
13.1"
(10/20/84): extremely faint, small, elongated NW-SE. Located close SW of three mag 13-13.5 stars 1.5' NE, 2.1' NE
and 1.0' ENE. Also 5' SE of mag
8.5 SAO 55129. The NGC 750/NGC 751
pair lies 11' S.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 761 on 11 Oct 1850 and simply noted "nf [NGC 750/751] is a
third neb." On 10 Dec 1873,
Ralph Copeland described it as "pB, cL, 4 S near; it has a *11m in Pos
309Ą, Dist 314.1"." At
this precise offset is UGC 1439 = PGC 7395.
******************************
NGC 762 = MCG
-01-06-006 = Mrk 1012 = PGC 7322
01 56 57.7 -05
24 11
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, very small, round, small bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 762 = H III-464 = h178 = h2451 on 22 Nov 1785 (sweep 474) and
logged "eF, S, I found it in gauging [counting stars in a given region],
otherwise it might have been overlooked." JH observed this galaxy from both Slough and at the Cape,
where he described it as "vF, E, vlbM, 30 arcseconds". The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 763 = NGC
755 = MCG -02-06-005 = PGC 7262
01 56 22.5 -09
03 42
See observing
notes for NGC 755.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 763 = O St I-44 in 1886 with the 26" Clark refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded 1.6'x0.4' in PA = 65Ą. There is nothing at his position, but
1.0 tmin of RA west and 5' S is NGC 755, which matches his description. Corwin checked the discovery sketch and
confirms NGC 763 is a duplicate of NGC 755 (discovered earlier by WH). Corwin also notes that if NGC 757 was
discovered by Stone on the same night, then the same offset leads to NGC 757 =
NGC 731 (also discovered earlier by WH).
******************************
NGC 764
01 57 03.5 -16
03 51
=**, Carlson and
Corwin. =NF, RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 764 = O St I-45 on 6 Jan 1886 with the 26" at Leander
McCormick Observatory. There is
nothing near his position and Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin identify this
number with a double star. See
Corwin's notes for further comments.
******************************
NGC 765 = UGC
1455 = MCG +04-05-025 = CGCG 482-033 = PGC 7475
01 58 48.0 +24
53 33
V = 12.8; Size 2.8'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.9
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus. Located 8' WNW of mag 7.8
SAO 75071 = ˇ194 = 8.4/8.7 at 1.2".
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 765 = m 52 on 8 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "vF, vS". His position matches UGC 1455 = PGC 7475.
******************************
NGC 766 = UGC 1458
= MCG +01-06-019 = CGCG 413-019 = PGC 7468
01 58 42.0 +08
20 48
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1' diameter, low even
concentration, very small brighter core.
Forms the west vertex of isosceles triangle with a mag 11.5 star 2.4' NE
and a mag 12 star 3.0' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 766 = h180 on 8 Jan 1828 and recorded "vF; S; R;
15...20"; a *10m 15Ą np; 2' dist." His position matches UGC 1458 = PGC 7468 with the star 2.4'
ENE.
******************************
NGC 767 = MCG
-02-06-010 = PGC 7483
01 58 50.7 -09
35 12
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S, very low surface
brightness with no concentration.
A mag 14 star is 2.0' N.
Located 7' W of mag 8.4 SAO 129606.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 767 = LM II-323 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.6 tmin west of MCG -02-06-010 = PGC 7483 and his
description 1.3'x0.3' in PA 160Ą matches this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 768 = UGC
1457 = MCG +00-06-016 = CGCG 387-018 = PGC 7465
01 58 40.8 +00
31 46
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
24"
(12/22/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated at least 2:1 SSW-NNE,
40"x18", brighter along a the major axis (elongated core or
bar?). A mag 15.7 star is 50"
E of center and a mag 14.5 star is 2' NE.
IC 1761 lies 3.7' NE, with the mag 14.5 star nearly at the
midpoint. IC 1761 appeared faint
to fairly faint, small, round 12" diameter (only the core seen with
certainty).
17.5"
(12/8/90): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 8' W of mag 8.2 SAO 110258.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 768 = Sw III-8 on 2 Dec 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 18 seconds east and 1' S of UGC 1457 = PGC 7465, but his comment "B *
32 seconds following" applies to this galaxy. Swift independently found
the galaxy again on 2 Oct 1886 and reported it in list V-18 as "eF; pS; R;
B * 30s f and 1' s." His
second position is just 40" northwest of center.
******************************
NGC 769 = UGC
1467 = MCG +05-05-037 = CGCG 503-066 = PGC 7537
01 59 35.9 +30
54 35
V = 12.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 73d
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, elongated WSW-ENE, fairly even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is on
the east edge 30" from the center.
Located about 30' SSW of NGC 772.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 769 = Sf 68 on 9 Nov 1866 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and recorded "S, pF, irr figure, gbM." douard Stephan (XII-20) independently
found the galaxy on 5 Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory and Dreyer credits Stephan with the discovery in the NGC as
Safford's list was not published until 1887, too late for Dreyer to see while
compiling the NGC.
******************************
NGC 770 = UGC 1463
= MCG +03-06-010 = CGCG 461-016 = LGG 040-001 = PGC 7517
01 59 13.6 +18
57 17
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 15d
48"
(11/1/13): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
~40"x32", very high surface brightness. Forms a double system 3.5' SSW of NGC 772, a showpiece
spiral.
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, increases to a
small bright core. This is a
companion to NGC 772 and may be the cause of its bright, disturbed spiral arm.
13.1":
faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 3.5' SSW of NGC 772.
R.J. Mitchell
(GC 464) discovered NGC 770 on 3 Nov 1855 while observing NGC 772. He noted, "has companion neb. 5'
or 6' south." Dreyer later
measured an accurate offset.
Heinrich d'Arrest (GC 461) independently found NGC 770 in 1861 and it
was listed twice in the GC. Both
entries were combined in the NGC with an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 771 = 50 Cas
02 03 26.6 +72
25 16
V = 4.0
=*4.0 = 50 Cas
John Herschel
discovered NGC 771 = h179 on 29 Oct 1831 and noted "I suspect this star to
be nebulous". This entry
refers to 50 Cas (V = 4.0), which is the brightest single star in the NGC. There are several other instances where
Herschel thought a bright star had a nebulous halo (e.g. NGC 4530). Dorothy Carlson may have first noted
there is no nebulosity here.
******************************
NGC 772 = Arp 78
= UGC 1466 = MCG +03-06-011 = CGCG 461-018 = LGG 040-002 = PGC 7525
01 59 19.8 +19
00 30
V = 10.3; Size 7.2'x4.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 130d
48"
(11/1/13): very bright, very large, elongated at least 5:3 WNW-ESE, ~5.4'x3',
sharply concentrated with a blazing core that increases to the center. Contains two spiral arms, though
dominated by a bright, long arm that attaches to the core on the east side,
wraps counterclockwise to the north of the core and then extends in a fairly
thin arch to the west. The arm
extends over 3' in length and ends at the northwest tip of the galaxy, ~2.5'
from the center. It contains 1 or
2 very faint HII knots. A second
low contrast arm begins at the south end of the core and spirals out clockwise
to the east. This arm is broader
and does not have a sharply defined edge but was fairly easily visible. The outer halo to the southeast of this
arm has a very low surface brightness.
Forms an interacting pair with NGC 770 3.5' SSW. PGC 212884 (8x the redshift) was easily
picked up 5.8' SW and appeared fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter.
24"
(9/7/13): bright, very large, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, 4'x2.5'. Strongly concentrated with a very
bright oval core. The halo is
clearly asymmetric and more extensive on the NW side. With careful viewing a long arm is visible at 200x extending
from the central region towards the NW.
The arm is better separated from the main body at 450x and ends near NGC
772:[HK83] 57, a slightly brighter HII knot that appears as an extremely faint,
"soft" star.
18"
(12/3/05): bright, very large, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, roughly 4'x3'. The halo is asymmetric and more
extensive on the NW side with a very strong impression of a spiral arm attached
on the north side and sweeping to the west (confirmed on image). Forms a pair with much fainter NGC 770
3.5' SSW.
13.1"
(11/5/83): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, sharp
concentration. Forms a close pair
with NGC 770 3.5' SSW.
8"
(10/4/80): fairly faint, fairly large, oval, bright core, two mag 11 stars to
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 772 = H I-112 = h181 on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 481) and logged
"cB or vB, L, R, mbM, 3 or 4' dia, difficulty resolving. In the most resolvable part a faint red
colour perceivable." On 3 Nov
1855, R.J. Mitchell wrote "...One branch in particular strongly suspected
as at A [in diagram] curved towards the * preceding." This description refers to the northern
spiral arm and star preceding (indicated on the diagram) is the HII region NGC
772:[HK83] 57, from Hodge & Kennicutt's "An Atlas of H II regions in
125 galaxies". It was also
noted by Dreyer on 9 Jan 1875: "An eeF neb point was by glimpses seen by
both observers in Pos 315Ą +/, Dist. 2' +/- from [GC] 463."
******************************
NGC 773 = MCG
-02-06-011 = PGC 7486
01 58 52.0 -11
30 53
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 0d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.5', very weak
concentration. Located 11' SE of
mag 8.5 SAO 148138 at the edge of the 220x field. Just outside the field 14' NNW is mag 6.6 SAO 148139.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 773 = H III-468 = h2452 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"vF; E; 1.5' long, 1' broad, nearly in the meridian [N-S]; lbM." JH reported from the CGH,
"F, R, glbM, 30"."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 774 = UGC
1469 = MCG +02-06-008 = CGCG 438-010 = PGC 7536
01 59 34.7 +14
00 29
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, small, almost round, 0.5' diameter, slight even
concentration, no distinct core.
Forms a triangle with two mag 12 stars 2.3' NNW and 3.5' NE. Located 12' ESE of a mag 9.5 star and
9' ENE of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 774 = H III-214 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and logged "vF,
stellar, verified with 240 power.".
J.L.E. Dreyer, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 7 Oct 1874, recorded
"F, stellar, not quite R but of somewhat irregular shape, probably vlE
north-south or very nearly towards a *11m in Pos 333Ą, Dist 143.7 arcsec".
The NGC dec is 1' S of UGC 1469 = PGC 7536.
******************************
NGC 775 = ESO
477-018 = MCG -05-05-024 = PGC 7451
01 58 32.6 -26
17 36
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 167d
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, 1.5'x1.2,
broad concentration with no distinct core. An elongated group of six mag 13-14 stars (6' length
oriented E-W) lies 5' S. Located
13' NW of mag 6.7 SAO 167461.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 775 = h2453 on 14 Nov 1835 and noted "pB, S, R, gbM, 18
arcsec" His positions from
two sweeps differed by 10 tsec in RA, but clearly identifies ESO 477-018 = PGC
7451.
******************************
NGC 776 = UGC
1471 = MCG +04-05-028 = CGCG 482-037 = PGC 7560
01 59 54.5 +23
38 40
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus, halo fades into background.
A mag 15 star is 30" N.
Brightest of three with IC 180 2.6' SE and IC 181 2.0' NE.
IC 180 appeared
very faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE and IC 181 is extremely faint and small,
round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 776 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and logged "vF, S, R". His single position matches UGC 1471 = PGC 7560.
******************************
NGC 777 = UGC
1476 = MCG +05-05-038 = CGCG 503-067 = PGC 7584
02 00 14.9 +31
25 46
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 155d
24"
(11/24/14): at 375x; bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, sharply
concentrated with a very bright rounder core, ~0.9'x0.7'. Two fairly bright stars are in the
field to the south, mag 9.3 SAO 55174 lies 5' SW and mag 8.7 SAO 55185 is 6.4'
SE. NGC 778 lies 7' SSE.
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly bright, small, almost round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 778 7' SSE. NGC 783 is 29' NNE and NGC 769 30' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 777 = H II-223 = h182 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and recorded
"pB, pS, R." R.J.
Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Sep 1857, wrote "S, R, bM,
several S st p and np the nucleus."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 778 = UGC
1480 = MCG +05-05-039 = CGCG 503-069 = PGC 7597
02 00 19.4 +31
18 47
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 150d
24"
(11/24/14): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE,
~30"x20", weak concentration.
A mag 8.7 star is 3' NE.
Second brightest in a trio with brighter NGC 777 7' N and much fainter
KUG 0156+310 = PGC 74060 6' W. The
latter was an extremely faint 8" glow just north of a mag 13-13.5 star.
13.1"
(8/24/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated. Located within a bright trapezoid formed by two mag 9 stars
7' N and 4.8' NW (SAO 55174), mag 8.5 SAO 55185 3.0' NE and a mag 10.5 star
2.8' WSW. Forms a pair with NGC
777 7' NNW.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 778 = Sf 64 on 5 Nov 1866 with the 18" refractor at
Dearborn Observatory. douard
Stephan (VIII-7, first list) independently found the galaxy on 17 Nov 1876 with
the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. As Safford's discovery was not published until the fall of
1887 as the NGC was going to press, Stephan is credited with the discovery in
the GC Supplement (5205) and NGC.
******************************
NGC 779 = MCG
-01-06-016 = PGC 7544
01 59 42.3 -05
57 51
V = 11.2; Size 4.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 160d
48"
(10/24/14): extremely bright, very large, nearly edge-on 7:2 NNW-SSE,
3.5'x1.0'. Contains an intensely
bright, mottled core and nucleus.
The core is within a brighter, elongated "bar". The outer halo appears to extend
further to the south with averted vision and bend slightly with respect to the
central region. The northern end
of the halo has a similar effect as if the galaxy is very slightly warped.
17.5"
(11/27/92): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE in PA 160Ą,
3.0'x1.0', brighter core, substellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 4.6' SSW of center.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, bright core, edge-on N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 779 = H I-101 = h183 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and logged
"cB, pL, mbM, E a few degrees deviating from the meridian; from np to
sf." JH observed the galaxy
on 3 sweeps, including 2 Jan 1827: "pB; pL; E; pos about 160Ą by
diag." His position angle and
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 780 = UGC
1488 = MCG +05-05-041 = CGCG 503-072 = V Zw 164 = PGC 7616
02 00 35.2 +28
13 31
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 170d
17.5"
(11/27/92): very faint, very small, round. Two mag 15 stars nearby 0.7' S and 20" E. Lies within a 12' group of stars
roughly forming a "Big Dipper" asterism.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 780 = H III-583 = h184 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and noted
"vF, vS, E. Resembles 3 faint
stars in a line, with vF nebulosity between them." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 781 = UGC
1482 = MCG +02-06-010 = CGCG 438-011 = PGC 7577
02 00 09.0 +12
39 22
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 13d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.3',
dominated by a round small bright core, much fainter extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 781 = H III-215 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and logged "eF,
stellar, found with 240 power."
His position is 2' north of UGC 1482 = PGC 7577.
******************************
NGC 782 = ESO
114-015 = AM 0155-580 = PGC 7379
01 57 40.4 -57
47 26
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated WSW-ENE, ~1.0' diameter.
Contains a central "bar" oriented ~E-W within a brighter
quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag
14-14.5 star is superimposed at the northeast end of the galaxy with the
nucleus WSW [by 28"]. A thin,
low surface brightness spiral arm is attached at the east end of the galaxy. It
was occasionally glimpsed, extending towards the southwest and separating from
the central region.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 782 = h2454 on 27 Oct 1834 and logged "pB, pL, lE, attached
to a star 12th mag." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 783 = IC
1765 = UGC 1497 = MCG +05-05-042 = CGCG 503-073 = Mrk 1171 = PGC 7657
02 01 06.4 +31
52 57
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 35d
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, diffuse, slightly elongated E-W, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is at
the WNW edge of halo and a mag 12.5 star is off the SE edge 1.1' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 785 8' ESE.
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 783 = St VIIIa-8 on 22 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 1497 = PGC 7657.
E.E. Barnard independently found this galaxy, communicated the discovery
directly to Dreyer, who recatalogued it as IC 1765. Barnard's position is about 30 seconds of RA too small and
2' too far S, so Dreyer must have thought it was a different object.
******************************
NGC 784 = UGC
1501 = MCG +05-05-045 = CGCG 503-074 = PGC 7671
02 01 17.0 +28
50 15
V = 11.7; Size 6.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly bright, very large, very elongated 4:1 N-S, weak
concentration.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 784 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He questioned if it
was elongated or double and his single position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 785 = IC
1766 = UGC 1509 = MCG +05-05-046 = CGCG 503-076 = PGC 7694
02 01 40.0 +31
49 35
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 80d
13.1"
(8/24/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 783 8' WNW.
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly faint.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 785 = St VIIIa-9 on 25 Oct 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 1509 = PGC 7694.
E.E. Barnard found this galaxy again sometime in the early 1890's at
Lick Observatory and communicated the discovery directly to Dreyer. Barnard's position is about 30 seconds
of RA west and 3' S of NGC 785, so Dreyer must have thought it was a different
object and recatalogued it as IC 1766.
Most likely IC 1766 = NGC 785 as Barnard's IC 1765 has a similar offset
from NGC 783!
******************************
NGC 786 = UGC
1506 = MCG +02-06-012 = CGCG 438-013 = PGC 7680
02 01 24.6 +15
38 48
V = 13.3; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. NGC 792 lies 12' ENE.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 786 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) is 1' too far south-southwest.
******************************
NGC 787 = MCG
-02-06-015 = PGC 7632
02 00 48.5 -09
00 08
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8', broad
concentration, stellar nucleus. A
mag 13 star is 3' W of center.
Located 4' NW of a mag 9.5 star.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 787 on 27 Feb 1865 with a 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College Observatory in New York. Wilhelm Tempel independently found the galaxy
on 9 Nov 1879 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and
reported it in list IV-7. Peters'
and Tempel's positions match MCG -02-06-015 = PGC 7632. This galaxy was probably
"discovered" again Ormond Stone (I-46) at Leander McCormick in 1885
or 1886. His position is 1.4 tmin
W and 6' N of PGC 7632.
******************************
NGC 788 = MCG
-01-06-025 = PGC 7656
02 01 06.4 -06
48 57
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 115d
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration, stellar
nucleus. (IC 184 lies 19' W and HCG 14 lies 24' SW - see observations).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 788 = H II-435 = h185 on 26 Sep 1865 (sweep 436) and noted
"F, S, iR, bM". JH
observed the galaxy on 30 Dec 1826 and logged "B; pL; R; bM."
******************************
NGC 789 = UGC
1520 = MCG +05-05-047 = CGCG 503-077 = PGC 7760
02 02 26.0 +32
04 20
V = 13.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 3d
13.1"
(12/22/84): faint, small, round, faint stellar nucleus? Forms a pair with NGC 798 11' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 789 = St III-3 on 24 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen. douard
Stephan discovered the galaxy again on 10 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector
at the Marseille Observatory and measured a very accurate micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 790 = MCG
-01-06-026 = PGC 7677
02 01 21.6 -05
22 15
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core, strong stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 790 = H III-433 = h186 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and logged
"vF, vS." The NGC
position matches MCG -01-06-026 = PGC 7677.
******************************
NGC 791 = UGC
1511 = MCG +01-06-031 = CGCG 413-028 = PGC 7702
02 01 44.3 +08
29 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, small, round, even concentration, very small bright core,
very symmetrical appearance.
Located 3.3' SW of a mag 10 star.
A mag 12.5 star is 2.8' E of center.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 791 on 3 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. He noted a mag 13-14 star that follows
by 11.5 seconds and measured the position on 3 nights.
******************************
NGC 792 = UGC
1517 = MCG +02-06-015 = CGCG 438-014 = PGC 7744
02 02 15.3 +15
42 44
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small bright
core. Three mag 11-12 stars in a
E-W line of 2' length begins 3' SSW and extends to the west. NGC 786 lies 12' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 792 = h187 on 7 Sep 1828 and logged "eF; S; R; has a *11m
15Ą nf." His position and
description matches UGC 1517 = PGC 7744.
******************************
NGC 793
02 02 54.5 +31
58 51
=**?,
Corwin =NF, RNGC.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 793 in 1886 with the 15.5-inch Cooke refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. It was placed southeast of NGC 789, but there are no
galaxies in the vicinity, only several faint stars. Corwin tentatively identifies as a very faint double as NGC
793. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 794 = IC 191
= UGC 1528 = MCG +03-06-024 = CGCG 461-031 = PGC 7763
02 02 29.3 +18
22 23
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 794 = H III-207 = h188 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and noted
"eF, vS, stellar,240 showed it very plainly." JH observed this galaxy on one sweep
and his position is 6 seconds of RA east of UGC 1528 = PGC 7763. Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on
20 Oct 1889 and reported it as new in list IX-9 (later IC 191) with description
"pB; pL; lE." Dreyer
thought Sw IX-9 might be new because of the disparate descriptions, though
added the parenthetical "probably = [NGC 794]" in the IC description. So, NGC 794 = IC 191. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 795 = ESO
153-008 = PGC 7552
01 59 49.4 -55
49 27
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 141d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; fairly faint or moderately bright, slightly
elongated NW-SE, ~30" diameter.
Sharply concentrated with a very small, very bright core (also slightly
elongated NW-SE) that increases to an intensely bright nucleus. 13th mag stars are just 0.9' NW and
1.5' ENE, and a 15th mag star is off the west side [30" from center].
John Herschel
discovered NGC 795 = h2455 on 27 Oct 1834 and logged "pF, S, R; makes an
obtuse angled triangle with 2 stars 11th mag." His position and description of the nearby stars matches ESO
153-008 = PGC 7552.
******************************
NGC 796 = ESO
030-SC006 = Lindsay 115
01 56 45 -74 13
12
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright but fairly small. The main knot is round, ~30" in
diameter with a single star that stands out at the SE edge. Barely off the NW edge is a 10"
knot that is possibly detached.
This knot increases the total size to nearly 45"x30",
elongated NW-SE. Located 8.5' SW
of mag 8.2 HD 12440. This object
is apparently an outlying cluster of the SMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 796 = h2456 on 18 Sep 1835 and remarked "F, vS, R, has a
*12m 25" distance at 45Ą np."
On a second sweep he recorded "somewhat doubtful, but I believe it
is a vF neb involving a vF star."
His third observation was reported as "eF, S, R, 10" close to
a vS star." His position
matches this SMC outlying cluster.
******************************
NGC 797 = UGC
1541 = MCG +06-05-078 = CGCG 522-105 = VV 428 = V Zw 170 = PGC 7832
02 03 28.0 +38
07 01
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint
halo, stellar nucleus. A mag 14
star is just 0.8' WNW of center and a brighter mag 13 star lies 1.7' ENE. Forms a pair with NGC 801 9' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 797 = H III-566 = h189 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and noted
"vF, pL, iR." He
apparently found it again on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and logged "pB, cL,
lE, mbM.", though his position is much closer to NGC 801. JH recorded "vF; R; sbM; near a
*." There are actually a
couple of stars very near and his position matches UGC 1541 = PGC 7832.
******************************
NGC 798 = UGC
1539 = MCG +05-05-048 = CGCG 503-078 = PGC 7823
02 03 19.6 +32
04 39
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 137d
13.1"
(12/22/84): very faint, very small, very elongated NW-SE, small bright
core. Located 11' E of NGC 789.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 798 = St III-4 on 10 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory, along with III-3 = NGC 789 (discovered earlier by
Heinrich d'Arrest). His position
matches UGC 1539 = PGC 7823.
******************************
NGC 799 = UGC
1527 = MCG +00-06-023 = CGCG 387-029 = Holm 54a = PGC 7741
02 02 12.3 -00
06 04
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, very small, round, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus
at moments. A mag 14 star is just
45" E. Forms a close pair
with NGC 800 1.8' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 799 = Sw II-16 (along with NGC 800 = Sw II-17) on 9 Oct 1885
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His RA is 30 tsec too large (same error
as NGC 800) and his discription "eeF pS; R; s[outh] of 2" should read
"eeF pS; R; n[orth] of 2".
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 800 = UGC
1526 = MCG +00-06-024 = CGCG 387-028 = Holm 54b = PGC 7740
02 02 11.8 -00
07 49
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/8/90): extremely faint, very small, round, very low even surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with NGC 799 1.8' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 800 = Sw II-17 (along with NGC 799 = Sw II-16) on 9 Oct
1885 with the 16" refractor
at Warner Observatory. His RA is
30 seconds east of UGC 1526 = PGC 7740 (same error as NGC 800). Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 801 = UGC
1550 = MCG +06-05-079 = CGCG 522-106 = PGC 7847
02 03 44.9 +38
15 32
V = 13.1; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 150d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very elongated NNW-SSE, fairly small, weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 797 9' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 801 = Sw II-18 on 20 Sep 1885 and recorded "eF; pS; iR; D *
close f; v difficult." UGC
1550, an edge-on spiral, is 19 seconds of RA west of Swift's position, though
there is no obvious double star close following. NGC 801 was discovered on the same evening with NGCs 19, 21,
7831 and 7836. All of these
galaxies have offsets of -1.2 min in RA and -8' in declination from their
correct positions, but there is nothing at this offset to NGC 801. So, this identification is somewhat uncertain,
though there are no other obvious candidates. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 802 = ESO
052-013 = PGC 7505
01 59 06.0 -67
52 13
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 152d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE,
0.9'x0.6', broad concentration.
Located 27' SE of mag 4.7 Eta-2 Hyi. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.5' W. Forms a pair with ESO 052-014 5.4'
NNE. This galaxy appeared fairly
faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.3', brighter along the
major axis. Two mag 12.7 and 11.7
stars are located 3' W and 5' W of ESO 52-14. The brighter star forms the western vertex of an equilateral
triangle with ESO 52-14 and NGC 802.
NGC 813 lies 37' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 802 = h2457 on 15 Oct 1784 and logged "eeF, vS, R; has a
star 13th mag preceding, distance 100"." His position and description matches ESO 052-013 = PGC 7505.
******************************
NGC 803 = UGC
1554 = MCG +03-06-028 = CGCG 461-038 = PGC 7849
02 03 44.7 +16
01 52
V = 12.6; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 8d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on N-S. A mag 11 star is 1.0' WSW of center. Located 49' SE of mag 7.6 HD 12315.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 803 = H III-208 = h190 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and logged
"eF, vS, iR, just following a pB star." On sweep 319, JH noted "vF; not vS; glbM; follows *10m
3.5 sec." His description and
position matches UGC 1554 = PGC 7849.
******************************
NGC 804 = IC
1773 = UGC 1557 = MCG +05-05-049 = CGCG 504-001 = PGC 7873
02 04 02.1 +30
49 59
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 7d
17.5"
(11/26/94): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, very small brighter core with
thin faint extensions. Two mag
11.5 stars are 1.9' WSW and 3.5' SW of center. UGC 1577 lies 27' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 804 = Sw II-19 on 7 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and logged "eeF; vS; R; lbM; v difficult." His position is 22 seconds of RA east
of UGC 1557. Because of his
imprecise position, Guillaume Bigourdan, observing with the 12" refractor
at the Paris Observatory, mistook a faint star for NGC 804 and listed the
galaxy as a new discovery, and Dreyer catalogued the galaxy again as IC
1773. So, NGC 804 = IC 1773. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 805 = UGC
1566 = MCG +05-05-050 = CGCG 504-004 = PGC 7899
02 04 29.5 +28
48 44
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, very small, oval 3:2 ~E-W, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SW edge
30" from center and a mag 14 star is 1' WNW. NGC 807 lies 13' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 805 on 26 Sep 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 13-14
star preceded by 2 seconds and measured a fairly accurate position (2 nights).
******************************
NGC 806 = MCG
-02-06-021 = PGC 7835
02 03 31.4 -09
55 56
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 60d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, irregular surface
brightness, probably brighter on the west end. A mag 11 star is 3.7' NNE of center.
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, even surface
brightness, asymmetric appearance with a very faint stellar nucleus offset to
the NE end or an extremely faint star may be superimposed near NE tip. A mag 11 star is 3.5' NE.
Distorted,
patchy appearance on the SDSS that may be the result of the post-collision
merger. HyperLeda catalogues the
companion a PGC 3100716 and NED gives the primary designation SHOC 103.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 806 = Sw V-19 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and logged "eeF; S; R; pB * nr; extr
difficult". His position
is 13 tsec east of MCG -02-06-021
= PGC 7835 and his comment of a "pB * nr" applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 807 = UGC
1571 = MCG +05-06-001 = CGCG 504-006 = PGC 7934
02 04 55.7 +28
59 16
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 13 star is 45"
N. Located 2' NE of a mag 10.5
star and 8.5' SW of mag 7.9 SAO 75133.
NGC 805 lies 13' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 807 = H III-151 = h191 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and wrote
"vF, vS, stellar, between a pretty large and small star, but nearer to the
smallest." JH recorded on 15
Sep 1828: "vF; vS; 6"; has a *12m 1' N, and another about 20Ą
sp.". His description and
position matches UGC 1571 = PGC 7934.
******************************
NGC 808 = ESO
478-001 = MCG -04-06-003 = PGC 7865
02 03 56.6 -23
18 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 7d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, very weakly
concentrated along the major axis.
A string of three mag 14 stars extending NW are collinear with the
galaxy and equally spaced at 1.0' separation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 808 = h192 = h2458 on 14 Oct 1830 and logged "vF; R; vgbM;
40"." He observed it again from the Cape of Good Hope and noted as
"vF, lE, gbM, 25"."
Joseph Turner sketched NGC 808 using the 48" Great Melbourne
Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_5.php).
******************************
NGC 809 = MCG
-02-06-023 = PGC 7889
02 04 18.9 -08
44 07
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, very small, round, very small brighter core, stellar
nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 809 = Sw V-20 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 22 sec of RA east of MCG -02-06-023 = PGC 7889. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 810 = UGC
1583 = MCG +02-06-026 = CGCG 438-024 = PGC 7965
02 05 28.5 +13
15 05
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 25d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, small, round, bright core. Located on a line to the SW of mag 7.8 SAO 92789 7' NE and
mag 7.2 SAO 92795 19' NE. Appears
brighter than CGCG mag 15.4z.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 810 = St III-5 on 11 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, R, more condensed in the
center but no bright nucleus".
His position matches UGC 1583.
Corwin notes the NGC position is 10 tsec too far west (transcription
error). A companion (not seen) is
superimposed 0.25' following the nucleus, which itself looks double on the
SDSS.
******************************
NGC 811 = PGC
7870
02 04 00 -09 06
21
Size
0.6'x0.5'; PA = 33d
18"
(10/25/08): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Once identified this faint galaxy could
be held continuously. Located 5.7'
ENE of a mag 10.9 star and 22' NNE of mag 7.3 HD 12627.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 811 = LM II-324 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory and commented "neb?, *10 1' S." There is nothing at his position
but 50 sec of RA west is PGC 7870 and there is a star (closer to mag 14)
40" S, so the identification NGC 811 = PGC 7870 is reasonable. The RNGC, PGC, NED and HyperLeda misidentify MCG -02-06-024 = PGC 7905
as NGC 811. This galaxy is 1Ą
south of Leavenworth's position and it's possible Leavenworth made a
transcription error of 1Ą, but there is no star to the south, so this identification
is less likely.
******************************
NGC 812 = UGC
1598 = MCG +07-05-014 = CGCG 538-019 = PGC 8066
02 06 51.2 +44
34 29
V = 11.2; Size 9.3'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 160d
13.1"
(8/24/84): faint, very elongated NNW-SSE, diffuse. A mag 11 star is 1.1' SW. Located 17' NE of mag 7.4 SAO 37787.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 812 = St VIIIb-3 on 11 Dec 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and remarked "eF, thin shape, E45, 1.5' length,
bM". His position and
description matches UGC 1598 = PGC 8066.
******************************
NGC 813 = ESO
052-016 = PGC 7692
02 01 36.0 -68
26 21
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 99d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly small, oval E-W,
40"x25", sharp concentration with a small bright core. A very faint star is superimposed on
the east side of the halo and a second very faint star lies 30" S of
center. NGC 802 lies 37' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 813 = h2459 on 24 Nov 1834 and noted "pF, R, gbM,
30"." His position matches ESO 052-016 = PGC 7692.
******************************
NGC 814 = MCG
-03-06-010 = PGC 8319
02 10 37.6 -15
46 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 4d
17.5"
(10/25/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.5', broad
concentration. Located close NE of
a mag 12 star [0.9' from center].
At moments appears to have a faint stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with extremely
difficult NGC 815 2.4' S. Due to a
poor position by Stone, these objects are misidentified in RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 814 = LM I-47 (along with NGC 815 = I-48) on 6 Jan 1886. There is nothing near Stone's
position but his discovery sketch was examined by Corwin and it establishes NGC
814 = MCG -03-06-010 = PGC 8319 and NGC 815 = PGC 906183. In this case Stone's RA was 4 min
of RA too far west. RNGC and PGC misidentify
MCG -03-06-005 = PGC 7799 as NGC 814 and MCG -03-06-004 = PGC 7798 as NGC
815. Megastar and other sources
based on the PGC may also carry this error.
******************************
NGC 815 = PGC
906183
02 10 39.4 -15
48 47
Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5"
(10/25/97): not seen initially at 220x.
After extended viewing, just glimpsed for moments on a few occasions at
2.4' S of NGC 814. Appeared
virtually stellar, ~5"-10", no details due to faintness.
See comments for
NGC 814. RNGC and PGC (as well as
Megastar, etc.) misidentify MCG -03-06-004 = PGC 7798 as NGC 815. N815 appears to be a very close and
small double system (virtually stellar).
******************************
NGC 816 = CGCG
504-016 = PGC 8152
02 08 08.8 +29
15 21
V = 14.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 15 star is involved at the south edge just 0.2' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 819 5.7' ESE.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 816 = St VI-1 on 15 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is 1' S of CGCG 504-016 = PGC 8152 (probably an error with the
position of his offset star).
******************************
NGC 817 = UGC
1611 = MCG +03-06-033 = CGCG 461-047 = PGC 8109
02 07 33.7 +17
12 09
V = 13.2; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 27d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, low almost even surface
brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 817 = Sw IV-7 on 2 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and reported "eF; vS; R; right angled with 2
stars". His position is 24
tsec east of UGC 1611 = PGC 8109 and his comment "right angled with 2 stars"
matches this galaxy. Bigourdan reported Swift's position is 26 seconds too
large (Remarks section of his 1891 Comptes Rendus list), though Dreyer's
"corrected" position in the IC 1 Notes is 0.8 tmin too far east.
******************************
NGC 818 = UGC
1633 = MCG +06-05-086 = CGCG 522-116 = PGC 8185
02 08 44.5 +38
46 38
V = 12.5; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 113d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated WNW-ESE, broad
concentration, no core. A mag 15
star is 30" E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 818 = H II-604 = h194 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and logged
"pB, cL, lE, mbM".
George Stoney, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 3 Oct 1850, recorded
"bM, some stars seen in it; night hazy." The NGC position is 1' south of UGC 1633 = PGC 8185.
******************************
NGC 819 = UGC
1632 = CGCG 504-017 = PGC 8174
02 08 34.4 +29
14 02
V = 13.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, small, round. A
mag 13 star lies 1' N. Forms a
pair with NGC 816 5.7' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 819 = St VI-2 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. He noted the mag 13
star 42" north and measured an accurate position. douard Stephan independently found the
galaxy again on 15 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory.
******************************
NGC 820 = UGC
1629 = MCG +02-06-036 = CGCG 438-031 = PGC 8165
02 08 25.0 +14
20 58
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 72d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, bright core. A mag 15 star is just off the east edge
0.7' from the center. Located
almost at the midpoint of two mag 14 stars 1.6' SW and 1.4' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 820 = h195 on 7 Sep 1828 and logged "F; R; bM; 15
arcsec". R.J. Mitchell, using
Lord Rosse's 72" on 30 Nov 1856, recorded "oval, major axis sp-nf, a
F* follows closely. There is
another F* in the on edge."
His description is accurate and the star at the north edge is roughly
mag 16.5.
******************************
NGC 821 = UGC
1631 = MCG +02-06-034 = CGCG 438-033 = PGC 8160
02 08 21.1 +10
59 41
V = 10.7; Size 2.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 25d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, very bright elongated
core. Located just 1.1' SE of mag
10 SAO 92805!
8"
(11/8/80): fairly faint, small, compact.
A mag 10 star is just 1' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 821 = H I-152 = h193 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 582) and commented
"pB, vS, R, bM, 1' sf a considerable star with a small one sf the
nebula." Dreyer's 1912 notes to the Second Catalogue mentions "A
second obs. (Sweep 591, Sept. 18, 1786) describes it as vB, vS, lE, vBN. But
the neb. is in reality only pB, second class." JH also logged it on sweep 121 as "Not vB; R; sbM to
nucl; has a *1m sp, dist 55"."
R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Dec 1856, recorded a
"bMN, E spnf, S * in s end."
This star is around mag 15.5 and was not seen in my observation.
******************************
NGC 822 = LGG
050-002 = ESO 298-009 = MCG -07-05-008 = PGC 8055
02 06 39.1 -41
09 24
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 77d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated ~E-W, ~35"x25", small bright nucleus rises to a stellar
peak. Located 10.7' ENE of mag 8.5
HD 12948. Forms the eastern vertex
of a small triangle with a mag 13.7 star 2.7' W and a mag 13.0 star 3.2' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 822 = h2461 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, R, sbM,
resolvable, 15", a difficult object." His mean position from two sweeps matches ESO 298-009 = PGC
8055.
******************************
NGC 823 = IC
1782 = ESO 478-002 = MCG -04-06-005 = PGC 8093
02 07 20.1 -25
26 31
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 110d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.3'x0.2' although with
averted vision the outer halo doubles in diameter. Unusual appearance as a mag 13 star is attached at the east
end and the galaxy appears a "fuzzy" component just west of the
star. Located 4' N of a mag 10
star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 823 = h196 on 14 Oct 1830 and recorded "A vF double star
enclosed in a vF neb."
Herschel also observed this nebula at the Cape (h2460) and gave the same
description. Lewis Swift
apparently independently found this object on 8 Oct 1896. Sw. XI-34 (later IC 1782) was described
as "vF; D* of = mag in nebulosity.
Curious object." He
added the note "This appears like a nebulous double star, but I think it
is simply a double star in a nebula.
There is a vast difference between a nebulous star, and a star in a
nebula." Dreyer must have
missed the close match of Swift's and JH's position and their descriptions are
virtually identical. So, NGC 823 =
IC 1782. See Corwin's notes.
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 823 with the Great Melbourne Telescope in November 1876 (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_6.php)
******************************
NGC 824 = ESO
354-037 = MCG -06-05-028 = PGC 8068
02 06 53.1 -36
27 13
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 21d
17.5"
(10/25/97): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (probably only
viewed the core). Contains a sharp
stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star
lies 4.7' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 824 = h2462 on 29 Nov 1837 and commented "F, R, 40", vsvmbM
to a star 12th magnitude."
He also observed it on the next sweep and his position (typo in NPD was
corrected at the end of the CGH) matches ESO 354-037 = PGC 8068.
******************************
NGC 825 = UGC
1636 = MCG +01-06-045 = CGCG 413-046 = LGG 047-003 = PGC 8173
02 08 32.3 +06
19 26
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 53d
24"
(1/25/14): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 5:1 SW-NE,
~0.7'x0.15', brighter elongated core.
An extremely faint star (mag 16.3) is just north of center. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.7' NNE.
NGC 825 forms a
pair with IC 208 4.5' NNW. The
companion (similar redshift) appeared fairly faint, fairly large, round, 1.5'
diameter, very low though irregular surface brightness, no core or
nucleus. Brightest member of a
group that includes IC 1776, UGC 1646 and UGC 1649.
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE. A mag 13.5 star is 1.7' N. Located 5.5' WNW of mag 9.3 SAO 110366.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 825 = m 53 on 18 Nov 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, S, mE.". His
position is 1.5' S of UGC 1636 = PGC 8173 and the description "much
elongated" applies to this edge-on.
Marth missed fainter IC 208, just 5' N.
******************************
NGC 826 = CGCG
504-019 = PGC 8230
02 09 25.1 +30
44 23
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star is 40" NW.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 826 = St VI-3 on 18 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position corresponds with CGCG 504-019 = PGC 8230. This is a double system (not known if a physical pair) with
a very faint companion overlapping on the north side.
******************************
NGC 827 = UGC
1640 = MCG +01-06-046 = CGCG 413-047 = PGC 8196
02 08 56.3 +07
58 17
V = 12.7; Size 2.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 85d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, fairly small, oval E-W, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 827 = H III-227 = h198 = Sw I-2 on 7 Nov 1784 (sweep 308) and
reported "suspected 2 or 3 small stars with seeming nebulosity between
them, 240 rather confirmed it, but left a doubt." In Dreyer's 1912
revision of WH's catalogues he commented "Place perfectly correct, no
other nebula near, but it is not a nebulous cluster but a neb, vF, S, lbM,
difficult". Lewis Swift found the galaxy on 9 Oct 1884 with the 16"
refractor at the Warner Observatory and reported it as new in his first
discovery list. Although he insisted his observation "cannot be [NGC
827]", his position and description ("vF; pS; eE; spindle")
clearly apply to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 828 = UGC
1655 = MCG +06-05-092 = CGCG 522-125 = VI Zw 177 = PGC 8283
02 10 09.6 +39
11 26
V = 12.3; Size 2.9'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 145d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, bright core. A wide double star with components
10.5/11 (separation 25" in PA 0Ą) are 3' E. Located 15' NW of the bright double star 59 Andromedae =
6.1/6.8 at 17".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 828 = H II-605 = h197 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and logged
"pB, S, iF." JH called
it "pB; R; gbM; has a D* 15 sec following." The galaxy was observed 6 times at Birr Castle with the
first observation on 4 Nov 1848 (possibly by Lord Rosse) recording "F,
scarcely seen in finder, another S neb 60Ą np 1.5' dist, if it be not a F
*." A later observation noted
"Either a single R neb with * inv sf center or double." This galaxy is a disrupted spiral with
a dust lane on the south side of the core, so some structure was resolved.
******************************
NGC 829 = MCG
-01-06-049 = PGC 8182
02 08 42.2 -07
47 26
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 70d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE. A mag 11 star is 0.9' SE. First of three and similar shape as NGC
830 4.5' ENE but only a weak concentration. NGC 842 lies 16' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 829, along with NGC 830, on 23 Sep 1865 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
He noted a mag 11 star was 0.7' distant and his position (measured on
two nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 830 = MCG
-01-06-050 = Mrk 1020 = PGC 8201
02 08 58.7 -07
46 01
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 110d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, very small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Second of three and similar dimensions as NGC 829 4.5' WSW. NGC 842 lies 12' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 830, along with NGC 829, on 23 Sep 1865 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His position and offset from NGC 829 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 831 = CGCG
413-049 = PGC 8241
02 09 34.6 +06
05 47
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.8
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, very small, round. Located just east of the midpoint of a line connecting mag
7.1 SAO 110371 7' SSW and mag 8.6 SAO 110372 7' N. Forms a pair with NGC 844 10' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 831 = m 54 on 18 Nov 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, pS". His
position matches CGCG 413-049 = PGC 8241.
******************************
NGC 832
03 11 05.4 +35
23 12
See description
for NGC 1226. Here's the
description of the double star suggested by Harold Corwin as a candidate for
NGC 832:
17.5"
(11/1/97): faint double star mag 14/15 at 7" separation. Difficult to resolve cleanly at 220x in
mediocre seeing due to faintness of the north-northeast component. Easier to resolve at 280x. Although the identification as NGC 832
is not certain, this close double star could easily be mistaken as a small
nebulous object. Located 4.3' NE
of a mag 9.5-10 star. Also 2' SW is a wider, brighter pair of mag 13.5-14 stars
at 11" separation, which is much easier to resolve.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 832 on 17 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and noted (single observation) that a mag 9-10 star was 5'
southwest. There is nothing at his
position and no bright star is 5' southwest. But Corwin suggests this number may apply to a close double
star (7" separation) at 02 11 00.8 +35 32 29. This pair is 24 seconds following d'Arrest's position
(similar dec) and has a mag 9-10 star 4.3' southwest. RNGC misidentifies PGC 8280 as NGC 832. This extremely faint galaxy is 6.6'
west of d'Arrest's position and is certainly too faint to have picked up.
In an email on
26 Jul 2016, Harold Corwin found that if d'Arrest made a 1-hour transcription
error in RA his position is a good match (about 1' too far north) with NGC
1226. Furthermore, there is a mag
10.4 star 4.3' SW, matching d'Arrest's description. This identification seems likely as d'Arrest made several
similar 1-hour errors in RA: NGC 3167 (= NGC 2789), NGC 3575 (= NGC 3162), and
NGC 3760 (= NGC 3301).
******************************
NGC 833 = HCG
16B = Arp 318 NED2 = Arp 318:C1 = MCG -02-06-030 = LGG 049-002 = PGC 8225
02 09 20.8 -10
07 59
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 85d
18" (11/14/09):
fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~2:1 E-W, 55"x25",
contains a small bright core.
Forms a close pair with NGC 835 1' E in the striking HCG 16 quartet.
18"
(10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, 0.8'x0.3', sharply
concentrated with a very small bright core. First of four in HCG 16 and forms a close double with NGC
835 1' E. NGC 838 is nearly on a
line with the pair, 4.4' ESE of NGC 833.
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, small, edge-on ~E-W, bright core. Forms a very close pair with NGC 835
1.0' E of center in the HCG 16 with NGC 838 and NGC 839.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 833 = H II-482 = h199 = h2463, along with NGC 835, 838 and 839,
on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded the quartet as "Two, both faint,
both E and S within a minute of each other [NGC 833 & NGC 835], and not far
from the parallel. About 4 or 5'
south and about 2 seconds following are two more [NGC 838 & NGC 839], a
little fainter and smaller; bot also E and resembling each other, and the
situation not far from the meridian.
240 verified them all, so as to leave no doubt." Joseph Turner made a nice sketch of the
group using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_7.php
******************************
NGC 834 = UGC
1672 = MCG +06-05-099 = CGCG 522-128 = PGC 8352
02 11 01.4 +37
40 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 20d
17.5" (11/14/87):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 834 = H III-567 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and logged as
"vF, S, lE". His
position is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 835 = HCG
16A = Arp 318 NED1 = MCG -02-06-031 = LGG 049-003 = PGC 8228
02 09 24.6 -10
08 10
V = 12.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.3
18"
(11/14/09): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S,
~55"x35", sharply concentrated with a small intense core. Brightest in the striking HCG 16 group.
18"
(10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a
very bright small core. This
galaxy is the brightest member of HCG 16 (one of the best Hickson groups) and
the eastern member of a close pair with NGC 833 1' W. A mag 9.7 star lies 2.7' S and NGC 838 lies 3.5' E, roughly
on a line with NGC 833.
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, small, round, bright core. Brightest of four in the HCG 16 group
and forms a close pair with NGC 833 1.0' W. NGC 838 lies 3.4' E and NGC 839 5.3' SE. A mag 10 star lies 2.7' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 835 = H II-482 = h200 = h2464, along with NGC 833, 838 and 839,
on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479). See
description under NGC 833.
******************************
NGC 836 = ESO
544-017 = MCG -04-06-012 = PGC 8304
02 10 24.9 -22
03 18
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 110d
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is 2.3' ENE. NGC 837 lies 23' S and NGC 849 is 16'
SSW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 836 = LM II-325 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.3 min of RA east is ESO 544-017 =
PGC 8304. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 837 = ESO
478-010 = MCG -04-06-011 = PGC 8297
02 10 16.3 -22
25 52
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 12d
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, small, elongated 5:3 N-S, 0.5'x0.3', no
concentration. A mag 12 star is
1.1' N. Forms a pair with NGC 849
6.6' NNW. NGC 836 lies 23' N.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 837 = LM II-326 in 1886 and reported "mag 15.5,
0.8' dia, vE 0Ą, *10 1' N."
There is nothing at his position, but 1.1 min of RA east is ESO 478-010
= PGC 8297 and his description is an exact match with this galaxy. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 838 = HCG
16C = Arp 318 NED3 = Arp 318:C2 = MCG -02-06-033 = LGG 049-004 = PGC 8250
02 09 38.4 -10
08 47
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
18"
(11/14/09): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
40"x35", well concentrated with small high surface brightness
nucleus.
18" (10/21/06):
fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, small bright core, high surface
brightness. Located 3.5' ESE of
NGC 835 with NGC 838 just 2.5' SE.
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, slightly elongated, very small bright core, possible
stellar nucleus. Third of four in
HCG 16 and located 3.4' E of NGC 835.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 838 = H II-482 = h201 = h2465, along with NGC 833, 835 and 839,
on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479). See
description under NGC 833.
******************************
NGC 839 = HCG
16D = Arp 318 NED4 = Arp 318:C3 = MCG -02-06-034 = LGG 049-005 = PGC 8254
02 09 42.7 -10
11 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 85d
18"
(11/14/09): moderately bright, elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4', small bright
core. A faint star lies 1'
NW. Last in the HCG 16 quartet of
fairly bright NGC galaxies.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 7:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.3', fairly
weak concentration. A mag 14 star
lies 1' NW. Located 4' E of a mag
9.7 star and 5' SE of NGC 835 (brightest in HCG 16).
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, edge-on ~E-W, bright core. Last of four in HCG 16 and has a
similar appearance to NGC 833.
Located 2.5' SE of NGC 838.
A mag 10 star lies 4.2' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 839 = H II-482 = h202 = h2466, along with NGC 833, 835 and 838,
on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479). See
description under NGC 833.
******************************
NGC 840 = UGC
1664 = MCG +01-06-049 = CGCG 413-053 = PGC 8293
02 10 16.2 +07
50 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 73d
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, low almost even
surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 840 = m 55 on 2 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, vS". His
position matches UGC 1664 = PGC 8293.
******************************
NGC 841 = UGC
1676 = MCG +06-05-101 = CGCG 522-131 = V Zw 194 = LGG 051-002 = PGC 8372
02 11 17.4 +37
29 50
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, very
bright core, stellar nucleus. NGC
834 lies 11' NNW and UGC 1695 = (R)NGC 845 12' E. This galaxy is identified as NGC 841 in the RNGC, UGC, CGCG,
MCG.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 841 = H III-604 = St XIII-16 on 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 692) and
commented "vF, stellar, confirmed 240x." His position (reduced by Caroline Herschel and Arthur
Auwers) is just 4 seconds of RA west of UGC 1676 = PGC 8372. John Herschel
assumed his father's discovery was the same as his h204, and so he equated H
III-604 = h204 in the GC (501) and Dreyer equated H III-604 = h204 = GC 501 in
the entry for NGC 841.
douard Stephan
independently discovered NGC 841 on 24 Nov 1883 (he observed all 3 NGC galaxies
here) with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory and his position
matches UGC 1676. Dreyer
assumed this was new, so Stephan is credited with the discovery of NGC 841 in
the NGC instead of WH. Malcolm
Thomson discussed the identifications in Q. Jl R. astr. Soc. (1991), 32,
17-24. See Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 842 = MCG
-01-06-055 = PGC 8258
02 09 50.8 -07
45 45
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE in direction of a mag 13
star 1.5' SE, very small bright core, stellar nucleus. Third of three with NGC 830 12' W and
NGC 829 16' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 842 = h203 on 8 Jan 1831 and noted "vF; R; psbM;
12"." Herschel's
position is 2' N of MCG -01-06-055 = PGC 8258. Mrk 1023 is equated with NGC 842 in the PGC but Mrk 1023 is
a separate galaxy (PGC 1013430).
******************************
NGC 843
02 11 08.0 +32
05 52
=***, Carlson.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 843 on 16 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There are three mag
14.6-15.0 stars at his position with separations of 9"/9". In his first observation he states it
is possibly a planetary nebula, but on the second he resolved it at 226x. MCG misidentifies +06-05-098 as
NGC 843 although this galaxy is over 5 degrees north of d'Arrest's position.
******************************
NGC 844 = CGCG
413-052 = PGC 8291
02 10 14.3 +06
02 59
V = 15.0; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, extremely small, round. Located 5.3' WSW of mag 7.4 SAO 110383! Forms a pair with NGC 831 10' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 844 = m 56 on 18 Nov 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, S". Marth's
position is a good match with CGCG 413-052 = PGC 8291, although it is strange
he didn't mention the bright nearby star.
******************************
NGC 845 = UGC
1695 = MCG +06-05-104 = CGCG 522-135 = PGC 8438
02 12 19.8 +37
28 38
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 149d
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, small, thin edge-on NW-SE, weak concentration. Located 12' E of NGC 841. This identification of this galaxy with
NGC 845 is uncertain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 845 = h204 in Oct 1828 and logged "vF; irregular
figure." His position
corresponds with UGC 1695 = PGC 8438.
JH (and Heinrich d'Arrest) equated his father's H III-604 with h204, but
Harold Corwin concludes H III-604 applies to NGC 841 and that William missed
NGC 845. On the other hand,
Malcolm Thomson arrives at the conclusion NGC 845 = NGC 841 (see Q.J. R. astr.
Soc.(1991) 32,17-24).
douard Stephan
independently found the galaxy with the 31" silvered-glass reflector at
Marseille Observatory (added as an "anonymous" nebula in Esmiol's
1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions), and was not credited in the GC or
NGC. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 846 = NGC
847 = UGC 1688 = MCG +07-05-024 = CGCG 538-032 = PGC 8430
02 12 12.3 +44
34 07
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140d
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, weak concentration, almost round, in rich field. Located 4' NW of mag 9.2 SAO 37855 and
23' NW of 60 Andromedae (V = 4.8).
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 846 = St VIIIb-4 on 22 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, eS, R, gbM". His micrometric position matches UGC
1688. Lewis Swift found the galaxy
again on 30 Nov 1885 and reported it as new in list III-9 (later NGC 847). So, NGC 846 = NGC 847, with discovery
priority to Stephan.
******************************
NGC 847 = NGC
846 = UGC 1688 = MCG +07-05-024 = CGCG 538-032 = PGC 8430
02 12 12.3 +44
34 07
See observing
notes for NGC 846.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 847 = Sw III-9 on 30 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
and description "nearly between a pB star and 3 vF equal mag stars"
matches UGC 1688. This galaxy was
discovered earlier by douard Stephan (VIII-4, second list) on 22 Nov 1876 and
catalogued by Dreyer as NGC 846.
In AN 2992, Spitaler concluded NGC 846 = NGC 847 and this is mentioned
in the IC 1 notes. Since Stephan
made the original discovery, NGC 846 should be the primary designation. The
RNGC misidentifies a very close clump of stars (6' N of N846) as NGC 847. Listed in my RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 848 = MCG
-02-06-036 = Mrk 1026 = LGG 049-006 = PGC 8299
02 10 17.5 -10
19 16
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135d
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.2' NE. Located 17' SE of NGC 835 (HCG 16)
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, elongated NW-SE, bright core. A mag 11 star is just off the north
edge 1.2' from center. Member of
the Arp 318 group.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 848 = LM I-49 on 11 Dec 1885 and reported "mag 15.5, eS, E
325Ą, gbM, *10 north 1.0'." His position is 1 min of RA east of MCG
-02-06-036 = PGC 8299, and the description of the nearby bright star applies.
Swift independently found the galaxy again on 1 Nov 1886 and reported it
as new in list V-21. Swift's
position is 16 tsec too far east and Swift is also credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 849 = ESO
478-009 = PGC 8286
02 10 11.2 -22
19 23
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 117d
17.5"
(10/8/94): extremely faint, small, round, 15" diameter, very low even
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with NGC 837 6.6' SSE. NGC 836
lies 16' NNE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 849 = LM II-327 in 1886 with the 26" Clark
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 14.8, 0.5',
R, neb?". His position is
1.5' S of MCG -02-06-036 = PGC 8299.
Herbert Howe reported in 1899-00, "The object is as bright as a
star of mag 12, and appeared to me a trifle un-starlike. I could see nothing else which appeared
nebulous in the neighborhood.
******************************
NGC 850 = UGC
1679 = MCG +00-06-049 = CGCG 387-053 = PGC 8369
02 11 13.6 -01
29 08
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 85d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, small round, 0.8' diameter, evenly concentrated, faint
stellar nucleus. Collinear with a
mag 14 star 1.7' SE and a mag 13 star 3.4' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 850 = H III-259 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and logged "eF,
eS, irr F." His position is
22 tsec of RA following UGC 1679 = PGC 8369. NGC 863, the next object in the sweep is also 30 tsec too
large. Heinrich d'Arrest's
position (used in the NGC) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 851 = UGC
1680 = MCG +01-06-054 = CGCG 413-058 = Mrk 588 = PGC 8368
02 11 12.1 +03
46 46
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
24"
(1/25/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 or 2:1
NW-SE, ~30"x15", contains a small brighter core. A mag 14.7 star is at the NE edge
[23" from center]. Located
20' E of mag 6.8 HD 13285.
NGC 851 forms a
pair with IC 211 4.5' NNW. This
companion was faint, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, low surface
brightness and difficult to estimate diameter, increases in size with averted
but at least 1.0'x0.8', slightly brighter core.
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14.5 star is at the NE edge just
22" from center. Located 20'
E of mag 6.9 SAO 110378 20' W and 21' NNW of mag 6.7 SAO 110395.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 14 year-old son, discovered NGC 851 = Sw III-10 on 30 Nov 1885 with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
The Swifts' published position is 12 sec of RA following UGC 1680 = PGC
8368.
******************************
NGC 852 = ESO
153-026 = PGC 8195
02 08 55.5 -56
44 13
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 83d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint, fairly small, round,
35"-40" diameter. A star is superimposed at the northwest edge of the
galaxy [measured 18" from center].
At 397x contains a slight brighter nucleus and the halo has a slightly
irregular surface brightness. A
mag 10.5 str lies 9' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 852 = h2467 on 27 Oct 1834 and reported "pF, R, glbM,
40", resolvable." His
position corresponds with ESO 153-026 = PGC 8195.
******************************
NGC 853 = MCG
-02-06-038 = PGC 8397
02 11 41.2 -09
18 22
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 70d
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 1.5'x0.8'. Located midway between two mag 12 and
13 stars 1.8' NE and 1.7' SW.
Forms the vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 9.5 and 10.5
stars in the field 7' NW and 5' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 853 = H II-486 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and logged "F, S,
E". The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 854 = ESO
354-047 = MCG -06-05-038 = PGC 8388
02 11 30.7 -35
50 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/25/97): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated (PA uncertain), 0.8'
diameter. A mag 13.5-14 star
follows by 2.0'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 854 = h2468 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; lE in meridian;
50" l; gbM." On later
sweeps it was called "vF".
******************************
NGC 855 = UGC
1718 = MCG +05-06-016 = CGCG 504-035 = PGC 8557
02 14 03.7 +27
52 38
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 67d
17.5"
(11/27/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 2.0'x0.8',
bright middle, fainter extensions.
A mag 14.5 star is just 30" S. Located just north of the Aries border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 855 = H II-613 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and logged "F, S,
lE in parallel, bM." His
position is 0.2 tmin west of UGC 1718 = PGC 8557.
******************************
NGC 856 = NGC
859 = UGC 1713 = MCG +00-06-054 = CGCG 387-058 = PGC 8526
02 13 38.4 -00
43 02
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, round, 0.8' diameter, no concentration except for faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is
just off the east edge 1.0' from center.
NGC 863 lies 14' ESE.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 856 = Sw V-22 on 31 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; S; lE; F * close.". His position is just 6 tsec west and 1'
north of UGC 1713 = PGC 8526 and the faint star is 1' ENE. He had discovered this nebula 4 weeks
earlier (3 Oct), listing it as V-23 and logging "pF; pS; lbM; np of 2
[with NGC 863= NGC 866]. His
position was 14 seconds of time east of PGC 8526 but neither Swift nor Dreyer
(who later catalogued it as NGC 859) recognized these two entries referred to
the same object as the descriptions were pretty different. NGC 859 should take historical
precedence as it was discovered first but all modern catalogues label the
galaxy NGC 856. Dorothy Carlson
and Jack Sulentic (RNGC) both call NGC 859 nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 857 = ESO
415-006 = MCG -05-06-008 = PGC 8455
02 12 37.0 -31
56 42
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 92d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Sharp concentration with a very small
bright core surrounded by a very faint halo. A mag 13.5 star is 2.8' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 857 = h2469 on 18 Nov 1835 and logged "B, S, E, psmbM,
18"." His position
(also measured on the next sweep) matches ESO 415-006 = PGC 8455.
******************************
NGC 858 = ESO
478-013 = MCG -04-06-016 = PGC 8451
02 12 30.2 -22
28 17
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 79d
17.5"
(10/29/94): extremely faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, very low
surface brightness. Weak
concentration at the center.
Located 8.5' W of a mag 10 star.
A faint companion off the east side was not seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 858 = LM II-328 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.7 min of RA east and 1.7' south of ESO 478-013 = PGC
8451. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 859 = NGC
856 = UGC 1713 = MCG +00-06-054 = CGCG 387-058 = PGC 8526
02 13 38.4 -00
43 02
See observing
notes for NGC 856.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 859 = Sw V-23 on 3 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and found again by Swift on 31 Oct 1886 and listed as V-22 =
NGC 856. Herbert Howe reported he
was unable to find NGC 859 on a night he measured NGC 856. That's not unexpected as there is only
a single galaxy here and Swift's comment of "F* close" for NGC 856
applies to UGC 1713 = PGC 8526.
The two positions are close enough that it's surprising Swift didn't
notice the equivalence, although his descriptions are quite different. Since NGC 859 was discovered first,
this designation should take historical precedence, although the galaxy is
generally labeled as NGC 856.See Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 860 = CGCG
504-037 = V Zw 204 = PGC 8606
02 15 00.2 +30
46 44
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.3'
17.5"
(11/26/94): very faint, extremely small, round, 10"-15"
diameter. With direct vision the
small halo disappears and a tiny core with a stellar nucleus is visible. A mag 15 star lies 1.9' SSE. Located 9' ENE of mag 7.4 SAO 55373.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 860 = St VI-4 on 18 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged "*13 in F neb". His position matches CGCG 504-037 = PGC
8606.
******************************
NGC 861 = UGC
1737 = MCG +06-06-003 = CGCG 523-005 = PGC 8652
02 15 51.2 +35
54 48
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 38d
13.1"
(11/14/87): faint, very small, edge-on SW-NE. A mag 13 star is attached at the SW end 0.5' from center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 861 on 18 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 12 star
(double) was joined to the south and his single position is just off the
southwest side of UGC 1737 = PGC 8652.
******************************
NGC 862 = ESO
298-020 = MCG -07-05-012 = PGC 8487
02 13 03.0 -42
02 02
V = 12.8; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly faint to moderately bright, round,
0.5'-0.6' diameter, sharply concentrated with a very small bright nucleus. A mag 16 star is just off the west side
[30" W of center]. Located 8'
WNW of a mag 10.3 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 862 = h2470 on 5 Sep 1834 and logged "pF, vS, svmbM, like a
blurred star." On a second
sweep he noted "F, R, gbM, 30"." His mean position matches ESO
298-020 = PGC 8487.
******************************
NGC 863 = NGC
866 = NGC 885 = UGC 1727 = MCG +00-06-056 = Mrk 590 = PGC 8586
02 14 33.6 -00
46 00
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, very small, round, fairly concentrated, very small
bright core, stellar nucleus. NGC
856 is 14' WNW and NGC 868 21' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 863 = H III-260 = h205 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and noted
"vF or eF, vS, stellar, not so faint as the last [NGC 850]". There is nothing at his position, but
30 sec of RA west and 3' north is UGC 1727 = PGC 8586. JH measured an accurate position.
On 3 Oct 1856,
Lewis Swift recorded 3 galaxies: Sw V-23 = NGC 859, Sw V-24 = NGC 866 and Sw
V-25 = NGC 868. The second entry,
which reads "pF; pS; R; lbM; sf of 2", also fits UGC 1727, though
Swift's RA was 70 tsec too large (his dec is good). Then on 31 Oct 1886, Swift revisited the area and recorded
Sw V-27 = NGC 885 as "vF, vS, R, lbM". There is nothing at his position but Corwin suggests he may
have made a 5 tmin error in RA in which case this would be another
reobservation of NGC 863! If so,
then NGC 863 = NGC 866 = NGC 885, with NGC 863 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 864 = UGC
1736 = MCG +01-06-061 = CGCG 413-066 = PGC 8631
02 15 27.8 +06
00 09
V = 10.9; Size 4.7'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 20d
48"
(10/29/16): this striking two-armed barred spiral appeared bright, fairly
large, elongated 3:3 SW-NE, well concentrated with a bright core. The core extends into a weakly defined
bar WNW-ESE. A long thin spiral
arm is attached to the west end of the bar and it curls gradually
counter-clockwise to the south for nearly 90Ą, ending due south of the core
[separation 1.2']. A bright mag
10.7 star is superimposed on the east side [44" ESE of center]. The second spiral arm is not as easily
seen as it begins just inside (west) of the bright star, which detracts from
the view. This thin arm extends straight
north, roughly at a right angle to the bar and merges into the halo on the
northeast side. UGC 1775 = Arp 10
is 49' SE.
13.1"
(9/3/86): fairly faint, oval SSW-NNE, even surface brightness. A fairly bright mag 11 star is at the
following edge 43" ESE of the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 864 = H III-457 = h206 on 25 Oct 1785 (sweep 464) and noted
"vF, cL, vlbM, milky, preceding a bright star and the nebulosity joining
to it, but probably unconnected."
JH provided an accurate position and description.
******************************
NGC 865 = UGC
1747 = MCG +05-06-020 = CGCG 504-042 = PGC 8678
02 16 15.2 +28
35 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 158d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on NNW-SSE, bright middle. Located between a mag 11 star of the
SSE end and a mag 13.5 star off the north end.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 865 = St V-1 on 9 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF; eS; irregular." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 866 = NGC
863 = UGC 1727 = MCG +00-06-056 = Mrk 590 = NGC 885: = PGC 8586
02 14 33.6 -00
46 00
See observing
notes for NGC 863.
Lewis Swift
found Sw NGC 866 = Sw V-24 on 3 Oct 1886 and again on 31 Oct 1886 (NGC 885 = Sw
V-27) with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. There is nothing at his position, and
Herbert Howe reported he could not find NGC 866 in 1899-00. Swift's discovery positions for NGC 866
and 885 are similar in declination but differ by 4 minutes in RA.
In the case of
NGC 866, Swift's RA was 1 min of RA east of NGC 863 = UGC 1727, and NGC 885 is
5 min of RA east of NGC 863.
William Herschel (III-260) discovered this galaxy 100 years earlier and
it was catalogued as NGC 863. So,
NGC 863 = NGC 866 = NGC 885. There
are several cases where Swift recorded two observations of the same galaxy in
two different lists, including Sw V-23 = NGC 859 (3 Oct 1886) and Sw V-22 = NGC
856 (31 Oct 1886), which were found on the same two nights!
******************************
NGC 867 = NGC
875: = UGC 1760 = MCG +00-06-060 = CGCG 387-065 = PGC 8718
02 17 04.8 +01
14 39
See observing
notes for NGC 875. Possibly equal
to IC 225.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 867 = H III-2 on 21 Dec 1783 (the only nebula in his early sweep
#61). His complete description
reads "An almost invisible F neb, it is R and about 8 or 10"
diameter, being brighter in the centre than outwards. It can be seen when the glass if perfectly clean and the
attention confined to the object.
By two diagrams it is about 1.5Ą nf a star which was taken to be 69
Ceti, but obs was interrupted by clouds." There is nothing at Herschel's rough position and Bigourdan was
unable to find H III-2 on two attempts.
Heinrich d'Arrest suggested NGC 867 might be a duplicate of NGC 875 and
Dreyer noted this in the NGC entry for 875, although Herschel's position is a
poor match. Corwin also suggests
IC 225 as another possibility. See
his identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 868 = UGC
1748 = CGCG 387-063 = PGC 8659
02 15 58.5 -00
42 49
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 95d
17.5"
(12/4/93): very faint, very small, round, low smooth surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is 1.0' NE and a mag
11.5 star 3' NE. NGC 863 lies 21'
WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 868 = Sw V-25 on 3 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is a good match with UGC 1748 = PGC 8659, although other galaxies found that
night in the area have poor positions, which seems like an odd
coincidence. See Corwin's notes on
NGC 859 and 863.
******************************
NGC 869 = h Per
= Cr 24 = Double Cluster
02 19 04 +57 08
06
V = 4.6; Size 30'
17.5"
(10/25/97): this is the brighter and richer western member of the famous
"double cluster". Includes a mag 6.6 star near the center and a mag
6.7 star 2.5' NNE. Close following
the mag 6.6 star is a neat parabolic group of five stars opening towards the
star. On the west side of this
star is a rich group of ~20 stars mostly arranged in an incomplete ring. A faint curving string of stars from
the mag 6.7 star leads to the parabolic quintet. The 20' field at 220x has too many stars to count, but probably
has ~200 stars.
8": this is
the western component of the "double cluster". Very bright, large, about 30'
diameter. Very rich with about 100
stars resolved, includes several bright mag 6.5-7.0 stars in the center. Forms a pair with NGC 884 at edge of
100x field.
Naked-eye
(11/13/07): I noticed that the Double Cluster was clearly resolved into two
"clumps" naked-eye.
Hipparchus
(roughly 130 BC) was the first to catalogue the Double Cluster and Ptolemy
copied it into his Almagest "At the tip of the right hand [of Perseus] and
nebulous [or misty]."
Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1654) resolved the double cluster into
stars. WH found NGC 869 = H VI-33 on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 877) and recorded
"A very beautiful brilliant cluster of large stars, very rich. The place taken is the most compressed
part of it, which is not in the middle; the middle of it contains a
vacancy".
******************************
NGC 870 = MCG
+02-06-052 = PGC 8721
02 17 09.2 +14
31 23
V = 15.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
18" (1/15/07):
extremely faint and small, round, 12" diameter. Only glimpsed with averted as an extremely faint spot but
the detection was repeated several times with concentration and patience. Located 1.5' SSW of NGC 871 and just NE
of a mag 13 star off the SW side of NGC 871. At a redshift-based distance of ~755 million light years (z
= .057), this is one of the most distant galaxies in the NGC.
18"
(11/22/03): not found
17.5"
(12/18/89): not found
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 870 (along with NGC 876) on 22 Nov 1854 with Lord Rosse's
72" and commented "I am pretty sure of the existence of an eeF patch
of neby south [of NGC 871] and in line with its longer axis, but it needs
confirmation". This nebula is
shown on the sketch to the south of NGC 871 and marked as Beta.
******************************
NGC 871 = UGC
1759 = MCG +02-06-053 = CGCG 438-046 = PGC 8722
02 17 10.7 +14
32 52
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 4d
18"
(11/22/03): at 300x appears fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S. Irregular surface brightness and a
slightly asymmetric shape with the impression of a very faint star or knot at
the east edge. NGC 870, located
just 1.5' S, was not seen (but detected on 1/15/07).
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 N-S, weak concentration. A wide pair of mag 13.5 stars at
30" separation lies 2.5' SSW.
Located 5' NNW of mag 9 HD 14108.
Forms an interesting pair with NGC 877 12' E as both are elongated
systems with bright stars situated 5' SSE. The galaxies and the bright stars form a perfect
parallelogram with bases oriented exactly E-W.
8"
(1/1/84): very faint, small, even surface brightness. A mag 10 star is 4' SE and two mag 13.5 stars lie
south. Located 12' W of NGC 877.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 871 = H III-201 = h208, along with NGC 877, on 14 Oct 1784
(sweep 289) and noted "vF, vS, E.
South [the galaxy is 5' north] of pretty considerable star." George Johnstone Stoney, using LdR's
72" on 22 Nov 1854, recorded "E nearly n-s; a S but conspicuous star
closely follow centre, but not involved." This star is probably 16th mag. NGC 870 to the south was missed but confirmed in later
observations.
******************************
NGC 872 = ESO
544-032 = MCG -03-06-019 = PGC 8629
02 15 25.2 -17
46 51
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 174d
17.5"
(10/8/94): extremely faint but moderately large and almost requires averted
vision, low surface brightness, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8'. A mag 11 star is 3.1' NW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 872 = LM I-50 on 15 Oct 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest tmin of RA) is 0.8 tmin
following ESO 544-032 = PGC 8629 and the description "vE 0Ą [N-S]" matches. Corwin also examined two sketches made
by Leavenworth, all pointing to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 873 = MCG
-02-06-048 = PGC 8692
02 16 32.4 -11
20 56
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.2' diameter, broad
concentration with no distinct core.
A mag 11 star is 3.6' SW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 873 = H II-474 = h209 = h2471 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and
logged "pB, pL, lE, brightest in the middle." JH observed this galaxy both at Slough
and three times at the Cape.
******************************
NGC 874 = ESO
478-018 = MCG -04-06-019 = PGC 8663
02 16 02.0 -23
18 22
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 173d
17.5"
(10/25/97): threshold object barely glimpsed on a couple of occasions. Could not verify the observation with
certainty although the exact spot was examined using a GSC chart. Located 3' SSW of a mag 11 star. This
galaxy is incorrectly listed as nonexistent in RNGC and is not plotted on
U2000.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 874 = LM II-329 in 1886 with the 26" Leander McCormick
refractor and reported "mag 15.5 (nucleus), 0.3'x0.1' in PA 170Ą and
possibly a double star."
Additionally, he noted a mag 10 star is 2.8' in PA 320Ą (NW). His position is 8' N of ESO
478-018 = PGC 8663. This galaxy
has a PA of 173Ą, which is an excellent match though the nearby star is 2.9' NE
(not NW). ESO and RC3 correctly
identify NGC 874 = ESO 478-018.
Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick Observatory, II) could not find NGC 874
"in or near this place" and Dreyer repeated this in the IC I
notes. This is probably the reason
RNGC misclassifies NGC 874 as nonexistent and MCG does not label MCG -04-06-019
as NGC 874. See Corwin's NGC
identifications for more on this number.
******************************
NGC 875 = UGC
1760 = MCG +00-06-060 = CGCG 387-065 = NGC 867? = PGC 8718
02 17 04.8 +01
14 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 105d
24"
(1/25/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round, 25"
diameter, well concentrated with a small bright core that increases to a nearly
stellar nucleus.
NGC 875 forms a
pair with IC 218 2.4' NNE. The
companion (similar redshift) is very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1
WSW-ENE, 25"x8", low even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is close off the ENE edge
[35" ENE of center].
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, even symmetrical concentration down to small
bright core. Forms a pair with IC
218 2.4' NNE, though the companion was not seen with certainty.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 875 = Sw V-26 on 26 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. Lewis Swift
independently found it again on 7 Oct 1886 and recorded "eF; vS; R." Both of their positions match UGC 1760
= PGC 8718. WH may have originally
discovered this galaxy and catalogued it as H III-2 = NGC 867 (the identity was
suggested by d'Arrest), but this identification is uncertain due to a poor
position. See NGC 867.
******************************
NGC 876 = UGC
1766 = MCG +02-06-057 = PGC 8770
02 17 53.4 +14
31 16
V = 14.7; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/18/89): extremely faint, visible for moments with averted, very small,
almost round. A pair of mag 14.5
stars lie 1.5' S. Located just 2'
SW of NGC 877 and 4' NW of mag 8 SAO 92878.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 876 on 22 Nov 1854 with Lord Rosse's 72", during his
observation of h210 = NGC 877. He
noted this nebula as "sp [h210 = NGC 877] I suspect a vvF patch" and
labeled it on the sketch as
Delta. Copeland computed a
micrometric position on 15 Nov 1873.
The field of NGC 870, 871, 876 and 877 was observed at Birr Castle 14
times from 1850 to 1875.
******************************
NGC 877 = UGC
1768 = MCG +02-06-058 = CGCG 438-052 = PGC 8775
02 17 59.4 +14
32 40
V = 11.9; Size 2.4'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(12/18/89): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, broadly
concentrated halo. A mag 13.5 star
is at the SE end 1.1' from center.
Located 5' NNW of mag 8.0 HD 14192. Brightest in a group with NGC 876 2' SW and NGC 871 12' W.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, fairly small, even surface brightness. An extremely faint star is at the SSE
edge. A mag 9 star is 4' SE. NGC 871 lies 12' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 877 = H II-246 = h210, along with NGC 871, on 14 Oct 1784 (sweep
289) and recorded "F, pL, E, south of a considerable star [the galaxy is
5' north of the star]; the situation of these two is very similar with regard
to the star, and rather remarkable; the distance from the star about 4 or
5'." JH made the single
observation "pB; R: pgbM; a small * sf; dist 1' and a * 9m 5' dist nearly
s[outh], a little foll." R.J.
Mitchell, LdR's assistant on 3 Nov 1855, recorded "[NGC 877] has a * or
knot in p end, centre suspected resolvable; dark space running along southern
side of nucleus?" The
"dark space" is a gap between the core and a spiral arm and the
"* or knot in p end" appears to be an HII region.
******************************
NGC 878 = ESO
478-022 = MCG -04-06-021 = PGC 8771
02 17 54.3 -23
23 03
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 112d
17.5"
(12/28/94): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface
brightness. A mag 12.5 star is
3.0' ENE of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 878 = LM II-330 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 40 sec of RA west of ESO 478-022 = PGC 8771. Sherburne Burnham corrected the RA
(Publ of Lick Observatory, II) and Herbert Howe also measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory. MCG does not label
MCG -04-06-021 as NGC 878.
******************************
NGC 879 = PGC
8705
02 16 51.2 -08
57 50
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
18"
(1/15/07): extremely faint, fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter. Very low surface brightness and only
glimpsed at 220x. Once identified
I could repeatedly detect this dim galaxy with concentrated averted vision but
it was a difficult object.
18"
(11/6/04): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Required averted and concentration in
fairly poor seeing and just barely visible as a very low surface brightness spot.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 879 = LM II-331 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.0 tmin west is PGC 8705. Bigourdan was unable to find the
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 880 = PGC
8805
02 18 27.2 -04
12 20
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 26d
17.5"
(11/17/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 0.2' diameter. Located 7' SSE mag 8.5 SAO 129810 and
8' N mag 8.8 SAO 129813. RNGC
misidentifies 2MASX J02180039-0414300 as NGC 94.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 880 = LM II-332 in 1886 and reported "mag 15.8,
0.2' dia, R, sbMN." His
position matches PGC 8805. The
RNGC position is probably 24 tsec of RA too far west or possibly RNGC
misidentifies PGC 1060940 (closer to the RNGC position) as NGC 880.
******************************
NGC 881 = MCG
-01-06-089 = PGC 8822
02 18 45.2 -06
38 20
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.4'x1.0', broadly brighter
middle but no distinct core. A mag
12 star is 1.4' NNE. Located 5.3'
ESE of mag 8 SAO 129814. NGC 883
lies 11' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 881 = H II-436 = h211, along with NGC 883, on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep
436) and reported "F, pS, lE, south of 2 or 3 unequal stars." The
RNGC position is 3' too far north.
******************************
NGC 882 = UGC
1789 = MCG +03-06-052 = CGCG 462-001 = PGC 8874
02 19 39.8 +15
48 51
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 82d
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is 0.9'
SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 882 = h213 on 11 Jan 1831 and logged "eF; R; gbM; 12";
near a * 16m.". His position
is 1' N of MCG -01-06-089 = PGC 8822 and the faint star is to the SW.
******************************
NGC 883 = MCG
-01-06-090 = PGC 8841
02 19 05.2 -06
47 29
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, fairly high surface
brightness, increases to small bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 1.3' W and an uneven
mag 10/12 double star at 30" separation is located 3' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 883 = H II-436 = h215, along with NGC 881, on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep
436) and logged "F, pS, lE."
On one sweep JH called it "pB; R; gbM; 15"; a coarse D* in
field." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 884 = Chi
Per = Cr 25 = Double cluster
02 22 32 +57 08
36
V = 4.6; Size 30'
18"
(8/11/10): NGC 884 includes three rare M-type red supergiants including two mag
8/8.5 colored stars separated by 1.9' on the NE side of the cluster appearing
red and warm yellow (V403 and V439).
On the east side of the core of the cluster is the orange M-supergiant
RS Per.
17.5"
(10/25/97): the following group of the remarkable field of the "double
cluster" is not as large or bright as NGC 869, but is centered around two
wide triple stars. The central 5'
has up to 50 stars including a number of faint mag 14-15 stars forming a rich
background. Off the west end of
the central region is a long string of stars which heads NE for 10' towards 3
brighter stars and then turning south and heading back past mag 8 orange-red RS
Persei. The 20' field includes
~200 stars, although the field does include as many bright stars or as
compressed as NGC 869.
8": this is
the eastern component of the "double cluster". Very bright, large, very rich, ~20' diameter,
~60 stars, includes bright colored stars, many doubles.
Hipparchus
(roughly 130 BC) was the first to catalogue the Double Cluster and Ptolemy
copied it into his Almagest "At the tip of the right hand [of Perseus] and
nebulous [or misty]."
Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1654) resolved the double cluster into
stars. WH found NGC 884 = H VI-34
on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 877) and recorded "A very beautiful, brilliant
cluster of large stars irregularly round, very rich, near one-half degree in
diameter." John Herschel
noted (sweep 387) "a fine ruby star in the centre". The cluster was examined at Birr Castle
looking for colored stars and five red stars were noted and one with a bluish
tinge.
******************************
NGC 885 = NGC
863 = NGC 866 = UGC 1727 = MCG +00-06-056 = Mrk 590 = PGC 8586
02 14 33.6 -00
46 00
See observing
notes for NGC 863.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 885 = Sw V-27 on 31 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. There is
nothing near his position and Herbert Howe "searched for it on three
nights without success [using the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory]." Corwin
suggests Swift made another observation of NGC 863 -- he also recorded this
nebula (discovered 100 years previously by William Herschel ) earlier in the
month on 3 Oct 1886 and listed it as Sw V-24 = NGC 866. If NGC 885 = NGC 863, Swift's made a 5
min error (too far east) in RA.
So, NGC 885 = NGC 866 = NGC 863, with NGC 863 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 886 = Stock
6 = OCL 347
02 23 12 +63 46
42
Size 14'
17.5"
(8/5/97): the most noticeable grouping in this area is a 6' scattered group
which is arranged into a rough pentagon with a broad triangular
"roof" forming the west side.
Nearly all of the stars here form the border of this figure and it
visually appears to be an asterism. The brightest member is mag 8.5 SAO 12256
at the north vertex and a nice collinear triple star (with a close pair at
~10") marks the SW vertex.
Only a few mag 13 stars are in the interior of this figure. This object is plotted as Stock 6 on
the U2000.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 886 = h214 on 30 Oct 1829 and described "a coarse
straggling cl; not v rich; 10 or 12' dia.
Stars 9...13". The NGC
position is only 5' off from the scattered cluster Stock 6. RNGC labels this cluster as
"nonexistent" (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 887 = MCG
-03-07-001 = PGC 8868
02 19 32.6 -16
04 12
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, fairly small, round.
Unusual appearance as a mag 14 star is embedded in the NE end. Located between a mag 11 star 3.5' SE
and a mag 12 star 3.9' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 887 = H III-486 = h216 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and noted
"vF, vS, iF, better with 240 power". The NGC position less than 1' N of MCG -03-07-001 = PGC
8868.
George Stoney,
using LdR's 72" on 17 Sep 1852, recorded a "* in the edge, perhaps
cometary or like a snowdrop."
******************************
NGC 888 = ESO
115-002 = PGC 8743
02 17 27.3 -59
51 40
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 72d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): moderately bright, small, round, 30"
diameter, broad concentration to center but no defined zones. A star is just off the NW edge,
25" from center. One the east
side are two very faint stars. The
closest is at the edge of the halo, just 16" from center while the second
star is 35" NE of center. A
wide pair of mag 13 stars is centered 3.5' NNE. PGC 101153 (2MASX J02162596-5956270) was picked up 9' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 888 = h2473 on 6 Oct 1834 and logged "eF, S, R, has two
small stars very near it.". His position and description matches ESO
115-002 = PGC 8743.
******************************
NGC 889 = ESO
298-027 = MCG -07-05-016 = PGC 8843
02 19 07.0 -41
44 58
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): moderately bright, fairly small, round,
45" diameter, gradually increases to a small bright core and stellar
nucleus. Located 7' NW of mag 6.4
HD 14509. NGC 893 lies 23' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 889 = h2472 on 6 Oct 1834 and logged "eF, vS, R, psbM, has
a star 7th mag Sf and 6 other small stars intermediate". His position and description matches
ESO 298-027 = PGC 8843.
******************************
NGC 890 = UGC 1823
= MCG +05-06-030 = CGCG 504-064 = PGC 8997
02 22 01.0 +33
15 58
V = 11.2; Size 2.5'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/29/94): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
2.0'x1.0'. Sharply concentrated
with a prominent core containing a stellar nucleus. Using averted vision the faint extensions increase to 2'
length. A group of stars is off
the west side.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, wide double star mag 12/13 lies
3' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 890 = H II-225 = h217 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and noted
"F, vS, R." JH first
logged it as "pB; R; gbM; has 3 or 4 S st p[receding] in a
chain". The galaxy was also
observed 6 times at Birr Castle.
On 12 Oct 1855, R.J. Mitchell remarked "pL, oval major axis spnf,
sbM, probably a distant globular cluster." There are a couple of very faint stars around the periphery
and this may have given the impression of a distant globular.
******************************
NGC 891 = UGC
1831 = MCG +07-05-046 = CGCG 538-052 = PGC 9031
02 22 33.4 +42
21 03
V = 9.9; Size 13.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 22d
48"
(10/25/11): at 375x, the stunning edge-on NGC 891 was one of the top highlights
of the observing week with the 48".
The galaxy nearly filled the 16' field, stretching nearly 12' by 2'
SSW-NNE. A 17th magnitude star is
superimposed close to the NNE tip and a mag 16.5 star is near the SSW end. The brighter, bulging central region
extends 2.5' with a mag 12 star just north of the core on the west side. A similar star is superimposed on the
southern extension along with a few fainter stars. A very high contrast dust lane slices through most of the
galaxy except at the tips, where the galaxy fades out. I was surprised how broad the dust lane
appeared, particularly through the central section. Although the dust lane perfectly bisects the galaxy into two
symmetric halves, the edge of the lane was ragged and uneven.
MAC 0222+4222 =
ZOAG G140.39-17.38 was visible just off the east edge, 2.3' NNE of center and
collinear with two mag 12 and 13.3 stars off the west edge of the galaxy. It appeared as a very faint, elongated
glow, ~15"x6". Once
identified I could hold this galaxy nearly continuously with averted
vision. In addition, an extremely
compact anonymous galaxy is just 50" NW the center of NGC 891 and 40"
SE of the mag 13.3 star. It was
visible continuously at 375x and 488x as a faint glow, roughly 6"
diameter. Surprisingly this object
is not listed in NED, HyperLeda or SIMBAD, though it's probably no fainter than
mag 16.5.
18"
(8/26/06): the long, remarkable dust lane that bisects this galaxy was quite
contrasty with a scalloped appearance along the edges. Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
17.5"
(8/31/86): bright, extremely large, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, 10'x2'. A striking dust lane bisects the galaxy
and is most prominent through the bulging central region.
13"
(9/11/82): dust lane visible with averted.
8"
(11/28/81): fairly bright, large, edge-on, central bulge.
80mm (11/13/07):
I was surprised how evident the galaxy appeared at 25x in the 80mm finder.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 891 = H V-19 = h218 on 6 Oct 1783 and described "a
considerably bright nebula about 15' long and 3' broad; its length is divided
in the middle by a black division at least 3' or 4' long." On 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614), he logged
"cB, about 15' long and 2 or 3' broad, bM, nearly in the meridian, a
little from sp to nf." On 24
Oct 1786 (sweep 621), he swept it again as "cB, gbM, about 15' l and 3'
br, a black division in the middle in the direction of the length; at least 3
or 4' long." In the notes section of his first catalogue, WH mentions that
his sister Caroline found this object on 27 Aug 1783, but this is a typo and
she found NGC 205 = M110 on that date (sketched earlier by Messier). Admiral William Smyth repeated this
error in his Cycle of Celestial Objects (1844). WH also found two members of nearby Abell Galaxy Cluster 347
(NGC 898 and 910) on 17 Oct 1786.
He published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 12) as an illustration of
"nebulae that are remarkable for some particularity in figure or
brightness."
JH noted on
sweep 182 that it "has a chink or dark division in the middle and two
stars." He sketched the
galaxy and remarked "An extraordinary object. Perhaps the figure is too
nicely symmetrical as it certainly is too sharply defined. It is of the last degree of faintness
and may very well be though full in the field of view. There can hardly be a
doubt a thin flat ring of enormous dimensions seen very obliquely." The galaxy was also sketched at Birr
Castle in 1850-51 and Dreyer noted "I think the split is broader at one
end, and that the nebula is a little more sharply defined on the following
[Eastern] branch. The central part
is longer, but perhaps not so bright as on the preceding branch. A bifurcation suspected at south end by
Lord Rosse."
******************************
NGC 892 = ESO
478-026 = PGC 8926
02 20 52.0 -23
06 49
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/9/01): extremely faint, fairly small, low surface brightness, slightly
elongated, 0.6'x0.4'.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 892 = LM II-333 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.2 tmin west of ESO 478-026 = PGC 8926.
******************************
NGC 893 = ESO
298-029 = MCG -07-05-017 = PGC 8888
02 19 58.5 -41
24 11
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 115d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3
NW-SE, 1.2'x0.9', broad concentration to a small, brighter core. Located 3.2' WSW of mag 8.6 HD 14575.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 893 = h2474 on 23 Oct 1835 and logged "Not vF, R, pgbM,
35", has a star 9th mag following 4' distance." His position (two
sweeps) and description matches ESO 298-029 = PGC 8888.
******************************
NGC 894 = NGC
895 = MCG -01-07-002 = PGC 8974
02 21 33.7 -05
30 46
See observing
notes for NGC 895. NGC 894 is the
NW spiral arm.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 894 on 28 Nov 1856 using Lord Rosse's 72" and described a
"D neb, components unite a preceding end. The south one [NGC 895] is L, oval gbM, the n one [NGC 894]
is more elongated and fainter, also bM." But the observation by J.L.E. Dreyer on 14 Oct 1876 revealed
a single spiral with GC 530 = NGC 894 the brightest portion of a spiral arm:
"pF, L, seemed first to have 2 Nuclei preceding-following, the foll one
being the brighter, but it was soon seen that the preceding one is no Nucl, but
only the brightest part of a curved arm, convex sp, very soft. Sometimes I thought there was also some
condensed part f the Nucl; Lord Rosse thought there was some patch or neby s of
the nucleus [this probably refers to the southeastern spiral arm]. So, NGC 894 is the brightest part of
the northwestern spiral arm of NGC 895.
This was recognized by Curtis after being photographed with the Crossley
reflector at Lick Observatory (see 1918 Lick publication).
******************************
NGC 895 = MCG
-01-07-002 = PGC 8974
02 21 36.2 -05
31 14
V = 11.7; Size 3.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 65d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly bright, large, broadly concentrated halo, diffuse halo. A mag 14 star is off the following
edge, 2.0' ENE from the center and a mag 12 star is 4.7' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 895 = H II-438 = h219 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and commented
"pB, pL, irr figure, mbM."
On 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 456), he noted "F, vL, irr figure, r,
unequally bright." The
northwest spiral arm (discovered at Birr Castle) is catalogued separately as
NGC 894. See historical notes on
NGC 894.
******************************
NGC 896 = LBN
645? = Ced 6
02 25 31 +62 00
54
Size 27'x13'
18"
(10/13/07): NGC 896 and IC 1795 form a bright, detailed HII region at the NW
corner of the huge IC 1805 HII ring ("Heart Nebula"). This complex is split into three or 4
distinct sections by dust lanes.
The largest section is IC 1795, which extends mostly north of the mag
10.3 star TYC 4050-2597-1for ~8'.
To the west of the mag 10 star is a dust lane oriented NW-SE and beyond this lane to the west is
a small, moderately high surface brightness patch (NGC 896) of 2'
diameter. To the east of the star
is another broad dust lane extending N-S and following this lane is a fainter
wash of nebulosity that streams to the north for over 15' in length. It passes through mag 9 SAO 12287 and
just north of this star the nebulosity has a small, brighter patch. Initially, I thought the complex ended
here on the NE side, but then additional fainter nebulosity was noticed
spreading out to the west for several arc minutes increasing the total size to
15'-20' for both N-S and E-W directions.
17.5"
(11/27/92): at 100x with OIII filter this is a fairly bright emission nebula,
very large, about 20' diameter.
Elongated roughly E-W but consists of two distinct sections (NGC 896 and
IC 1795) which merge together. The
bright western portion = NGC 896 has a high surface brightness, round, ~7'
diameter and a star is off the NW edge.
A weak dark lane separates NGC 896 from faint IC 1795. The region is weakly nebulous without
filter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 896 = H III-695 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and recorded "eF,
pL, iF. Mem. The PD must be
reckoned inaccurate, the string having been touched since the last cluster was
taken."
NGC 896 is
generally taken as the brightest portion of the IC 1795 complex on the
southwest end (IC 1795/NGC 895 being the northwest portion of the huge
"Heart Nebula"). JH did
not make an observation to confirm the position. Corwin suggests that IC 1795 (found by Barnard) is a
separate knot in the same HII complex, though Wolfgang Steinicke equates NGC
896 with IC 1795.
******************************
NGC 897 = ESO
355-007 = MCG -06-06-003 = PGC 8944
02 21 06.5 -33
43 15
V = 11.8; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 17d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, 0.8' diameter, small bright core. A mag 11 star is 44" E of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 897 = h2475 on 19 Oct 1835 and logged "pB, S, R, psbM. Has
a star 10th mag exactly following in the parallel just at the edge or 35"
distant from centre." His
position and description is a perfect match with ESO 355-007 = PGC 8944.
******************************
NGC 898 = UGC
1842 = MCG +07-06-004 = CGCG 539-004 = PGC 9073
02 23 20.3 +41
57 05
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 170d
13.1"
(11/13/82): fairly faint, very elongated ~N-S. Located 10' SSW of mag 6.7 SAO 38002 within AGC 347. NGC 911 lies 19' E. Incorrect identification in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 898 = H III-570 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and logged "eF,
vS, lE.". There is nothing at
his position but 40 tsec west is UGC 1842 = PGC 9073. The RNGC misidentifies CGCG 538-060 as NGC 898. This is a fainter galaxy 8' ENE of NGC
898. The same sweep WH discovered
H III-571 = NGC 910.
******************************
NGC 899 = UGCA
26 = ESO 545-007 = MCG -04-06-030 = KTS 16A = PGC 8990
02 21 53.1 -20
49 24
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 116d
24"
(10/3/13): brightest (or highest surface brightness) in a trio (KTS 16) with IC
223 5' NNE and NGC 907 17' NE. At
375x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, irregular, ~0.9'x0.7'. A very faint extension was repeatedly
visible on the southeast end protruding towards the east. This asymmetry is confirmed on the DSS,
which reveals a chaotic system with knots. A wide pair of mag 13 stars is less
than 2' SW.
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.2'x1.0', only a weak concentration. An easy pair of mag 13 stars at
25" separation oriented WSW-ENE is located 1.5' WSW. Forms a pair with IC 223 5' NNE with
NGC 907 17' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 899 = h2476 on 13 Nov 1835 and reported "pB, lE, gbM,
resolvable, 30", has a coarse double star preceding." His position and description (the
coarse double is southwest) matches UGCA 26 = PGC 8990.
******************************
NGC 900 = UGC
1843 = MCG +04-06-020 = CGCG 483-023 = PGC 9079
02 23 32.2 +26
30 41
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/29/94): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, even concentration to a small
bright core and stellar nucleus.
Brighter of a close pair with NGC 901 2.8' NNE. Forms the east vertex of a
"cross" asterism with three mag 11-13 stars 2.8' NW, 3.1' SW and 4.5'
W. Almost collinear with a bright
wide pair of mag 9-10 stars at 32" separation located 7' S.
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, weak even concentration, small brighter
core. A mag 9.5 star is 7.5' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 900 = m 57 (along with NGC 901) on 5 Sep 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and logged "vF, vS, stellar". Marth's position matches UGC 1843 = PGC
9079. This galaxy is misidentified
as NGC 901 in the MCG (+04-06-020) and the position is 2' too far north.
******************************
NGC 901 =
2MASXJ02233408+2633252 = PGC 212967
02 23 34.1 +26
33 25
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(10/29/94): very faint, very small, round, 0.3' diameter, no
concentration. Can view with
direct view and hold continuously with averted vision. Located 2.8' NNE of NGC 900. Incorrectly listed as identical to NGC
900 in RNGC. Not listed in any of
the major catalogues!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 901 = m 58 (along with NGC 900) on 5 Sep 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and noted "eF, vS". His position is 3 sec of RA east and 3' N of NGC 900 (which
was placed accurately) and at this offset is PGC 212967. This faint galaxy is not listed in any
of the major galaxy catalogues based on the POSS. MCG misidentifies NGC 900 as NGC 901. The RNGC claims NGC 901is nonexistent
(identical to NGC 900).
******************************
NGC 902 = MCG
-03-07-005 = PGC 9021
02 22 21.8 -16
40 45
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5" (12/28/94):
extremely faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter, low surface brightness, no
concentration. A mag 13 star is
3.2' SSE of center. Located 10' S
of mag 7.8 SAO 148358. Appears fainter than listed V = 13.7.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 902 = LM II-334 on 28 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 1' S of MCG -03-07-005 = PGC 9021.
******************************
NGC 903 = PGC
9097 = PGC 212969
02 24 00.9 +27
21 23
Size
0.7'x0.4'; PA = 175d
17.5"
(1/20/90): extremely faint, very small, glimpsed for moments. Located 1.5' NW of NGC 904. First in a group of 6 galaxies. This is probably the faintest galaxy
(LEDA gives 16.4B) discovered by Stephan with the 31.5-inch silver-on-glass
reflector at Marseille.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 903 = St XIII-17 (along with NGC 904) on 13 Dec 1884 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, eS,
R". His position matches PGC
9097, located 1.5' NW of NGC 904. This may be the faintest galaxy discovered by
Stephan! NGC 903 is mentioned in
the UGC notes as a companion to NGC 904 but it is not identified as NGC 903.
******************************
NGC 904 = UGC
1852 = MCG +04-06-024 = CGCG 483-028 = PGC 9112
02 24 05.6 +27
20 33
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 130d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, elongated NW-SE, smooth surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
903 1.5' NW. Second of six in a
group.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 904 = St XIII-18 (along with NGC 903 = St XIII-17) on 13 Dec
1884 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory and reported
"vF, vS, R, lbM". His position matches UGC 1852 = PGC 9112.
******************************
NGC 905 = PGC
9038
02 22 43.5 -08
43 08
V = 15.7; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(10/13/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 15"-20"
diameter. Requires averted and
concentration to glimpse (in fairly poor seeing). Located 4.4' S of a mag 10 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 905 = LM II-334 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.7 tmin of RA east of PGC 9038. An 11th magnitude star is 23 tsec west,
matching Leavenworth's notes "*9, p[recedes] 20 s[ec]", so the
identification is certain.
Sherburne Burnham searched for this object with the 36" refractor
(Publ of Lick Observatory, II) and found "what seemed to be an exceedingly
faint patch of luminous light" although he did not measure a position.
******************************
NGC 906 = UGC
1868 = MCG +07-06-012 = CGCG 539-014 = PGC 9188
02 25 16.2 +42
05 24
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.9
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, small, round.
Located in the core of AGC 347 with NGC 909 3.5' S.
13.1"
(11/13/82): faint, furthest north in the string of galaxies.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 906 = St X-5 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eeF, irregular oval; dia = 45
arcsec". His position matches
UGC 1868 = PGC 9188. Except for
NGC 898 and NGC 923 (discovered by WH), Stephan discovered all the NGC galaxies
in the cluster on the same night.
******************************
NGC 907 = UGCA
28 = ESO 545-010 = MCG -04-06-034 = KTS 16C = PGC 9054
02 23 01.9 -20
42 43
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 81d
24"
(10/3/13): moderately to fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
1.5'x0.5'. Irregular surface
brightness and clearly brighter on the east side. Third in the KTS 16 triplet with IC 223 14' WSW and NGC 899
17' SW.
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.8'x0.6',
broad weak concentration. IC 223
lies 14' WSW and NGC 899 16' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 907 = H III-224 = h2477 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 303) and noted
"vF, S, irr R". JH
described the galaxy from the Cape as "F, E in parallel; glbM, 20"
long."
******************************
NGC 908 = ESO
545-011 = MCG -04-06-035 = UGCA 29 = PGC 9057
02 23 04.8 -21
14 04
V = 10.2; Size 6.0'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly bright, large, elongated 4.5'x2.0' WSW-ENE. The brighter middle has an irregular
surface brightness and a faint star or knot is just west of the geometric
center [this is probably the nucleus].
A mag 14 star is just south of the following end. Four mag 11-12.5 stars lie 3' to 5' N
and form a trapezoid with parallel bases oriented E-W.
8": fairly
bright, large, elongated E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 908 = H I-153 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 596) and noted "cB, vL,
E from sp to nf, I believe above 15' long; but the ends are very
faint." His position (CH's
reduction) is accurate. JH made no observations of this galaxy either from
Slough or the Cape. The NGC
position matches UGCA 29 = PGC 9057.
******************************
NGC 909 = UGC
1872 = MCG +07-06-013 = CGCG 539-016 = PGC 9197
02 25 22.8 +42
02 08
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, very small, round, compact. Located 4' ENE of a mag 9.5 star. Forms a pair with NGC 906 in the core of AGC 347.
13.1"
(11/13/82): faint, just south of NGC 906.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 909 = St X-6 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and reported "eF, vS, stellar nucl". His position matches UGC 1872 = PGC
9197.
******************************
NGC 910 = UGC
1875 = MCG +07-06-014 = CGCG 539-017 = PGC 9201
02 25 26.8 +41
49 26
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.7
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly bright, small, round.
Located in the core of AGC 347 with NGC 911 8.5' NNE and NGC 913 3.5'
ESE.
13.1"
(11/13/82): fairly faint, similar brightness to NGC 911 in the core of AGC 347.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 910 = H III-571 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and recorded
"eF, stellar, not verified."
His position (Auwer's reduction) is accurate. The same sweep he discovered NGC 898.
******************************
NGC 911 = UGC
1878 = MCG +07-06-016 = CGCG 539-021 = PGC 9221
02 25 42.3 +41
57 23
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. Located 2.1' S of mag 9.2 SAO 38019. Member of AGC 347 with NGC 910 8.4'
SSW.
13.1"
(11/13/87): fairly faint, just south of a 9th magnitude star.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 911 = St X-7 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, R, gbM". His position matches UGC 1878 = PGC
9221. Except for NGC 898 and 923
(discovered by WH), Stephan discovered all the NGC galaxies in the cluster on
this night.
******************************
NGC 912 = MCG
+07-06-015 = CGCG 539-020 = PGC 9222
02 25 42.7 +41
46 38
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3
13.1"
(10/20/84): extremely faint and small, round. Forms a close pair with NGC 913 1.3' N. Located 4' ESE of NGC 910 in the core
of AGC 347.
13.1"
(11/13/82): extremely faint, very small, round.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 912 = St X-8 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and noted "F, vS, R, bM". His position matches CGCG 539-020. Except for NGC 898 and NGC 923
(discovered by WH), Stephan discovered
all other NGC galaxies in the cluster on the same night.
******************************
NGC 913 = PGC
9230
02 25 44.6 +41
47 57
V = 15.0; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 24d
13.1"
(10/20/84): extremely faint and small, round. Located 3.5' ESE of NGC 910 in the core of AGC 347. Forms a close pair with NGC 912 1.3' S.
13.1"
(11/13/82): extremely faint and requires averted to glimpse, nonstellar knot.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 913 = St X-9 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and noted "eeF, eS, lbM". His position matches PGC 9230 (not in
UGC, MCG or CGCG). Except for NGC
898 and NGC 923 (discovered by WH), Stephan discovered all the NGC galaxies in the cluster on
the same night.
******************************
NGC 914 = UGC
1887 = MCG +07-06-017 = CGCG 539-023 = PGC 9253
02 26 05.1 +42
08 39
V = 13.0; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 117d
13.1"
(11/5/83): very faint, fairly small, diffuse, almost round. Located at the NE corner of the core of
AGC 347.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 914 = St X-10 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, diffuse, 1' dia". His position matches UGC 1887 = PGC
9253.
******************************
NGC 915 = MCG
+04-06-033 = CGCG 483-041 = PGC 9232
02 25 45.6 +27
13 16
V = 13.9; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, round, very small bright core. First of three and forms a close pair
with NGC 916 1.4' NNE. Also third
of six in a larger group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 915 = m 59 (along with m 60 = NGC 916 and m 61 = NGC 919) on 5
Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged "eF, vS,
stellar". His position is 1'
S of CGCG 483-041 = PGC 9232.
******************************
NGC 916 = MCG
+04-06-034 = CGCG 483-043 = PGC 9245
02 25 47.6 +27
14 33
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 5d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, round, very small bright core. Second of three and appears similar to
NGC 915 just 1' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 916 = m 60 (along with NGC 915 and NGC 919) on 5 Sep 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted "eF". His position is 1' S of CGCG 483-043 = PGC 9245.
******************************
NGC 917 = UGC
1890 = MCG +05-06-039 = CGCG 504-079 = PGC 9258
02 26 07.7 +31
54 44
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 55d
24"
(2/5/13): at 375x appeared moderately bright, moderately large, oval 5:3 SW-NE,
1.0'x0.6', weak concentration to a bright oval core. Just north of a group of
mag 12-13 stars and 2' N of mag 8.2 SAO 55553. UGC 1856 (very faint superthin!) lies 27' SW.
17.5"
(10/5/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.5',
broad concentration to a brighter core.
Located 2.0' N of a mag 8 star and 18' NW of mag 5.6 11 Trianguli. Several mag 13/14 stars in a curving
chain are just south. This galaxy
is identified as UGC 1890 in most sources. See Corwin's comments.
17.5"
(8/5/97): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, 1.5'x0.8', broad
concentration with large slightly brighter core. Located close north of a semi-circular group of stars and
just 2.0' NNW of mag 8.2 SAO 55553.
The identification of this galaxy with NGC 917 is uncertain and this
number is listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 917 = h220 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF, S, R, forms a
semicircle with 4 st." There
is nothing at Herschel's position.
Dreyer looked for h220 on 5 Nov 1874 at Birr Castle and noted "no
nebulosity seen, only 3 st about 18-20 mag close together nearly in a line
pf" (these stars are visible on the DSS). In the NGC notes, Dreyer adds: "h220. No neb, only a vs, Cl with 4 st nr np
(2 Birr obs, 1874-76, not found by d'Arrest)." Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 917 = UGC 1890.
This galaxy is situated exactly 20' S of Herschel's position and there
are several stars just south that form a slightly curving arc. Corwin also checked the sweep and found
a diagram matching the nearby stars and nebula (UGC 1890) nearly
perfectly. So, JH must have made a
clerical error in recording or transfering the position or simply misread the
NPD on his telescope. Archinal and Hynes (Star Clusters) misidentify an
asterism near JH's original position as NGC 917. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 918 = UGC
1888 = MCG +03-07-011 = CGCG 462-011 = PGC 9236
02 25 50.6 +18
29 49
V = 12.2; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 158d
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, fairly large, almost round, very low surface brightness, weak
concentration. A mag 15 star is
involved near the northwest edge.
Located 3' NNW of a mag 10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 918 = h221 on 11 Jan 1831 and logged "pF; L; R; 60";
np a *10 m, dist 3'." His
position and description matches UGC 1888 = PGC 9236. This galaxy was observed 4 times at Birr Castle. On 30 Nov 1856, R.J. Mitchell recorded
"vvF, pL, R. A * easily see
in or near the centre, 2 others not so certain involved north of center."
******************************
NGC 919 = UGC
1894 = MCG +04-06-039 = CGCG 483-049 = PGC 9267
02 26 16.7 +27
12 43
V = 14.5; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 138d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, small, elongated NNW-SSE. Third of three with the NGC 915/NGC 916 pair 7' W and fifth
of six in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 919 = m 61 (along with NGC 915 and NGC 916) on 5 Sep 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted "eF". His position matches UGC 1894 = PGC 9267.
******************************
NGC 920 = IC
1799 = UGC 1943 = MCG +08-05-012 = CGCG 553-014 = PGC 9432
02 28 45.9 +45
58 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 34d
17.5"
(8/5/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, broad concentration
to a brighter core. A mag 14 star
is at the west edge . Viewed after
glimpsing UGC 1920 (the galaxy taken to be NGC 920), which is 9.5' W.
UGC 1920 (listed
as NGC 920 in all modern sources) appeared extremely faint, moderately large,
~1.5' diameter, very low surface brightness, required averted vision to
glimpse. This roundish
unconcentrated glow is situated within a group of stars including a mag 11 star
1.6' WSW and mag 13 stars 1' NW and 1' SE. I would not have noticed this object without averted vision
and knowing the exact location using a printed finder chart. Located 9.5' W of much brighter NGC 920
= IC 1799 and 15' WNW of NGC 933.
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.4', broad
concentration to a fairly bright core and occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is very close west and a
mag 12 star (unequal double) is 1.4' NNW.
Located in a rich star field 11' WSW of a mag 7 SAO 38067. Brighter of a pair with NGC 933 6.6'
ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 920 = Sw II-20, along with NGC 933, on 11 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His description reads
"eF, eS, R; 1 or 2 eF * close; e diff." and his position is 16 sec of
RA west and 1.5' north of UGC 1920 = PGC 9377, the galaxy which has always been
taken as NGC 920. I wrote the
following note in Jan 2014 to Harold Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke after I
realized that NGC 920 probably refers to IC 1799, a brighter galaxy 10' ENE:
"Swift's
position in list II-20 is also 70 tsec due west of IC 1799 = UGC 1943, and an
excellent match in declination (given Swift's general accuracy). So, IC 1799 is
only off in RA from Swift's position. His description mentions "1 or 2 eF*
nr", which could apply to either galaxy, but UGC 1920 also has brighter
nearby stars that to me would be mentioned. More importantly, though, IC 1799 is a more prominent galaxy
than UGC 1920. In fact I probably would have missed UGC 1920 (the halo is very
low surface brightness) in my 18-inch if I wasn't looking in the right place.
IC 1799, on the other hand, was immediately noticed in the field, and has a
much higher surface brightness. So, I'm suggesting NGC 920 = IC 1799 = UGC
1943."
Wolfgang
Steinicke responded that his copy of Swift's paper came from Max Wolf's library
in Heidelberg, and has "The '0' (of 20) is struck through and a '1' is
noted to the right of the digit." Therefore Wolf also suspected a 1 minute
error in Swift's RA. Corwin notes
that once 1 tmin of RA is added to Swift's RA, this leaves only a
"difference in RA of only -10 seconds in RA and just -7 arcseconds in Dec
-- negligible, in the face of Swift's usual errors."
Guillaume
Bigourdan independently discovered this galaxy on 28 Jan 1891, measured an
accurate position, and it was catalogued as Big. 251 (later IC 1799). All major catalogues, as well as NED,
HyperLeda and SIMBAD, identify this galaxy as IC 1799. This leaves UGC 1920, the galaxy always
assumed to be NGC 920, without a NGC or IC designation.
******************************
NGC 921 = MCG
-03-07-015 = PGC 9287
02 26 33.5 -15
50 51
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 81d
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.6'. A mag 13 star is 1.2' SE of center.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 921 = LM I-51 on 6 Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. There
is nothing at his position but 1.3 min of RA east is MCG -03-07-015 = PGC 9287,
and given the rough positions (nearest minute of RA), this is the likely
object. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 922 = ESO
478-028 = MCG -04-06-037 = AM 0222-250 = UGCA 30 = PGC 9172
02 25 04.7 -24
47 17
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, slightly elongated N-S, 1.2'x1.0', weak
concentration, stellar nucleus with direct vision. A mag 12 star is 2' NNW.
8"
(1/1/84): fairly faint, even surface brightness, slightly elongated N-S. A mag 12.5 star is 2' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 922 = H III-239 = h2478 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 321) and logged
"vF, S, near 1' diameter or more". JH recorded the galaxy from the
Cape of Good Hope on 20 Oct 1835 and noted "pB; R; gpmbM; 60 arcsec".
******************************
NGC 923 = UGC
1915 = MCG +07-06-022 = CGCG 539-030 = PGC 9355
02 27 34.6 +41
58 40
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 95d
18"
(11/26/03): faint or fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. Located 2.4' SSW of
a mag 9 star. Second of three on a
line with fainter MCG +07-06-023 1.8' NNE and MCG +07-06-21 2.8' SSW in AGC
347.
13"
(11/5/83): very faint, very small.
Located just 2.4' SSW of mag 9 SAO 38041, which interferes with
viewing. Member of AGC 347.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 923 = St X-11 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, S, R, weak
concentration". His position
matches UGC 1915 = PGC 9355.
******************************
NGC 924 = UGC
1912 = MCG +03-07-012 = CGCG 462-012 = PGC 9302
02 26 46.8 +23
09 12
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 53d
24"
(1/1/16): at 375x; moderately bright, oval SW-NE, 45"x30", sharply
concentrated with a small bright core and quasi-stellar nucleus. The outer halo has a low surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with CGCG 462-013 2.1' NE. This
physical companion appeared extremely faint, low surface brightness, ~15"
diameter.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, broadly concentrated
halo, distinct stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 924 = H III-474 on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 481) and logged "eF,
vS, iR, confirmed at 240 power." His position (Auwer's reduction) is a
close match with UGC 1912 = PGC 9302.
******************************
NGC 925 = UGC
1913 = MCG +05-06-045 = CGCG 504-085 = PGC 9332
02 27 17.0 +33
34 43
V = 10.1; Size 10.5'x5.9'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 102d
24"
(1/25/14): on this observation I used 375x and focused on the HII regions in
the spiral arms of NGC 925. [HK83]
120/121 is an extremely faint, very small HII knot on the west end of NGC 925,
3.2' from center. This HII complex is near the end of the southern spiral arm,
though I couldn't trace the arm itself as far this knot and a mag 14 star lies
0.9' SSE. [HK83] 44 is barely
detached off the east end of the central bar and appeared as a very faint
6" knot. A second fainter and
even smaller knot, [HK83] 46/49, was occasionally seen ~20" WNW, right at
the tip of the bar. [HK83] 42 is another faint, 6" knot along the southern
arm, 1.5' SE of center. The
location was pinpointed just north of the midpoint of two mag 13.5/14.5 stars
oriented E-W at 1.6' separation.
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly bright, large, about 5' diameter although the halo is
irregular. The core appears as a
bright bar running through the center and elongated WNW-ESE with a fainter halo
north and south of the bar. The bar is moderately concentrated and has a mottled
texture. There is a strong
impression of very faint extensions or arms that begin to hook north on the WNW
end and south on the ESE ends of the bar.
An extremely faint knot is just visible off the west side 3.3' from the
center. This knot is an HII complex and association near the edge of a spiral
arm and is catalogued as #120 in Hodge-Kennicutt's 1983 "An Atlas of H II
regions in 125 galaxies".
Several stars are near; a mag 10.5 star lies 3.4' S of center, two mag
12 stars are just north of the core 1.0' and 1.5' from the center and a wide
pair of mag 12.5 star are 5' W.
Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, fairly large, diffuse, irregular, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, even
surface brightness. A mag 10 star
is 3.5' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 925 = H III-177 = h222 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and reported
"vF, cL, iR, r, 2 or 3' diameter." Bindon Stoney, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 14 Sep 1850,
recorded "3' by 50", rather F dash of light; a conspicuous star nf
the middle outside edge". The
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 926 = UGC
1901 = MCG +00-07-011 = CGCG 388-014 = PGC 9256
02 26 06.6 -00
19 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 36d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.6, diffuse
unconcentrated glow. A mag 13 star
is 2.5' SSW. Located 7' N of a mag
9.5 star. NGC 934 lies 22' ENE. R Ceti (7.2-14) is 7' N.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 926 = T I-9 = Sw. V-28 in 1876 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory. He noted a 1' diameter. Tempel's position is
3' S of UGC 1901 = PGC 9256. This galaxy was independently found by Lewis
Swift on 3 Oct 1886 with his 16" refractor. In the errata to his 6th
list, Swift noted his V-28 was identical to GC 5236 [NGC 926].
******************************
NGC 927 = UGC
1908 = MCG +02-07-009 = CGCG 439-009 = Mrk 593 = PGC 9292
02 26 37.3 +12
09 19
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, pretty smooth low surface brightness. Located 10' NW of mag 9.1 SAO 92955.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 927 = Sw III-11 on 18 Jan 1885 with the 27-inch Grubb refractor
at the Vienna University Observatory and reported it in AN 2732. This is the only NGC object to be
discovered with this large refractor.
Lewis Swift independently discovered the galaxy later that year on 2 Dec
1885 with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. Swift's position is just 6 tsec east of
UGC 1908 = PGC 9292.
******************************
NGC 928 = MCG
+04-06-050 = CGCG 483-060 = PGC 9368
02 27 41.0 +27
13 15
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Sixth in a group including NGC 903, NGC
904, NGC 915, NGC 916, NGC 919.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 928 = m 62 on 5 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, vS, stellar".
His position matches CGCG 483-060 = PGC 9368.
******************************
NGC 929 = MCG
-02-07-009 = PGC 9334
02 27 18.3 -12
05 12
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 170d
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, fairly small, low surface brightness, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE. Located 3.3' SW of mag
8.5 SAO 148396.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 929 = LM II-335 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.3, 0.6'x0.2' in PA 170Ą,
precedes *8.5 3.8' PA 15Ą."
There is nothing at his position but 0.8 min of RA east is MCG
-02-07-009 = PGC 9334 and his description is fits. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 930
02 27 54 +20 21
=Not found,
Gottlieb and Corwin.
Ralph Copeland,
an observing assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 930 on 26 October 1872
with the 72". While observing NGC 932 (GC 543) he noted a second object
close nearby, which he described as "F, S, iR, vgbM" and offset from
NGC 930 by 60" in PA 314.3 deg (NW) or 3.1" p and 42" N. This nova was not mentioned in the
subsequent three observations of NGC 930 in 1872, 1873 and 1876 but Dreyer
added it to the GC Supplement (5238), repeating Copeland's description.
I carefully
examined the POSS print of the field and the only object near the offset is a
mag 12.4 star (GSC 1221-478).
There is a small reddish condensation with dimensions about 10"
diameter at the northeast edge of the galaxy and Karl Reinmuth took this as NGC
930 ("eF, vS, R, vgvvlbM; 0.6' nf att NGC 932."). But neither the separation nor the
direction is a good match. So, NGC 930 is nonexistent.
The RNGC mixes
up the identifications and lists the main galaxy as NGC 930 and calls NGC 932
non-existent. Since Herschel was
definitely the first to observe this galaxy, H II-489 = GC 543 = NGC 932 should
apply and the data listed in the RNGC under NGC 930 should be transferred to
NGC 932. UGC and CGCG equate the numbers
NGC 930 = NGC 932, but the galaxy should be identified as NGC 932 only, since
Copeland was clearly referring to something different. Listed in RNGC Corrections #4.
******************************
NGC 931 = UGC
1935 = MCG +05-06-049 = CGCG 504-089 = Mrk 1040 = PGC 9399
02 28 14.5 +31
18 41
V = 12.8; Size 3.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 73d
24"
(11/24/14): at 200x and 375x; moderately bright and large, thin edge-on 5:1
WSW-ENE, 1.5'x0.3', brighter core, sharp stellar nucleus. LEDA 212995, a very close (physical)
companion, is at the north edge just 18" from center. At 375x, it appeared as an extremely
faint and small glow, ~6" diameter.
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
1.5'x0.5', broad concentration, faint stellar nucleus. Several brighter stars are in the field
including a pair of mag 10 stars 6' NW and 10' N. NGC 940 lies 25' NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 931 on 26 Sep 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (mean of
2 observations) is on the east edge of UGC 1935 = PGC 9399.
******************************
NGC 932 = (R)NGC
930 = UGC 1931 = MCG +03-07-014 = CGCG 462-014 = PGC 9379
02 27 54.7 +20
19 57
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(1/1/16): fairly faint/moderately bright, round, 40" diameter, small bright
core. A mag 14 star is 50" SE
and a mag 12.4 star is 1.7' NW.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A very faint 15th magnitude "star" (emission knot)
is involved at the NE end. A mag
14 star is 1' ESE. NGC 938 lies
10' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 932 = H II-489 on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 481) and noted "F, S,
lE, 3 stars visible in it, but they seem not to belong to it." His position is 2' north of UGC 1931 =
PGC 9379. This galaxy is
misidentified as NGC 930 in RNGC, MCG and RC3 (as well as secondary sources
such as Megastar). UGC and CGCG
equate the numbers NGC 930 = NGC 932, but only NGC 932 should apply. See notes for NGC 930.
******************************
NGC 933 = UGC
1956 = MCG +08-05-013 = CGCG 553-016 = PGC 9465
02 29 17.5 +45
54 41
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 35d
17.5"
(11/26/94): faint, small, round, 0.8' diameter, weak concentration but no
well-defined core. A mag 15 star
is 30" N. Located 8.8' SW of
mag 7 SAO 38067. Forms a pair with
IC 1799 6.6' NW. This galaxy makes
a right angle with IC 1799 to the NW and the bright star NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 933 = Sw II-21 on 11 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory, on the same night he found Sw II-20 = NGC 920. His position is accurate (as opposed to
NGC 920) and matches UGC 1956 = PGC 9465.
******************************
NGC 934 = UGC
1926 = MCG +00-07-016 = CGCG 388-017 = PGC 9352
02 27 32.9 -00
14 41
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, very small, round, small concentrated core 15"
diameter, stellar nucleus. Located
13' W of mag 8.5 SAO 129923. NGC
926 lies 22' WSW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 934 = T I-10 in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and described as "very small and faint. 5" dia = tiny planetary
nebula". His position matches
UGC 1926 = PGC 9352.
******************************
NGC 935 = Arp
276 NED1 = VV 238a = UGC 1937 = MCG +03-07-015 = CGCG 462-016 = PGC 9388
02 28 11.2 +19
35 56
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE. A mag 14 star is superimposed. Located 1.2' NE of a mag 10 star. Forms a double system with IC 1801 off
the southeast end. IC 1801
appeared very faint, very small, elongated SW-NE, low surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 935 = Sw II-22 on 18 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 4 sec of RA east of PGC 9388 (part of Arp 276). He mentions the bright star close west
though the description implies the galaxy precedes the star. I'm surprised that
Swift missed IC 1801 at the SE end.
******************************
NGC 936 = UGC
1929 = MCG +00-07-017 = CGCG 388-018 = PGC 9359
02 27 37.5 -01
09 19
V = 10.1; Size 4.7'x4.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
17.5"
(12/4/93): bright, fairly large, very bright core 30"x20" elongated
E-W (bar), core increases to almost stellar nucleus. The much larger fainter halo extends up to 3.0'x1.5'. Three mag 9 stars lie N; mag 8.7 SAO
129912 8' NNW, mag 9 SAO 12911 12' NNW, mag 9.5 12' N. Forms a wide pair with NGC 941 12.5' E.
8"
(1/1/84): bright, moderately large, very bright core, oval NW-SE. Forms a pair with NGC 941 12' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 936 = H IV-23 = h223, along with NGC 941, on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep
351) and logged "cB, a very bright nucleus with a chevelure of 3 or 4'
diameter." He placed this
nebula in the fourth class, which included planetary nebulae as well as stars
with burs, with milky chevelure, with short rays, remarkable shapes, etc. The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 937 = UGC
1961 = MCG +07-06-024 = CGCG 539-032 = PGC 9480
02 29 28.0 +42
14 57
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 117d
17.5"
(11/26/94): very faint, very small glow either surrounding a bright stellar
nucleus or a mag 13 star is superimposed at the center. Located within a group of about a dozen
faint stars in a 4' diameter with a single brighter mag 11 star at the SW side
2.3' from NGC 937. Unusual
appearance as the galaxy appears set in a very faint cluster. Located on the east side of AGC 347
with NGC 946 15' E.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 937 = St XIII-19 (along with NGC 946 = St XIII-20) on 12 Dec
1884 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His description reads "vF* with
slight neb" and his position matches UGC 1961 = PGC 9480.
******************************
NGC 938 = UGC
1947 = MCG +03-07-017 = CGCG 462-017 = PGC 9423
02 28 33.5 +20
17 01
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
24"
(1/1/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W,
35"x27", small bright core.
A mag 15 star is at or just off the southeast edge [35" from
center]. NGC 930 is 10' WNW.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, broad concentration,
small faint halo. NGC 932 lies 10'
WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 938 on 30 Dec 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) matches UGC 1947 = PGC 9423.
******************************
NGC 939 = ESO
246-011 = MCG -07-06-004 = LGG 062-001 = PGC 9271
02 26 21.3 -44
26 46
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly
small, round, 35"-40" diameter.
Well concentrated with a relatively large bright core. A mag 10.5 star lies 5.4' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 939 = h2479 on 18 Oct 1835 and noted "eF, S, vlbM, 20
arcsec." His position matches ESO 246-011 = PGC 9271.
******************************
NGC 940 = NGC
952 = UGC 1964 = MCG +05-06-050 = CGCG 504-095 = PGC 9478
02 29 27.5 +31
38 27
V = 12.4; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/23/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, prominent small bright
core, stellar nucleus, high surface brightness. NGC 931 lies 25' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 940 = Sw III-12 on 26 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen. He called
it round, small with a mag 13 stellar nucleus. His position (3 measures) is accurate. Lewis Swift independently found the
galaxy on 7 Nov 1885 and recorded "vF; eS; R; BM; 5239 [NGC 931] nr; v
diff." NGC 952, found by
Stephan in 1871, is a duplicate number.
******************************
NGC 941 = UGC
1954 = MCG +00-07-022 = CGCG 388-023 = PGC 9414
02 28 27.8 -01
09 05
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, elongated 4:3 N-S, 2.0'x1.5'. Appears to have a slightly brighter bar
within a diffuse halo. Forms a
pair with NGC 936 12.5' W.
8":
extremely faint, very small.
Located 12' E of NGC 936.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 941 = H III-261 = h224, along with NGC 936, on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep
351) and logged "vF, cL. It
will just go into the field with the last [NGC 936]." Dreyer, using the 72" at Birr
Castle on 22 Oct 1876, recorded "vF, vL, iR, or perhaps lE ns? No stars near it".
******************************
NGC 942 = Arp
309 NED2 = VV 217b = MCG -02-07-018 = Holm 59a = PGC 9458
02 29 10.3 -10
50 10
V = 11.4; Size 3.4'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
24"
(12/22/14): NGC 942 is the slightly brighter and southern component of a close
double system with NGC 943. At
375x it appeared moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3'. Well concentrated with a very small,
very bright core and stellar nucleus.
NGC 943 is just 30" SSE (between centers) and within a common halo.
IC 230
(discovered by S.W. Burnham in 1891) lies 5.5' due west and appeared faint to
fairly faint, small, round, 12"-15" diameter. Easily seen despite a mag 15.7B.
17.5" (12/4/93):
this is the slightly brighter southern member of a double system with NGC
943. Appears faint, very small,
round. Increases to a small
brighter core and faint stellar nucleus.
NGC 943 is just 30" N and both galaxies appear immersed in a common
halo. NGC 950 lies 12' S.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 942 = LM I-53, along with NGC 943, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. He described both as a "nebulous double star?" His rough position is a close match
with MCG -02-07-018 = PGC 9458, the southeastern member of the pair. Herbert
Howe measured accurate positions for the pair in 1897 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory as well as Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick
Observatory, II).
Recently Yann
Pothier found the original discovery of NGC 942 and 943 was made by LdR
assistant Ralph Copeland on 31 Jul 1872.
He recorded "Double in position 159.0Ą, distance of nuclei =
40".4; both are R; psbM but the np is slightly larger than the other. Position of a 12m * from the brighter
of the nebulae = 286.4Ą, distance = 139.3". But Copeland assumed he was observing NGC 945, discovered by
William Herschel, and furthermore provided no coordinates or reference for
Dreyer to compute a position.
******************************
NGC 943 = Arp
309 NED1 = VV 217a = MCG -02-07-019 = Holm 59b = PGC 9457
02 29 09.6 -10
49 40
V = 11.4; Size 3.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 15d
24"
(12/22/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
18"x15", very small brighter nucleus. NGC 943 is the southern component of a 30" double
system with NGC 942. The halos of
the two galaxies are merged. IC
230 lies 5.5' W.
17.5"
(12/4/93): this is the northern member of a contact pair with NGC 942. Faint, very small, weak concentration. The center of NGC 942 is just 30"
S within a common halo. NGC 950
lies 12' S.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 943 = LM I-54, along with NGC 942, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and described both as a
"nebulous double star?"
His rough position is a close match with MCG -02-07-019 = PGC 9457, the
northwestern member of the pair.
Herbert Howe measured accurate positions for the pair in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory as well as Sherburne Burnham (Publ
of Lick Observatory, II). RC 2
reverses the identifications.
Ralph Copeland first discovered this galaxy, along with NGC 942, on 31
Oct 1872, but mistakenly assumed he was observing NGC 945. See NGC 942 for more.
******************************
NGC 944 = IC 228
= MCG -03-07-016 = PGC 9300
02 26 41.6 -14
30 57
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint small streak, elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.7'x0.2'. A mag 14 star is 2.3' E of center. Two bright stars are following: mag 9
SAO 148394 4.3' ENE and mag 9.3 SAO 148395 7.2' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 944 = LM I-55 on 1 Jan 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.4',
vE 0Ą, sbN like a double star."
There is nothing at his rough position but 1.5 min of RA west is MCG
-03-07-016 = PGC 9300 and Corwin verified Leavenworth's discovery sketch
matches PGC 9300. Stephane Javelle
found this galaxy again on 7 Dec 1891, assumed it was new and catalogued it in
list 1-85 (later IC 228). So, NGC
944 = IC 228, with NGC 944 the primary designation. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position for NGC 944 in
1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the
IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 945 = MCG
-02-07-013 = Holm 58a = LGG 063-001 = PGC 9426
02 28 37.3 -10
32 21
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak
concentration to a small core. A
mag 14 star is off the SE side 1.4' from center. Located 5' N of mag 8.5 SAO 148906. Forms a pair with much fainter NGC 948
2.5' NE. Brightest in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 945 = H II-487 = h225 = h2480 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and
recorded "F, cL, iF, lbM".
Herschel missed the companion NGC 948. JH observed NGC 945 from Slough and at the Cape, though he
also missed NGC 948. His Cape
observation from 9 Dec 1835 reads "eF, L, R, glbM, 2'." Francis Leavenworth (list I-56)
probably independently found the galaxy again in 1886 at the Leander McCormick
Observatory.
******************************
NGC 946 = UGC
1979 = MCG +07-06-026 = CGCG 539-034 = PGC 9556
02 30 38.5 +42
13 57
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.6', sharp
concentration with a small, round bright core and stellar nucleus. Forms the southern vertex of a
quadrilateral with three mag 11 stars between 2.5' and 3' separation NNW, NNE
and NE. NGC 937 lies 15' W. Located at the east edge of galaxy
cluster AGC 347.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 946 = St XIII-20 (along with NGC 937 = St XIII-19) on 12 Dec
1884 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory and recorded
"F, S, R, glbM". His
position matches UGC 1979 = PGC 9556.
******************************
NGC 947 = ESO
545-021 = MCG -03-07-022 = PGC 9420
02 28 33.2 -19
02 32
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.6'x0.8', broad weak
concentration. A mag 11 star is
3.1' NW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 947 = h2481 on 10 Nov 1835 and reported "pB, E, gbM,
50" long, 35" broad." His position is a good match with ESO
545-021 = PGC 9420.
******************************
NGC 948 = MCG
-02-07-015 = Holm 58b = LGG 063-002 = PGC 9431
02 28 45.4 -10
30 49
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/4/93): very faint, very small, slightly elongated halo has a very low
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with much brighter and larger NGC 945 2.5' SW.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 948 = Sw V-29 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the Warner
Observatory and logged a "D neb with GC 547 [NGC 945]...". Swift's
position is about 15 tsec of RA east of MCG -02-07-015.
Ormond Stone
perhaps discovered this galaxy before 12 Oct 1886. The nebula in Leander McCormick list I-56 is a close match
with NGC 948, though there is no mention of brighter NGC 945, so I'm not
certain of the identification. NGC
945 and 948 were observed and measured by Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick
Observatory, II) but his RA is too far west. Herbert Howe measured accurate positions for the pair in
1897 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 949 = UGC
1983 = MCG +06-06-048 = CGCG 523-053 = PGC 9566
02 30 48.8 +37 08
12
V = 11.8; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, fainter outer
halo extends dimensions to 2.0'x0.8', broad concentration, no distinct core but
brighter along major axis. A mag
14 star is at the SE tip. Located
in a fairly rich star field.
Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration. Located 30' E of a mag 7 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 949 = H I-154 = h226 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and logged
(summary description) "cB, pL, E np to sf, vgmbM, 3' long, 2' broad."
On 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 692) he recorded "cB, vgbM, lE, about 3' long and 3'
broad." The galaxy was
observed 5 times at Birr Castle.
On 16 Oct 1855, R.J. Mitchell recorded "Oval, no Nucl, light pretty
equable, major axis np-sf, clearly resolvable. I can at moments see some of its stars. B* at the south edge".
******************************
NGC 950 = MCG
-02-07-021 = PGC 9461
02 29 11.7 -11
01 30
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
24"
(12/22/14): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter, fairly
low even surface brightness.
Collinear with two mag 13/14.5 stars to the southwest. Forms a pair with MCG -02-07-020 = PGC
9454 2.1' due west. The companion
(B = 15.5) appeared very faint to faint, small, 18"x12", can just
hold continuously. An uncatalogued double star at ~6" separation lies 5.7'
NW. NGC 942/943, a double system,
lies 12' N.
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, small, round, unconcentrated with a low surface
brightness. A wide pair of mag
13/14 stars with separation 37" are 2' SW. Located 5.1' NNW of mag 8.3 SAO 148415. The double system NGC 942/NGC 943 lies
12' N.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 950 = LM I-57 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His (rough)
position matches MCG -02-07-021 = PGC 9461.
******************************
NGC 951 = ESO
479-008 = MCG -04-07-001 = PGC 9442
02 28 56.9 -22
20 55
V = 14.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 48d
17.5"
(11/17/01): extremely faint, small, round, 0.4'. The faint glow requires averted and has a low surface brightness with no
noticeable core. Situated at
midpoint between two mag 11.5 stars 3' NW and 3' SE. Forms a close pair with MCG -04-07-002 2' S (not seen).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 951 = LM II-336 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 16.3, 0.4' dia, E 0Ą
[N-S], double star?"."
His position is just 1.5' S of ESO 479-008 = MCG -04-07-001 = PGC 9442
and his PA = 0Ą matches the central bar.
******************************
NGC 952 = NGC
940 = UGC 1964 = MCG +05-06-050 = CGCG 504-095 = PGC 9478
02 29 27.5 +34
45
V = 12.4; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 20d
See observing
notes for NGC 940.
douard Stephan
found NGC 952 = St III-6 on 14 December 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. There is
nothing at Stephan's usually accurate position and Corwin initially concluded
that Stephan must have misidentified his offset star (given as 4713
Lalande). Bigourdan was unable to
recover the object and Corwin was also unsuccessful in using offsets from
different nearby comparison stars.
But Emmanuel
Esmiol, an assistant at Marseille Observatory, lists a different offset star
(HD 15866) in his 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions. The corrected position matches NGC 940,
discovered by d'Arrest in 1865. In
fact, Esmiol calls this object NGC 940, instead of NGC 952 in his table. In any case, NGC 952 = NGC 940.
******************************
NGC 953 = UGC
1991 = MCG +05-07-001 = CGCG 505-001 = PGC 9586
02 31 09.8 +29
35 19
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.5'
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, gradually increases to small brighter
core. A mag 12-13 star is 1.3' W
of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 953 = St III-7 on 26 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen. He noted
the star 5.5 seconds preceding (1.3' W) and measured an accurate position (3
measures). douard Stephan
independently discovered this galaxy on 11 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector
at the Marseille Observatory.
******************************
NGC 954 = ESO
299-004 = MCG -07-06-006 = LGG 062-006 = PGC 9438
02 28 51.6 -41
24 10
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 19d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2
or 5:3 SSW-NNE, ~1.25'x0.8'.
Broadly concentrated with slightly brighter core region. Mag 9.4 HD 15612 lies 7.6' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 954 = h2482 on 5 Sep 1834 and logged "F, pL, lE, has a star
8th mag 3' distant S.f." His
position (measured on 4 sweeps) and description (the star is 3.5' SE) matches
ESO 299-004 = PGC 9438.
******************************
NGC 955 = UGC
1986 = MCG +00-07-027A = CGCG 388-029 = PGC 9549
02 30 33.3 -01
06 31
V = 12.0; Size 2.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 19d
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.4', fairly bright
elongated core. A mag 12 star is
2.5' SE. Located 25' W of 75 Ceti
(V = 5.4).
8"
(11/28/81): very faint, small, elongated SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 955 = H II-278 = h229 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and noted
"pB, S, E." JH also
observed this galaxy on 2 sweeps.
Both Herschels' positions match UGC 1986, so there's no doubt about the
identification. Dreyer mentions
this object in the NGC Notes section as a possible variable nebula because it
was easily seen by Schnfeld in 1863, 1864 and 1868, August Winnecke and
Heinrich d'Arrest, but was not found by Vogel in 1865 nor Schnfeld in
1861. Sherburne Burnham (Publ of
Lick Observatory, II) observed and measured the object without difficulty. Winnecke wrote a paper in 1878 that
claimed NGC 955 showed a "periodic variability". Wolfgang Steinicke discusses this
variability in his book on the NGC (p519).
******************************
NGC 956 = Cr 27
= OCL-377 = Lund 80
02 32 31 +44 35
36
V = 8.9; Size 8'
17.5"
(11/26/94): 15 stars mag 12-14 and two mag 9 stars in a 5'x2' group, very
elongated N-S. The two mag 9 stars
bracket the group at the north (mag 8.9 SAO 38098) and south ends. Not rich but stands out reasonably well
at low power as the stars form a rough curving "S" asterism. Two additional mag 9/10 stars are 3'
and 5' W of SAO 38098 but do not appear part of the cluster. The classification of this group as a
true cluster is doubtful.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 956 = h228 on 23 Dec 1831 and described a "p rich cl; 2 or
3 B and about 20 st 13...15m; a star 9th mag taken" His position is 1' SW of a mag 9.3
star.
******************************
NGC 957 = Cr 28
= OCL-362 = Lund 84
02 33 19 +57 34
12
V = 7.6; Size 11'
17.5"
(10/25/97): moderately rich cluster, ~9'x4' in size and oriented ~E-W. Includes a mag 8 star (HD 15621) on the
SW side and a mag 8/10 pair (h2143) on the SE end at 24" separation. About three dozen stars are fairly
evenly distributed within this elongated cluster. There are few faint close double stars along the NE side and
the bright double has a couple of much fainter companions. A mag 7.5 star is off the west side of
the cluster but appears completely detached.
8": 30
stars in cluster, fairly large, moderately rich, elongated ~E-W, unresolved
haze. A bright wide double star mag 8/10 at 23" is on the SE edge. Bracketed by fairly bright stars to the
east and west. Located 1Ą NE of
the Double Cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 957 = h227 on 9 Dec 1831 and noted "a p rich, pL, cl; st
13...15; not compressed at the centre.
Figure an irregular parallelogram."
******************************
NGC 958 = MCG
-01-07-019 = PGC 9560
02 30 42.7 -02
56 22
V = 12.1; Size 2.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/17/01): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 ~N-S, 2.5'x1.0'. Contains a brighter, bulging core and
appears brighter along a thinner "bar" (the major axis). A similar comment was made in the
12/4/93 observation. MCG
-01-07-016 lies 24' SW.
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.6'x0.8'. Appears brighter along the major
axis. The brighter core has an
occasional sparkle or bright spot.
A mag 13.5 star lies 2.0' N of center.
8": faint,
small, elongated 2:1 N-S, slightly brighter along the major axis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 958 = H II-237 = h230 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and recorded
"faint, extended about 2' long in the direction of the
meridian". Bindon Stoney, using
Lord Rosse's 72" on 24 Nov 1851, commented the "brightest part near
preceding edge; E nnf-ssp; double star north, to which nebula does not
reach."
******************************
NGC 959 = UGC
2002 = MCG +06-06-051 = CGCG 523-055 = PGC 9665
02 32 24.0 +35
29 41
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, fairly large, weak concentration, slightly
elongated WSW-ENE. Located 13' S
of mag 7.6 SAO 55638 and 39' S of 14 Trianguli (V = 5.2). Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 959 = St VIIIb-5 on 9 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2002 = PGC 9665.
******************************
NGC 960 = MCG
-02-07-028 = PGC 9621
02 31 41.2 -09
18 01
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 125d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, very small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, only 25"x10", very
small bright core. Located 5.6'
ENE of a mag 10.5 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 960 = LM II-337 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15.5, 0.2' dia, R, neb?;
*9 south-preceding 30 sec."
His position is 30 sec west of MCG -02-07-028 = PGC 9621. I'm surprised he listed this galaxy as
round, though a mag 12 star is 5.7' SW (Leavenworth calls it mag 9) or 22 sec
preceding in RA.
******************************
NGC 961 = NGC
1051 = MCG -01-07-033 = UGCA 40 = IC 249 = PGC 10172
02 41 02.4 -06
56 09
See observing
notes for NGC 1051.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 961 = LM II-338 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and reported "1.5'x1.0', E 230Ą, *10 at
end." There is nothing at
Stone's position but Harold Corwin found that if Stone made a 10 min
(transcription?) error in RA, then NGC 961 is a duplicate of NGC 1051 = PGC
10172 (discovered by douard Stephan) .
The declinations are similar and Stone's description applies perfectly
to NGC 1051. So NGC 961 = NGC 1051
= IC 249 (another duplicate observation by Javelle), with NGC 1051 the primary
designation. NGC 961 is classified
as nonexistent in RNGC and NGC 961 is not included in the aliases of NGC 1051
in HyperLeda.
******************************
NGC 962 = UGC
2013 = MCG +05-07-004 = CGCG 505-003 = PGC 9682
02 32 39.9 +28
04 12
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.2'; PA = 170d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 N-S, broad
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
Located 6' W of a mag 9 star.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 962 = St III-8 on 13 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, S, grad incr to the
center." His position matches
UGC 2013 = PGC 9682.
******************************
NGC 963 = IC
1808 = MCG -01-07-017 = PGC 9545
02 30 31.0 -04
12 59
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, small, round, weak concentration but no distinct core. Located just north of the midpoint of
the line connecting two mag 13/14 stars 2' SE and 2' WNW. Incorrect identification in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 963 = LM II-339 in 1886 with the 26-inch refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.3 min of RA east (a common error)
is MCG -01-07-017 = PGC 9545.
Stephane Javelle independently discovered this galaxy (list 3-929) on 14
Dec 1903, measured an accurate position and Dreyer catalogued it again as IC
1808. So, NGC 963 = IC 1808, with discovery priority to Leavenworth. RNGC appears to misidentify PGC 1066010
as NGC 963, though the position is 9' S of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 964 = IC
1814 = ESO 355-024 = MCG -06-06-010 = PGC 9582
02 31 05.8 -36
02 06
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 31d
17.5"
(10/25/97): fairly faint, moderately large, nearly edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE,
1.4'x0.4', brighter core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 964 = h2483 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "B, pmE, psbM,
30" long; position 215.7 degrees." His position (measured on 4 observations) and description
matches ESO 355-024 = PGC 9582.
Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 22 Dec 1897 while observing from
Echo Mountain in southern California, and recorded Sw XI-40 as "pB; pS;
vE." His RA was 40 seconds
too small and Swift and Dreyer didn't connect Sw. XI-40 with NGC 964, so it was
catalogued again as IC 1814. See
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 965 = ESO
545-032 = MCG -03-07-031 = PGC 9666
02 32 24.9 -18
38 24
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/28/94): extremely faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, no concentration,
requires averted vision. A mag 12
star is 3.4' SSE of center.
Located 11' SSE of mag 9.5 SAO 148446 at the edge of the 225x field.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 965 = LM I-58 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His (rough)
position is a fairly good match with ESO 545-032 = PGC 9666.
******************************
NGC 966 = ESO
545-030 = MCG -03-07-029 = PGC 9626
02 31 46.7 -19
53 05
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 112d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, very small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak even
concentration. Located 40"
NNE of a mag 9.5 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 966 = LM II-340 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.3 tmin east of ESO 545-030
= PGC 9626, a relatively good match.
His notes mention a "*9, 2' sp", though the separation is only
40". Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 967 = ESO
545-031 = MCG -03-07-030 = PGC 9654
02 32 12.7 -17
13 01
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 33d
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, gradually
brightens but no distinct core. An
occasional stellar nucleus is visible.
Located 6.0' E of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 967 = h2484 on 10 Nov 1835 and noted "pF, S, R, pgmbM,
25"." The following October he called it "eF, irregularly round,
lbM." His position matches
ESO 545-031 = PGC 9654.
WH made an
unpublished observation on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459), recording "a patch
apparently nebulous; but may be only a few stars." His re-reduced position is 4.5' due
south of this galaxy. He didn't
return on a later sweep to verify this observation so it didn't receive an
internal number or H-designation.
******************************
NGC 968 = UGC
2040 = MCG +06-06-056 = CGCG 523-061 = PGC 9779
02 34 06.2 +34
28 48
V = 12.2; Size 3.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 60d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration, stellar
nucleus. Located 10' NE of mag 7.6
SAO 55659 and 15' ESE of mag 5.8
SAO 55650.
douard Stephan discovered
NGC 968 = St X-12 on 5 Dec 1879 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory and logged "pF, pS, R, incr to a bright core". Stephan's position matches UGC 2040 =
PGC 9779.
******************************
NGC 969 = UGC
2039 = MCG +05-07-008 = CGCG 505-010 = PGC 9781
02 34 08.0 +32
56 50
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
18"
(1/26/11): at 285x appeared moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
N-S, 1.0'x0.5', sharp concentration with a small, very bright core. In a tight trio with NGC 970 2' NNE and
NGC 974 3.8' E. Also nearby is
CGCG 505-008 7.4' NE and NGC 978 10' SE (a dozen total are within 35'). A mag 14 star is just off the SE side
of the halo, 0.9' from the center.
Located 3.4' SSW of a mag 10 star.
17.5"
(12/4/93): first of five in the NGC 978 group. Fairly faint, small, round, sharp concentration. A mag 14 star is just 0.9' S. Located 3.4' SSW of a mag 9.5 star in a
rich star field. NGC 974 lies 3.8'
E, NGC 970 2' NNE and NGC 978 10' SE, all in the same field.
13"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, small, small bright nucleus, slightly elongated
N-S. In a trio with NGC 974 3.9' E
and NGC 978 11' SE. NGC 970 2' NE
not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 969 = h231 (along with NGC 974 = h233 and NGC 978 = h234) on 22
Nov 1827 and reported "S; R; psbM.
The first of 3.". His
position matches UGC 2039 = PGC 9781.
******************************
NGC 970 = MCG
+05-07-009 = PGC 9786
02 34 11.8 +32
58 38
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 55d
18"
(1/26/11): faintest in a trio with NGC 969 2' SSW and NGC 974 3.3' SE. At 285x appeared extremely faint, very
small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 15"x10". Located 1.5' S of a mag 10 star. Two mag 14 stars lie 1.3' NW and 1.7' NE. NGC 971 is a 15.5 magnitude star 0.9'
E.
17.5"
(12/4/93): extremely faint, very small, round. Located near the midpoint and just east of the line
connecting a mag 9.5 star 1.5' N and NGC 969 2' SSW. A mag 14.5 star is 1.3' WNW. This is a double system (unresolved). NGC 971 is a single 15th magnitude star
1' E. Member of the NGC 978 group
with NGC 974 3.3' ESE and NGC 978 10' SE.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 970 on 14 Sep 1850 while observing the NGC 978
group. This galaxy is labeled
"Gamma" on the sketch of 11 Oct 1850 and the micrometric offset from
NGC 969 matches, though it was seen as single. The listed dimensions apply to the double system.
******************************
NGC 971
02 34 16.0 +32
58 47
18"
(1/26/11): at 285x an extremely faint mag 15.5 star (mistaken as a nebula at
Birr Castle) situated 0.9' due east of NGC 970. It's sandwiched between NGC 970 and a mag 14 star 0.9'
NE. Also lies 1.6' SE of a mag 10
star.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 971, along with NGC 970, on 14 Sep 1850 while
observing NGC 969 and 974. The
offsets measured on 11 Oct 1850 point precisely to a mag 15-15.5 star situated
56" east of NGC 970. The RNGC
misidentifies the northeast component of NGC 970 as NGC 971. This error is included in my RNGC
Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 972 = UGC
2045 = MCG +05-07-010 = CGCG 505-012 = PGC 9788
02 34 13.4 +29
18 43
V = 11.4; Size 3.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 152d
17.5"
(12/23/92): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2.0'x1.0', large bright
core dominates, much fainter outer halo, appears brighter on the southeast
side. Three stars (including two
mag 9 stars at 45" separation) are in a line off the southwest flank and
equally spaced.
8"
(11/8/80): fairly faint, round, bright core, bright double star to SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 972 = H II-211 = h232 = St III-9 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and
logged "F, pL, lE, bM, just north of 2 stars." On 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 680) he recorded
"pB, cL, E from sp to nf [should be np to sf] but nearer the meridian,
mbM, about 1' north of 3 stars in a row." JH called it "pB, lE, pgmB". Stephan independently found the galaxy
again on 11 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory
and this observation led to an entry in the GC Supplement (GCS 5247). Dreyer combined the two GC entries (560
= 5247) in the NGC. NGC 972 was
observed 15 times at Birr Castle.
On 7 Oct 1855, R.J. Mitchell recorded "has a knot in p edge
[probably an HII region]; neb spreads out and fades away gradually sf."
******************************
NGC 973 = UGC
2048 = MCG +05-07-013 = CGCG 505-014 = FGC 314 = PGC 9795
02 34 20.2 +32
30 19
V = 12.8; Size 3.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 48d
18"
(1/26/11): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE,
1.0'x0.25', sharply concentrated with a bright elongated core and very faint
thin extensions. A faint star is
very close preceding the SW extension.
Located 4.5' NE of mag 7.5 HD 15896. The major axis of the galaxy is collinear with this star.
IC 1815 lies
4.5' S and 2MASX J02342777+3233439 lies 3.8' NNE. IC 1815 appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly
small, round, 35" diameter, even moderate concentration to a small bright
core and stellar nucleus. The
2MASX galaxy appeared extremely faint, very small, elongated ~3:2 SW-NE,
20"x12".
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE. Located 4.5' NE of mag 7.5 SAO
55664. Forms a pair with IC 1815
4.5' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 973 = Sw IV-8 on 30 Oct 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eeF; S; vE; pB * nr sp". His position and description matches
UGC 2048 = PGC 9795.
******************************
NGC 974 = UGC
2049 = MCG +05-07-012 = PGC 9802
02 34 25.8 +32
57 16
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2
18"
(1/26/11): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, 1.0'x0.8',
broad concentration in the halo, then sharply concentrated with a small bright
core. Bracketed by a mag 14 star
0.8' S, and a mag 14.5 star 0.9' N.
Forms the eastern vertex of a small triangle with brighter NGC 969 3.8'
W and NGC 970 3.3' NW. NGC 978
lies 8' SE. Located 4' SE of a mag
10 star and 11' NW of mag 8.1 HD 16015.
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, small brighter core. Situated between two mag 14 stars
56" NNW and 45" SSE.
Located in the NGC 978 group with NGC 969 3.8' W, NGC 970 3.3' NW, NGC
978 8' SSE.
13"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, slightly elongated, moderately large, broadly
concentrated, diffuse halo, two faint stars on opposite ends. Forms a pair with NGC 969 3.9' W. NGC 970 not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 974 = h233 (along with NGC 969 = h231 and NGC 978 = h234) on 22
Nov 1827 and logged "vF; R;
bM. The second of 3". His position matches UGC 2049 = PGC
9802.
******************************
NGC 975 = UGC
2030 = MCG +01-07-009 = PGC 9735
02 33 22.8 +09
36 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Symmetrical appearance with an even
concentration to a small bright core and a stellar nucleus. A mag 10 star is 2.3' NNW of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 975 = Sw I-3 on 9 Nov 1884 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and recorded "vF; cE." His position is 8' north of UGC 2030 = PGC 9735, but his
description "cE" applies to this galaxy (correction in the notes
section of his 3rd list).
******************************
NGC 976 = UGC
2042 = MCG +03-07-027 = CGCG 462-027 = PGC 9776
02 34 00.0 +20
58 36
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(1/20/90): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round, large bright
core, very small bright nucleus.
13"
(9/3/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. Situated between two faint stars
oriented N-S. Located about 30' SE
of a mag 7 star.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 976 = T I-11 in 1876 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and recorded "Class III, small and faint; on one side of a
trapezoid of 4 stars." His
position is 1' S of UGC 2042 = PGC 9776 and the trapezoid of stars is just to
the north.
******************************
NGC 977 = MCG
-02-07-031 = LGG 063-004 = PGC 9713
02 33 03.4 -10
45 35
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 65d
48"
(10/26/11): at 488x this galaxy is sharply concentrated with a very intense
oval core oriented WSW-ENE, ~36"x27", The core increases to a bright
quasi-stellar nucleus and sometimes a stellar point. The core is surrounded by a much fainter outer halo, 1.6'x1.3',
that is only slightly elongated SSW-NNE.
PGC 175239 was picked up 5' NNE.
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, small, round, weak concentration, occasional stellar
nucleus. Just NW are three equally
spaced stars mag 11 and 12 which form a line NW-SE of length 6'. Located 7.7' SSE of mag 8.9 SAO
148452. NGC 981 lies 13' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 977 = H III-472 = h2485 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded
"vF, pL, vlbM, near some scattered stars.". Both William and John Herschel measured accurate positions.
******************************
NGC 978 = UGC
2057 = MCG +05-07-016 = CGCG 505-018 = PGC 9821
02 34 47.0 +32
50 46
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 80d
18"
(1/26/11): at 285x appears moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round,
40"x32". Sharply concentrated with a high surface brightness core and
a thin faint halo. Forms a contact
pair with NGC 978B = PGC 9823 at the SE end. The companion appears as an elongated brightening,
~15"x10" N-S, within the SSE portion of the outer halo. Located 6' WSW of mag 8.1 HD
16015. A trio consisting of NGC
969, NGC 970 and NGC 974 lies 10' NW.
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, prominent core within a
small halo. A mag 11.5 star is
2.3' ESE. Located 6' WSW of mag
7.9 SAO 55679. Brightest of four
in a group with NGC 969 10' NW, NGC 974 8' NNW and NGC 970. Forms a double system with NGC 978B =
MCG +05-07-017 at SE end (not resolved).
13"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, small, round, small bright core. Brightest of three with NGC 969 10' NW
and NGC 974 8' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 978 = h234, along with NGC 969 and NGC 974, on 22 Nov 1827. His position is a good match with UGC
2057 = PGC 9821, despite being mentioned as roughly placed with respect to NGC
969. The brighter northern
component of this double system is identified as NGC 978A in MCG. Forms a contact pair with NGC 978B =
MCG +05-07-017 at the southeast end, 0.35' from center.
******************************
NGC 979 = ESO
246-023 = AM 0229-444 = MCG -07-06-014 = KTS 17C = PGC 9614
02 31 38.8 -44
31 28
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 115d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
round, ~35" diameter, faint but sharp stellar nucleus. Situated within a string of 3 stars
~E-W with a mag 11.5 star 1.8' W.
Forms a pair
(similar redshift) with ESO 246-022 9' NE. It appeared faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 or 3:2 NW-SE,
~30"x 18". The surface
brightness is low and nearly uniform.
Situated 1.6' NE of a mag 9.6 star. LEDA 130202, 2.2' N, was not noticed (B = 16.5). The trio
forms KTS 17, though the last galaxy is far in the background.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 979 = h2486 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged "Not vF, S, R; almost
stellar; between 2 stars nearly in the parallel." His two observations differ by 7 sec in
RA.
******************************
NGC 980 = UGC
2063 = MCG +07-06-038 = CGCG 539-054 = PGC 9831
02 35 18.6 +40
55 35
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 110d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, small bright core,
similar appearance but slightly fainter by 0.5 mag than NGC 982 3.5' S. Identifications of NGC 980/NGC 982
reversed in the RNGC, UGC, CGCG.
See notes for
NGC 982.
******************************
NGC 981 = MCG
-02-07-030 = PGC 9710
02 32 59.9 -10
58 25
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, small, unconcentrated round spot with a low surface
brightness. Two mag 13 stars are
2.1' SW and 3.3' SW. NGC 977 lies
13' NNE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 981 = LM I-59 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.4' dia, gbM". His (rough) position falls close to MCG
-02-07-030 = PGC 9710. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 982 = UGC
2066 = MCG +07-06-039 = CGCG 539-056 = PGC 9838
02 35 24.9 +40
52 11
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 132d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located 2'
NE of a mag 10 star. Brighter of a
striking pair with NGC 980 3.5' NNW.
Identifications of NGC 980 and NGC 982 are reversed in the RNGC, UGC,
CGCG.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 982 = H III-573 = h236, along with NGC 980 = III-572, on 17 Oct
1786 (sweep 614) describing them together as "Two. Both vF, vS, er, dist 4', the place
between them. As WH did not
provide individual positions, Dreyer used John Herschel's positions for h235
and h236. Unfortunately, JH
measured the position of h236 accurately, but reversed the sign of the
declination offset to h235 = NGC 982, placing it 5.5' too far south. This resulted in h235 = GC 565 being
placed southwest of h236 = GC 566.
Dreyer copied the GC positions into the NGC, and noted the orientation
as SW-NE, instead of NW-SE as they appear on the sky.
Because of this
error, RNGC, CGCG, UGC and RC3 reverse the identifications of NGC 980 and 982,
which should be NGC 980 = UGC 2063 = PGC 9831 and NGC 982 = UGC 2066 = PGC
9838. MCG has the correct
identifications. This summary is
based on Malcolm Thomson's Catalogue Corrections and Harold Corwin's NGC notes.
******************************
NGC 983 = NGC
1002 = UGC 2133 = MCG +06-06-070 = CGCG 523-079 = PGC 10034
02 38 55.7 +34
37 21
See observing
notes for NGC 1002.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 983 = St III-11 on 13 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His 6th
magnitude reference star was misidentified, so the position in list III is
incorrect. The error was caught and mentioned in a footnote in MN XXXII,
although there was still a typo of 10 tmin in RA in the corrected
position. Using Stephan's offsets
(3 tmin 8 tsec and 3' 38") from 15 Triangulum, his position corresponds
with UGC 2133 = PGC 10034. Stephan
found the galaxy again 10 years later on 14 Dec 1881, measured an accurate
position in List XII-21, and Dreyer catalogued it as NGC 1002. Karl Reinmuth missed the footnote in MN
and in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, couldn't find NGC 983. In any case, NGC 983 = NGC 1002. Although NGC 983 should be the primary
designation due to the earlier discovery, the galaxy is usually identified as
NGC 1002. RNGC misclassifies NGC
983 as nonexistent. See Corwin's
notes
******************************
NGC 984 = UGC
2059 = MCG +04-07-012 = CGCG 484-010 = V Zw 257 = PGC 9819
02 34 43.1 +23
24 47
V = 12.8; Size 3.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 120d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small very
bright core. A mag 12.5 star is
1.2' S. Located 6' SE of mag 8.4
SAO 75448 6' NW. This is a double
system (not resolved) with a very small, faint companion at the SE end.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 984 = St III-10 on 13 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, eS, R, bM". His position matches UGC 2059 = PGC
9819.
******************************
NGC 985 = VV 285
= MCG -02-07-035 = Mrk 1048 = PGC 9817
02 34 37.4 -08
47 10
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(10/26/11): at 488x and 610x this disrupted galaxy (possible collisional ring)
revealed its structure. A very
bright, sharp stellar nucleus is offset to the southwest side of the halo. The moderately large halo appears as a
0.9'x0.7' oval or a circle that was squashed along the south and southeast
edge, near the nucleus. With averted
vision, the brighter rim was noticeable and the galaxy appeared as a ring with
a darker center and a "diamond" (the Seyfert nucleus) attached on the
southeast side. The ring appeared
similar to a faint annular planetary.
An extremely faint mag 18 star is at the north edge of the rim.
2MASX
J02343785-0853042, an easily visible galaxy, lies 6' S. It appeared faint to fairly faint,
slightly elongated NW-SE, 20"x15", broad concentration, brighter
core. A mag 12.5 star lies
45" NW.
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, sharp stellar
nucleus with a small very faint halo!
A triangle of mag 10/11 stars with sides 1.7', 2.5' and 3.0' is about 5'
WNW and the galaxy forms the bottom of a "cross" asterism with these
stars. This is a Seyfert galaxy,
accounting for the dominant nucleus.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 985 = LM II-341 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is only 1' S of VV 285 = PGC 9817.
******************************
NGC 986 = ESO
299-007 = MCG -07-06-015 = PGC 9747
02 33 34.2 -39
02 43
V = 10.9; Size 3.9'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran): at 264x, this beautiful, barred S-shaped spiral
appeared very bright, large, with a very bright elongated central region that
increased to a small, very bright core and bright stellar nucleus. Within
the central region it was brighter along the central axis (bar) oriented SW to
NE. At the SW end of the central bar a relatively thin arm emerges and
sweeps ~1.3' SE (clockwise). At the NE end of the central region, another
thin arm shoots north for 1.5' and contains a very small, brighter knot or HII
region.
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.2'.
Dominated by a 20" rounder core. A nice evenly matched mag
10.5 pair at 12" separation is 9' NNE with another similar star 1' S.
Located 8' due north of mag 9 SAO 193771.
8"
(1/1/84): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, bright core, diffuse
edges.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 986 = D 519 = h2487 on 5 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector at
Parramatta (near Sydney) and described "a faint nebula, of an irregular
round figure, about 30" diameter, north of a bright small star." His position is 9' SE of NGC 986
(typical error) and there are no other nearby brighter galaxies that he might
have been picked up instead.
JH described the
galaxy on 23 Oct 1835 as "pB, L, psbM, 3' long 2' broad, either binuclear
or more elongated on the n.f. side than on the opposite." On a later
sweep he logged "B, L, pmE, very suddenly much brighter middle, 100"
long 60" broad, unequally bright, and exhibiting an approach to binuclear
form." See Plate VI, figure 14 of the CGH Observations. Herschel tentatively equated his entry
with D 519.
Joseph Turner
sketched the galaxy with the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope in November
1875 as a stretched S-shaped barred spiral. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_8.php
******************************
NGC 987 = UGC
2093 = MCG +05-07-021 = CGCG 505-023 = Mrk 1180 = PGC 9911
02 36 49.6 +33
19 38
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 30d
13.1"
(11/29/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, small bright
core. Located 26' N of mag 6.3 SAO
55711.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 987 = H III-161 = h237 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and logged
"vF, S, irregularly extended, resolvable". JH observed this galaxy on two sweeps, recording on 11 Nov
1827:"vF; R; S; bM; 2 st 14m np point to it." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 988 = MCG
-02-07-037 = UGCA 35 = PGC 9843
02 35 29.7 -09
21 35
V = 11.0; Size 3.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 112d
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, wider on ESE edge. Unusual appearance as mag 7.2 HD 16152
(79 Cet) is directly superimposed on the WNW side!
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 988 = St X-13 around 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "This is the star 4811 Lalande,
surrounded by a faint round nebulosity, a bit extended to the southeast.". Stephan's position is incorrect as the
7th magnitude superimposed star is 79 Ceti. Esmiol doesn't give a corrected position in his re-reduction
of Stephan's measurements, but Dreyer corrected the position in the NGC. He comments in the IC 2 notes section:
"No nebulosity seen by Burnham [Publ of Lick Observatory, II) and Barnard.
Stephan's position is wrong, being taken from Baily's Lalande, where the places
of two stars (with an 18 second difference in right ascension) are mixed up. I
took the northeastern star, as I was not certain that it was not nebulous,
while the southwestern one was certainly free from haze".
******************************
NGC 989 = MCG
-03-07-034 = PGC 9762
02 33 46.0 -16
30 41
V = 12.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 11.4
17.5"
(10/29/94): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very small brighter
core. Located off the SE end of a
string of four mag 12-13 stars oriented NW-SE and 6.0' NNE of mag 9.0 SAO
148466.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 989 = LM I-60 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His (rough) position is 1.4 tmin east of MCG -03-07-034 =
PGC 9762. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 990 = UGC
2089 = MCG +02-07-018 = CGCG 439-019 = PGC 9890
02 36 18.2 +11
38 32
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus,
even symmetrical concentration from halo to nucleus. Located 6' W of a mag 9.5 star and 4' N of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 990 = H III-557 = h238 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 591) and commented
"vF, vS, lE, resolvable, 240 power the same.". Lewis Swift independently found and
catalogued the galaxy again (IV-9) on 1 Sep 1886. The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 991 = MCG
-01-07-023 = PGC 9846
02 35 32.2 -07 09
16
V = 11.7; Size 2.9'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 60d
17.5"
(8/31/86): large, diffuse, weak concentration. A mag 12.5 star is 1.5' S of center. Located 40' N of 5.5 80 Ceti (V = 5.5).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 991 = H III-434 = h239 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and recorded
"vF, cL, irr figure, lbM, 4' or 5' long, 2 or 3' broad". His position
matches MCG -01-07-023 = PGC 9846.
JH's position is 9 tsec of RA too far east.
******************************
NGC 992 = UGC
2103 = MCG +03-07-035 = CGCG 462-035 = PGC 9938
02 37 25.5 +21
06 02
V = 12.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 10d
18"
(1/26/11): at 285x appeared moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
~N-S, 45"x22", well concentrated to a small bright core increasing to
a stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 1.5' SSE. Located 4.3' SW of mag 9 SAO 75477. Forms a pair with CGCG 462-036 2.6'
NNE. This latter galaxy is
situated just 2' SE of SAO 75477 and appeared very faint, very small, round,
10" diameter.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, elongated N-S, very faint extensions. Located 4.3' SSW of mag 8.5 SAO
75477. A mag 12.5 star is 1.4' SE
of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 992 = Sw IV-10 on 6 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His RA is 8
seconds too small and his description ("cE, * nr S") matches. Bigourdan added the note "it
passes 7 seconds before the NGC position" in the correction list in his
1891 Comptes Rendus paper, but that should read "7 seconds
after". Kobold also measured
an accurate position with the 18" refractor at the Strasboug Observatory.
******************************
NGC 993 = NGC
994 = UGC 2095 = MCG +00-07-052 = CGCG 388-063 = PGC 9910
02 36 46.0 +02
03 01
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 110d
18"
(10/21/06): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star lies
30" N. Located between two
mag 10 stars 6.7' SW and 4.3' NE at the west edge of the NGC 1016 group.
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, moderate
concentration with a very small brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is just 34" NNW of center. Located 4.4' SW of a mag 9.5 star. An unequal double star (mag 12/14 at
19" separation) lies 3' E.
Located at the west end of the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 993 = m 63 on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, vS". His
position matches UGC 2095 = PGC 9910.
Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 17 Oct 1885 , despite his
claiming it was not NGC 993, and it was catalogued again as Sw III-13 = NGC
994. So, NGC 993 = NGC 994, with
discovery priority to Marth (NGC 993).
******************************
NGC 994 = NGC
993 = UGC 2095 = MCG +00-07-052 = CGCG 388-063 = PGC 9910
02 36 46.0 +02
03 01
See observing
notes for NGC 993.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 994 = Sw III-13 on 17 Oct 1885 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. He
described this nebula as "vF * close; between a pB* and a F D*; np of 2
[with NGC 1004]". Swift
mentions is "not [N993], [NGC 1016] nor [NGC 1073]", but his position
and description matches NGC 993, which was discovered by Albert Marth (m 65) on
15 Jan 1865. So, NGC 993 = NGC
994, with priority to Marth (NGC 993).
RNGC notes the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 995 = UGC
2118 = MCG +07-06-044 = CGCG 539-063 = PGC 10008
02 38 32.0 +41
31 46
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 35d
18"
(12/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4', weak
concentration with a slightly brighter core except for a stellar or
quasi-stellar nucleus with direct vision.
A mag 14.5 star is at the east edge. Member of the NGC 995-1005 cluster (~40' N of NGC
1003). Nearby galaxies include NGC
1000 5.3' SE, 2MASX J02382515+4135182 3.8' NNW and NGC 996 7.2' NNE. These galaxies, as well as NGC 999, NGC
1001 and NGC 1005 are arranged in a partial ring of diameter 13'!
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, bright core. A mag 15 star is just off the east
edge. Located at the west edge of
the NGC 995-1005 group with NGC 996 7' NNE and NGC 1000 5' SE.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 995 = St III-12 (along with NGC 999 = St III-14 and NGC 1001 =
St III-16) on 8 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position matches
UGC 2118 = PGC 10008. First in a
group of 6 NGC galaxies (NGCs 995, 996, 999, 1000, 1001, 1005) discovered by Stephan
over 3 nights.
******************************
NGC 996 = UGC
2123 = MCG +07-06-045 = CGCG 539-064 = PGC 10015
02 38 39.9 +41
38 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(12/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.9', gradually increases to a
small, brighter core. This galaxy
is the brightest, along with NGC 995 7.2' SSW, of a group of 8 galaxies (6
NGC's) generally arranged in a ring (part of the NGC 1023 group). Forms a close pair with NGC 999 2' NE
and also forms the southern vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag
10.5-11 stars 3' NE and 3' NW.
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 999 2' NE in the NGC 995-1005 group.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 996 = St III-13 (along with NGC 995 = St III-12 and NGC 1001 =
St III-16) on 7 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position matches
UGC 2123 = PGC 10015. Second in a
group of 6 NGC galaxies discovered by Stephan.
******************************
NGC 997 = UGC 2102
= MCG +01-07-015 = CGCG 414-027 = PGC 9932
02 37 14.5 +07
18 21
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8
24"
(12/28/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter,
small bright core, stellar nucleus, high surface brightness. Mag 9.5 HD 16303 is 1.4' SW. Forms a pair with NGC 998 1.8'
NNE. Brightest in a group
(redshift-based distance ~250 million l.y.) with CGCG 414-028 8' N and UGC
2092, an extreme superthin, lies 10.6' W.
CGCG 414-028
appeared faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. I was surprised the visibility is comparable to NGC 998.
UGC 2092:
extremely faint, fairly small, elongated ~5:2 SW-NE, ~20"x8", very
low surface brightness! As the
axial ratio of this bulgeless superthin is ~12:1, I only picked up the slightly
brighter central section.
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, weak concentration, small
ill-defined core. Located 1.4' NE
of mag 9 SAO 110644! Forms a close
pair with NGC 998 1.8' NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 997 = m 64 (along with NGC 998) on 10 Nov 1863 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and noted "F, S". His position matches UGC 2102 = PGC 9932. Brightest in a group of faint galaxies
-- one of which (NGC 997 NED01) is in the halo on the north side.
******************************
NGC 998 = MCG
+01-07-016 = PGC 9934
02 37 16.5 +07
20 09
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(12/28/16): at 375x; very faint to faint, small, round, 18" diameter, very
low surface brightness. Forms a
close pair with NGC 997 1.8' SSW.
17.5" (10/8/94):
extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Very low even surface brightness and
requires averted vision. Forms a
close pair with brighter NGC 997 1.8' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 998 = m 65 (along with NGC 997) on 10 Nov 1863 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and simply noted "vF". NGC 998 was placed 2 sec of RA following and 1' N of NGC
997, and at this position is PGC 9934.
CGCG
misidentifies NGC 997 with CGCG 414-028 = PGC 2802440, a small, very faint
galaxy situated 8.2' NNE of NGC 997.
The UGC notes to NGC 997 and the RNGC follow the CGCG error and also
misidentify CGCG 414-028 as NGC 998.
NGC 998 is mentioned as an anonymous companion to NGC 997 in the UGC
notes. PGC has the correct
identification, though is incorrect to use CGCG 414-028 as an alias. MCG reverses the identifications as
well as the declinations. The
identification of NGC 997 is included in my RNGC Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 999 = UGC
2127 = MCG +07-06-047 = CGCG 539-066 = PGC 10026
02 38 47.4 +41
40 14
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 61d
18"
(12/18/06): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration. Sandwiched between a mag 11 star 1' NE
and a mag 14 star just off the SW edge [28" from the center]. Located just 2' NE of NGC 996 in the
NGC 995-1005 group with NGC 1001 4.5' E.
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 12 star is 1.0' NE.
Member of the NGC 995-1005 group with NGC 1001 4.7' E.
douard Stephan
discovered NGC 999 = St III-14 (along with NGC 995 = St III-12 and NGC 1001 =
St III-16) on 8 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position matches
UGC 2127 = PGC 10026. CGCG, UGC,
PGC and HyperLEDA equate NGC 999 = St IC 240, but Bigourdan measured IC 240
with respect to NGC 999 so they cannot be equivalent. Malcolm Thomson noted this error in his survey of IC
identifications and Harold Corwin suggests IC 240 is probably a line of 4 faint
stars. NGC 999 is the third in a
group of 6 NGC galaxies discovered by Stephan over 3 nights.
******************************