NGC 3000 = Holm
144e
09 48 51.3 +44
07 49
=**, Carlson.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3000 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" and labeled it Beta in
the sketch of the NGC 2998 group.
The offset given in the 1 Apr 1878 observation (203.1" in PA 23.6¡
from NGC 2998) points precisely to a 9" pair of very faint stars (mag
16-16.5). Karl Reinmuth, in his
1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel Nebel" described a "D neb
not cont, dist 0.1' 35¡; sp one eF, eS, R, bM; nf one perhaps *16." This refers to the double star
above. Dorothy Carlson calls this
a double star in her 1940 paper on NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 3001 = ESO
434-038 = MCG -05-23-014 = UGCA 183 = PGC 28027
09 46 18.6 -30
26 12
V = 11.9; Size 2.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 6d
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration,
diffuse. An 11th magnitude star at
the NW edge interferes with viewing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3001 = h3190 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; R; 30";
attached or contiguous to a * 12; pos = 320¡ +/- by estimation from
diagram." His position and
description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3002
09 48 57.4 +44
03 26
V = 16.5
48"
(5/14/12): near the position of NGC 3002 is a faint trio of stars, mag
16.5/16.5/16.9 as well as MCG +07-20-052, an extremely faint interacting pair
of galaxies. One of the two
brighter stars is likely the object sketched by Bindon Stoney at Birr Castle in
1851. At 488x, the two brighter
stars were very comparable in magnitude.
The star identified by Corwin (southwest vertex of the triangle) was
possibly marginally brighter, though the other mag 16.5 star at the east vertex
of the triangle (09 49 01.4 +44 03 37) is a better match with Stoney's
sketch. MCG +07-20-052, the galaxy
misidentified in most catalogues as NGC 3002, is just visible as a very low
surface brightness patch ~1.5' SE of the trio of stars.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3002 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" and labeled it Epsilon
in the sketch of the NGC 2998 group.
The MCG, along with the RNGC, PGC, HyperLeda and other sources,
misidentify MCG +07-20-052 = PGC 28208 as NGC 3002. Although this galaxy (double) is close to the position on
the sketch, the surface brightness is probably too low to have been picked up
by Stoney. In fact, Dreyer
reported not seeing Epsilon in his 1 Apr 1878 observation.
More likely,
Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 3002 applies to one of two nearby mag 16.5
stars (the third is mag 17.0) with the more likely star at 09 48 57.3 +44 03 26
(2000).
******************************
NGC 3003 = UGC
5251 = MCG +06-22-013 = CGCG 182-021 = KTG 26A = PGC 28186
09 48 36.0 +33
25 17
V = 11.9; Size 5.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 79d
24"
(4/20/14): bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, 4.0'x1.0', mottled
appearance, slightly bulging brighter core and nucleus, brighter and patchy
along the major axis with a couple of very small knots. Nearly detached at the west end is a
very low surface brightness patch that seems angled or extends beyond the major
axis. A mag 15.7 star is ~1' N of
center.
13.1"
(3/3/84): moderately bright, very elongated 7:2 WSW-ENE, 3.5'x1.0', almost even
surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3003 = H V-26 = h639 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and recorded
"cB, mE nearly in the parallel, 8' long, 3' broad." His position is accurate. JH described
"a singular curved wisp of nebula, It curls up and tapers off at the s p
side, and is clubbed at the n f extremity."
A total of 13
observations were made at Birr Castle.
On 8 Mar 1858, R.J. Mitchell commented "of unequal brightness
throughout its length, p part is F but contains a B patch with a star in it;
the foll part is comparatively much brighter and is mottled."
******************************
NGC 3004
09 49 02.4 +44
06 40
V = 16.7
=*, Corwin.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3004 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72", though he just noted
"Alpha suspected". It
was placed on the diagram of the field about midway between NGC 2998 and NGC
3005 (without a label). Dreyer
missed it on his 1 April 1878 observation, though he later added "the
place for 1926 [NGC 3004] is evidently wrong, it must be about 9 40 15 +45 14
[based on the sketch]."
The closest
object to the position on the sketch is an extremely faint star with SDSS
mag(V) = 16.7. Reinmuth calls it nonstellar
(based on a Heidelberg plate):"vF, vS, R, bM, N3000 np 2.4', N3005 nf
2.7'." Dorothy Carlson
identifies it as a double star (based on Mount Wilson photograph) and this is
repeated in RNGC, though it is clearly a single star on the SDSS.
******************************
NGC 3005 = MCG
+07-20-054 = Holm 144c = PGC 28232
09 49 14.9 +44
07 53
V = 15.0; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 150d
48"
(5/14/12): moderately bright and large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~0.6'x0.2',
broad concentration. Forms the
north vertex of a quartet with NGC 2998, 3006 and 3008. Located 3.7' SSE of mag 8.9 HD 84830,
so I kept the bright star outside the field. The nearest galaxy is NGC 3008, situated 3.9' SE.
17.5"
(2/8/91): extremely faint and small, round. Located 3.7' SSE of mag 8.4 SAO 43053. This member of the NGC 2998 group lies
just north of a line connecting NGC 2998 6.4' SW and NGC 3008.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3005 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" (along with NGC 3006 and
3008) and labeled it Gamma in the diagram of the NGC 2998 group. Dreyer gave a more complete description
on 1 Apr 1878, "vF, pS, E nnp ssf." His offset from NGC 2998 (388.5" in PA 62.5¡) points
exactly to MCG +07-20-054 = PGC 28232, although the RA in the NGC is 10 sec too
large (error carried over from NGC 2998).
******************************
NGC 3006 = MCG
+07-20-055 = CGCG 210-037 = Holm 144d = PGC 28235
09 49 17.3 +44
01 33
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 82d
48"
(5/14/12): moderately bright, very elongated 7:2 E-W, ~40"x12", broad
concentration with a brighter core.
Forms the south vertex of a quartet with NGC 2998, 3005 and 3008. MCG +07-20-052, a very low surface
brightness interacting pair (misidentified as NGC 3002 in most catalogues),
lies 2.2' NW.
17.5"
(2/8/91): extremely faint, small, edge-on 4:1 E-W, very low surface
brightness. Located 6.9' SE of NGC
2298 and 6.3' S of NGC 3005. MCG
+07-20-052 (misidentified as NGC 3002) 3' NW was not seen.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3006 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" (along with NGC 3005 and
3008) and labeled it Delta in the diagram of the NGC 2998 group. Dreyer
recorded on 1 Apr 1878, "vF, S, stellar." His offset from NGC 2998 (417.9" in PA 117.2¡) points
exactly to CGCG 210-037 = PGC 28235, although the RA in the NGC is 12 sec too
large (error carried over from NGC 2998).
******************************
NGC 3007 = MCG
-01-25-038 = PGC 28150
09 47 45.5 -06
26 22
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/29/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5', just a weak broad
central brightening. A mag 13 star
lies 1.0' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3007 = St XIII-52 on 16 Mar 1885 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille. This was his last NGC
discovery (by date). Francis
Leavenworth independently discovered the galaxy on 23 Feb 1886, though his
rough position (nearest min of RA) in list I-158 is 11' too far east-southeast.
******************************
NGC 3008 = MCG
+07-20-059 = CGCG 210-039 = Holm 144b = PGC 28252
09 49 34.3 +44
06 10
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 135d
48"
(5/14/12): fairly bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 NW-SE, 0.4'x0.3', sharply
concentrated with a very small bright core that increases to a bright stellar
nucleus. A mag 16.7 star is at the
east edge. Forms the east vertex
of a quartet with NGC 2998 (brightest), NGC 3005 and NGC 3006.
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 15 star is 45" off the west edge and 1.1' from center. Located 9.2' E of NGC 2998 in a group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3008 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" (along with NGC 3005 and
3006) and labeled it Eta in the sketch of the NGC 2998 group. Dreyer gave a more complete description
on 1 Apr 1878, "pF, S, E, *13-14 1' p[receding]." His offset from NGC 2998 (552" in
PA 88¡) is close to CGCG 210-039 = PGC 28252, although the RA in the NGC is 12
seconds too large (error carried over from NGC 2998).
******************************
NGC 3009 = UGC
5264 = MCG +07-20-062 = CGCG 239-033 = Holm 146b = PGC 28303
09 50 11.1 +44
17 41
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 3010 5' ENE.
Alternative
identification: NGC 3009 = NGC 3010sw = MCG +07-20-065
17.5"
(2/8/91): this is the southwest member of the NGC 3010 triple system and noted
as very faint, small, round. UGC
5273b = MCG +07-20-066 is just 40" NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3009 = h640 on 17 Mar 1828, along with NGC 3010 = h641, and
logged "Not vF; R; bM; r. The
first of 2 [with NGC 3010]."
His position is 17 sec of RA west and 1.5' north of UGC 5264 = PGC
28303, a fairly large error of 3.4'.
Hermann Kobold measured an accurate position for this galaxy in 1896 but
the identification is uncertain and it's possible that NGC 3009 applies to the
southwest component of the NGC 3010 triple (NGC 3010B). See Corwin's notes on NGC 3010 for the
full story.
******************************
NGC 3010 = UGC
5273 = MCG +07-20-065/066/067 = CGCG 239-035 = Holm 146 = PGC 28330/28335/28340
09 50 35.7 +44
19 23
Size
1.9'x0.6'; PA = 45d
17.5"
(2/8/91): triple system consisting of two very faint, small, round "knots"
(identified as UGC 5273a and 5273b in the UGC) with a separation of 40"
oriented SW-NE. The third
component (UGC 5273c) is 1' NE and appeared as a mag 15.5 "star". NGC 3009 lies 5' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3010 = h641, along with NGC 3009 = h640, on 17 Mar 1828 and
logged "F; psbM; r; stars seen.
The second of 2 [with NGC 3009]." There is nothing at his position, but 35 sec of RA east and
1.4' south is UGC 5273. His RA for
NGC 3009 is also off (to the west), but by only 16 sec, which is strange. Another possibility is that h640 refers
to the southwest component of NGC 3010 (MCG +07-20-065 = PGC 28330). If that's the case, the relative
offsets would be more in line but still not accurate. Corwin notes that JH's descriptions are generic enough they
donÕt assist in choosing between these two alternatives. So, he favors
leaving the "traditional" identification as is.
The observations
at Birr Castle are interesting.
The 1861 publication only includes the note "Several knots near
[NGC 3009 and 3010]. The full
account is given in the 1880 monograph.
On 1 Mar 1854 R.J. Mitchell recorded, "one pB [NGC 3009], 6' f and
a little n are two others vF, about 3' apart pf; several others round
about". His separations are
poor but probably the second part refers to NGC 3010 and one of its
companions. Thirty-five years
later in 1878, Dreyer made another observation and wrote, "the f one [NGC
3010] is smaller and in a rectangular triangle of 3 stars." At least one of these "stars"
is likely a galaxy. Hermann Kobold
measured accurate positions of the two southern components of NGC 3010 with the
18-inch refractor at Strassburg.
******************************
NGC 3011 = UGC
5259 = MCG +05-23-038 = CGCG 152-069 = Mrk 409 = PGC 28259
09 49 41.2 +32
13 16
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(4/15/99): faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, 0.8' diameter. Located 2.5' WSW of a mag 10 star. A nice 10' string of 8 mag 10-12 stars
oriented N-S is just a few arcminutes preceding. Picked up at 100x and observation at 220x.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3011 = Sw III-47 on 21 Apr 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and remarked "eeF; eS; stel; a row of 8 or 10 pB stars
nr preceding." His position
is 9 sec of RA west and 1' south of UGC 5259 and the row of stars is just as he
described (north-south).
******************************
NGC 3012 = UGC
5262 = MCG +06-22-017 = CGCG 182-023 = PGC 28270
09 49 52.1 +34
42 51
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(4/15/99): faint, small, round, weak concentration, 0.6' diameter. A mag 15 star is 1.5' W and a mag 12
star 3.5' SSE. Picked up at 100x
and views at 220x and 280x.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3012 on 30 Apr 1862 and described "vF, pL, R, Cometary. A mag 11 star is 3 1/2'
south-southeast." His single
position and description matches UGC 5262.
******************************
NGC 3013 = MCG
+06-22-018 = CGCG 182-024 = PGC 28300
09 50 09.4 +33
34 09
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5
24"
(4/20/14): faint, small, slightly elongated, 18"x15". Situated 2.7' SE of mag 7.9 HD
85030. A mag 15 star is 0.6' NE. Located 10' WNW of NGC 3021.
17.5"
(4/6/02): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Located 3' SE of mag 7.9 SAO 61706 which
detracts from viewing. Also a mag
14.5-15 star is 38" NE of center and confuses the observation. Situated between fairly bright galaxies
NGC 3021 10' E and NGC 3003 21' WSW.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 3013 on 18 Mar 1874 while
viewing the field of NGC 3021. He noted a nebula at 164.8" in PA 137.2¡
from a mag 8 star. His offsets
point directly to CGCG 182-024 = PGC 28300. Due to a misprint in the NGC the declination is 40' too far
north (the GC Supplement has the correct position) and the galaxy was
discovered again by Stephane Javelle on (J. 1127) on 12 May 1896. Dreyer realized the error and corrected
the misprint in the IC 2 notes.
MCG does label this galaxy as NGC 3013.
******************************
NGC 3014 = MCG
-01-25-043 = PGC 28222
09 49 07.7 -04
44 35
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(3/29/97): very faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8' diameter, low even
surface brightness. A mag 15 star
is very close WSW [38" from the center]. A pair of mag 14 stars [19" separation] lie 3' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3014 = h644 on 19 Feb 1830 and noted "eF; L; 60". The preceding of two [with h647 = NGC
3022]. There is nothing at his
position (the dec is marked as uncertain or approximate). But the NGC position is 30' further
north (no reason given in the notes) and 2' south of this corrected position is
MCG -01-25-043 = PGC 28222.
******************************
NGC 3015 = UGC
5261 = MCG +00-25-020 = CGCG 007-041 = PGC 28240
09 49 22.9 +01 08
43
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/29/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. No brighter stars in field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3015 = m 183 on 23 Apr 1864. His position is just 1' north of UGC 5261 = PGC 28240.
******************************
NGC 3016 = UGC
5266 = MCG +02-25-040 = CGCG 063-077 = Holm 147c = KTG 27A = PGC 28269
09 49 50.6 +12
41 43
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 70d
24"
(4/20/14): moderately to fairly bright, oval 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.6', contains a
relatively large, very bright core that increases to the center. NGC 3019 lies 5.0' NE and CGCG 063-075
is 3.2' SW. The latter galaxy
appeared very faint and small, round, 12", low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Second brightest of
five in the NGC 3020 group. NGC
3019 lies 5.4' NE and NGC 3020 is 8.2' NNE.
13.1"
(4/29/84): fairly faint, small, round, almost even surface brightness.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 3016, along with NGC 3019, on 21 Mar 1854. There was no sketch made but the
description reads "4 neb. Two
p and f [NGC 3016 and 3019] about 4' apart; the 3rd is north about 3' [NGC
3024] forming the vertex of an obtuse triangle, the 4th is about 4' further
north and lenticular [NGC 3020]."
No positions were measured and only NGC 3019, NGC 3020 and NGC 3024
received GC numbers as JH incorrectly assumed that h642 referred to the 4th
galaxy (see NGC 3020 for the story).
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 31 Dec 1864 with the 11"
refractor at Copenhangen. His
position, measured on 4 nights, matches UGC 5266. Dryer included it in the GC Supplement and credited
d'Arrest. Finally, Dreyer realized
the equivalence and both LdR and d'Arrest are credited in the NGC
******************************
NGC 3017 = MCG
+00-25-019 = CGCG 007-040 = PGC 28220
09 49 03.0 -02
49 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration. Forms the east
vertex of a near equilateral triangle with two mag 12.5 and 14.5 stars 2.4' NW
and 2.7' SW, respectively.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3017 = LM II-416 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His
position is 20 sec of RA east and 2' south of MCG +00-25-019 and his note of
"*11 at 3' in PA 300¡" clinches this identification.
******************************
NGC 3018 = UGC
5265 = MCG +00-25-021 = CGCG 007-042 = PGC 28258
09 49 41.5 +00
37 20
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 27d
48"
(4/7/13): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.3', small
bright core. A mag 9.7 star is
just 0.8' NW of center. Forms a
striking pair with NGC 3023 2.7' E.
48"
(4/2/11): bright, edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE, fairly large, ~60"x15", very small
bright core. Located just 50"
SE of mag 9.7 HD 85095 and 2.8' W of the fascinating galaxy NGC 3023 and Mrk
1236.
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. Dominated by a mag 10 star 48" NW of center. Forms a close pair with NGC 3023 3' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3018 = St X-21 on 10 Mar 1880, along with NGC 3023 = St
X-22. His position is
accurate. Lewis Swift
independently discovered the galaxy exactly 6 years later, but his position in
list III-48 is 0.4 min too far west.
His comment "* near north, preceding of 2 [with NGC 3023]"
clinches the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 3019 = MCG
+02-25-044 = CGCG 063-081 = Holm 147d = PGC 28295
09 50 07.2 +12
44 46
V = 15.0; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
24"
(4/20/14): at 280x appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.4'x0.2'. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' NE.
17.5"
(3/23/85): very faint, small, almost round. A mag 14 star is off the NE edge 48" from the
center. Fourth brightest of five
in the NGC 3020. Located 3.0' S of
NGC 3020.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3019 on 21 Mar 1854 with Lord Rosse's 72", along with NGC
3016. There is no published sketch
but the description reads "4 neb.
Two p and f [NGC 3016 and 3019] about 4' apart; the 3rd is north about
3' [NGC 3024] forming the vertex of an obtuse triangle, the 4th is about 4'
further north and lenticular [NGC 3020]." The described orientations are poor and no positions were
given, but they certainly refer to the four brightest galaxies. Only a rough position is given in the
GC and the NGC position is 3' south of CGCG 063-081 = PGC 28295.
******************************
NGC 3020 = UGC
5271 = MCG +02-25-045 = CGCG 063-082 = Holm 147a = KTG 27B = PGC 28296
09 50 06.6 +12
48 49
V = 11.9; Size 3.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105d
24"
(4/20/14): at 280x appeared fairly bright, fairly large, oval 5:3 WNW-ESE,
1.7'x1.0', large elongated core appears to be a bar, mottled appearance. Spiral
structure was highly suspected in the halo. Largest and brightest in a quintet
with NGC 3019 4' S, NGC 3024 5.5' SE, NGC 3016 8' SSW and CGCG 063-075 11'
SW. NGC 3020 and 3024 are a
physical pair (z = .004), while the other three galaxies are in the backgroud
at z = .03.
17.5"
(3/23/85): brightest and largest in the NGC 3020 group, elongated WNW-ESE,
brighter core but no nucleus, diffuse halo. Nearby are NGC 3019 4.0' S, NGC 3024 5.4' SE.
13.1"
(4/29/84): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, elongated ~E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3020 = H III-51 = h646 = h642 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and
recorded "Two [along with NGC 3024], both resolvable and eF. The preceding
is the largest and they are about 6 or 7' distant from each other. Position about 20¡ np-sf 6 or 7'
distant. I saw them better with 240 than 157. They require some attention before they are well seen."
His single position is ~1.0 min of RA too far east.
JH made three
observations under h646 and measured an accurate position, but in his 4th sweep
he made an error recording the RA 1.0 min too far west and claimed a
"nova" under h642.
Dreyer correctly equated all three Herschel designations in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3021 = UGC
5280 = MCG +06-22-019 = CGCG 182-025 = KTG 26B = PGC 28357
09 50 57.1 +33
33 13
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 110d
24"
(4/20/14): bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.9'x0.6', small bright
core, stellar nucleus, the halo has an irregular surface brightness. A mag 11 star is 1' SE and a mag 14
star is at the north edge. NGC
3013 lies 10' W.
13.1"
(3/3/84): fairly bright, elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 10 star is 1.1' SE of center. Located 30' NE of NGC 3003.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3021 = H I-115 = h645 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and recorded
"cB, pL, lE, iF, mbM."
JH called this galaxy "pB; R; bM; has a * 10m 20¡ sf, dist
30"."
A sketch made
with LdR's 72" in 1863 shows a spiral arm of the east side, curling around
towards the west.
******************************
NGC 3022 = MCG
-01-25-046 = PGC 28257
09 49 39.2 -05
09 59
V = 12.2; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, small, round, gradually increases to a small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located
5.2' SW of a mag 10 star. Forms a
pair with MCG -01-25-044 3' WSW.
The companion appeared extremely faint, small, round, 30" diameter,
low surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3022 = h647 on 19 Feb 1830 and recorded "F; R; vglbM; r.
The following of 2 [with NGC 3014]."
His position matches MCG -01-25-046 = PGC 28257.
******************************
NGC 3023 = UGC
5269 = MCG +00-25-022 = CGCG 007-043 = VV 620 = LGG 182-006 = PGC 28272
09 49 52.5 +00
37 07
V = 13.0; Size 2.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 70d
48"
(4/7/13): at 375x appeared very bright, large, irregular, asymmetric with a
bright, slightly elongated central region, ~40"x30". Extending to the west of the core is
large, faint halo or loop, most evident on the north side of the loop, which is
brighter and more sharply defined as it sweeps to the west towards companion
NGC 3018. The loop extends the
diameter to ~1.7'. Mrk 1236, is a
very small, but very high surface brightness companion attached on the east
side of the core. LEDA 1170217 =
MAC 0950+0035 was picked up in the field, 4.4' ESE. It appeared faint (V = 16.6), small, slightly elongated,
15"x10", low even surface brightness.
48"
(4/2/11): at 375x this bright, interacting galaxy has a very unusual,
asymmetric appearance. The central
region is bright, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, 40"x30", increases evenly to a
very small, very bright nucleus. A
larger, outer halo extends mainly to the west. The halo extends from the central region ~1' in a loop and
is brightest along the rim, particularly looping from the north side of the
core counterclockwise to the west [the DSS reveals this feature is a spiral
arm]. This arm gives the visual
impression of a partial ring extending the west of the core.
A bright
companion, Mrk 1236, is attached within the small halo on the east side of the
core, just 25" ESE of center.
This Wolf-Rayet galaxy appeared moderately bright, very small, elongated
2:1 E-W, ~16"x8", very high surface brightness. On the SDSS image this object is
resolved into several clumps or knots.
NGC 3018 lies 2.8' W of center.
Located 3.4' ESE of mag 9.7 HD 85095.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3, broad
concentration in halo but no nucleus.
A faint star or knot is visible on the east end. Forms a pair with NGC 3018 3' W and
also 3.4' ESE of a mag 10 star.
This is a double system which was probably resolved in the observation
as a faint star or knot on the east end (Mrk 1236)!
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3023 = St X-22 on 10 Mar 1880, along with NGC 3018 = St X-21,
and measured an accurate position.
Lewis Swift independently discovered the galaxy exactly 6 years later
with the 16" refractor, but his position in list III-49 is 0.4 min too far
west (similar offset as Sw III-48 = NGC 3018).
******************************
NGC 3024 = UGC
5275 = MCG +02-25-046 = CGCG 063-084 = Holm 147b = KTG 27C = PGC 28324
09 50 27.4 +12
45 56
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 125d
24"
(4/20/14): moderately bright and large, thin edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, bright very
elongated core, 1.3'x0.3'. A mag
14 star is off the SE end (aligned with the major axis).
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, thin edge-on NW-SE, 1.4'x0.3', brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is off the SE edge 1.4'
from center. This galaxy is the
third brightest of five in the NGC 3020 group. NGC 3020 lies 5.7' NW and NGC 3019 is 5' ESE.
13.1"
(4/29/84): faint, fairly small, edge-on NW-SE. A mag 13.5 star is off the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3024 = H III-52 = h648 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 3020], both resolvable and eF. The preceding [NGC
3020] is the largest and they are about 6 or 7' distant from each other. Position about 20¡ np-sf 6 or 7'
distant. I saw them better with 240 than 157. They require some attention before they are well
seen." His single position is
~1.0 min of RA too far east. JH
made a single observation, "vF; pL; E. PD estimated from III.51 [NGC 3020] which
precedes." His
"estimated dec" is 1.2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3025 = ESO
566-015 = MCG -04-23-018 = PGC 28249
09 49 29.1 -21
44 32
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/1/00): fairly faint, roundish, 0.8' diameter, weak concentration, halo fades
into background. With averted
vision, the halo increases to over 1' in diameter. Located 2.6' NW of mag 9.3 SAO 178051. A distinctive grouping of four mag
13-14 stars lies ~4' NW. ESO
566-018 lies 14' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3025 = h3192 on 21 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF, vS, R, north
of a * 9 m." His position and
description is an exact match with ESO 566-015.
******************************
NGC 3026 = UGC 5279
= MCG +05-23-043 = CGCG 152-074 = PGC 28351
09 50 55.4 +28
33 05
V = 13.0; Size 2.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 82d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, even fairly low
surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3026 = Sw III-50 on 22 May 1886 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE;
e diff; in vacancy, found searching for Winnecke's comet
[7P/Pons-Winnecke]." His
position is 10 sec of RA east and 1' south of UGC 5279 = PGC 28351.
******************************
NGC 3027 = UGC
5316 = VV 358 = MCG +12-10-009 = CGCG 332-068 = CGCG 333-006 = PGC 28636
09 55 40.5 +72
12 13
V = 11.8; Size 4.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 130d
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, fairly large, elongated NW-SE, 3'x2', weak concentration, low
surface brightness. Two mag 15
stars are superimposed at the NW end of the major axis and at the south
edge. NGC 2985 lies 25' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3027 = H V-23 = h643 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and logged
"F, L, lE, resolvable, 6' or 7' l, 5' or 6' br." His position is just off the east
side of UGC 5316. JH recorded
"eF; vL; vglbM; 3' l; 2.5' br." and measured a very accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3028 = ESO
566-016 = PGC 28276
09 49 54.1 -19
11 05
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 48d
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, small, round, 35" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 12 star lies
3.2' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3028 = h3193 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; lbM;
15"." His position is an
exact match with ESO 566-016 = PGC 28276.
******************************
NGC 3029 = MCG
-01-25-047 = PGC 28206
09 48 54.0 -08
03 04
V = 14.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 46d
17.5"
(2/1/03): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5', very
low surface brightness. Located
4.5' E of a mag 11 star. Collinear
with two mag 13 star to the NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3029 = Sw III-51 on 8 Feb 1886 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. His description
simply reads "pF; pS; R."
His position is 1.5 tmin E and 6.5' N of MCG -01-25-047, so this
identification seems very uncertain.
RNGC and RC3 identify this object as MCG -01-25-047 (not MCG,
though). The MCG RA is +1 tmin too
far E.
******************************
NGC 3030 = MCG
-02-25-021 = PGC 28302
09 50 10.5 -12
13 35
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, round, broad concentration. A mag 12 star is 1' NNW. Located 2.5' NNW of mag 8.5 SAO 155521.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 3030 = LM II-417 in 1886 and recorded "mag 15.7, 0.2' dia,
R, gbsbMN." His
position is only 10 sec of RA east and 1' south of MCG -02-25-021 = PGC 28302. Herbert Howe's corrected position made
with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory (published in Monthly
Notices 1899) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3031 = M81 =
UGC 5318 = MCG +12-10-010 = CGCG 333-007 = Bode's Nebula = PGC 28630
09 55 33.2 +69
03 55
V = 6.9; Size 26.9'x14.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 157d
48"
(4/15/10): dazzling view of M81 at 267x (21mm Ethos) and 330x (17mm
Nagler). The galaxy is elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE and
extends at least 20'x10'. The
brightness level increases gradually to the center from the large, very bright
oval core but is punctuated at the center by an extremely bright, quasi-stellar
nucleus. A bright spiral arm
attaches to the galaxy on the northwest end and bends abruptly to the south,
passing across a mag 12 star located 5' NW of center. As it heads southeast, the arm separates from the main glow
of the galaxy and can be traced as it passes just north of ·1387 (10.8/10.8 at
9"), ending to the northeast of the striking double star ·1386 = 9.3/9.3
at 2.1". The total length of
this arm is ~15'. The second main
arm is more prominent, attaching to the main body on the south end. This arm is much brighter in a narrow
arc as it curves around at its south end.
This arm is still relatively narrow with a very well defined edge as it
sweeps NNW and gradually separates from the main body. Holmberg IX was visible 10.5' E of the
center of M81.
17.5"
(3/23/85): very bright, very large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, about 16'x8', large
oval bright middle, bright core, nearly stellar nucleus. Two mag 11.5 and 11.9 stars are
superimposed in the halo at the south edge of the core. An easily visible spiral arm is
attached near these two stars at the south end of the core. This arm curves due north along the
east side and is well separated from the main body. A second arm was suspected on 10/12/85 as a short extension
curving around the NNW end towards a mag 12 star at the WNW edge of the halo
and was described as "shorter and much less prominent, though definitely
seen" on 1/31/87. Mag 8.7 SAO
15020 (·1386 = 9.3/9.3 at 2") lies 10' SSW and the striking double star ·1387
= 10.7/10.7 at 9" is 8' SSW.
Forms a very striking pair at low power with M82 37' N. The bright supernova 1993j was located
3' SSW of the core and formed a right triangle with the two mag 11.5/11.9 stars
south of the core.
13"
(1/18/85): extremely faint arm attached at the southeast end near two stars and
curves to the east.
8": very
bright, bright core, large oval halo, elongated NW-SE, two faint stars
involved.
Johann Bode
discovered M81 = NGC 3031 = h649 on 31 Dec 1774, along with M82. Pierre MŽchain independently discovered
M81 in Aug 1779. On 30 Sep 1802,
WH recorded "vB, eL; it very nearly fills all the field, it loses itself
imperceptibly, mE np sf; I can trace it nearly 1/2¡ in extent beyond the
brightest part." JH logged
"eB; eL; E, pos = 156¡, gb and svmbM, with faint rays of light nearly to
extremities of field (15'). The
most condensed part is 4' l and 3' br." He mistakenly referred to M81 as M82 in the Slough
Catalogue.
******************************
NGC 3032 = UGC
5292 = MCG +05-23-046 = CGCG 152-077 = PGC 28424
09 52 08.2 +29
14 10
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 95d
17.5"
(2/8/91): moderately bright, very small, almost round, very small bright core,
bright stellar nucleus, surrounded by small very faint halo. Located midway between mag 8.6 SAO
81056 1.7' N and a mag 10 star 1.9' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3032 = h650 on 24 Dec 1827 and logged "a *12 with an eF
atmos about 10-12". It is
between a *8-9m n p and one = 10m, s f, neither of which are so affected. A
curious object." His position and description applies, although the two
stars are more nearly north and south.
******************************
NGC 3033 = Cr
212 = ESO 167-SC006
09 48 39 -56 24
42
V = 8.8; Size 5'
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this is a small 4' group
of ~30 stars situated just SW of mag 6.1 HD 85250. Many of the stars are arranged in a loop or oval on the SW
side of the star, so the combination with the bright star appears similar to a
diamond ring. The cluster members
are fairly uniform in brightness with a number of mag 11 stars. A wide double star 5' SE (9.5/11.5 at
26") is collinear with HD 85250.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3033 = h3194 on 27 Feb 1835 and logged "irregularly round
cluster, 8' diameter, of 50 or 60 stars, 11 and 12 mag. In the milky way, but
sufficiently rich and distinct to be registered as a cluster."
******************************
NGC 3034 = M82 =
Arp 337 = UGC 5322 = MCG +12-10-011 = CGCG 333-008 = UMa A = PGC 28655
09 55 52.7 +69
40 46
V = 8.4; Size 11.2'x4.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 65d
48"
(4/15/10): stunning view at 330x with numerous irregular dark rifts slicing up
the mottled, clumpy surface.
Several very small, bright knots or condensations (Super Star Clusters -
SSCs) are just west of a dark wedge that pierces the galaxy on the south side
and tapers as it cuts across the center at an oblique angle. The very bright section of the galaxy
to the northeast of the dark absorption wedge also displays mottled
structure. Another prominent dark
inclusion cuts into the galaxy from the north on the northeast side of the
galaxy. A very faint extension of
low surface brightness haze (the superwind outflow) bulges out from the main
portion of the galaxy on the south side.
This glow is west of the dark wedge and east of a mag 10.5 star located
5.8' SW of center. On images this large bulge appears to explode out from the
galaxy with filamentary structure.
Overall, there was too much visible structure to describe from a couple
of minutes at the eyepiece.
17.5"
(10/12/85): very bright, large, edge-on 4:1 WSW-ENE, 10' x 2.5', large bright
irregular core. Very mottled with
an unusually high surface brightness.
Unique appearance with several dark cuts oblique to the major axis
including a prominent wedge or cut nearly through the center. A mag 10 star is just south of the SW
end 5.8' from the center
13"
(11/5/83): two obvious dark lanes.
8": bright,
spindle, mottled. A dark wedge
cuts into the galaxy near the center from the south side.
10x50
binoculars: faintly visible though easier in 15x50's.
Johann Bode
discovered M82 = NGC 3034 = H IV-79 on 31 Dec 1774, along with M81. Pierre MŽchain independently discovered
M82 in Aug 1779.
M82 is not in
WH's published catalogues, though on 8 Nov 1801 (sweep 1100) he noted "eB,
mE sp-nf, about 10' long" and on 30 Sep 1802 (sweep 1112) he logged
"a vB, beautiful ray of light, brightest in the middle of all the length,
about 8' long and 2 or 3' broad."
JH added it as one of the 8 "HON" objects ("Herschel
omitted nebulae") in the Appendix to his Cape Observations (and in the GC
as IV-79), as WH assumed it was a new discovery on his last sweep on 30 Sep
1802!
The first
published comment about dark lanes was made by Ralph Copeland at Birr Castle on
21 May 1871. He noted "A most
extraordinary object, at least 10' in length, and crossed by several dark
bands."
******************************
NGC 3035 = MCG
-01-25-052 = PGC 28415
09 51 55.0 -06
49 23
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 25d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, fairly small, round, gradually brighter core, faint stellar
nucleus.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3035 = St X-23 on 5 Mar 1880. His position is an exact match with MCG -01-25-052.
******************************
NGC 3036 = ESO
126-SC027
09 49 20 -62 40
30
Size 10'
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 123x and 160x): nice cluster consisting of two main groups
with offshoots. Overall fairly
rich with roughly 30 stars in the southern group and 15 in the northern. The larger southern group forms an
elongated looping chain and extends ~6'x1.5'. It includes a mag 9.9 star near the west end and a 11.5/12.5
pair at 15" on the southwest end.
Two mag 10 stars are at the east end. The distinct northern chain also includes a 14" pair. This cluster is situated 12' WNW of mag
5.6 HD 85656.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3036 = h3197 on 7 Mar and recorded "The chief star 10m of a
cluster class VIII of sc st 10' dia.
It is one the borders of the milky way." His position corresponds with a mag 10 star on the west side
of a scattered group that is well-defined on the DSS. JH's original Cape position was 20' too far north but he
corrected it on the errata page, so the GC and NGC position is accurate. RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 3037 = ESO
499-010 = MCG -04-24-002 = PGC 28381
09 51 24.2 -27
00 40
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/1/00): fairly faint, roundish, 1.0' diameter, very little
concentration. A 30" pair of
mag 14 stars close SE (~1.5') is collinear with the center of the galaxy. Located 5.4' SSW of mag 9.7 SAO 178100.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3037 = h3195 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; R; lbM;
30"." His position is an
exact match with ESO 499-010 = PGC 28381.
******************************
NGC 3038 = ESO
374-002 = MCG -05-24-001 = LGG 184-002 = PGC 28376
09 51 15.4 -32
45 09
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 NW-SE, ~1.8'x1.2', large
bright core, very faint halo, brighter quasi-stellar nucleus. Three IC galaxies lie to the west with
IC 2513 the closest at 17' SW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, slightly elongated oval WSW-ENE, fairly small,
bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3038 = Sw III-52 on 27 Feb 1886 and noted "pB; pS;
R." His position is
just 40" north of ESO 374-002.
******************************
NGC 3039 = UGC
5297 = MCG +00-25-027 = CGCG 007-051 = PGC 28452
09 52 29.6 +02
09 15
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 12d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, weak concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is 3.9' WSW and two mag 12.5 stars lie 3.0' W and 1.5' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3039 = m 184 on 22 Jan 1865 and logged "vF, S,
iR." His position matches UGC
5297.
******************************
NGC 3040 = UGC
5300 = MCG +03-25-037 = CGCG 092-067 = Holm 148a = PGC 28479
09 53 05.1 +19
25 56
V = 13.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 170d
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.4'. Fairly well concentrated with a bright,
round 20" core and faint extensions.
A mag 14 star lies 1.8' SSE.
Brightest in a triple system, including Ho 148b at the northeast edge
(companions not seen).
CGCG 92-065,
located 12' N, appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter. Contained a stellar
nucleus in moments of steady seeing.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3040 = St XIII-53 on 25 Mar 1884. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3041 = UGC
5303 = MCG +03-25-039 = CGCG 092-068 = PGC 28485
09 53 07.2 +16
40 40
V = 11.5; Size 3.7'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/29/89): fairly faint, large, diffuse, slightly elongated. A mag 13 is just off the SW end 1.5'
from the center and two mag 14.5 stars are at the NW edge 1.2' from center and
at the north edge 1' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3041 = H II-98 = h3196 on 23 Mar 1784 (sweep 184) and recorded
"L, not vF, resolvable, R, not much bM. North following the most south of 2 bright stars and not far
from it; the nebulosity reaches up the bright star." Interestingly, JH called this galaxy a
globular cluster and noted "F; L; R; vglbm; 2.5' dia; resolved with left
eye." Dreyer noted it was not
a globular in 1876 observation at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 3042 = UGC
5307 = MCG +00-25-030 = CGCG 007-054 = PGC 28498
09 53 20.1 +00
41 51
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 111d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, very small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, very small bright core,
very faint extensions from core. A
mag 13 star is 1.3' SW of core.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3042 = m 185 on 30 Apr 1864 and recorded "pB, S, vlE,
gbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3043 = UGC
5327 = MCG +10-14-052 = CGCG 289-023 = PGC 28672
09 56 14.6 +59
18 25
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 84d
17.5"
(3/12/88): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
1.2'x0.5', small bright core.
Located 8' S of mag 7.9 SAO 27433.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3043 = H II-835 = h651 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 952) and noted
"cF; S; E." His position
is within 1' of UGC 5327. JH
called it (sweep 323) "eF; pL; 35"; vgbM; has a *10 m 7' n."
******************************
NGC 3044 = UGC
5311 = MCG +00-25-031 = CGCG 007-056 = FGC 965 = PGC 28517
09 53 40.8 +01
34 46
V = 11.9; Size 4.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 113d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly bright, large, edge-on 6:1 WNW-ESE, dimensions 3.5'x0.5',
broadly concentration but does not contain a well-defined core.
13.1"
(4/10/86): very pretty, very thin edge-on streak at 166x-214x, moderately
large, brighter middle.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3044 = H III-254 = h652 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 342) and recorded
"eF, mE, 3 or 5' long and near 1' br from np to sf; but not far from the
parallel." One week later
(sweep 348) he logged "vF; about 5' long but extremely narrow, less than
1/4' broad; from np to sf."
He published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 7) as an example of
"very narrow long nebulae."
JH measured an accurate position and recorded "vF; mE, pos = 111.5¡;
80" l, 15" br. Aurora in
sky, even at this polar distance."
The UGC, RC3 list the PA = 13¡, but it should read 113¡.
******************************
NGC 3045 = ESO
566-G22 = MCG -03-25-028 = PGC 28492
09 53 17.7 -18
38 43
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 110d
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, small, round, no details. Located 17' W of NGC 3052.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3045 = h3198 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; R; lbM;
30"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3046 = ESO
499-?015
09 53 22.0 -27
19 19
=*?, RNGC and
ESO.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3046 = h3199 on 24 Mar 1835 and noted "pF; R. RA precarious; a hurried
observation." His position is 30" south of a mag 14.6 star and RNGC
and ESO identify NGC 3046 as a star.
I would think it likely this was a duplicate observation of NGC 3051
except that both were recorded on the same sweep! Still, Harold Corwin suggests this may be a case (there are
two others) where he accidentally recorded the same object twice in the sweep.
******************************
NGC 3047 = UGC
5323se = MCG +00-25-033 = (CGCG 007-059) = PGC 28577
09 54 32.0 -01
17 27
V = 13.7; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(3/25/95): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 1.3' SSE of mag
8.6 SAO 137215. Forms a double system
with a very faint stellar companion = NGC 3047A just 40" WNW of center.
George Hough
discovered NGC 3047 on 24 Apr 1883 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and described as "small and round, very
faint." Both Hough and Sherburne
Burnham reobserved the galaxy on 5 May and Dreyer credited the pair. The discovery position in AN 2524 is 8
tsec W (only given to the nearest tenth of a tmin) of UGC 5323.
******************************
NGC 3048 = CGCG
092-071 = PGC 28595
09 54 56.5 +16
27 23
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.3'
17.5"
(3/29/89): extremely faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is 1.3' SE. Forms a pair with NGC 3053 8.7' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3048 = m186 on 27 Apr 1864 and simply noted "eF". His position matches CGCG 092-071. Two extremely faint galaxies are close
to the east (slightly larger redshifts).
******************************
NGC 3049 = UGC
5325 = MCG +02-25-055 = CGCG 063-103 = Mrk 710 = PGC 28590
09 54 49.6 +09
16 17
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 25d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration. A mag 11 star is
3.4' NE of center and a mag 14 star lies 1.9' SW of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3049 = St XII-37 on 20 Mar 1882. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3050 = NGC
2979 = MCG -02-25-012
09 43 08.6 -10
23 01
See observing
notes for NGC 2979.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3050 = LM II-418 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
notes inlcude "mag 14.0, 0.6' dia, vlE 200¡, gbMN." There is nothing near his rough
position (nearest min of time).
Harold Corwin
suggests, NGC 3050 is a duplicate of NGC 2979 (discovered by WH), which is
located is over 11 tmin of RA west of Muller's position! But the declination matches and the
description and position angle is a good fit, so if a 10 min recording error in
RA was made, this identification is likely.
******************************
NGC 3051 = NGC
3046: = ESO 499-016 = MCG -04-24-004 = PGC 28536
09 53 58.6 -27
17 11
V = 11.8; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(3/25/00): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Broadly concentrated halo containing a
very small bright core. Located
14' ENE of mag 6.4 SAO 178130. NGC
3037 lies 38' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3051 = h3201 on 24 Mar 1835 and recorded ""pF, S, R,
gbM; 20 arcseconds." His
position matches ESO 499-016. NGC
3046 may be a duplicate observation.
See notes on that number.
******************************
NGC 3052 = ESO
566-026 = MCG -03-25-030 = PGC 28570
09 54 28.0 -18
38 21
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 102d
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright, slightly elongated, diffuse, weak
concentration. Located 23' NNW of
mag 4.9 SAO 155588. NGC 3045 lies
17' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3052 = H III-272 = h3202 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and noted
"vF, pS, irr. A lttle
brighter towards the middle."
CH's reduced position is 1.5' southeast of ESO 566-026 = PGC 28570. JH logged "pF; L; R; gbM; 50"
and measured an accurate position (in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 3053 = UGC
5329 = MCG +03-25-040 = CGCG 092-074 = CGCG 093-001 = PGC 28631
09 55 33.6 +16
25 58
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(3/29/89): fairly faint, oval NW-SE, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is 0.9' NE. Forms a pair with NGC 3048 8.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3053 = H III-600 = h3200 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 690) and noted
"vF, S, iR." CH's
reduced position is 1.5' north of UGC 5329. JH called it "vF; lE; gbM; 25"."
******************************
NGC 3054 = ESO
499-018 = MCG -04-24-005 = UGCA 187 = PGC 28571
09 54 28.6 -25
42 13
V = 11.8; Size 3.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 123d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, diffuse halo,
elongated WNW-ESE.
C.H.F. Peters
discovered NGC 3054 on 3 Apr 1859 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College Observatory. The NGC RA
(from Peters) is just 6 sec west of ESO 499-018.
Ormond Stone
found the galaxy again on 14 Jan 1886 at the Leander McCormick Observatory and
recorded it again in list I-160.
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is ~1.5 tmin too far east but his
description (PA = 120¡, 2.7'x0.8') matches this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3055 = UGC
5328 = MCG +01-25-034 = CGCG 035-087 = PGC 28617
09 55 18.1 +04
16 11
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 63d
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, moderately large. There is a sharper light cut-off on the
east side due to dust. Located
5.7' SSE of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3055 = H VI-4 = h656 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 116) and noted
"a nebula or cluster of very close and small stars." His position is 38 sec of RA east of
UGC 5328 (not an uncommon error in his early sweeps). He included this galaxy in class VI (Very condensed and rich
clusters of stars). JH made 3 observations and noted "pB, gbM; r; lE;
60" l, 40" br; twilight.
No other cluster or neb near." The NGC position is accurate.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 15 Mar 1855, recorded the following detail:
"E sp nf, has a B nucl and a knot in sp end, or rather a twist towards
then." The following Jan he
remarked "I see it as last year with appendage or curved branch at sp
end."
******************************
NGC 3056 = ESO
435-007 = MCG -05-24-003 = PGC 28576
09 54 32.8 -28
17 53
V = 11.7; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 16d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, very small, bright core, very slightly elongated halo
N-S. A mag 12.5 star is off the NE
end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3056 = h3203 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "pB; S; R; vsmbM;
has a * 10m almost contiguous; pos from neb = 203.8¡. His position and description matches ESO 435-007, though the
position angle of the bright star is off by 180¡.
******************************
NGC 3057 = UGC
5404 = MCG +14-05-010 = PGC 29296
10 05 39.5 +80
17 09
V = 13.0; Size 2.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, moderately large, elongated. Two mag 13-14 stars are off the south edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3057 = H III-978 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and recorded "eF, pL vlbM.
Just north of 2 small stars are are hearly in parallel [E-W]." CH's reduced position is within 1' of
UGC 5404. This object is the 500th
discovery listed in Herschel's third catalogue although he left three
additional ones out which exceeded the 500 limit. NGC 3057 was not found by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3058 = IC
573 = MCG -02-25-026 = VV 741 = PGC 28513
09 53 35.7 -12
28 55
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, fairly small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is 1.0' W. A wide mag 12/13 pair at 45"
separation lies 2' SSW and a mag 12/13.5 pair at 30" separation E-W lies
3.5' W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3058 = LM I-159 on 6 May 1886 and recorded "mag
15.5, size 1.2', double or binuclear, tri-nuclear?". There is nothing at
his rough position (nearest minute of RA) but about 2 min of RA west is the
double system MCG -02-25-026. This type of large error in RA is fairly common
with positions in the first Leander McCormick list and his description clinches
the identification.
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered this galaxy on 20 Apr 1892 and measured a fairly
accurate position for J. 1-171 (later IC 573). So NGC 3058 = IC 573 though MCG
only uses the IC designation for MCG -02-25-002. In his Dec. 1899 paper on NGC/IC observations, Howe described
NGC 3058 as a multiple galaxy "p.a. 210 deg, dist 20", nf galaxy
brighter" and measured an accurate position (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 3059 = ESO
037-007 = PGC 28298
09 50 08.5 -73
55 18
V = 11.0; Size 3.6'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 71d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appears fairly bright,
fairly large, slightly elongated.
Appears to have a central bar or an elongated core (barred spiral). At moments I caught a glimpse of a
faint stellar nucleus. The halo is
large, ~2.5'x2.0' and seems mottled.
Surrounded by a number of stars in a rich star field and situated 5' ESE
of a mag 9 star. I accidentally
forgot to check this object off from the previous night so it was still on my
observing list, though I suspected it had been seen earlier.
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appears fairly bright,
large, slightly elongated, ~3.0'x2.5', weak concentration except for a small
elongated core or bar (this is a face-on barred spiral). Overall the surface brightness is
fairly low, but fairly impressive due to its large size and central bar. The galaxy is surrounded by a number of
mag 13 stars. A mag 8.9 star (HD
85642) lies 5' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3059 = h3205 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; L; irreg R;
glbM; 3'; many vS stars near and in it." His position (corrected in a list of errata at the end of
the CGH) matches ESO 037-007.
******************************
NGC 3060 = UGC
5338 = MCG +03-26-002 = CGCG 093-003 = PGC 28680
09 56 19.2 +16
49 52
V = 13.0; Size 2.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, bright core, no
well-defined nucleus, faint extensions taper to points.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3060 = H III-601 = h3204 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 690) and recorded
"vF, cS, lE, easily resolvable." CH's reduced position is just off the north side of UGC
5338.
******************************
NGC 3061 = UGC
5319 = MCG +13-07-040 = CGCG 350-036 = PGC 28670
09 56 11.9 +75
51 59
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, fairly large, slightly elongated, low surface
brightness. There are two faint
stars at the edges; a mag 14.5
star 1.8' NW of center and a faint 15 star 0.9' SSE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3061 = H II-903 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and logged "F,
pL, r." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using
Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911), matches UGC 5319 and Dreyer repeated this
position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 or
Harold Corwin's full story in his notes for NGC 3752..
JH observed what
he assumed was his father's II-903, and recorded h653 as "very
doubtful. Moonlight and
haze." There is nothing at or
near his poisition (noted in the MN paper). JH used his position, though, and basically his
father's description (changing "F" to "vF") in the GC and
Dreyer repeated this in the NGC.
So, NGC 3061 = H II-903 and not h653.
******************************
NGC 3062 = CGCG
008-002 = PGC 28699
09 56 35.7 +01
25 43
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/15/99): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Weak concentration to a slightly
brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus. Not noticed at 100x but easy at 220x. Based on description, I probably viewed
the brighter core only and missed the fainter extensions. Located 45' ESE of NGC 3044.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3062 = m 187 with Lassell's 48" and noted "vF, vS, alm
stellar." His position
matches Marth's position matches PGC 28699.
******************************
NGC 3063
10 01 41.6 +72
07 05
=**, Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3063 = H II-909 on 30 Sep 1802 (his last sweep 1112) in the
field of II-333 = NGC 3065 and II-334 = NGC 3066, "The sp one eF, vS,
about 1' more south and 20 sec preceding." This probably refers to a pair of mag 14.9 stars at 11"
separation that was also found by d'Arrest (GCS 5512) when he observed the pair
of galaxies and d'Arrest's position was used in the NGC.
WH didn't
include this object in his third catalogue as he had already reached his 500
object threshold, but JH added it in an appendix to the Cape Catalogue (HON =
[William] Herschel omitted nebulae") and in the GC as II-909 = GC
1972. There was confusion, though,
which objects were the two nebulae previously discovered, and JH noted it was
the third of three, instead of the the first of three. This confusion carried into the NGC and
even Dreyer's 1912 notes on WH's third catalogue. See Corwin's notes for the full history.
******************************
NGC 3064 = MCG
-01-26-001 = PGC 28638
09 55 41.5 -06
21 50
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(3/25/00): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, low even surface
brightness. A distinctive group of
mag 11-13 stars is roughly 5' NE.
The brighter mag 11 stars form a rectangle with a 13th magnitude star in
the center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3064 = LM I-161 on 6 May 1886 and noted "mag
16.0, vS, E45¡." A second
listing I-162 (probably from a different date). The second entry mentions "same as 161?", so
Dreyer combined them into NGC 3058.
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is essentially correct - just 0.2
tmin east of MCG -01-26-001.
******************************
NGC 3065 = UGC
5375 = MCG +12-10-014 = CGCG 333-010 = VII Zw 303 = PGC 29046
10 01 55.3 +72
10 13
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, bright core,
stellar nucleus, fairly high surface brightness. A mag 11 star is 1.4' NW. Forms a close striking pair with slightly fainter NGC 3066
3.1' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3065 = H II-333 = h654 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and recorded
"Two [along with II-334 = NGC 3066], pF, S, bM. The most north [NGC 3065] a little larger and brighter than
the southern one; otherwise much alike; not far from being in the same
meridian." CH's reduced
position is ~30 sec of RA east of UGC 5375 and UGC 5379.
This pair was
also the very last object WH observed on his last sweep 1112 on 30 Sep 1802 and
he also noted a third object (II-909), which turns out to be a double
star. JH made a single
observation, noting "vF; S; R; 10"; near a * 11-12m." The NGC position (from d'Arrest)
matches UGC 5375.
******************************
NGC 3066 = UGC
5379 = MCG +12-10-015 = CGCG 333-011 = Mrk 133 = PGC 29059
10 02 11.0 +72
07 31
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, gradual moderate
concentration but no sharp core.
Only slightly fainter than NGC 3065 3' NNW but has a smoother surface
brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3066 = H II-334 = h655 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and recorded
"Two [along with II-333 = NGC 3065], pF, S, bM. The most north a little larger and brighter than the
southern one; otherwise much alike; not far from being in the same
merian." CH's reduced
position is 30 sec of RA east of UGC 5375 and UGC 5379.
This pair was
also the very last objects WH observed on his last sweep 1112 on 30 Sep 1802
and he also noted a third object (II-909), which turns out to be a double
star. JH made a single
observation, noting "F; R; 20"; vglbM." The NGC position (from
d'Arrest) matches UGC 5379.
******************************
NGC 3067 = UGC
5351 = MCG +06-22-046 = CGCG 182-051 = KTG 26C = PGC 28805
09 58 21.1 +32
22 12
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
24"
(3/28/17): at 260x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
brighter elongated central section is mottled and appears to have a sharp light
cut-off (dust lane) on the northern flank, the eastern end of the galaxy has a
lower surface brightness, probably due to dust.
3C 232 = Ton
469, a distant quasar with a redshift of z = .531 (light-travel time of 5.3
billion years), lies 1.9' due north.
It was easily visible at 375x as a very faint mag 16 star. A brighter mag 15 star is 1.4' WSW of
the quasar. This QSR was central
to another Arp controversy as a ÒHI fingerÓ or bridge appears to connect the
quasar and NGC 3067.
24" (4/20/14):
fairly bright, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.3'x0.5', contains a large bright core
that is very mottled with several very small knots (HII regions and dust on the
SDSS). The southeast side of the
halo is weaker with an irregular surface brightness. A mag 9.8 star is 3.9'
ENE.
17.5"
(4/13/91): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, brighter
core bulges but no nucleus, extensions taper towards ends. Located 3.8' WSW of a mag 9.5 star.
8": faint,
very elongated ~E-W. A mag 9 star
is 4' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3067 = H II-492 = h657 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and noted
"pB, pL, lE nearly in the parallel." JH made 3 observations and described on sweep 128 "pB;
pL; E in parallel; gbM; 60" l, 40" br; has a * 10th mag n f."
A total of 15
observations were made at Birr Castle.
On 13 Mar 1850, LdR (or assistant George Stoney) noted the following
detail: "Longitudinal split visible occasionally, at least in following
2/3. A bright streak seemed to run
transversely across neb."
******************************
NGC 3068 = Arp
174 NED2 = UGC 5353b = MCG +05-24-006 NED2 = CGCG 153-006 = PGC 28815
09 58 40.1 +28
52 39
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
24"
(3/28/17): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, contains a small bright core,
~15" diameter. The oval halo
has a very low surface brightness and appears to extend ~25"x18" E-W.
NGC 3068 is the
brighter of a close, interacting pair with NGC 3068 NED1 = PGC 87670 just
36" SE (between centers). The
companion was extremely to very faint, round, only 10" diameter at
most. Although I couldn't hold
this compact galaxy continuously (V = 15.6), it was often visible. There was no sign of a connection
between the pair or the long, diffuse tidal tail to the southwest.
17.5"
(4/18/98): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (much smaller
than listed dimensions). A mag 12.5 star is 2.8' N. No details were visible (viewed through thin clouds) and the
fainter companion 35" SW was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3068 = H III-293 on 12 Mar 1785 (sweep 385) and
recorded"suspected, eF, eS, stellar. 240 left it doubtful, but showed the
same suspicious nebulous which other stars of equal size were free
from." His position is 6' N
of UGC 5353. Dreyer has a note in
the NGC that Auwers' reduction was incorrect due to a error in the
identification of the offset star in Philosophical Transactions.
******************************
NGC 3069 = IC
580 = MCG +02-26-005 = CGCG 064-010 = PGC 28788
09 57 56.7 +10
25 57
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6
13.1"
(4/10/86): very faint, very small.
Located on a line with NGC 3070 5.0' SSE and 30" pair of mag
13/14.5 stars 2' NNW.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 3069 on 15 Mar 1877 as LdR's assistant. While observing NGC 3070 he noted
"5' nnp is an object which I have little doubt is a vF, vS, neb, perhaps
lE. Clouds." At his
separation and direction is CGCG 064-010 = PGC 28788.
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered this galaxy on 22 Mar 1892 and recorded J. 1-175 as
"pF, vS, iF". His
position is very close north of NGC 3069.
CGCG labels this galaxy IC 580, but it is clear NGC 3069 = IC 580. See Harold Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3070 = UGC
5350 = MCG +02-26-006 = CGCG 064-011 = PGC 28796
09 58 06.9 +10
21 35
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, small, round, prominent core, stellar nucleus. Located 13' WSW of mag 7.7 SAO
98881. Forms a pair with NGC 3069
5.0' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3070 = H II-59 = h659 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 172) and recorded
"vS, cometic; There is a vB star in the fiedl with it and the nebula is
the 4th in a row from the bright star both included; the two stars between are
small." JH noted "pB;
pL; R; gbM; 40"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3071 = CGCG
153-008 = PGC 28825
09 58 53.1 +31
37 12
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 176d
18"
(3/11/07): very faint, extremely small, round, 0.2' diameter (core region?),
very faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 33' SW of 5.4-magnitude 20 Leonis Majoris. Forms a pair with very compact CGCG
153-009 6.8' NE.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 3071 on 10 Mar 1886 with the 12-inch refractor at Vienna
University Observatory. His micrometric position in AN 2782 matches CGCG
153-008 = PGC 28825.
******************************
NGC 3072 = ESO
566-033 = MCG -03-26-001 = PGC 28749
09 57 23.9 -19
21 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 71d
17.5"
(3/16/96): faint, very elongated WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.4', very small brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3072 = H III-273 = h3206 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and noted
"eF, vS, irr." His
position is within 1' of ESO 566-033 = PGC 28749. JH made two observations at the Cape, logging on sweep 561
"vF; E; glbM; 60" l; 50" br."
******************************
NGC 3073 = UGC
5374 = MCG +09-17-007 = CGCG 265-054 = CGCG 266-006 = Mrk 131 = Holm 156b =PGC
28974
10 00 52.0 +55
37 07
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, small, round.
Located 10' WSW of NGC 3079.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3073 = H III-853, along with NGC 3079, on 1 Apr 1790 (sweep 955)
and logged "vF, S, vglbM."
CH's reduced position is 8 tsec west of UGC 5374.
******************************
NGC 3074 = UGC
5366 = MCG +06-22-047 = CGCG 182-054 = PGC 28888
09 59 41.2 +35
23 34
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/18/98): faint, moderately large, round. Appears as a diffuse, low surface brightness glow, ~1.5'
diameter with only a weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. A mag 14.5 star lies 1.9' NE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3074 = H III-542 = h660 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 549) and recorded
"cF, L, iF. Part of it 5'
long and 4' br." CH's reduced
position is 8 sec of RA preceding UGC 5366, although his size estimate is much
too large. JH's position (used in
NGC) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3075 = UGC
5360 = MCG +03-26-009 = CGCG 093-012 = PGC 28833
09 58 56.2 +14
25 07
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE. A mag 14 star is involved at the NNW end 0.6' from center
and a mag 15 star is close off the east side 1.5' ESE of center. Located 2.9' NW of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3075 = h3207 on 18 Mar 1836 and recorded "vvF; forms an
appendage to a star 14 mag; a star 11 mag follows." His position is
accurate. This is one of 3 galaxies he discovered that night in Leo.
******************************
NGC 3076 = ESO
566-034 = MCG -03-26-002 = PGC 28766
09 57 37.6 -18
10 43
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/16/96): faint, small, round, 35" diameter, even surface
brightness. Located 50" S of
a mag 13 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3076 = h3208 on 12 Feb 1836 and logged "eF, S, R,
15"." His RA is 33 tsec
too large.
******************************
NGC 3077 = UGC
5398 = MCG +12-10-017 = CGCG 333-01 = KTG 28C = PGC 29146
10 03 19.1 +68
44 02
V = 9.9; Size 5.4'x4.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 45d
24"
(4/20/14): at 260x appeared very bright, very large, oval 4:3 SW-NE, large
bright core, gradually increases to a small brighter inner core and
occasionally a faint stellar nucleus.
The outer halo seems brighter or more extensive on the north-following
side and gradually fades, so the periphery has a very low surface
brightness. Two similar unequal
doubles are in the field: ·1400 = 8.0/9.8 at 3.4" lies 3.8' NW and ·1398 =
8.1/11.4 at 3.6" lies
10".
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly bright, fairly large outer halo elongated SW-NE, increases to
brighter core. Mag 7.9 SAO 15054 (·1400
= 8.0/9.8 at 3.4") lies off the NW side 3.8' from the center. Located 45' ESE of M81 (member of the
M81 group).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3077 = H I-286 = h658 on 8 Nov 1801 (sweep 1100) and remarked
"vB, cL, R, vgmbM. On the north-following side there is a faint ray
interrupting the roundness."
CH's reduced position is 8' too far south. Wilhelm Struve independently found the galaxy in 1825 or
1826 and included in his list of 9 "Nebulae dectae" in an appendix to
his main catalogue of double stars (· 3).
JH's position was accurate in dec, but 1 min of RA too far west. Ralph Copeland, observing with LdR's
72" on 26 Dec 1873, noted "vB, L, R, comet like with 2 streams of
neby towards the south."
******************************
NGC 3078 = ESO
499-027 = MCG -04-24-009 = PGC 28806
09 58 24.5 -26
55 36
V = 11.1; Size 2.5'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 177d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, very bright core, slightly
elongated halo, stellar nucleus.
NGC 3084 is 15' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3078 = H II-268 = h3209 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 676) and recorded
"F, S, R, a bright point in the middle or cometic." JH loigged "B, R, gmbM,
30"."
******************************
NGC 3079 = UGC
5387 = MCG +09-17-010 = CGCG 266-008 = Holm 156a = PGC 29050
10 01 57.3 +55
40 54
V = 10.9; Size 7.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 165d
48"
(4/18/15): I made another short observation of this remarkable asymmetric
edge-on at 375x and 488x before observing the Twin Quasars, which lie 14'
NNW. The brightest portions of
this 6:1 edge-on NNW-SSE is warped and bowed out towards the east in the very
bright central section. An intense nucleus is within this central section,
though offset to the east of center.
The west side of the central section is irregular in surface brightness
due to dust. The northern
extention thins and has a slight bend on the north end, beyond a mag 14
star. On the south side is a
bright streak, but to the east of this streak and further south the galaxy is
dusty and sections of the galaxy appear to be highly obscured. Two mag 14 stars are off the west side
of the galaxy and mag 9.6 HD 237858 is 3.5' SE of center.
48"
(4/6/13): I only took a quick look at this gorgeous showpiece edge-on at
375x. The entire length of the
galaxy appeared very mottled, clumpy and dusty, although there was no distinct
dust lane. The shape is irregular
and sharply rises to an intense, very elongated 4:1 core that bulges and
appears offset from the geometric center.
A mag 14 star is superimposed on the north side and SDSS
J100200.73+554247.0, an extremely faint galaxy (V = 18.6), was glimpsed 1.2' E.
18"
(3/13/10): fascinating view at 280x.
NGC 3079 appeared very bright, edge-on 5:1 NNW-SSE, 7'x1.4'. The galaxy extends a little bit beyond
a mag 13 star near the north tip of the galaxy and on the south end the galaxy
extends beyond a line drawn between mag 9.6 HD 237858 off the SE end and a mag
13.5 star to the west of the southern extension. Contains a bright elongated 4:1 core, which appears clumpy
and mottled with a noticeable irregular surface brightness. The NNW extension is tilted further
towards the west than the core, so appears misaligned. In addition, the south extension
appears warped or has a missing portion on the eastern side probably due to
dust, so the entire galaxy has a bent, very striking asymmetric appearance.
17.5"
(3/12/88): very bright, large, edge-on 6:1 NNW-SSE, bright core. Forms a trio with NGC 3073 10' WSW and
MCG +09-17-009 6' NW (noted as "very faint, very small, round.") To the south is a triangle of bright
stars; mag 9.0 SAO 27486 7' SE, mag 8.3 SAO 27476 6' SSW and mag 9.1 SAO 27482
3.3' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3079 = H V-47, along with NGC 3073, on 1 Apr 1790 (sweep 955)
and recorded "cB or vB, mE from np to sf, about 8' l and 2' br,
vgmbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3080 = UGC
5372 = MCG +02-26-015 = CGCG 064-025 = Mrk 1243 = PGC 28910
09 59 55.9 +13
02 37
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(3/29/97): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, weak even concentration to a
slightly brighter core. A mag 13.5
star lies 2.1' WSW. IC 585,
located 4.4' SSW, appeared faint, small, round, bright core, 40"
diameter. IC 585 is very similar
in size and magnitude to NGC 3080 and surprisingly, possibly easier visually
due a brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3080 = H III-934 on 1 Apr 1794 while observing Uranus, the
"Georgian Planet". It is
not recorded in CH's "fair copy" of WH's sweeps and found while the
telescope was out of the meridian.
His offset from Uranus (I used sky-simulation software for the 1794
position of Uranus) is within 1.5' of UGC 5372. Bigourdan noted the NGC position was 12 seconds of RA too
large and measured an accurate position (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 3081 = IC
2529 = ESO 499-031 = MCG -04-24-012 = PGC 28876
09 59 29.5 -22
49 35
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 158d
48"
(4/18/15): this beautiful resonant ring galaxy was viewed at 488x and
610x. It is very sharply
concentrated with a very bright, roundish core (slightly oval at 610x) core
that gradually increases to a stellar nucleus. The surface brightness drops significantly in the inner
halo, but then brightens at the edge to a well defined oval ring, extending 5:3
WSW-ENE, 1.3'x0.8'. The ring is
fairly narrow and brightens slightly at the ends of the major axis (southwest
and northeast ends). This is a
very distinctive object! The core
itself contains a barred spiral ring, but this feature was not seen.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, very bright compact core, possible
stellar nucleus. The fainter oval
halo is extended E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3081 = H III-596 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660) and recorded
"vF, S, lbM. South of a
triangle of unequal small stars." CH's reduced position is 7 seconds of
time west of ESO 499-031.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered this galaxy on 11 Apr 1898 and recorded it in list
XI-103 (later IC 2529) as "eeF; eS; eF * in contact." His position is just 1' south of ESO
499-031, though Corwin notes that there is no star in contact. So, NGC 3081 = IC 2529.
******************************
NGC 3082 = ESO
435-018 = MCG -05-24-011 = PGC 28829
09 58 53.0 -30
21 27
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 26d
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4'. A pleasing pair of mag 13 stars
(oriented N-S) is just off the NE end.
A thin, faint, edge-on galaxy (ESO 435-019), lies 7' NNE (see notes).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3082 = h3210 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF, S, R, close
to a double star. Requires verifying." His position and description matches ESO 435-018.
******************************
NGC 3083 = MCG
+00-26-002 = CGCG 008-011 = WBL 248-001 = PGC 28900
09 59 49.6 -02
52 40
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/16/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.3'. A group of ~10 stars mag 12-14 lies a
few arcmin NE. Located at NW end
of NGC 3090 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3083 = m 188 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "eF, S, E." His position matches CGCG 008-011 = PGC
28900. In a group of galaxies
discovered by Marth.
******************************
NGC 3084 = ESO
499-029 = MCG -04-24-010 = IC 2528? = PGC 28841
09 59 06.4 -27
07 44
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 2d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 13 star is off the SE end 25" from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3084 = h3211 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF, S, R,
attached to a star 13m sf." His position and description matches ESO
499-029. MCG doesn't label this
galaxy as NGC 3084.
Lewis Swift's
possibly found this galaxy on 28 Dec 1897 and recorded Sw. XI-102 as
"eeeF; eeS; R; double star south; 3078 in field; ee diff." His position is 30 sec of RA west and
3.5' south of NGC 3084 and his description doesn't help (a single star is
attached to the galaxy and a 5" faint unequal pair is 2.5' SE), so the
identification of IC 2528 with NGC 3084 is uncertain, though it is suggested by
Harold Corwin.
******************************
NGC 3085 = ESO
566-038 = MCG -03-26-003 = PGC 28875
09 59 29.2 -19
29 32
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 119d
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, very small, elongated WNW-ESE. NGC 3091 lies 12' SE.
Member of the NGC 3091 Group, of which HCG 42 is the core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3085 = h3212 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; vS; R. PD liable to some
uncertainty." His position is
1.5' south of ESO 566-038. Herbert
Howe observed the galaxy in 1899-00 with a 20" refractor and noted
"this is called "R" by h, but it seems to be much elongated at
90¡."
******************************
NGC 3086 = MCG
+00-26-003 = CGCG 008-012 = WBL 248-002 = PGC 28924
10 00 10.9 -02
58 34
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 145d
17.5"
(3/16/96): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, low even surface
brightness. Located 4.8' WSW of
NGC 3090 at the west side of the NGC 3090 group.
17.5"
(4/4/92): extremely faint, small, round, averted only. Located 5' WSW of NGC 3090 in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3086 = m 189 on 22 Jan 1865 and recorded "eF, S, iR."
His position matches CGCG 008-012 = PGC 28924. Not found by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3087 = ESO
374-015 = MCG -06-22-005 = PGC 28845
09 59 08.7 -34
13 31
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 42d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, very small, small bright core, fainter halo. Bracketed by two mag 12/13 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3087 = h3213 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "pB; S; R; pmbM;
between 2 st 13m." His
position matches ESO 374-015.
******************************
NGC 3088 = NGC
3088A = UGC 5384 = MCG +04-24-010 = CGCG 123-013 = PGC 28997
10 01 08.4 +22
24 20
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, very small, high surface brightness, possibly elongated
~E-W, either a stellar nucleus or a very faint star superimposed. A string of four collinear stars mag
11.5-13.3 is SW; the closest is a mag 12 star 4.8' WSW and the farther two
forms a nice wide double (12.4/13.3 at 35"). There is an impression of faint haze off the SE end of galaxy
which creates a sense of elongation.
On the POSS, this is a double system – the "faint haze"
off the SE end is actually an edge-on contact system MCG +04-24-010 = NGC
3088B.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3088 = H III-24 = h661 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and recorded
"I suspect a vS nebula.
[Higher power] rather confirmed it, but still left a doubt." His
position is 8 sec of RA east of this double system. The observation at Birr Castle on 16 Feb 1860 by Samuel
Hunter mentioned "I think there are two wings, spp and sff." These probably refer to the two
components.
The
components have dimensions a)
0.9'x0.8' and b) 0.7'x0.2' and are listed separately as MCG +04-24-010 = NGC
3088a and MCG +04-24-011 = NGC 3088b.
******************************
NGC 3089 = ESO
435-024 = MCG -05-24-014 = PGC 28882
09 59 36.5 -28
19 53
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 139d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, diffuse. Unusual appearance as four or five faint stars involved,
most near the east end. Located
2.2' W of mag 7.9 SAO 178285.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3089 = h3214 on 5 Feb 1837 and recorded "pF; R; 60"
has 2 or 3 vS stars involved, and a *8 m; 2' dist, foll[owing." His position is 1' N of ESO 435-024 and
his description is a perfect match.
******************************
NGC 3090 = MCG
+00-26-005 = CGCG 008-016 = WBL 248-003 = PGC 28945
10 00 30.2 -02
58 06
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4' NW-SE, small
bright core. Located 34" S of
a mag 11 star.
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 10.5 star is at the north edge 33" from center
which detracts from viewing.
Brightest in a group of six NGC galaxies (MKW 1) with NGC 3086 5' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3090 = m 190 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "vF, vS." His position matches CGCG 008-016 = PGC
28945. In a group of galaxies
discovered by Marth.
******************************
NGC 3091 = HCG
42A = ESO 566-041 = MCG -03-26-007 = PGC 28927
10 00 14.1 -19
38 11
V = 11.1; Size 3.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 149d
48"
(4/1/11): extremely bright, large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, ~2.2'x1.5', sharply
concentrated with a brilliant core that increases to the center. Brightest of four in HCG 42 with two
additional fainter galaxies noted in the group (PGC 852084 and PGC
852825). HCG 42C = MCG -03-26-006
is the closest member at 1.25' NW, barely off the edge of the halo.
24"
(2/9/13): very bright, fairly large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, sharply concentrated
with a very bright core and a very large fainter halo, extending ~2'x1.5'. HCG 42C is just off NW edge of the
halo.
17.5"
(3/28/87): bright, moderately large, very small bright core, slightly elongated
halo NW-SE. A 14th magnitude
"star" 1.3' NW is actually the compact galaxy MCG -03-26-006. Brightest in HCG 42 including NGC 3096
4.7' SE.
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright, small, round, very bright core, substellar
nucleus, very faint star close NW.
Brightest in HCG 42.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3091 = H II-293 = h3215 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and recorded
"pB, S, bM, iR." JH
called this galaxy "pB; pS; the preceding of two [with NGC 3096].
******************************
NGC 3092 = MCG
+00-26-008 = CGCG 008-019 = WBL 248-005 = PGC 28967
10 00 47.4 -03
00 45
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(3/16/96): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', very low
surface brightness. A mag 13 star
lies 1.7' SE and a mag 12 star 2' N.
Located 5' SE of NGC 3090 in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3092 = m 191 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "eF, S". His position is 2.5' south of CGCG
008-019 = PGC 28967. His offset is
a bit odd since nearby NGC 3093 was accurate in declination. Not found by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3093 = MCG
+00-26-007 = CGCG 008-021 = WBL 248-006 = PGC 28977
10 00 53.5 -02
58 20
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/16/96): faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter with a hint of a
small halo. Located in the NGC
3090 group 5.8' due east of NGC 3090 among a small group of stars. A mag 10.5 star is 2.8' NW, a mag 13
star 2' SE and a mag 12 star 2.2' WSW.
NGC 3092 lies 2.9' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3093 = m 192 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "eF, vS". His positin matches CGCG 008-021 = PGC
28977 in the NGC 3090 group.
******************************
NGC 3094 = UGC
5390 = MCG +03-26-015 = CGCG 093-023 = PGC 29009
10 01 26.0 +15
46 13
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75d
17.5"
(1/23/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, brighter
core. A mag 10 star is attached at
the SE end 0.6' from center.
Located 6.2' NNE of mag 7.8 SAO 98897.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 3094 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 12-inch refractor at Vienna
University Observatory. His
micrometric position in AN 2732 matches UGC 5390.
******************************
NGC 3095 = ESO
435-026 = MCG -05-24-016 = UGCA 192 = PGC 28919
10 00 05.6 -31
33 08
V = 11.7; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 126d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE. A mag 12 star is off the preceding side
1.0' from the center. Appears
brighter on the west end or an extremely faint star is involved. NGC 3100 lies 11' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3095 = h3216 on 16 Feb 1836, along with NGC 3100 = h3218, and
recorded "F; L; E; vglbM; 3' l; 2' br." His position and description applies to ESO 435-026.
******************************
NGC 3096 = HCG
42B = ESO 566-042 = MCG -03-26-008 = PGC 28950
10 00 33.1 -19
39 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 170d
48"
(4/1/11): this member of HCG 42 appeared fairly bright, moderately large, oval
4:3, 0.9'x0.7', sharply concentrated with a bright core that increases to a
stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star
lies 1.5' NW and a mag 10.6 star is 1.8' NW. Forms a pair with fainter PGC 852084 1.3' SW (not included
by Hickson). The mag 12 star, NGC
3096, PGC 852084 and a mag 13.8 star are collinear and nearly equally spaced on
a 3.7' line oriented NE to SW.
24"
(2/9/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE, 24"x12" (central bar), very small brighter nucleus. The larger, low surface brightness halo
was not seen. Located 1.5' SW of a
mag 11.5 star and 1.8' SE of a mag 10.6 star.
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, weak concentration, visible with direct vision. Located 4.7' ESE of NGC 3091 in HCG 42.
13"
(4/10/86): extremely faint, small, round, requires averted. Located 5' ESE of NGC 3091.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3096 = h3217 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF; R; lbM;
follows II 293 [NGC 3091]. (Place
somewhat uncertain.)" His
position is 7 sec of RA east 1.5' north of ESO 566-042.
******************************
NGC 3097
10 04 18 +60 08
=Not found,
Corwin.
Edward P. Austin
discovered NGC 3097 = HN 39 in 1870 at the Harvard College Observatory with the
15" f/18 Merz refractor (Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, 177) Austin recorded both NGC 3102 = H
III-916 and NGC 3097 on the same date; "[NGC 3102] sf neb; p45 deg, s 2'. Place only approximate." Although his position is 2' northwest of
NGC 3102, his position angle is 45 degrees (northeast). In the notes section, Pickering states
"perhaps a nebulous star. It
is halfway between GC 1998 and a star 11m." In any case there is nothing in either position so this
object is probably nonexistent or a star.
See Corwin's identification notes.
RNGC
misidentifies NGC 3097 as a duplicate of NGC 3102.
******************************
NGC 3098 = UGC
5397 = MCG +04-24-012 = CGCG 123-014 = PGC 29067
10 02 16.7 +24
42 40
V = 12.0; Size 2.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 90d
13.1":
moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 E-W, brighter core.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, very elongated E-W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3098 = h663 on 19 Feb 1827 and logged "pB; S; mE in
parallel; 30" l, 10" br; bM to nucleus." His position and description matches
UGC 5397.
******************************
NGC 3099 = MCG
+06-22-059/058 = CGCG 182-064 = Holm 160a = PGC 29088
10 02 36.5 +32
42 25
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(4/9/94): very faint, small, round, easily held with direct vision, very weak
even concentration down to a slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 15 star is 2.7' N. Located 17' WNW of mag 7.6 SAO
61840. Forms a double system with
MCG +06-22-058 = Ho 160b 1.4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3099 = H III-478 = h664 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and noted
"eF, S, left doubtful."
His position is accurate. JH's position on sweep 337 matches CGCG
182-064 = PGC 29088. This is a
double system at 1.3' separation.
******************************
NGC 3100 = NGC
3103 = ESO 435-030 = MCG -05-24-018 = PGC 28960
10 00 40.8 -31
39 52
V = 11.1; Size 3.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 154d
48"
(5/12/12): very bright, fairly large, oval 5:3 NNW-SSE, ~2.0'x1.2', sharply
concentrated with a very bright oval core that gradually increases to the
center. Three stars are close
following; two mag 10.5/12 stars 1.3' E and 1.5' SE, with a closer mag 14 star
0.9' SE of center. We took a look
at NGC 3100 because an uncatalogued companion (not found in NED or HyperLeda)
is just 0.9' SE. At 488x the
companion was easily visible and appeared fairly faint, small, very elongated
3:1 SW-NE, ~21"x7", situated just north of the mag 14 star.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, small, round, bright core. Two mag 10/11.5 stars are 1.3' E and
1.5' SE (30" separation N-S).
NGC 3095 lies 11' NW and NGC 3108 23' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3100 = h3218, along with NGC 3095 = h3216, on 16 Feb 1836 and
recorded "pB, R, 30", gpmbM." His position is accurate.
Lewis Swift
probably found NGC 3103 on 27 Feb 1886 and recorded it in list III-53. His position is 50 sec of RA east and
1' south of NGC 3100. See notes on
NGC 3103.
******************************
NGC 3101 = MCG
+00-26-011 = CGCG 008-024 = WBL 248-007 = PGC 29025
10 01 35.4 -02
59 40
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 150d
18"
(3/11/07): very faint, small, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.2', very weak
concentration. A small group of 4
NGC galaxies with brightest member NGC 3090 lies 10' to 20' W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3101 = m 193 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "eF". His position matches CGCG 008-024. A tight group of four NGC galaxies
found by Marth lies 15' west.
******************************
NGC 3102 = UGC
5418 = MCG +10-15-007 = CGCG 289-030 = CGCG 290-004 = PGC 29220
10 04 31.7 +60
06 29
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is 7.0' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3102 = H III-916 = h662 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and recorded
"eF, vS, stellar neb. Near a
small star. I wished to see it
with a higher power, but it was too far advanced." CH's reduced position is 2.4' southwest
of UGC 5418. JH reported it as "F; vS; R; bM; a coarse double star nf
points to it; has a *11m 30" distance, pos 142.2¡." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3103 = NGC
3100 = ESO 435-030 = MCG -05-24-018 = PGC 28960
10 00 40.8 -31
39 52
See observing
notes for NGC 3100
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3103 = Sw III-53 on 27 Feb 1886 and recorded "eF; pL; R;
coarse D * nr p; [NGC 3108] in field.
There is nothing at his position, but 50 seconds of time preceding and
1' north is NGC 3100. The coarse
double star he mentions, though, follows the galaxy. Herbert Howe examined the field in 1899-00 and reported that
Swift "saw 3100, but did not take its place with sufficient
accuracy." So, NGC 3100 = NGC
3103, with NGC 3100 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 3104 = Arp
264 = VV 119 = UGC 5414 = MCG +07-21-007 = CGCG 211-006 = PGC 29186
10 03 57.3 +40
45 25
V = 13.1; Size 3.3'x2.2'; Surf Br = 15.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/18/98): faint, moderately large, ~1.5'-2' diameter although seems irregular
in shape. Appears as a low but
irregular surface brightness glow with a mag 13 star embedded at the south
edge. Unusual appearance and could
be mistaken for a reflection nebula around the star. With averted vision a fainter outer halo "grows"
at times to 2.5' diameter nearly to a mag 14 star off the NE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3104 = H IV-48 = h665 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and logged
"a vF star affected with vF nebulosity. E from sp to nf about 1' long. With 300 the same." CH's reduced position is 14 sec
east of Arp 264.
******************************
NGC 3105 = ESO
167-SC014 = Cr 214
10 00 40 -54 47
18
V = 9.7; Size 2'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright compact cluster of
just 2.5' diameter with 15 stars resolved at 200x. Using 350x the total increases to ~20 stars in a 2.5'
region. A close unequal double is
close west of center. A 25"
pair of mag 11.5 stars lies 3' NE.
Located 3' NW of a mag 9.6 star.
Located 36' ESE of mag 3.5 Phi Velorum.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3105 = h3219 on 10 Apr 1834 and recorded "a small close
clustering knot of stars 13-16 mag; oval; a great train of stars 12..13 mag on
the S.p. side." HIs position
is an exact match with this small cluster. Trumpler (Lick Obs Bul, Vol 14, No.
420) gives the diameter as 2.5' and the class as 2 2 p.
******************************
NGC 3106 = UGC
5419 = MCG +05-24-009 = CGCG 153-013 = PGC 29196
10 04 05.2 +31
11 07
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.2' diameter, sharply
concentrated with faint halo and abrupt bright nucleus. A mag 13.7 star is 2.7' N of
center. Situated almost at the
midpoint of a mag 11.5 star 5.3' WNW and a mag 12 star 4.9' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3106 = H II-320 = h666 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and logged
"F, pS, R, lbM." JH
noted "F; S; R; smbM; is equal to a * 12m." His position matches UGC 5419.
******************************
NGC 3107 = UGC
5425 = MCG +02-26-022 = CGCG 064-048 = PGC 29209
10 04 22.4 +13
37 17
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(1/23/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Located 1.8' NW of mag 8.1 SAO 98932.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3107 = H II-898 on 22 Mar 1794 (not in CH's fair copy of the
sweep records) while observing Uranus, which was used as a reference star. His description in his 3rd catalogue
reads "By coarse estimation. F. 3' north of a pL red star. This nebula was seen at 8h 49m,
sidereal time, the telescope being out of the meridian [observing
Uranus]."
Three
observations were made at Birr Castle.
The RA is very close in the GC to UGC 5425 (6 tsec too far west),
although the dec is ~7' too far south. In the 17 Mar 1876 observation at Birr
Castle, the position is discussed and it states the RA is 54 sec too large in
the GC (due to a misidentification of a red star close south of the
galaxy). So, Dreyer's position in
the NGC is 48 tsec too far east!
UGC, CGCG and
MCG do not label their entries as NGC 3107. See Corwin's notes for a complete discussion.
******************************
NGC 3108 = ESO
435-032 = MCG -05-24-019 = PGC 29076
10 02 29.1 -31
40 36
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, weakly concentrated. Located 1.5' NE of a mag 10.5
star. Two mag 14 stars are 0.9' NE
and 1.1' NW. NGC 3100 lies 23' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3108 = h3220 on 28 Jan 1835 and noted "F; S; R; lbM;
15"." His position
(measured on two sweeps) matches ESO 435-032 = PGC 29076.
******************************
NGC 3109 = ESO
499-036 = MCG -04-24-013 = UGCA 194 = PGC 29128
10 03 07 -26 09
30
V = 9.9; Size 19.1'x3.7'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 93d
48"
(5/4/16): fairly bright, very large, very elongated 6:1 E-W, ~15'x2.5'. Contains a large brighter irregular
core region but no nucleus. A mag
12.5 star is superimposed near the center and a number of fainter stars are
superimposed. Overall the surface
brightness is fairly low but patchy with several very small knots.
Near the
southwest edge of the galaxy, 3.9' WSW of the mag 12.5 star, is a faint
12" knot, identified in SIMBAD as [BCP93] F3 H2 from the 1993 paper
"The dwarf galaxy NGC 3109. I - The data". A faint 10" knot, listed as [BCP93] F1 H3, is 1.1' NW
of the same star and another quasi-stellar knot (perhaps a faint star) is close
northwest of the star. Finally, on
the southeast flank of the galaxy is a faint larger patch, perhaps
15"-20", catalogued as [BCP93] F5 H1.
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, very large, very elongated 4:1 E-W, diffuse. Appears as a low surface brightness
streak with very weak concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3109 = h3221 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; vL; 12' l; 2'
br; lbM; pos of axis 82.3¡. See
pl. V. fig 9." His position
and description and sketch (Plate V, figure 9) matches this large edge-on.
Although Sidney
van den Bergh concluded in his 2000 book "The Galaxies of the Local
Group" that NGC 3109 was just outside the local group, recent papers
assume this galaxy (along with Sextans A, Sextans B and the Antlia dwarf) is at
a distance of 4.2 million light, on the outskirts of the Local Group.
******************************
NGC 3110 = NGC
3122 = NGC 3518 = MCG -01-26-014 = PGC 29192
10 04 02.0 -06
28 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, broad weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
40" NW of center and a mag 14 star lies 1.7' S. Forms a close (interacting) pair with MCG -01-26-013 1.8'
SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
independently discovered NGC 3110 = St XIII-54 on 17 Mar 1884. His position matches MCG -01-26-014 =
PGC 29192 (Esmiol's re-reduced position is within a few arc seconds).
This galaxy was
discovered by WH (II-305 = GC 2011 = NGC 3122) on 5 Mar 1785. The GC and NGC positions are incorrect,
though, as Herschel's position was reduced using the wrong offset star. When corrected, II-305 is an exact
match with NGC 3110. Based on
historical precedence, NGC 3122 should be the primary designation, though
modern catalogues use NGC 3110 as Stephan's position was accurate.
This galaxy was
found again by Ormond Stone (I-182) on 31 Dec 1885 and recorded in list
I-182. But Stone made a 1 hour
error in RA (confirmed by Corwin on Stone's discovery sketch). Dreyer assumed this was a new object
and catalogued it again as NGC 3518.
Once Stone's error is corrected, NGC 3122 = NGC 3110 = NGC 3518. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3111 = UGC
5441 = MCG +08-19-002 = CGCG 240-007 = PGC 29338
10 06 07.4 +47
15 45
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(4/15/99): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Weak concentration to center, very
faint stellar nucleus at moments.
Forms eastern vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 11/11.5
stars 4.3' SW and 4.0' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3111 = h667 on 17 Mar 1828 and noted "pB; R; smbM;
20"." His mean position
from 3 sweeps matches UGC 5441.
******************************
NGC 3112 = ESO
567-011 = PGC 29189
10 03 59.0 -20
46 56
V = 15.1; Size 1.1'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 47d
24"
(2/22/14): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Although only visible part of the time,
the observation was confirmed.
Confusing the observation is a mag 16 star 40" NW that was slightly
easier to view than the galaxy and it was difficult to view both objects
simultaneously.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3112 = LM I-163 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest minute of RA) is only 2.7' east of ESO 567-011 = PGC 29189.
******************************
NGC 3113 = ESO
435-035 = MCG -05-24-021 = UGCA 158 = PGC 29216
10 04 26.2 -28
26 36
V = 12.7; Size 3.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/15/99): this galaxy was surprisingly difficult due to clouds low in the
south obscuring the view. Appeared
extremely faint, small, round, required averted vision. Viewed only the core of this galaxy as
appeared no more than 40" in size [described as 3' diameter by John
Herschel]. Forms an obtuse angle
with mag 7.5 SAO 178366 4.5' NNW and mag 8 SAO 178361 7.5' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3113 = h3222 on 5 Feb 1837 and recorded "eF, L, 3'; makes
an obtuse angled triangle, with 2 stars 8 mag; one nearly on the parallel, the
other nearly north." His
position and description matches ESO 435-035.
******************************
NGC 3114 = Cr
215 = Mel 98
10 02 30 -60 07
48
V = 4.2; Size 35'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this very bright naked-eye cluster measures
some 35'-40' in diameter and is framed beautifully in a 50' field with the 27mm
Panoptic. The cluster contains a
couple of long curving chains of brighter stars, one forming a huge
"U" shaped arc. There
are several pretty smaller groupings and star chains including a striking
equilateral triangle of nearly equal mag stars just north of center, consisting
of mag 9.2/9.4/10 stars at 20"/22"/27". Two mag 6-7 stars (brightest mag 6.2 HD
87436) are involved and in addition there are numerous 8-9th magnitude stars
scattered across the face of the cluster.
Appears similar to a bright star cloud in Sagittarius or Cygnus and the
cluster is just inferior to NGC 3532.
Located 5¡ west of Eta Carina on the opposite side of Eta from NGC
3532. This is a young cluster (160
million years old) projected onto the Carina complex and the cluster is heavily
contaminated by field stars at varying distances.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3114 = D 297 = h3224 on 8 May 1826 with his 9-inch f/12
reflector from Parramatta near Sydney. He described "a beautiful cluster
of stars, arranged in curvilinear lines intersecting each other, about 40'
diameter, extended S.p., and N.f."
This is the brightest object Dunlop discovered and his position is within
the cluster, though ~10' NW of center.
On JH's third sweep (of 3) he noted "an enormous congeries or
clustering region of stars 2 or 3 fields in diameter, constituting a decided
cluster. Stars 9..14th mag, the larger magnitudes predominating. There must be
many hundreds." It's
surprising that Lacaille didn't catalogue this bright cluster during his trip
to the Cape of Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 3115 = MCG
-01-26-018 = UGCA 199 = Spindle Galaxy = PGC 29265
10 05 14.1 -07
43 07
V = 8.9; Size 7.2'x2.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 43d
48"
(2/19/12): this showpiece galaxy was stunning at 287x and 375x, with a very
high surface brightness halo, ~5.5'x2', which is punctuated by a brilliant,
nearly stellar nucleus. The
nucleus is centered within an extremely bright, very flattened core extending
1'-1.5'. This dazzling streak dims
slightly outside the central region but stretches at least 2.5' along the major
axis with no breaks or significant drops in surface brightness. The view of this thin, super-luminous
central disc bisecting most of the outer, elongated halo was a unique sight.
UGCA 200, a
faint dwarf galaxy, lies 5.7' SE.
At 375x it appeared as a faint low surface brightness patch with averted
vision, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, with no central concentration. The galaxy is situated within a
triangle formed by a mag 11.2 star 1.7' SE, a mag 15.3 star 1.5' NW and a mag
13.8 star 2' ENE.
18"
(2/23/06): at 257x the Spindle galaxy is a gorgeous high surface brightness
edge-on, ~5'x1'. Contains a small,
very intense elongated core that increases to a dramatic quasi-stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(1/31/87): very bright, fairly large, edge-on spindle 3:1 SW-NE,
5.5'x1.8'. Unusually high surface
brightness, bright core, stellar nucleus.
A mag 12.5 star is 3.2' S of center and a mag 10.5 star is 8' E. MCG
-01-26-021 lies 17' SSE.
13"
(3/24/84): stunning edge-on, very bright, small very bright core.
8": very
bright, high surface brightness, very bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3115 = H I-163 = h668 = h3223 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 704) and
recorded "eB, cL, mE 45¡ sp to nf.
The bright part about 2' long with vF branches extending in all, to 4 or
5'." JH called it "vB;
L; mE; vsmbM; almost to a nucl; 3' l, 30" br. With 12-inches aperture, its nucleus is rather speckled;
with 6-inch it is barely discernible as a neb." In 1861, LdR questioned if "Is Nucl. resolvable and
oblong?"
******************************
NGC 3116 = MCG
+05-24-012 = CGCG 153-017 = PGC 29383
10 06 45.1 +31
05 51
V = 14.4; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.6
18"
(1/20/07): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, compact appearance with
a well-define halo, brightens slightly to a faint stellar nucleus. A triangle of mag 12 stars lies 5' SE
(one star is 14" double with a mag 13.5 companion). Located 10' SE of mag 8.2 HD 87512.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 3116 on 10 Mar 1886 with the 12-inch refractor at Vienna
University Observatory and reported it in AN 2782. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3117 = UGC
5445 = MCG +01-26-014 = CGCG 036-038 = PGC 29340
10 06 10.5 +02
54 46
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration to a very
small brighter core. A pretty mag
9.5/11 double star at 18" separation lies 8' NNW. Located 6' NW of mag 8.8 SAO 118106.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3117 = St IX-21 on 15 Mar 1877 and logged "eF, eS, R,
stellar nucleus." His
position matches UGC 5445.
******************************
NGC 3118 = UGC
5452 = MCG +06-22-074 = CGCG 182-075 = FGC 118A = PGC 29415
10 07 11.6 +33
01 39
V = 13.5; Size 2.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 41d
17.5"
(4/25/92): very faint, fairly small, edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.3', very low
almost even surface brightness.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3118 = St XIII-55 on 16 Mar 1884 and noted a "small group
of vF st in eF nebulosity."
His position matches UGC 5452, though the description is inaccurate.
******************************
NGC 3119 = CGCG
093-045 = PGC 29381
10 06 47.9 +14
18 51
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 15.1
17.5"
(1/23/88): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 4' SSW of NGC 3121. Forms the SE vertex of an equilateral triangle with NGC 3121
3.7' NNE and a mag 13.5 star 3.8' NW.
The
identification of NGC 3119 is uncertain and it may be a duplicate observation
of brighter NGC 3121 instead.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3119 = m 194 on 14 Dec 1863 and simply noted
"vF". His position is
2.3' north of CGCG 093-045 and is actually closer to NGC 3121 = UGC 5450, which
was discovered by William Lassell in 1848.
RNGC identifies
CGCG 093-045 as NGC 3319 but MCG identifies UGC 5450 as NGC 3319. Corwin feels NGC 3119 is more likely a
duplicate of NGC 3121 because of the better positional match. But CGCG 093-045 was visible in my
scope so it should have visible to Marth and he may have already known of the
earlier discovery of NGC 3121. So,
the identification of NGC 3119 is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3120 = ESO
374-029 = MCG -06-22-017 = PGC 29278
10 05 22.9 -34
13 13
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 1d
17.5"
(4/1/00): fairly faint, moderately large, 1.0' diameter, slightly elongated,
weakly concentrated. A 20"
pair of mag 12.5/13.5 stars are off the NW side 2' from center. A brighter pair of stars is ~4' SW and
the galaxy is nearly collinear with both pairs. A mag 9.5 star (SAO 201047) lies 5.7' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3120 = h3225 on 22 Jan 1838 (his last sweep at the Cape of Good
Hope) and noted "F, R, gbM, 40"." His position is an exact
match with ESO 374-029. NGC 3120 and NGC 2849 were the last two southern
objects that JH discovered.
******************************
NGC 3121 = UGC
5450 = MCG +03-26-027 = CGCG 093-046 = PGC 29387
10 06 51.9 +14
22 26
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE. A mag 13.5 star is 3.6' W and a mag 10
star 5.5' NW. Forms a pair with
NGC 3119 4' SSW.
William Lassell
discovered NGC 3121 on 31 Mar 1848 with his 24" reflector at Starfield
Observatory near Liverpool, England.
He found this galaxy while observing Comet Mauvais 1847 IV ("almost
in the field at the same time as the Comet") and reported the discovery in
AN 27 [635], 171 (1848) . Using
the 6" Heliometer at Kšnigsberg, Auwers described it as "faint, 1.5'
diam, * 9-10m 4' north, 14-15 seconds preceding" and included it as #26 in
his 1862 list of new nebulae. MCG
labels this galaxy NGC 3119, though that number may also apply to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3122 = NGC
3110 = NGC 3518 = MCG -01-26-014 = PGC 29361
10 04 02.0 -06
28 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
See observing
notes for NGC 3110.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3122 = H II-305 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 379) and logged "F, S,
lE, easily resolvable." He
failed to find it again on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 704), but he had confused the
offset star on the first observation and the GC and NGC position are incorrect. Dreyer corrected the position in his
1912 revision of WH's catalogues and noted that NGC 3122 = NGC 3110 = MCG
-01-26-014.
ƒdouard Stephan
independently found this galaxy on 16 Mar 1884 and placed it 1' too far north
in list XIII-54. Dreyer assumed it
was new and catalogued it as NGC 3110.
Finally, it was found again by by Ormond Stone at Leander McCormick
Observatory on 31 Dec 1885 (reported in list LM I-182) and later catalogued as
NGC 3518. Harold Corwin discovered
that Stone's position was off by 1 hr in RA. So, NGC 3122 = NGC 3110 = NGC 3518. RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC 29361 as
NGC 3122. Coincidentally, this
galaxy is close to WH's original position. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3123
10 18 11.9 +00
02 25
=*,
Gottlieb. =Not found, Corwin and
Carlson.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 3123 = HN 15 on 31 Mar 1859 and simply noted as a "nebulous
object" by Bond (director of the Harvard Observatory) in AN #1453. There are no nonstellar objects in the
vicinity of the listed position, given roughly as 9 59 48 +/- 4s, +0 45' +/- 2'
for 1859. That's not unusual as
all 8 of Coolidge's other nebulous objects are single or multiple stars.
Bigourdan, Reinmuth or Carlson were unable to find his object and RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin lists a few possible candidates (stars) near Coolidge's
position.
But in March
2015 I took a look at the Zone Catalogue (volume 6 from HCO, page 4-5) and
found the number derived from star #47 (preceding #57 = NGC 3229), in which
Coolidge noted "has a perceptible disc?" Furthermore, #47 was measured
in Zone 117 but not Zone 118, so the position was not confirmed. The only problem is the dec for entry
#47 fits the range given by Bond but not the RA, though perhaps he made a
copying mistake. Assuming
Coolidge's single position is Zone 117 is accurate, then NGC 3123 refers to a
single star at 10 18 11.9 +00 02 25 (J2000).
******************************
NGC 3124 = ESO
567-017 = MCG -03-26-024 = UGCA 202 = PGC 29377
10 06 40.0 -19
13 21
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 165d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly large, round, 2.5' diameter, diffuse, very weak
broad concentration. A mag 13.5
star is 2.4' N of center. A
pleasing double star, South 607 = 8.8/10.0 at 9.5" lies 5' S.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, very large, diffuse, broad concentration, no
nucleus.
13"
(4/10/86): faint, large, very diffuse, weak concentration, no nucleus, lies 4'
N of double star S607 8.5/9.5 at 9".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3124 = h3226 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "F, L, R, lbM, has
a fine double star exactly south."
His description and position clearly apply to ESO 567-017.
******************************
NGC 3125 = ESO
435-041 = MCG -05-24-022 = PGC 29366
10 06 33.1 -29
56 08
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 114d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, roundish, brighter core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3125 = h3227 on 30 Mar 1835 and noted "F; R: gbM;
20"." His mean position
from two observations matches ESO 435-041.
******************************
NGC 3126 = UGC
5466 = MCG +05-24-019 = CGCG 155-023 = PGC 29484
10 08 20.8 +31
51 47
V = 12.8; Size 2.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 123d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, 2.0'x0.4', faint
thin arms, fairly well-defined round core. A mag 11 star is 4.7' N of center. Located 15' N of mag 6.2 SAO 61882.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3126 on 30 Apr 1864 and recorded "F, S, not lE,
mag 15 nucleus. Confirmation still
needed." This was his only observation, but his position matches UGC 5466. Otto Struve independently found the
galaxy on 8 Apr 1869 at St Petersburg while searching for Comet Winnecke
(7P/Pons-Winnecke). He recorded
finding a "Bright elongated nebula with a stellar nucleus, a miniature
image of the Andromeda Galaxy. 4.5' north is a mag 10-11 star with the nebula
in PA of 168¡ [SSE]." He immediately
added a note that this nebula was discovered by d'Arrest in 1864.
******************************
NGC 3127 = MCG
-03-26-022 = KTS 38C = PGC 29357
10 06 24.8 -16
07 34
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 55d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, very small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 24"x8",
weak concentration. The extensions
appear to fade at the tips. Situated near the midpoint of a mag 10 star 1.6' SE
and a mag 12.5 star 1.1' NW. Forms
a pair with brighter NGC 3128 5.6' W.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 3127 = LM I-164 (along with NGC 3128) on 1 Jan 1886 and noted
"mag 16.0, 1.6'x0.7', vE 45¡."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is ~1 tmin east of MCG -03-26-022
and the description matches.
******************************
NGC 3128 = MCG
-03-26-020 = KTS 38A = PGC 29330
10 06 01.4 -16
07 19
V = 13.5; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 174d
18"
(4/10/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.8'x0.5'. The surface brightness appears
irregular with a broadly concentrated core. The extensions are more difficult and require averted vision
and seem patchy or knotty. Forms a
pair with NGC 3127 5.6' E.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3128 = LM I-165 (along with NGC 3127) on 1 Jan 1886
and noted "mag 16.0, 1.3'x0.7', vE 170¡." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1.3 tmin east of
MCG -03-26-020 and description matches.
******************************
NGC 3129
10 08 19.2 +18
25 51
=**, Corwin
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3129 = H III-35 = h669 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
"vS, E, r. 240 showed it
better than 157." There is
nothing near his position other than stars. JH listed it as h669, although he only give a very rough
position (from his working list).
It was not found
again at Birr Carlson or by Reinmuth on Heidelberg plate in his photographic
survey. There is no listing for
NGC 3129 in any modern catalogue.
Harold Corwin identifies NGC 3129 as a double star (13" pair of mag
14 stars) at WH's position. See
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3130 = UGC
5468 = MCG +02-26-026 = CGCG 064-072 = PGC 29475
10 08 12.3 +09
58 37
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 30d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. The visibility of this galaxy is
hindered by 31 Leonis (V = 4.6) just 4.7' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3130 = h670 on 19 Jan 1828 and recorded "eF; S; psbM;
follows 31 Leonis 16.5s, and is 1' 40" south of it." His position and description clearly
applies to UGC 5468.
******************************
NGC 3131 = UGC
5471 = MCG +03-26-033 = CGCG 093-060 = PGC 29499
10 08 36.5 +18
13 52
V = 13.0; Size 2.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 54d
17.5"
(3/29/97): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 2.0'x0.6',
broad concentration. The major
axis is bracketed by two mag 13.5 stars 1.7' SSE and 3.1' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3131 = h671 on 17 Mar 1831 and recorded "pB; pmE; gbM;
40" l and 20" br. His
position and description matches UGC 5471. R.J. Mitchell, the observing
assistant on LdR's 72" on 10 Jan 1856, suspected a knot in the preceding
end.
******************************
NGC 3132 =
Eight-Burst Nebula = Southern Ring = PK 272+12.1 = PN G272.1+12.3
10 07 01.8 -40
26 11
V = 9.7; Size 62"x43"
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 40¡ elevation in Costa Rica along the Gulf of Nicoya
, NGC 3132 was quite beautiful at 200x and 260x. The 10th magnitude "central star" (an unseen 16th
mag companion at 1.65" separation is the true ionizing star) is embedded
in the center of a very bright, elongated annulus with a darker center and
interesting outer ring elongated NW-SE.
The oval ring is relatively narrow with a brighter outer rim. Surrounding the ring is a faint, thin outer
shell. The ring is slightly offset
in orientation to the major axis of the planetary giving a complex multi-ring
appearance.
17.5"
(3/28/87): very bright, moderately large, oval. A dark ring surrounds the bright mag 10 central star. Viewed at only 10¡-11¡ elevation.
13"
(2/23/85): darker around the central star at high power.
8"
(3/28/81): mag 9 central star surrounded by a fairly bright, moderately large
disc, striking.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3132 = h3228 on 2 Mar 1835 and recorded "Planetary nebula,
very large, very bright, elliptic; has in it a 9th mag star somewhat excentric.
Its light is exactly equable, ie. not increasing towards the middle; yet I
cannot help imagining it to be closely dotted. It is just like a star out of
focus in certain states of the mirror and atmosphere. Three stars near, a = 9th
mag; b = 9th mag; c = 14th mag; A very extraordinary object." On a later observation he logged,
"Planetary nebula with a 10th mag star in centre; very bright; very well
defined, and perfectly equable all over in light, there being no condensation
up to the centre. The star is sharp, the nebula velvety, or like infinitely
fine dust; a star 14th mag at a distance rather more than a radius of neb from
edge (by diagram); has its position from centre = 333.8¡." Sketch on Plate VI, figure 9.
JH sketched NGC
3132 and other planetary nebulae from the Cape of Good Hope, commenting:
"[these] represent planetary nebulae, a class of special interest, and of
which, considering their general rarity, the southern heavens have afforded a
rather unexpectedly large harvest. Those only are here delineated which have
either accompanying stars, or which are distinguished by some peculiarity, as
... [NGC 3132] which has a star or a small disc near its centre". Father Angelo Secchi published a sketch
(fig. 16) and description in 1856 using the 9.6" refractor in Rome. He called it a "beautiful and
large ring nebula similar to that of the Hydra [NGC 3242]."
In
"Southern Gems", Stephen O'Meara states James Dunlop discovered NGC
3132 while making observations for the 1826 Brisbane Star Catalogue (published
in 1835). In a footnote to #3085 he noted "Dusky Yellow - a fine Planetary
disk." John Herschel
recognized Dunlop's observation in a letter to Thomas Maclear in 1835.
A star (HD
87892) is plotted at the position of NGC 3132 in the first edition of the
Uranometria 2000 because the BD catalogue (used as a source for the U2000)
listed the bright "central" star as an entry. In 1977 Kohoutek and Laustsen announced
(1978IAUS...76..207K) that the actual illuminating star is a hot, dim 16th
magnitude companion to the mag 10 star at only 1.65" separation. The pair
probably forms a true binary
The nickname
"Eight Burst Nebula" was coined by H. Shapley and J. S.
Paraskevopoulos in "Photographs of Thirty Southern Nebula and
Clusters" (1940PNAS...26...31S).
Concerning NGC 3132 they say: "A series of photographs of varying
exposures would be necessary to bring out the intricate detailsÉ. It could well
be named the "8-burst" planetary from the number of distinct arcs on
the boundary of the main disk or shell".
******************************
NGC 3133 = PGC
29417
10 07 12.8 -11
57 55
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 25d
18"
(4/10/04): extremely faint, small, 0.4'x0.3'. Visible less than 50% of the time with averted vision so
orientation difficult to determine but I was certain of the sighting. Located 5' NE of a mag 10.4 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3133 = LM II-419 in 1886. He noted "mag 16.2, 0.2' dia, R." There is nothing at his position but 1
min 18 sec of RA west is PGC 29417.
Also, 45 sec of RA east and 2' north is NGC 3138. But this is the next entry in the LM II
list and may have been found the same night.
******************************
NGC 3134 = MCG
+02-26-031 = CGCG 064-088 = Todd 21 = PGC 29722
10 12 29.2 +12
22 37
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 51d
17.5"
(3/29/97): faint, very small, consists of a 15" core with a faint very
thin extension to the SW. The
corresponding arm to the NE was not seen, so the appearance is asymmetric. This galaxy is listed as nonexistent in
RNGC and not identified as NGC 3134 in MCG or CGCG. Identification from HC (Todd discovery).
David Todd
discovered NGC 3134 = Todd 21 on 6 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet. Based on
Todd's sketch Corwin identified CGCG 064-088 as NGC 3134. This galaxy is about 3 min of RA east
of Todd's very rough RA. Todd
measured a "bright" star 28.3s following and there is a mag 12 star
at his exact separation clinching the identification. Because of his poor position, Bigourdan was unable to
recover this object. The RNGC
classifies this number as nonexistent.
Neither MCG or CGCG label their entries for this galaxy as NGC 3134.
******************************
NGC 3135 = UGC
5486 = MCG +08-19-007 = CGCG 240-015 = PGC 29646
10 10 54.4 +45
57 01
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(4/15/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.8'x0.5', little or no
concentration. Bracketed by two
mag 12.5 stars 2.2' E and 2.1' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3135 = h672 on 19 Mar 1828 and noted "F; R: gbM;
25"." His position
matches UGC 5486. It was not found
at Birr Castle (single attempt), although JH mentions in the GC notes that he
checked the sweep and reductions and found all correct.
******************************
NGC 3136 = ESO
092-008 = PGC 29311
10 05 48.0 -67
22 41
V = 10.7; Size 3.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 30d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared bright, moderately large,
eloongated 3:2 SW-NE. Sharp
concentration with a small, intense core that brightens to the center. The fainter extensions from the core
appear irregular. IC 2554 and IC
2554B, a striking interacting pair of galaxies, lies 28' NE.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x this Carina galaxy appeared
moderately bright and large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.75'. Sharply concentrated with a small,
bright, roundish core increasing to an occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is close north.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3136 = h3229 = h3231 on 30 Jan 1835 and noted "B; R; bM;
place only a very rude approximation." In an errata list and the end of the Cape Catalogue, JH
corrected the NPD by 2¡ so it nearly matches h3231, whose position was
accurately measured twice and matches
ESO 092-008.
******************************
NGC 3137 = ESO
435-047 = MCG -05-24-024 = AM 1006-284 = UGCA 203 = PGC 29530
10 09 07.5 -29
03 52
V = 11.5; Size 6.3'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 1d
18"
(3/5/05): faint, large, elongated at least 5:2 N-S, 3.0'x1.2', fairly low
surface brightness. Broad, weak
concentration in poor seeing. A
mag 12 star is on the west side (0.3' from the geometric center). Located 7' SE of mag 9.4 SAO 178462.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3137 = h3230 on 5 Feb 1837 NGC 3137 and recorded "vF; lE;
25"." His position is 16
sec of RA west of ESO 435-047.
******************************
NGC 3138 = MCG
-02-26-032 = PGC 29532
10 09 16.7 -11
57 24
V = 14.8; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 80d
18"
(4/14/12): at 225x appeared extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated,
15" diameter. Required
averted vision to just momentarily pop occasionally but held for a few seconds
a couple of times. I did not
notice an elongated shape, so probably just viewed the core though the object
was well past the meridian.
Located 6.4' SW of mag 7.4 HD 88135, 13' NW of i 6.2 HD 88182 and 30' NW
of mag 3.6 Lambda Hyd.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3138 = LM II-420 and noted "mag 16.0, 0.1', R,
1st of 2 [with NGC 3139]."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is just 6 sec of RA east of MCG
-02-26-032. Not found by
Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3139 = MCG
-02-26-034 = PGC 29583
10 10 05.2 -11
46 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 75d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2, 0.8'x0.5'. Broad concentration to a small, round
15" core and an occasional faint, stellar nucleus with direct vision.
17.5"
(2/22/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.5',
broadly concentrated. Located 10'
NE of mag 7.4 SAO 155773.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3139 = LM II-421 and noted "mag 15.60, 0.1', R,
2nd of 2 [with NGC 3138]."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 0.7 min of RA west of MCG
-02-26-034. Not found by
Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3140 = MCG
-03-26-028 = PGC 29548
10 09 27.7 -16
37 41
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(2/22/03): slightly brighter and larger of a close pair with NGC 3140 2.4'
SW. Faint, small, slightly
elongated, 0.5'x0.4', stellar nucleus with direct vision. Although following NGC 3141,
Leavenworth listed this object first (identical coordinates) and his
description indicates it is the brighter of the pair, so the NGC numbers are
reversed in right ascension.
Located at the east edge of the rich cluster AGC 940.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3140 = LM I-166 (along with I-167 = NGC 3141) on 1
Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander-McCormick Observatory. Although he gave a single rough
position for both objects, LM I-166 is mag 15.5 and 0.5', while LM I-167 is mag
16.0 and 0.3' dia. His position falls very close to the pair PGC 29548 and PGC
29544.
According to
Harold Corwin, Leavenworth's sketch clearly shows that NGC 3140 = PGC 29548 is
the brighter galaxy to the northeast and the fainter galaxy to the southwest is
NGC 3141 = PGC 29544. See Corwin's
identification summaries for more.
******************************
NGC 3141 = PGC
29544
10 09 19.8 -16
39 12
V = 15.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 26d
17.5"
(2/22/03): smaller and slightly fainter of a pair of galaxies with NGC 3140
2.4' NE. Very faint, small,
slightly elongated 0.4'x0.3', faint stellar nucleus. Incorrectly equated with
NGC 3140 in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3140 = LM I-167 (along with I-166 = NGC 3140) on 1
Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander-McCormick Observatory. Although he gave a single rough
position for both objects, LM I-166 is mag 15.5 and 0.5', while LM I-167 is mag
16.0 and 0.3' dia. His position falls very close to the pair PGC 29548 and PGC
29544 (separation 2.5' SW to NE).
Based on the
discovery sketch (examined by Harold Corwin), Dreyer incorrectly assumed that
the brighter galaxy to the northeast was NGC 3140 and added "first of
two" (listed first in the discovery paper) so the order of RA was reversed
in the NGC. The RNGC erroneously
states NGC 3141 = NGC 3140. See
Corwin's identification summaries for more.
******************************
NGC 3142 = MCG
-01-26-028 = PGC 29586
10 10 06.4 -08
28 48
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, very small, round, brighter core. Overpowered by 17 Sextantis (V = 5.9) 4.3' N. A second bright star 18 Sextantis (V =
5.6) lies 12.8' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3142 = h3232 on 5 May 1836 and recorded "F; vsbM to a *
16m; diam 1' or 1 1/2'; sp the star g Sextantis, which occasioned its being
taken by mistake for Halley's Comet, and the consequent loss of that
comet." His position matches
MCG -01-26-028 = PGC 29586.
******************************
NGC 3143 = MCG
-02-26-033 = PGC 29579
10 10 04.0 -12
34 53
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, very small, irregularly round, 25"x20", weak
concentration. Can just hold
steadily. Fors the vertex of an
obtuse isosceles triangle with two mag 11.5 stars 5.7' N and a similar distance
SE. Also situated 9' S of NGC 3145
and nearly midway between mag 5.3 SAO 155780 14' S and mag 3.6 Lambda Lydrae
15' NNE!
Ainslie Common
discovered NGC 3143 in 1880 with the 36-inch f/5.9 reflector at Ealing,
UK. He noted "S, F, just S of
GC 2023 [NGC 3145]. Herbert Howe's
corrected position in the IC 2 notes matches MCG -02-26-033, which is located
9' south of NGC 3145.
******************************
NGC 3144 = NGC
3174 = UGC 5519 = MCG +12-10-023 = CGCG 333-020 = CGCG 351-011 = PGC 29949
10 15 32.0 +74
13 14
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, very small, oval N-S.
A mag 13 star is attached at the east end. Forms a pair with NGC 3155 11.6' NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 3144 on 25 Sep 1865 with the 11"
refractor at Copenhagen. His
position (measured on 2 nights) is fairly close to UGC 5519 and his description
"vF, S, R, *13 appended on the following side." clinches the
identification.
WH discovered
this galaxy on the problematic sweep of 15 northern galaxies on 2 Apr 1801
(sweep 1096), and recorded as III-964 (later NGC 3174). So, NGC 3144 = NGC 3174. See notes on NGC 3174 and NGC 2938 for
more on this sweep.
******************************
NGC 3145 = MCG
-02-26-036 = PGC 29591
10 10 10.0 -12
26 02
V = 11.7; Size 3.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly faint, fairly small, nearly round, weak concentration. Overpowered by the glare of Lambda
Hydrae (V = 3.6) 8' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3145 = H III-518 = h673 on 19 Mar 1786 (sweep 541) and noted
"vF, S, R, 7 or 8' sp Lambda Hydra." On 7 Mar 1791 (sweep 997) he called it "F, pL, iR,
vbmbM, in the field with Lambda Hyae." His position and description matches MCG -02-26-036 = PGC
29591.
******************************
NGC 3146 = ESO
567-023 = MCG -03-26-029 = PGC 29663
10 11 09.9 -20
52 14
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
18"
(4/10/04): moderately bright, fairy small, round, 0.8' diameter, increases to a
15" bright core and a quasi-stellar nucleus. The edge of the halo is well-defined. Located 3.9' S of mag 8.9 SAO 178507.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3146 = LM I-168 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is coincidentally a near match with ESO 567-023 =
PGC 29663.
******************************
NGC 3147 = UGC
5532 = MCG +12-10-025 = CGCG 333-022 = LGG 193-001 = PGC 30019
10 16 53.5 +73
24 02
V = 10.6; Size 3.9'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(2/8/91): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE. Contains a very bright core with a
stellar nucleus. There is an
impression of a dust lane to the west of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3147 = H I-79 = h674 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"cB, pL, R, mbM. The
brightness decreasing very gradually." JH called this galaxy "vB; L; R; at first vg, then vs,
vsbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3148 = SAO
27566
10 13 43.8 +50
29 47
V = 6.6
=*6.6 = SAO
27566.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3148 = h675 on 17 Feb 1831 (single sweep) and noted "a star
7m has a photosphere 2 or 3' diam.
Sky perfectly clear; glass quite clear; windy. Another star of same magnitude viewed presently after has no
photosphere." Herschel's
description applies to mag 6.6 SAO 27566 at 10 13 43.8 +50 29 47, which he
thought was surrounded by faint haze but was probably scattered light or dew).
Malcolm Thomson and Harold Corwin agree with this conclusion.
RNGC and MCG
misidentify MCG +08-19-011 as NGC 3148.
******************************
NGC 3149 = ESO
019-001 = PGC 29171
10 03 44.5 -80
25 19
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this galaxy is located just 30' NNW of the
bright planetary NGC 3195. At 260x
it appeared moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, ~0.9'x0.8', slightly
brighter core, irregular surface brightness. John Herschel mentioned a 15th magnitude star was involved,
and there is a very faint star at the NE edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3149 = h3234 on 24 Feb 1835 (along with planetary nebula NGC
3195) and recorded "F; lE; vlbM; 25"; has a * 15m in it." Although position is an exact match
with ESO 019-001, the RNGC classifies this as an "Unverified Southern
Object". Because of this, it
is not plotted on the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas or included
in the first edition of the companion Deep Sky Field Guide.
******************************
NGC 3150 = MCG
+07-21-017 = CGCG 211-019 = Holm 170b = WBL 258-001 = PGC 29789
10 13 26.3 +38
39 27
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
18"
(2/19/09): very faint, small, round, 24" diameter, low surface brightness,
very weak concentration. Located
2.3' NNW of NGC 3151 and 1.9' NW fo a mag 12 star. First of 7 (including NGC 3151/3159/3161/3163) in a small
stream of galaxies about 7' N of NGC 3158.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, slightly lower surface brightness than NGC 3151 2.3'
S. A mag 12 star is 2.0' WSW and a
mag 14 star is 1.8' NNW. Located
within the NGC 3158 group.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3150 = Big. 40, along with NGCs 3151, 3159 and 3161,
on 1 Feb 1886 in the NGC 3158 group.
His position matches CGCG 211-019.
******************************
NGC 3151 = MCG
+07-21-018 = CGCG 211-020 = Holm 170a = WBL 258-003 = PGC 29796
10 13 29.1 +38
37 11
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 170d
18"
(2/19/09): faint, small, slightly elongated, 20"x15", very small
brighter core. Located 2' SW of a
mag 12 star with four NGC galaxies close north including NGC 3150 2.3' N and
NGC 3159 5' NE. Forms a close pair
with 2MASX J10133377+3837055.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, very small, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 2.0' NE. Forms a pair with NGC 3150 2.3' N. An extremely faint galaxy is 55" E
of center (2MASXi J1013337+383705). Member of the NGC 3158 group.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small.
Located just west of a star.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3151 = Big 41, along with nearby NGCs 3150, 3159 and
3161, on 1 Feb 1886 in the NGC 3158 group. His position matches CGCG 211-020 = PGC 29796.
******************************
NGC 3152 = MCG
+07-21-018A = CGCG 211-021 = PGC 29805
10 13 34.1 +38
50 35
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 80d
18"
(2/19/09): very faint, small, ~20"-22" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 15 star lies
44" NE. Located 4' W of
brighter NGC 3160 and 5.7' NW of NGC 3158 in a small cluster.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, round. A
mag 15 star is off the NE edge 0.8' from center. NGC 3158 lies 5.5' SE and NGC 3160 4.1' E. Member of the NGC 3158 group.
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 4' W of NGC 3160 and 5.5' NW of NGC 3158.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3152 (along with NGC 3160) on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's
72". He noted "3 nebula,
preceding one [NGC 3152] vS, about 4' following is a small lenticular ray [NGC
3160], E sp-nf..." Observing
on 27 Feb 1876 Dreyer measured an accurate micrometric offset from NGC 3158 at
Birr Castle, which matches CGCG 211-021.
******************************
NGC 3153 = UGC
5505 = MCG +02-26-032 = CGCG 064-090 = PGC 29747
10 12 50.5 +12
39 59
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(1/23/88): moderately bright, moderately large, oval ~N-S, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3153 = H III-53 = h677 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and noted
"vF, not S, r[esolvable]."
CH's reduction is 15 sec of RA west of UGC 5505. JH called it "eF; pL;
R." His position was 12 sec
of RA too far west.
David Todd
indenpendently discovered this object on 5 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet and recorded it as object #20b in his published
results. It was found again by
C.H.F. Peters around 1880. He was
unsure if this was a new object as the RA in the GC was 12 sec off. The NGC position -- from Peters --
matches UGC 5505.
******************************
NGC 3154 = UGC
5507 = MCG +03-26-040 = CGCG 093-071 = PGC 29759
10 13 01.3 +17
02 03
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 124d
17.5"
(1/23/88): faint, very small, elongated NW-SE. A mag 14 star is 1.1' N. Located 2.2' WNW of mag 8.7 SAO 99006.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3154 = St X-24 on 12 Mar 1880 and noted "F, S, R,
lbM." His position matches
UGC 5507.
******************************
NGC 3155 = NGC
3194 = UGC 5538 = MCG +12-10-026 = CGCG 351-012 = LGG 193-002 = PGC 30064
10 17 39.9 +74
20 51
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 3144 11.6' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3155 = h676 on 2 Sep 1828 and recorded "vF; S; R. RA extremely precarious." His rough position is 4' northeast of
UGC 5538. The NGC position from
d'Arrest is accurate.
This galaxy was discovered
by WH on the problematic sweep of 15 northern galaxies on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep
1096) and recorded as III-965 = NGC 3194.
So, NGC 3155 = NGC 3194.
The galaxy is known as NGC 3155, despite the earlier discovery by
WH. See notes on NGC 2938 for more
on this sweep.
******************************
NGC 3156 = UGC
5503 = MCG +01-26-019 = CGCG 036-057 = PGC 29730
10 12 41.2 +03
07 45
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 47d
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, small, small bright core. A triangle of bright stars follows; mag
9.0 SAO 118165 2.4' SE, mag 8.3 SAO 118168 5' ENE and mag 7.6 SAO 118169 9' SE.
13"
(4/16/83): faint, small, elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3156 = H III-255 = h680 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 342) and noted
"vF, vS, preceding a triangle of bright stars." JH called the galaxy "pB; S; R:
psbM; 15"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3157 = IC
2555 = ESO 435-051 = MCG -05-24-026 = PGC 29691
10 11 42.4 -31
38 34
V = 13.2; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 38d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, thin edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.2', low even surface
brightness. Requires averted to
glimpse once position pinpointed.
A mag 14.5-15 star is just off the east side of the center. Located 4.5' N of a mag 9.0 HD 88480.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3157 = h3233 on 28 Jan 1835 and noted "vF; E; 30" has
a * 8m sp." His Cape position
is an exact match with ESO 435-051, but due to an error, the GC and NGC
position is 40' too far north.
DeLisle Stewart
later rediscovered this galaxy on plates taken at Harvard's Arequipa station,
recorded the correct position as D.S. 336 (later IC 2555). So NGC 3157 = IC 2555. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent, although ESO and SGC have the correct identification.
******************************
NGC 3158 = UGC
5511 = MCG +07-21-020 = CGCG 211-022 = PGC 29822
10 13 50.5 +38
45 53
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
18"
(2/19/09): fairly bright, moderately large, irregularly round, well
concentrated with a very bright core and relatively large, fainter halo,
~0.8'x0.7'. Brightest of 12
galaxies viewed that are packed into a 14' circle!
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly bright, irregular round or slightly elongated, small bright
core. Brightest in the NGC 3158
group with NGC 3159 6.7' SSE, NGC 3160 4.7' N and NGC 3152 5.5' NW.
13.1"
(2/25/84): fairly bright, round, weakly concentrated, largest and brightest in
a group.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, small, requires averted.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3158 = H II-639 = h678, along with NGC 3163, on 17 Mar 1787
(sweep 713) and noted "pB, cL, r." JH logged "B; R; psbM; 35"." Brightest in a small, but rich group
and a distance of roughly 300 million l.y.
******************************
NGC 3159 = MCG
+07-21-021 = CGCG 211-023 = Holm 172c = WBL 258-005 = PGC 29825
10 13 52.8 +38
39 16
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
18"
(2/19/09): faint to fairly taint, small, irregulaly round, 25"x20",
very small bright core. First of
three in a 2.8' E-W string with NGC 3161 and NGC 3163. MCG +07-21-019 lies 1.6' NW. Located 6.5' S of NGC 3158 in a small
cluster.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, small bright core. This member of the NGC 3158 group is
the first of three with NGC 3161 1.2' E and NGC 3163 2.7' E. NGC 3158 lies 6.7' NNW.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round.
Third brightest in NGC 3158 group.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3159 = Big 42 on 1 Feb 1886, along with NGC 3150, 3151
and 3161. His position matches
CGCG 211-023 = PGC 29825.
******************************
NGC 3160 = UGC
5513 = MCG +07-21-023 = CGCG 211-024 = PGC 29830
10 13 55.1 +38
50 34
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
18"
(2/19/09): faint, edge-on 7:2 NW-SE, ~40"x12". Located 4.9' N of NGC 3158 in a rich
group and directly between a mag 12.5 star 1.5' SSW and a mag 11.5 star 2.2'
NNE. NGC 3152 lies 4' W.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, edge-on NW-SE.
Member of NGC 3158 group with NGC 3158 4.7' S.
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, small.
Located 5' N of NGC 3158.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3160 (along with NGC 3152) on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's
72". He noted "about 4'
following [NGC 3152] is a small lenticular ray, elongated sp nf." His offset and description matches UGC
5513.
******************************
NGC 3161 = MCG
+07-21-022 = CGCG 211-025 = Holm 172a = WBL 258-007 = PGC 29837
10 13 59.2 +38
39 26
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 10d
18"
(2/19/09): very faint, very small, slightly elongated 20"x16", very
small or stellar core. Sandwiched
between NGC 3159 1.2' W and NGC 3163 1.6' E in the NGC 3158 cluster.
17.5"
(3/23/85): this member in the NGC 3158 group is small and the faintest of three
with close companions NGC 3159 1.2' W and NGC 3163 1.5' E. Even surface brightness and visible
with direct vision.
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, very small, round. Located between NGC 3159 and NGC 3163.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3161 = Big 43 on 1 Feb 1886, along with NGC 3151, 3159
and 3161. His position matches
CGCG 211-025 = PGC 29837.
******************************
NGC 3162 = NGC
3575 = UGC 5510 = MCG +04-24-019 = CGCG 123-026 = PGC 29800
10 13 31.6 +22
44 15
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, fairly small, pretty diffuse, weak broad
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.1' SE, a mag 10.5 star 3.4' W and a mag 11.5 star
3.7' NE. Located 1¡ SE of Zeta
Leonis (V = 3.6).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3162 = H II-43 = h682 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and recorded
"vF, pL, r. It seemed to
consist of two nebula joined together having two places rather brighter than
the ousides of the nebula; but with [higher power] the following of them
appeared very plainly to be a star.
The star seemed to have no connection with the nebula, for, though
within the nebulosity there was no kind of gradation of light from the star to
the nebula as there generally is from the brighter to the more faint part of
nebula." His position is 20
sec of RA west of UGC 5510.
On 20 Mar 1854,
R.J. Mitchell remarked "spiral left-handed, spirality very faintly seen,
night bad." In 1857 "suspected a knot in the northwest
end." NGC 3575 is a duplicate
observation made by d'Arrest in 1863.
See that number for more.
******************************
NGC 3163 = UGC
5517 = MCG +07-21-026 = CGCG 211-027 = Holm 172b = WBL 258-008 = PGC 29846
10 14 07.1 +38
39 09
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(2/19/09): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, very small bright
core. Third of three in a 2.8'
string with NGC 3163 1.5' W and NGC 3159 2.8' W. Also MCG +07-21-019 is close NW of the string. Located 7.4' SE of NGC 3158 in a rich
group.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Brightest and third of three with NGC 3161 1.5' W and NGC
3159 2.7' W.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round.
Third of three in a string and the second brightest in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3163 = H II-640 = h681, along with NGC 3158, on 17 Mar 1787
(sweep 713) and logged "F, vS, r.
300x showed the same." CH's reduction is within 30" of the core of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3164 = UGC
5527 = MCG +10-15-036 = CGCG 290-018 = PGC 29928
10 15 11.4 +56
40 19
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 0d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, fairly small, elongated ~3:2 N-S, 0.7'x0.5'. Low surface brightness with very little
concentration. Located 11' SW of
mag 8.5 HD 88828.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3164 = H = h679 on
9 Feb 1831 (sweep 715) and noted "eF; R: vglbM; 15"." His single position matches UGC 5527.
******************************
NGC 3165 = UGC
5512 = MCG +01-26-023 = CGCG 063-063 = Holm 173c = PGC 29798
10 13 31.4 +03
22 32
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 177d
17.5"
(3/23/85): very faint, elongated 2:1 N-S.
Forms the western vertex of a triangle with two mag 12.5 stars 1.9' SE
and 1.7' NE. First and faintest of
three located 4.6' SW of NGC 3166 and 12' SW of NGC 3169.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3165 on 30 Jan 1856 with LdR's 72", while observing NGC
3166 and 3169 and noted "about 5' sp 684 [NGC 3166] is a vvF ray extending
N-S." The NGC RA is 15 sec
too small.
******************************
NGC 3166 = UGC
5516 = MCG +01-26-024 = CGCG 063-064 = Holm 173a =LGG 192-003 = PGC 29814
10 13 44.9 +03
25 31
V = 10.4; Size 4.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 87d
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, almost round, even concentration to a brighter core and
stellar nucleus (large, low surface brightness arms not seen). The core appears brighter than NGC 3169
7.8' ENE but the duo is pretty similar.
Second of three with NGC 3165 4.6' SW. Two mag 12.5 stars lie 2.6' NW and 2.8' SW of center.
13"
(4/16/83): fairly bright, bright core.
Forms a pair with NGC 3169.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3166 = H I-3 = h684, along with NGC 3169, on 19 Dec 1783 (early
sweep 58). His summary description
from 4 sweeps reads "cB, pL, cometic, mbM." JH also made 4 observations and measured an accurate
position.
ƒdouard
Stephan's observation on 18 Mar 1884, which was published in list XIII-56, is
within a few arcseconds of NGC 3166 though Dreyer and Esmiol (who later
re-reduced all of Stephan's positions) misidentify this entry as NGC 3165. Also Stephan's XIII-57 refers to NGC
3169, though he calls it NGC 3166 in the notes section to list XIII.
******************************
NGC 3167 = NGC
2789 = UGC 4875 = MCG +05-22-026 = CGCG 151-035 = PGC 26089
09 14 59.7 +29
43 48
See observing
notes for NGC 2789
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3167 on 1 May 1862 and recorded a "Small and faint
nebula. * 11 preceding 9.5 sec, a
little farther north. Whether it is just a nebula, or perhaps a confused group
of faint stars is still undetermined, for this evening the air is
turbulent." There is nothing
at or near his single position matching his description and RNGC classifies NGC
3167 as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
originally listed this object as lost as there were no candidates nearby, but
recently (email from 16 Jun 2014) he found that if d'Arrest made a 1 hr
transcription error in his RA (too large), then his position matches NGC 2789
and the mag 11 star is just where he placed it to the northwest of the
galaxy! Corwin notes that d'Arrest
made a similar 1 hr recording error on a few other discoveries (NGC 3575, 3760
and 5008), so this is not a unique situation.
******************************
NGC 3168 = UGC
5536 = MCG +10-15-052 = CGCG 290-023 = PGC 30001
10 16 23.0 +60
14 06
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 5.6' NE of mag 6.8 SAO
15131. Brightest of a trio with
UGC 5542 4.8' NE (noted as "faint, very small, round, small bright
core") and CGCG 290-021 5' NNW (noted as "faint, very small,
round. Two mag 9.5/10 stars are
near").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3168 = h683 on 25 Mar 1832 and recorded "F; psbM; like a
star rubbed out. A * 7-8m in field
np - dist 5'." His position
matches UGC 5536, although the bright star is south-southwest.
******************************
NGC 3169 = UGC
5525 = MCG +01-26-026 = CGCG 036-066 = Holm 173b = LGG 192-004 = PGC 29855
10 14 14.8 +03
28 00
V = 10.2; Size 4.4'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, slightly elongated SW-NE, moderate concentration, pretty
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is just off the east side, 1.6' from the center. Third of three with NGC 3166 7.8' WSW and NGC 3165 12' SW.
13"
(4/16/83): bright, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3169 = H I-4 = h684, along with NGC 3166, on 19 Dec 1783 (early
sweep 58). His summary description
from 4 sweeps reads "cB, pL, cometic, mbM." He published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 22) as an
illlustration of "nebulae that have a cometic appearance." JH also made 4 observations and
measured an accurate position. ƒdouard
Stephan published accurate positions NGC 3166 and 3169 from 18 Mar 1884 in list
XIII-56 and -57, though he misidentified the galaxies as NGC 3165 and NGC 3166.
R.J. Mitchell observed ths galaxy on 15 Mar 1855 with LdR's 72" and
commented "sharp at sf edge [dust lane?] and fades of np, spreading out in
that direction." The
following January he also noted "perhaps vF neby beyond the well defined
sf edge?"
******************************
NGC 3170
10 16 14.5 +46
36 43
=**, Gottlieb
and Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3170 = h686 on 19 Mar 1828 and noted "F; S; R." Just 1' north of his position (single
observation) is a 7" pair of mag 13.8/15.2 stars at 10 16 14.5 +46 36 44
(J2000). RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3171 = ESO
567-031 = MCG -03-26-032 = PGC 29950
10 15 36.7 -20
38 51
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 176d
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, 1.1'x0.8'. Forms the west vertex of an equilateral
triangle with two mag 13.5-14 stars 2.3' NE and 2.5' E. Located 16' W of mag 6.6 SAO 178610.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3171 = LM I-169 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander-McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1.4 tmin west of ESO 567-03 = MCG
-03-26-032. MCG does not label
this galaxy as NGC 3171. The RNGC
declination is 9' too far south, so the galaxy was misplotted on the first
edition of the Uranometria 2000.
******************************
NGC 3172 =
Polarissima Borealis = MCG +15-01-011 = CGCG 370-002 = CGCG 370-018 = PGC 36847
11 47 14.0 +89
05 32
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.95'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 39d
48"
(10/26/16): at 375x and 488x; fairly bright, moderately large, round. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
round core that increases to the center and a low surface brightness 45"
halo. A mag 12.5 star is 1.5'
separation (NW) and a mag 16-16.5 star is within 1' (50" S).
MCG +15-01-010,
at 1.6' separation (WSW), appeared fairly faint, fairly small, ~35"
diameter, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Visible continuously with direct vision though fairly low
surface brightness. A mag
16.7 star is 16" W at the edge of the halo. 2MASX J11503836+8907109, at 1.8' separation (NNE), appeared
extremely faint and small, ~6" diameter. A mag 15.7 is 25" away. At 610x, the galaxy popped as a thin, low surface brightness
edge-on, ~20"x6".
24" (9/15/12):
fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, well defined halo, broad weak
concentration with a very small brighter nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1.5' distant
(NW) and a very faint mag 16.5 star is 50" S.
18"
(8/1/11): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, brighter core. A mag 13 star lies 1.5' NW. MCG +15-01-010, an extremely faint
companion just 1.6' W, was marginally glimpsed though difficult to confirm.
17.5"
(7/16/93) : faint, very small, round, 0.5' diameter, very small brighter core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star is 1.5' NW. This is the
closest NGC galaxy to the North Celestial Pole and is known as "Polarissima
Borealis".
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, small, round, brighter core, faint stellar nucleus, can
hold steadily with averted. A mag
12.5 star is 1.5' distant.
17.5"
(8/1/86): faint, brighter core, fairly small, round. A mag 13 star is within 2'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3172 = h250 on 4 Oct 1831 and recorded "vF; R; gbM; 25";
has a * 11m 2' S. This nebula is
remarkable for its proximity to the pole.
Owing to this the RA cannot be determined exactly, and the PD is open to
correction." In the synonym
column he called it "Polarissima" but later it was called
"Polarissima Borealis" to distinguish it from "Polarissima
Australis". Heinrich d'Arrest
observed it with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen on 12 Aug 1866. He noted the mag 12 star is 75"
distant to the north. This galaxy
is the closest galaxy to the north celestial pole in any catalogue!
******************************
NGC 3173 = ESO
500-016 = MCG -04-24-022 = PGC 29883
10 14 34.9 -27
41 34
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 7d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, moderately large, round. Sharply concentrated with a moderately bright 15" core
surrounded by a very faint, low surface brightness halo requiring averted
vision. The galaxy is very close
preceding mag 10 SAO 178570 (1.3' from center) and 2.4' NNW of mag 10 SAO
178568!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3173 = h3235 on 24 Mar 1835 and noted "F; R: gbM;
40"." His position and
description matches ESO 500-016.
******************************
NGC 3174 = NGC
3144 = UGC 5519 = MCG +12-10-023 = CGCG 333-020 = CGCG 351-011 = PGC 29949
10 15 32.0 +74
13 14
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
See observing
notes for NGC 3144
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3174 = H III-964 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "vF,
vS." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911) matches UGC 5519 and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his
1912 edition of WH's catalogues.
See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 25 Sep 1865, measured a fairly
accurate position (within 1' of UGC 5519), and it was catalogued as NGC
3144. By discovery priority, this
galaxy should be identified as NGC 3174, though the common identification is
NGC 3144.
******************************
NGC 3175 = ESO
436-003 = MCG -05-24-028 = UGCA 207 = VV 796 = PGC 29892
10 14 42.2 -28
52 18
V = 11.2; Size 5.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 56d
17.5"
(3/28/87): bright, fairly large, bright core, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
2.5'x0.8'. Located 38' ESE of mag
6.3 HR 2003.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3175 = h3236 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "B; L; mE; gvlbM;
2' l; pos 50.3¡." His
position and description matches ESO 436-003.
******************************
NGC 3176 = ESO
567-?030
10 15 18 -19 01
=Not found,
Corwin and Carlson. Possibly = ESO
567-029, Corwin. Possibly = ESO
568-011, Gottlieb
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3176 = LM I-170 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 16.0, 0.8' dia, iR, neb?" There is nothing at his rough position
(nearest min of RA) and both Harold Corwin and Dorothy Carlson (in her 1940 NGC
correction list) conclude this object is lost. Corwin suggests ESO 567-02 as a possible candidate, but this
galaxy is 1 degree south of Stone's position. Another possible candidate which I found is ESO
568-011. This galaxy would require
a 10 tmin error in RA (too far E) but matches in Declination.
******************************
NGC 3177 = UGC
5544 = MCG +04-24-023 = CGCG 123-032 = PGC 30010
10 16 34.1 +21
07 23
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, small, increases to a brighter core, stellar nucleus,
small faint halo. Member of the
NGC 3190 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3177 = H III-25 = h687 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and noted
"vF, S." CH's reduced
position is 43 sec of RA preceding UGC 5544. JH made 3 observations and measured a fairly accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3178 = MCG
-03-26-034 = PGC 29980
10 16 09.1 -15
47 28
V = 13.9; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 70d
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.9', even
surface brightness. A mag 12-13
star lies 2.9' ESE. There are
several mag 10-11 stars in the 20' field and mag 9.3 SAO 155864 8.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3178 = h3237 on 16 Mar 1836 and noted "pB; pL; gpmbM; seen
through haze." His position
matches MCG -03-26-034.
******************************
NGC 3179 = UGC
5555 = MCG +07-21-036 = CGCG 211-037 = PGC 30078
10 17 57.2 +41
06 51
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 48d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', very small
bright core appears mottled.
Almost collinear with two mag 13.5 stars 1.0' SW and 1.9' SW. NGC 3184 lies 19' NNE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3179 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" and recorded "25'
south and a little preceding [NGC 3184] I found a S, R neb, r, near 2 st almost
in a line with it." The
following March he more accurately placed it about 20' sp of NGC 3184. The observation was not included in
LdR's 1861 publication and did not receive a GC or GCS designation. Bigourdan's corrected position (given
in IC 2 notes) matches UGC 5555.
******************************
NGC 3180 = [H69]
44/45/47
10 18 10.8 +41
26 55
48"
(4/4/11): A small HII knot with a stellar core was visible 1.8' NW of the
nucleus of NGC 3184. This small
knot is within a larger, slightly brighter portion of the long, sweeping arm
(shown on the sketch at Birr Castle) that wraps around the core of NGC 3184 on
the south side before winding north on the west side and ending near NGC 3180.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3180 on 25 Jan 1851 in his observation of NGC 3184 at Birr
Castle. He recorded "is
triple, neby perhaps extends round them all as far as the * north." The 1 Feb 1856 description states:
"The neby connecting the 3 principal knots is vvF but I have no doubt of
its existence." R.J. Mitchell
sketched the the spiral structure on 1 Feb 1856 (fig 13, Plate XXVII in the
1861 publication) and highlighted two brighter knots or sections of the western
spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 3181 = [H69]
41
10 18 11.5 +41
24 45
48"
(4/4/11): NGC 3181 is a bright, 15" knot in one of the spiral arms of NGC
3184. It resides 1.2' SW of the
nucleus in a long sweeping arm that wraps around around south side of the core
and then heads north on the west side of the galaxy. This is the brightest of a couple of knots resolved in the
arms.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3181 on 25 Jan 1851 in his observation of NGC 3184 at Birr
Castle . R.J. Mitchell sketched
the the spiral structure on 1 Feb 1856 (fig 13, Plate XXVII in the 1861
publication) and highlighted two brighter knots or sections of the western
spiral arm. The elongated knot
embedded in the spiral arm on the southwest side is NGC 3181. This HII region is catalogued as [H69]
41 in Hodge's "HII Regions in 20 Nearby Galaxies".
******************************
NGC 3182 = UGC
5568 = MCG +10-15-062 = CGCG 290-027 = PGC 30176
10 19 33.0 +58
12 21
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/29/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.7'. Bright core, occasional stellar
nucleus. Collinear with two mag 13
stars 2.4' NE and 3.5' NE. NGC
3225 lies 45' E.
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, bright core,
fairly high surface brightness. A
mag 14 star is 1.5' SW followed by a mag 12 star 2.4' NE and a mag 13 star 4'
NE on a line.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3182 = H I-265 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted "cB, S,
vgmbM, iR." CH's reduction
matches UGC 5568. The NGC position
(copied correctly from the GC) is 19 seconds of RA too small.
******************************
NGC 3183 = NGC
3218 = UGC 5582 = MCG +12-10-028 = CGCG 351-018 = CGCG 333-023 = Holm 177a =
LGG 193-003 = PGC 30323
10 21 49.4 +74
10 37
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 170d
17.5"
(4/6/02): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x0.8',
broad concentration but no well defined core. Several stars are nearby including two mag 13.5 stars at the
north edge and a couple more stars within 1'. Very possibly one of these is a stellar companion 1.0' NNE
of center (2MASXi J1021541+741135).
The faint stars at the edges were a bit startling as it initially looked
similar to a partially resolved cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 3183 on 28 Sep 1865 with the 11"
refractor at Copenhagen. His
position matches UGC 5582.
This galaxy was
first discovered by WH on 2 Apr 1801, the problematic northern sweep 1096 with
large systematic errors. His
revised position, using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509), reveals H I-283 = NGC
3218 = NGC 3183. The modern
designation is NGC 3183, despite the earlier discovery by WH.
******************************
NGC 3184 = NGC
3180 = UGC 5557 = MCG +07-21-037 = CGCG 211-038 = PGC 30087
10 18 17.0 +41
25 27
V = 9.8; Size 7.4'x6.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135d
48"
(4/4/11): NGC 3184 is a beautiful face-on spiral with two main long arms and
branches, along with several HII knots (two with NGC designations) in the
arms. Contains a relatively small,
very bright core, ~1' diameter with a sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 15-16 star is visible about
40" NE of the center near the edge of the core. One arm is attached on the east side of the core and winds
counterclockwise around the south side of the core towards the west. The outer halo of the galaxy to the
south of this arm has a much lower surface brightness. NGC 3181 is a bright, 15" knot
(HII region/massive star cluster) embedded in this arm, 1.2' SW of the
nucleus. The arm then continues
spiraling outward as it heads north and contains NGC 3180, very small knot with
a stellar core at 1.8' NW of the nucleus.
This small knot is within a larger, slightly brighter portion of the
arm. A second prominent arm is
attached on the west side of the core and rotates counterclockwise around the
north side towards the east. The
surface brightness lowers on the east side and the arm splits into two
branches. A mag 11.7 star is
superimposed near the outer edge on the north side beyond the arm. Located 11' ESE of mag 6.6 HD 89053.
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly bright, large, slightly elongated ~N-S, large 4' halo has a
fairly low surface brightness, very weak concentration, small brighter
elongated core. A mag 11.5 star is
at the north edge of the halo 1.8' from the center. There is an impression of spiral structure thought it was
not distinct. Located 40' W of Mu
Ursa Majoris (V = 3.1).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3184 = H I-168 = h688 = h689 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and
recorded "cB, R, near 8' dia, vgbM.
A considerable star in the northern part of it but unconnected. JH gave
two entries for this galaxy, h688 = I-168 and h689, with the second entry a
poor position for this face-on spiral.
Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 25 Jan 1851, logged "Is triple, neby perhaps
extends round them all as far as the star north. h689 not seen."
The following month, he commented "preceding part probably a
portion of a ring." R.J.
Mitchell sketched the the spiral structure on 1 Feb 1856 (fig 13, Plate XXVII
in the 1861 publication). The
sketch shows two brighter, elongated knots in the western arm and Dreyer
catalogued these as NGC 3180 and 3181.
MCG mislabels
the galaxy as NGC 3180.
******************************
NGC 3185 = HCG
44C = UGC 5554 = MCG +04-24-024 = CGCG 123-034 = PGC 30059
10 17 38.5 +21
41 18
V = 12.2; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130d
48"
(4/18/15): at 610x; very bright, fairly large, oval halo 5:3 NW-SE,
~1.8'x1.1'. Strongly concentrated
with a very bright roundish core which increases to a slightly brighter stellar
nucleus. The halo has a brighter
arcs at the ends of the major axis (northwest and southeast ends) and is
slightly weaker inside, creating a weak ring. A very weak bar is highly suspected connecting the ends of
the major axis and the core (very subtle barred ring). A mag 14.5 star is just off the west
side [42" from center].
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, increases to a brighter core, diffuse halo elongated
NW-SE. A mag 14 star is just off
the west edge 0.7' from center and a similar star is 1.4' SW of center. Member of the NGC 3190 group = HCG 44.
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly faint, gradually brighter core.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, fairly small, elongated.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 3185, along with NGC 3187, in January of 1850 at Birr
Castle and labeled it Delta on the diagram of the group (shown in the 1861
publication).
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found this galaxy on 1 Jan 1862 (measuring the position
on 5 nights) as well as Eduard Schšnfeld at the Mannhein Observatory on 15 Jan
1861. Schultz referred to it as
"Nova Schonfeld", unaware of the Birr Castle observation. JH credited
both LdR and d'Arrest in the GC.
******************************
NGC 3186 = MCG
+01-26-032 = CGCG 036-085 = Mrk 720 = PGC 30058
10 17 37.9 +06
58 16
V = 15.1; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(3/25/00): very faint, extremely small, round, ~15" diameter (probably
viewed core only), faint stellar nucleus.
Located 1.2' SE of a mag 12.5 star. This galaxy is identified as NGC 3186 in the RNGC and PGC
but the identification is uncertain due to a poor position from Albert Marth.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3186 = m 195 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "pF, vS,
gbM." There is nothing at his
position, but a couple of candidates are nearby. The RNGC and PGC identify CGCG 036-085 as NGC 3186. This galaxy is located 20 tsec of RA
east and 5' south of Marth's position.
Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 3186 may be the northeastern component
of CGCG 036-074. This galaxy is
1.5 tmin preceding and 6' south of Marth's position.
In my
observation of the field, I picked up IC 602 = UGC 5561 (double system with IC
601) which is located exactly 1.0 tmin east of Marth's position and appears
brighter visually than CGCG 036-085.
Because this galaxy is only off in RA (by a single minute) it seems to
me a better choice than the RNGC/PGC candidate. Stephane Javelle independently discovered IC 602 on 10 Apr
1893 and accurately placed it in list 2-673 . UGC 5561 is identified as IC 602 in all modern catalogues. See Corwin's notes for more on the
story.
******************************
NGC 3187 = HCG
44D = Arp 316 NED1 = VV 307b = UGC 5556 = MCG +04-24-025 = CGCG 123-036 = PGC
30068
10 17 47.8 +21
52 25
V = 13.4; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.7
48" (4/1/11):
moderately bright, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.8'x0.6', weak concentration with no
well defined core. At both the NW
and SE ends of the bar are faint spiral arms. The arm at the NW end bends sharply towards the south in the
direction of a mag 13.8 star 1.0' SW of center, though doesn't reach this
star. On the SW end of the bar a
second faint arm hooks at a right angle to the NE. Both arms extend ~45" and give the galaxy a distinctive
zig-zag shape. Located on a line
4.9' NW of the showpiece edge-on NGC 3190.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, edge-on NW-SE.
A mag 14 star is off the SW side 1.1' from center and a similar star is
1.3' SSE. Unusual as the major
axis is exactly collinear with the brighter edge-on NGC 3190 4.9' SE. Located 6.3' SSW of mag 7.8 SAO 81276
and 8.8' WSW of NGC 3193.
13.1"
(3/24/84) very faint, elongated NW-SE.
Located 5' NW NGC 3190. A
mag 8 star 6' NNE detracts.
8"
(4/24/82): not seen.
George Johnstone
Stoney and LdR discovered NGC 3187 in Jan 1850, while observing NGC 3190 and
3193, and labeled it Gamma on the sketch.
The description mentioned "[NGC 3190] and [NGC 3187] proibably
connected. In [NGC 3187], several
minute stars seen by Lord R."
A sketch made by R.J. Mitchell (in the 1861 publication) shows the
galaxy tapering at the southeast end and broader at the northwest end.
******************************
NGC 3188 = UGC
5569 = MCG +10-15-065 = CGCG 290-028 = Mrk 31 = PGC 30183
10 19 42.9 +57
25 24
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/9/94): surprisingly faint, small, round, diffuse, unconcentrated except for
extremely faint star superimposed at center or a very faint stellar nucleus,
appears to have an irregular surface brightness. Two faint stars just off edges; a mag 14.5 star 0.6' NW of
center and a mag 15 star 0.6' E of center also confuse the observation. Forms a close double with NGC 3188A
0.7' WSW (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3188 = H III-910 = h690 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and recorded
"vF, pL, r, iF, some of the stars visible." JH called it "eF; pL; 30"." His position is
accurate to within 1'.
Ralph Copeland,
LdR's observing assistant, logged on 5 Apr 1874 "vF, cL, R, gbM, * 15 m
near the middle and several small stars near (within 2 or 3' foll), but does
seem resolvable." One of
these "stars" may be a very companion (NGC 3188A) just off the
southwest side.
******************************
NGC 3189 = part
of NGC 3190
10 18 04.3 +21
49 54
48"
(4/1/11): this number refers to the thin strip of NGC 3190 that parallels the
prominent dust lane on the outer southwest edge of the galaxy. This strip has a well-defined southern
edge and dims at the southeast end of the galaxy.
George Johnstone
Stoney or LdR discovered NGC 3189 in January 1850 and recorded "F neby
probably extended to the right of [NGC 3190]." The sketch produced by R.J. Mitchell (fig 14, Plate XXVII in
the 1861 William Parsons' publication) shows NGC 3189 is the strip of NGC 3190
on the southwest side of the dust lane.
None of the subsequent observations at Birr Castle mention this feature,
although d'Arrest claimed an observation with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen on 23 Mar 1865.
******************************
NGC 3190 = HCG
44A = Arp 316 NED2 = VV 307a = NGC 3189 = UGC 5559 = MCG +04-24-026 = CGCG
123-037 = Holm 175a = LGG 194-003 = PGC 30083
10 18 05.7 +21
49 57
V = 11.1; Size 4.4'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
48"
(4/1/11): extremely bright, large, nearly edge-on 7:2 WNW-ESE, 3.7'x1.0', very
bright core with a dazzling stellar nucleus embedded. A sharp, contrasty dust
lane that is relatively wide runs along the full length of the galaxy, passing
just south of the core. A thin strip of the galaxy parallels the dust lane on
the outer southwest side of the galaxy. This strip has a well-defined southern
edge and dims at the southeast end of the galaxy. Dreyer catalogued the strip as NGC 3189 based on the 1850
sketch using Lord Rosse's 72-inch scope.
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, edge-on NW-SE, stellar nucleus, fairly large. Brightest in HCG 44 with NGC 3187 4.9'
NW, NGC 3193 5.8' NE and NGC 3185 11' SW.
Two bright stars are in the field; mag 7.8 SAO 81276 8.3' NNW and mag
9.0 SAO 81279 6.5' NE.
13.1"
(3/24/84): bright, small bright nucleus, elongated NW-SE, brightest in a
group. Two mag 8 stars are in the
field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3190 = H II-44 = h692, along with NGC 3193, on 12 Mar 1784
(sweep 166) and recorded "Two small nebulae; very like each other; both E
and both lbM; than towards the ends, but of the resolvable kind." His single position is closer to NGC
3187, but must refer to the brighter galaxies though NGC 3193 is not noticeably
elongated.
R.J. Mitchell
sketched the galaxy on 22 Mar 1857 (plate XXVII, fig 14 in LdR's 1861
publication) and clearly showed two strips of the galaxy separated by a dark
lane.
******************************
NGC 3191 = NGC
3192 = UGC 5565 = MCG +08-19-018 = CGCG 240-026 = PGC 30136
10 19 05.1 +46
27 15
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 5d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak broad
concentration. Located 4.1' SSW of
a mag 10 star. Pair with MCG
+08-19-017 1.3' W.
John Herschel
found NGC 3191 = h691 on 19 Mar 1828 and recorded "F; S; R; bM;
15-20". If this be III. 704
[NGC 3192], there must exist a great error in PD on one or other side. His position matches UGC 5565.
WH discovered
this galaxy on 5 Feb 1788 and recorded it as III-704 (and later GC 2060 = NGC
3192). His position, though, was
7' too far north. All major
catalogues identify this galaxy as NGC 3191, instead of NGC 3192. References: Malcolm Thomson's article
in the Webb Society Quarterly Journal Apr 1980 and Betelgeuse Nov 1979.
******************************
NGC 3192 = NGC
3191 = UGC 5565 = MCG +08-19-018 = CGCG 240-026 = PGC 30128
10 19 05.1 +46
27 15
See observing
notes for NGC 3191.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3192 = H III-704 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"eF, vS, may be a patch of small stars." There is nothing at his position, but 8' due south is h691 =
NGC 3191. JH recorded this galaxy
as h691 (and later NGC 3191), noting "F; S; R; bM; 15-20". If this be
III. 704, there must exist a great error in PD on one side or the
other." Dreyer also commented
"perhaps = h.691" in the notes to his Scientific Papers of WH.
RNGC
misidentifies MCG +08-19-017 as NGC 3192.
This galaxy is located 1.3' W of NGC 3191. See my RNGC Corrections #1, WSQJ Apr 1980 and Betelgeuse Nov
1979 (by Malcolm Thomson).
******************************
NGC 3193 = HCG
44B = Arp 316 NED3 = UGC 5562 = MCG +04-24-027 = CGCG 123-038 = VV 307 = Holm
175b = WBL 262-003 = PGC 30099
10 18 25.0 +21
53 37
V = 10.9; Size 3.0'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, small, round, stellar nucleus, second brightest in the NGC
3190 group. Located just 1.3' S of
mag 9.0 SAO 81279. Third of three
with NGC 3190 5.8' SW and NGC 3187 8.8' WSW.
13.1"
(3/24/84): bright, small bright nucleus, small, round. A mag 9 star is just 1' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3193 = H II-45 = h693, along with NGC 3190, on 12 Mar 1784
(sweep 166). See notes on NGC
3190. JH made three observations
and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3194 = NGC
3155 = UGC 5538 = MCG +12-10-026 = CGCG 351-012 = PGC 30064
10 17 39.9 +74
20 51
See observing
notes for NGC 3155.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3194 = H III-965 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "vF,
vS." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using
Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 5538 and Dreyer repeated this
position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
JH independently
discovered this galaxy on 2 Sep 1828 and recorded h676 as "vF; S; R. RA extremely precarious." His
rough position is 4' northeast of UGC 5538. Dreyer also assumed this was a new discovery and catalogued
it as NGC 3155 (with an accurate position from d'Arrest). So, NGC 3194 = NGC 3155. The primary designation should be NGC
3194, but the common name is NGC 3155.
******************************
NGC 3195 = PK
296-20.1 = ESO 019-PN2 = PN G296.6-20.0
10 09 21.1 -80
51 31
V = 11.5; Size 43"x36"
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 350x, appeared fairly bright, moderately
large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, ~40"x35". The planetary is clearly annular at
this magnification with the rim brightest along the east and west sides, giving
a bipolar appearance. The southern
end of the rim dims, making the rim appear U-shaped, open to the south (though
also somewhat weaker on the north end).
The central hole is irregularly shaped with careful viewing. Two mag 12 stars to the west at
45" and 1.6' are collinear with the planetary and a brighter mag 11.5 lies
2' SE. The surrounding field is
lacking in bright stars but rich in faint stars. NGC 3149 lies 30' NNW.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is an interesting planetary at 171x
with a UHC filter or at 228x. It
appears moderately bright and large, ~40"x35", slightly elongated
~N-S. This disc has a noticeably
irregular surface brightness with a slightly brighter knot on the following
side and a hint of annularity.
Good response to UHC and OIII filters. Located in southern Chamaeleon between Zeta and Delta
Chamaeleontis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3195 = h3241 on 24 Feb 1835 and recorded "planetary nebula,
pB, not quite uniform in its light, having two brighter patches, lE towards a *
(a); slightly hazy; diameter = 15 or 18" (in RA 13 seconds of time). Pos
of star a = 265.7 , dist = 0.7 diam from edge, 11th mag.; of star c, pos =
210.7 , dist = 1 3/4 diam from edge." On a later sweep he described "Planetary nebula, R or
vlE; a very little hazy at the edges but still pretty well defined with 240
power. Viewed long and with much attention, being a very remarkable object. I
am positive of the existence of two brighter portions near the
edges." Sketched Plate VI,
figure 2.
******************************
NGC 3196 = CGCG
153-035 = CGCG 154-001 = PGC 30121
10 18 49.1 +27
40 08
V = 15.7; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 115d
18"
(2/23/06): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Located 0.5' W of a mag 15-15.5 star
that confuses the observation.
This galaxy is unusually faint for a William Herschel discovery. Located 13' NE of striking double star ·1421
= 8.2/9.3 at 4.5".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3196 = H III-348 = h694 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and remarked
"suspected, eF, pS, lE. I do
not much doubt it; but there is too much light to verify it." CH's reduction is 30 sec of time
following CGCG 153-035 = PGC 30121.
JH's position is just 30" south of this galaxy, though he noted
"so eF that I remained unsatisfied". Given that comment and the magnitude of this galaxy, it's
amazing that WH apparently picked it up during twilight. Sweep 396/397 on 11 Apr 1785 was WH's
most productive -- with 72 discoveries -- and this was the first object found
in the sweep.
******************************
NGC 3197 = UGC
5500 = MCG +13-08-009 = CGCG 350-045 = CGCG 351-010 = PGC 29870
10 14 27.7 +77
49 13
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Located almost at midpoint of two mag
11 stars 3.7' NE and 3.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3197 = H III-966 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and logged "F,
S, stellar neb. It is very near
and preceding a small star. 300
confirmed it." This is one of
15 far northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich
plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 5500 and Dreyer repeated this position
in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
******************************
NGC 3198 = UGC
5572 = MCG +08-19-020 = CGCG 240-030 = PGC 30197
10 19 54.8 +45
32 59
V = 10.3; Size 8.5'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 35d
48"
(5/4/16): at 375x; NGC 3198 is a showpiece, large spiral extending 7:2 SW-NE,
~8.0'x2.5'. Contains a bright,
elongated central "bar", punctuated by a very small bright core that
rises to a stellar nucleus.
Slightly brighter patches are visible at the ends of the central region,
where the spiral arms emerge. A
tight inner arm is attached on the northeast end; it bends back sharply and
closely parallels the central region, extending southwest for a length of
~3.5'. An outer low surface
brightness arm sweeps clockwise on the southwest end. A symmetric outer arm on the northeast end (of slightly
higher surface brightness) curls clockwise towards the west. The outer tip to tip diameter is nearly
8'. An uncatalogued fairly bright
double star [separation ~3.7"] is 3.5' NNE of center, just beyond the halo
and a mag 14 star is 2.2' SSE of center.
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly bright, large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 7.0'x2.5', broadly
concentrated, brighter core has an indistinct elongated nucleus and an
irregular surface brightness. Two
mag 14 stars are close south (nearest is 2.0' from the center) and a mag 11
star is just off the NNE edge 3.5' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3198 = H I-199 = h695 on 15 Jan 1788 (sweep 800) and remarked
"cB, mE, gbM, about 5' long and 2' broad from sp to nf." George Stoney, observing with LdR's
72" on 3 Mar 1850, noted "probably a faint spiral." It was included in the list of
"Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae in LdR's 1850 PT paper. In later observations, a "dark
vacuity ssp Nucl" was noted as well as "dark spaces throughout its
length".
******************************
NGC 3199 = ESO
127-EN014 = Gum 28 = Ced 107 = RCW 48
10 17 06 -57 55
Size 22'x22'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x and UHC filter this
Wolf-Rayet bubble appeared as an amazing 180¡ crescent, open on the east side
and forming a thick "C" shape.
The rim of the bubble is widest on the western portion, although it is
slightly brighter on the southwest side.
The main portion of the crescent spans ~13' from the north to south end
and appears ~3.5' thick in the middle, though fainter nebulosity spreads out to
the southeast. A double star
(h4302 = 10.4/11.6 at 23") is embedded near the south end. The surface brightness is fairly high
overall, though irregular with slightly brighter patches, knots and
streaks. A faint 5' linear streak
or filament running SSW-NNE is superimposed along the outer western edge,
though it separates or resolves from the Crescent at its north and south
ends. The illuminating mag 10.6
Wolf-Rayet star (WR 18 = HD 89358) is located about 4' E of the center of the
"C", and is asymetrically positioned with respect to the center of
the entire shell. This W-R bubble
is situated four degrees NW of the Eta Carina nebula in a rich Milky Way star
field.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x and UHC filter, this HII region appears as a
remarkable, huge crescent, roughly 11'x7' (the main region extends nearly 1/3
of the 39' field). Opens up
towards the east in a huge "C" shape. The SW portion of the crescent is brightest, although the
overall surface brightness is irregular with a mottled or curdled
appearance. A few stars are
superimposed even with the filter with the brightest stars at the SW end. Fainter nebulosity sprouts out of the
SW end, increasing the total size by several arcminutes.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is an amazing HII region with a 20mm
Nagler and UHC filter at 103x. It
appears as a fairly bright, thick crescent opening towards the east, roughly
10'x6'! The surface brightness was
quite irregular with a UHC filter and the nebulosity was noticeably brighter on
the south end where a couple of brighter stars are embedded. Off the bright portion of the south
end, much lower surface brightness haze extends the curve further SE for
several arcmin and spreads out somewhat increasing the length to ~15'. The main mass has a curdled, mottled appearance and dark lanes
appear to intrude into the nebulosity.
The illuminating star HD 89358 is a Wolf-Rayet star (WR 18) and this
nebulosity is reminiscent of the Crescent Nebula in Cygnus (it could be dubbed
the "Southern Crescent").
9x50 finder
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): surprisingly, NGC 3199 was visible in the 50mm finder
at just 9x by blinking with the OIII filter. An elongated bar of nebulosity was seen!
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3199 = D 332 = h3239 on 1 Apr 1834 and described a "very
faint ray of nebula, about 2' broad, and 6' or 7' long, joining two small stars
at the south following extremity, which are very slightly involved, but their
lustre is not diminished from that of similar small stars in the field. The
north extremity also joins a group of small stars, but they are not involved.
Figure 15.". Unfortunately he
made a one degree error in reading or copying the declination so Dunlop did not
receive credit in the GC or NGC (Glen Cozens recovered the identity of D
332). Because of Dunlop's poor
position, this Wolf-Rayet nebula was reported by Herschel as a new discovery on
1 Apr 1834.
Herschel
sketched NGC 3199 (plate IV, fig 3) and recorded, "A very large and very
remarkable nebula, which is brighter to the S.f. part, and dies off to the
N.p., having a curved form and forked tail. In the head of it is a double star.
The nebula is pretty bright, very large, figure irregular, 8' long, 4' broad.
Among a vast number of milky way stars." On a second occassion he called
it "very bright, very large, 10' long, of a concave or crescent form,
sharply terminated inwards, fading away outwards. In a field of about 80 stars.
The place is that of a 13th mag star, about the middle of the crescent, or
rather nearer the head." His next description reads: "pretty bright,
very gradually brighter in the middle, of a falcated or smilunar shape,
extending over three-quarters of the field. The place is that of a double star
in its vertex or southern extremity." His final observation was recorded
as "Place that of the double star near the cusp of the great falcated
nebula, whose extent in PD is = 1.3 radius of field = 9.75' In a rich field. A
clustering group follows." In
the IC 2 notes, Dreyer notes that no nebulosity was found on plates at
Arequipa, Peru although JH described it quite clearly.
******************************
NGC 3200 = ESO
567-045 = MCG -03-26-037 = UGCA 210 = PGC 30108
10 18 36.5 -17
58 57
V = 12.0; Size 4.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 169d
17.5"
(1/31/87): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, moderately
large. A mag 14 star is at the
north end. Either contains a
stellar nucleus or a star is superimposed on the center. A mag 12 star lies 2.0' WNW of center.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3200 on 10 Apr 1882 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory in Wisconsin and noted "pB, E 160, bMN." His
position in Publ. of the Washburn Observatory, Vol I, p 73, matches ESO 567-045
= PGC 30108. I find it surprising
that this relatively bright galaxy was missed by the Herschels.
******************************
NGC 3201 = ESO
263-SC026
10 17 36.7 -46
24 40
V = 6.7; Size 18.2'; Surf Br = 0.7
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this beautiful, loose
globular was well resolved with approximately two hundred mag 12 to 16 stars
visible within a 10' region. An
unusual feature is the large number of brighter cluster stars that appear to be
superimposed right on top of a fainter layer of stars in the central core. The core seems displaced towards the
north side as if part of the northern half of the cluster was obscured and
flattened. This apparent affect
may also be due to a larger number of brighter resolved stars that are
superimposed on the northern half of the core. A number of stars in the outer halo are arranged in strings
and chains and the outer extent of the halo is irregular.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): beautifully resolved globular at 171x and
228x. The cluster is fairly large,
~8'-10' diameter with more careful viewing. Roughly 150 stars are resolved, though the number grows with
magnification and averted vision.
A fairly dense layer of brighter mag 11.5-12 stars are resolved right
over the bright core. The halo,
which has a large number of mag 13 stars, has a scraggly, irregular edge and
seems elongated - possibly partially obscured by dust. This concentration class X cluster is
7th in ranking of brightest stars (mag 11.7) and 10th in horizontal-branch mag
stars (mag 14.8).
13"
(2/23/85): this fairly bright globular cluster appears fairly large and
mottled. But only a few stars are
resolved due to the view being compromised by the very low elevation (~5¡
altitude) from northern California.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3201 = D 445 = h3238 on 1 May 1826 with his 9-inch reflector at
Parramatta, NSW, and described a "pretty large, pretty bright round nebula,
4' or 5' diameter, very gradually condensed towards the centre, easily resolved
into stars; the figure is rather irregular, and the stars are considerably
scattered on the south preceding side: the stars are also of slightly mixed
magnitudes."
JH first
observed it on 20 Apr 1836 and recorded a "globular cluster, irregularly
round, gbM, not v m comp, 6', resolved into stars 13...15th mag." On a
second sweep he called it "irregularly round, 7' diameter, but the
outliers extend to at least 10' or 12'; gpmbM, but not very much compressed;
all resolved into stars 13..16th mag."
NGC 3201 is 7th
in ranking of brightest member stars (mag 11.7) and 10th in ranking of
horizontal-branch mag (mag 14.8).
The distance is ~20,000 light years.
******************************
NGC 3202 = UGC
5581 = MCG +07-21-041 = CGCG 211-044 = WBL 264-001 = PGC 30236
10 20 31.7 +43
01 18
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.7', only a weak
concentration with a small brighter core.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.1' W of center. First of three with very similar NGC 3205 4.4' SE and NGC
3207 5.7' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3202 = H II-720 = h696 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and noted
"F, vS." CH's reduction
is 3.5' southwest of UGC 5581 (similar offset as NGC 3205 = II-721 and NGC 3207
= II-722). JH recorded "vF; R; vgbM; 30"; the preceding of 3 neb in a
triangle. Some stars near." He noted the position as very
approximate and as a result the NGC position is 2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3203 = ESO
500-024 = MCG -04-25-002 = PGC 30177
10 19 34.5 -26
41 53
V = 12.1; Size 2.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 58d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, very small
bright core is possibly stellar, very thin extensions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3203 = h3240 on 24 Mar 1835 and recorded "pB; E; gbM;
25"." His position on
the next sweep (563) was 1 min of RA greater, which he mistakenly rejected So the RA in the NGC and NGC is 1.0 min
of RA too small. Clearly his
observations, though, refer to ESO 500-024.
******************************
NGC 3204 = UGC
5580 = MCG +05-25-001 = CGCG 154-003 = PGC 30214
10 20 11.2 +27
49 02
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 110d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5'. Located 4.1' NE of a mag 11 star. A mag 7.7 star (SAO 81305) lies 13' SE
at the edge of the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3204 = h698 on 24 Dec 1827 and logged "F; L; 40" -
60"; gbM." His position
matches UGC 5580.
******************************
NGC 3205 = UGC
5585 = MCG +07-21-042 = CGCG 211-046 = Holm 179a = WBL 264-002 = PGC 30254
10 20 50.0 +42
58 19
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/9/94): second of three in a group.
Very similar appearance to NGC 3202 4.4' NW. Fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE. A mag 13 star is 1.0' WSW. Appears to have a slightly higher
surface brightness than NGC 3202 and brighter along the major axis. A threshold star is superimposed NE of
the core (GSC shows a mag 15 star 15" NE of center). NGC 3207 lies 2.1' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3205 = H II-721 = h699 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and noted
"F, vS, stellar." JH
recorded "vF; R; vgbM; 30"; the second of 3 [with NGC 3202 and 3207]
in a triangle."
******************************
NGC 3206 = WBL
265-001 = UGC 5589 = MCG +10-15-069 = CGCG 290-030 = PGC 30322
10 21 47.6 +56
55 50
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, fairly large, elongated 3:2 N-S, 2.5'x1.5', broad
concentration. A mag 13 star is
just off the NNE end 2.1' from the center. A pair of galaxies NGC 3214 and NGC 3220 lie 13' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3206 = H I-266 = h697 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and recorded
"cB, pL, gbM, iF." His
position is just off the east side of UGC 5589. JH called this galaxy "vF; L; E; vglbM; 2' l; 1 1/2'
br" and measured a very accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3207 = UGC
5587 = MCG +07-21-043 = CGCG 211-047 = Holm 179b = WBL 264-003 = PGC 30267
10 21 00.6 +42
59 07
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 73d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, almost round, even concentration down to very
small core. A mag 13.5 star is
2.0' S. Third of three in a close
trio with NGC 3205 2.1' WSW and NGC 3202 5.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3207 = H II-722 = h700 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and logged
"F, vS, stellar." JH
recorded "vF; R; vgbM; 30"; the last of 3 in a triangle [with NGC
3202 and 3205]."
******************************
NGC 3208 = ESO
500-025 = MCG -04-25-003 = PGC 30180
10 19 41.3 -25
48 53
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 20d
18"
(4/10/04): faint, moderately large, round. At 220x, appears as a low surface brightness glow with a
very weak concentration, ~1.2' diameter.
Situated between two mag 10.5 stars - the closer is 1.6' due west and
the second star is 3.0' due E!
Outlying member of AGC 1060?
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3208 = LM I-171 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is a reasonable match with ESO 500-025 (30 tsec
too far west). Herbert Howe
measured an accurate RA in 1899-00at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver
(mentioned in the IC 2 notes section)
******************************
NGC 3209 = UGC
5584 = MCG +04-25-002 = CGCG 124-003 = PGC 30242
10 20 38.5 +25
30 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 80d
17.5"
(3/25/95): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Sharp concentration with a very small
prominent core and stellar nucleus.
A mag 11 star is 3.0' W of center.
Forms a pair
with MCG +04-25-004 4.7' ENE (noted as "very faint, very small,
round. A mag 14.5 star is 1.2'
NNE"). Brightest in a trio
with UGC 5588 9.4' SSE (noted as "fairly faint, small, round, 30"
diameter, weak concentration.
Forms a small isosceles triangle with two mag 12 stars 1.0' SSW and 1.2'
E of center. High surface
brightness for a UGC galaxy").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3209 = h701 on 19 Feb 1827 and recorded "F; R; 30";
has a star." His position
matches UGC 5584.
******************************
NGC 3210
10 27 58.9 +79
49 57
Size 24"
17.5"
(1/28/89): NGC 3210 is a pair of mag 13.5/14.5 stars at 24" separation
located just 1' WNW of NGC 3212.
This double was easily resolved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3210 = H III-979 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and recorded "The
preceding [with III-980 = NGC 3212 and III-981 = NGC 3215] stellar; they are
all in line and about 1' distance from each other. The preceding is the most north, about 2' more than the
last." A pair of mag
13.5/14.5 stars at 24" separation is the only object matching his
description with respect to the two nearby galaxies.
In the 1912
notes to WH's third catalogue, Dreyer states the RA for NGC 3210 requires a
correction of +1.0 tmin in RA (probably based on an observation by Bigourdan)
and this would match one or both of the stars. In 1892 William Denning reported
"there are two or three faint stars in the place assigned for it [NGC 3210],
but, like D'Arrest, I see no nebulosity [in a 10-inch reflector]." Dorothy Carlson identifies this object
as a star in her 1940 paper on NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 3211 = PK
286-4.1 = ESO 127-PN15 = PN G286.3-04.8
10 17 50.3 -62
40 14
V = 10.7; Size 17"
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): Picked up unfiltered at 105x as a moderately bright,
15" disc. Good contrast gain
with UHC filter. Appears bright,
evenly illuminated with a well-defined bluish halo. Appears to float in a beautifully rich Carina star field and
centered within a parallelogram of mag 10.5 stars (sides ~9'x7'). Located 1.3¡ south of the mag 3.4 q
Velorum.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x and UHC filter this fine planetary
appeared as a very bright, round disc, ~15" diameter, crisp-edged with a
bluish hue. Good filter response
to UHC. The surface brightness was
very high and there was a hint of a slightly brighter rim. Set in a rich Carina star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3211 = h3242 on 7 Mar 1837 and recorded "planetary nebula,
delicate, exactly round, = * 10 mag, a little dim at edges; white; with 320x
considerably hazy. In field with at least 150 stars." The next sweep he recorded
"perfectly round; very well defined, with a perfectly uniform light, not
at all mottled; = a star 10th mag, of which brightness there are 5 or 6 more in
the field, and not less than 150 others less bright. Examined by both Mr
Maclear and myself with 240x which shows it proportionally magnified; quite
round and planetary; a little hazy at the edges, but not more so than is due to
the decidedly bad definition of the night, and the imperfect figure of the
mirror, which has been injured by careless polishing on too soft a
polisher."
******************************
NGC 3212 = Arp
181 NED1 = VV 319b = UGC 5643 = MCG +13-08-021 = CGCG 351-023 = PGC 30813
10 28 16.1 +79
49 23
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 107d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, very small, round.
A pair of mag 13.5/14.5 stars at 24" separation is 1' WNW (= NGC
3210). Forms a pair with NGC 3215
1.2' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3212 = H III-980 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and recorded "Three, the place is that of the last [III-981]. The two last [NGC 3212 and 3215] vF and
vS."
None of these 3
objects were included in WH's third catalogue as they were discovered just
after his 500 discovery limit was reached on the previous object (NGC
3057). JH added III-980 as one of
the 8 "HON" objects ("[William] Herschel omitted nebulae")
in the Appendix to his Cape Observations.
There are only two galaxies here that were measured accurately by
d'Arrest and Bigourdan with III-979 = NGC 3210 a single or double star.
******************************
NGC 3213 = UGC
5590 = MCG +03-27-004 = CGCG 094-008 = PGC 30283
10 21 17.3 +19
39 07
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 133d
17.5"
(4/25/92): very faint, small, round, low almost even surface brightness. Located 10' NE of mag 8.1 SAO 99075 and
21' SE of the striking double star Gamma Leonis (2.2/3.5 at 4.5").
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3213 = St XIII-58 on 13 Mar 1883. His position matches UGC 5590.
******************************
NGC 3214 = MCG
+10-15-071 = CGCG 290-032 = Holm 182a = WBL 265-003 = PGC 30419
10 23 08.9 +57
02 20
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/9/94): first of two with NGC 3220 5.0' E. Faint, very small, round, very small brighter core. Bracketed by two mag 13.5 stars 0.8' W
and 1.0' E. NGC 3206 lies 13' SW.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3214 on 9 Mar 1874 using LdR's 72" while observing GC 2082
= NGC 3220. He recorded "cB, vS, R, sbMN = * 11m, pos 277.3¡, dist
288.7" It is in a line, Pos
about 100¡, between 2 st, about 11m each, dist about 1.5'." Copeland's offset from NGC 3220 matches
CGCG 290-032 = PGC 30419.
******************************
NGC 3215 = Arp
181 NED2 = VV 319a = UGC 5659 = MCG +13-08-022 = CGCG 350-055 = CGCG 351-024 =
PGC 30840
10 28 40.4 +79
48 46
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. Forms a close pair with NGC 3212 1.2' NW. Collinear with NGC 3212 and pair of mag
13.5/14.5 stars 2.2' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3215 = H III-981 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and recorded "Three, the place is that of the last [III-981]. The two last [NGC 3212 and 3215] vF and
vS." Caroline Herschel's reduced position is ~4' north of Arp 181 = UGC
5643 and UGC 5659.
None of these
three objects were included in WH's third catalogue as they were discovered
just after his 500 discovery limit was reached on the previous object (NGC
3057). JH added III-981 as one of
the 8 "HON" objects ("[William] Herschel omitted nebulae")
in the Appendix to his Cape Observations.
There are only two galaxies here, that were measured accurately by
d'Arrest and Bigourdan and NGC 3210 is either a star or wide double star.
******************************
NGC 3216 = UGC
5593 = MCG +04-25-007 = CGCG 124-008 = PGC 30312
10 21 41.2 +23
55 23
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, 0.9'x0.7', weak
concentration. Located 4.7' ENE of
a mag 10.5 star. Brightest in a
group with UGC 5597 at 4.6' SE (not seen) and an anonymous galaxy 4.1' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3216 = H III-330 = h702 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, pS, vlbM." JH
logged "eF; R; 20"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3217 = IC
606 = MCG +02-27-006 = CGCG 065-017 = Mrk 721 = VIII Zw 074 = Todd 29 = PGC
30448
10 23 32.6 +10
57 35
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 30d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', weak concentration. Situated in a small group of mag 13-14
stars and a mag 11.6 star 2.6' SE.
Discovered by David Todd in his search for a trans-Neptunian planet and
equivalent to IC 606.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3217 = Todd 29 on 4 Mar 1878 using the 26-inch Clark refractor
at the US Naval Observatory during his search for a trans-Neptunian
planet. Todd's RA was only given
to the nearest minute but Harold Corwin was able to identify CGCG 065-017 = PGC
30448 as NGC 3217. This galaxy is
2.1 tmin east of Todd's rough position and 4' north but his sketch shows two
nearby stars that match this galaxy.
Stephane Javelle
independently found NGC 3217 on 18 Apr 1893 and reported it in list 2-676
(later IC 606). PGC, MCG, CGCG and
SIMBAD (and amateur software such as Megastar) use the IC designation only and
RNGC misclassifies NGC 3217 as nonexistent. NED and HyperLeda equate the two identities.
******************************
NGC 3218 = NGC
3183 = UGC 5582 = MCG +12-10-028 = CGCG 351-018 = CGCG 333-023 = PGC 30323
10 21 49.4 +74
10 37
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 170d
See observing
notes for NGC 3183.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3218 = H I-283 on 2 Apr 180 (sweep 1096) and recorded "cB,
cL, er." This is one of 15 far northern galaxies with large systematic
errors. The corrected position
using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 5582. See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 28 Sep 1865, measured an
accurate position, and Dreyer catalogued it as NGC 3183, assuming it was
new. The primary designation of
this galaxy is NGC 3183, despite the earlier discovery by WH.
******************************
NGC 3219 = MCG
+07-21-051 = CGCG 211-049 = Holm 184a = PGC 30383
10 22 37.4 +38
34 45
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; PA = 60d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, small, slightly elongated 0.5'x0.4', weak
concentration. Situated in the
middle of a thin triangle of mag 11-12 stars with a 1.6' pair of mag 11.5/12
stars ~2.5' W and a mag 11 star 3' E.
Forms a close pair with MCG +07-21-049 1.8' NW, which was not seen with
certainty. Located 9.5' NE of mag
8.8 SAO 62000.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3219 = St XII-38 on 11 Apr 1882. His position matches CGCG 211-049 = PGC 30383. This galaxy is not in RC3 and for some
reason is not plotted on the new version of the Uranometria 2000 Star Atlas.
******************************
NGC 3220 = IC
604 = UGC 5614 = MCG +10-15-073 = CGCG 290-034 = Holm 182b = WBL 265-004 = PGC
30462
10 23 45.2 +57
01 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 97d
17.5"
(4/9/94): brighter of a pair with NGC 3214 5.0' W. Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.5',
weak concentration. Forms the west
vertex of a near isosceles triangle with a mag 11 star 5.5' NE and a mag 10
star 6.5' ESE. The mag 10 star is
an unequal triple with two 14th magnitude companions at 18" and 27".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3220 = H III-911 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted "vF,
cL, iF." CH's reduction
matches UGC 5614. Ralph Copeland, observing with the 72" on 9 Mar 1874,
recorded "pF, L cE 91.5¡, *14 Pos 145.6¡, Dist 94", *8m Pos 102.1¡,
Dist 393.3¡. The NGC description
is based on this observation.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy again on 8 Aug 1890, and reported it as new in his list IX-22
(later IC 604). Dreyer apparently
missed the match in position, so NGC 3220 = IC 604.
******************************
NGC 3221 = UGC
5601 = MCG +04-25-013 = CGCG 124-017 = PGC 30358
10 22 20.2 +21
34 07
V = 13.1; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 167d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 3.0'x0.7',
brighter middle but no nucleus. A
mag 11 star is 4.6' S of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3221 on 1 Jan 1862 and noted "eF, incredibly thin,
90" length, mag 10 star 4' south." His position is just off the north side of UGC 5601.
******************************
NGC 3222 = UGC
5610 = MCG +03-27-011 = CGCG 094-018 = PGC 30377
10 22 34.5 +19
53 13
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/25/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, small bright core,
faint halo. A mag 14.5 star is
just south of the west edge 0.6' from center. A mag 11.5 star lies 2.9' S. FIrst of three with the NGC 3226/3227 duo 13' E in field.
Friedrich August
Winnecke discovered NGC 3222 = Au 27 in March 1855 with a 9.6-in Fraunhofer
refractor at the Berlin Observatory, "while observing the double nebula
[NGC 3226/3227]." He added "it is much fainter than both components,
round and slightly brighter to the middle." Using the Heliometer at Konigsberg, Auwers described it as
"very faint, ~1' diam; star-like core 12-13m." d'Arrest and Schultz also measure
accurate micrometric positions, and Schultz called it "binuclear".
******************************
NGC 3223 = IC
2571 = ESO 375-012 = MCG -06-23-023 = LGG 196-005 = PGC 30308
10 21 35.1 -34
16 01
V = 11.0; Size 4.1'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 NW-SE,
2.0'x1.2'. Increases to a
moderately bright 30" core. A
mag 11 star is just off the SE end and one or two faint stars are superimposed
in the halo. This was a
surprisingly easy galaxy and bright for a low elevation (~15 degrees). Located about 1.5 degrees NW of the
center of Antila cluster within the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster. NGC 3224 lies 26' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3223 = h3243 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "pB; vL; vlE;
pslbM; to a centre; diam 2'."
His position is on the northeast side of ESO 375-012.
Lewis Swift
found the galaxy again on 30 Dec 1897, assumed it was new and reported Sw.
XI-107 (later IC 2571) as "vF; cS; R; mag 9 star close p close
following." His RA was 28
seconds too small. Herbert Howe
followed up on Swift's observation and noted the mag 9 star follows by 9 sec
and measured an accurate position.
So, NGC 3223 = IC 2571.
******************************
NGC 3224 = ESO
375-013 = MCG -06-23-024 = LGG 196-006 = PGC 30314
10 21 41.2 -34
41 49
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 133d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, failry small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.7'.
Well-concentrated with a small, bright core. Outlying member of the Antlia Cluster. Found by starhopping from brighter NGC
3324 located 26' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3224 = h3244 on 18 Apr 1835 and recorded "vF; R; pgmbM;
40"." His position
matches ESO 375-013.
******************************
NGC 3225 = UGC
5631 = MCG +10-15-077 = CGCG 290-037 = PGC 30569
10 25 10.0 +58
09 00
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, very weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
1.2' NNE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3225 = H II-882 = h703 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"pB, pL, lE, bM." His RA
(CH's reduction) is 15 sec too small.
JH logged "pF; L; E; vgbM; 30" to 40"."
******************************
NGC 3226 = Arp
94 NED1 = VV 209b = Holm 187b = UGC 5617 = MCG +03-27-015 = CGCG 094-026 = LGG
194-008 = PGC 30440
10 23 27.0 +19
53 54
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15d
48"
(4/22/17): at 375x and 488x; very bright, moderately large, slightly elongated,
~1.8'x 1.5'. Sharply concentrated
with an intensely bright non-stellar nucleus. The halo has only a weak concentration and with averted
vision appears to merge with the halo of NGC 3227. A low surface brightness spiral arm on the west side of NGC
3227 extends north to the outer halo of NGC 3226.
17.5"
(4/25/92): moderately bright and large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, smoothly
increases from halo to a bright core and an almost stellar nucleus. The halo extends to almost 2' diameter
with averted vision and fades into background. Forms a striking pair with NGC 3227 at the south side with
2.3' separation between centers.
The outer halo is just in contact with NGC 3227 at the SSE edge. NGC 3222 lies 13' W.
13.1"
(4/16/83): fairly faint, broad concentration to a brighter middle.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3226 = H II-28 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146) and recorded "Two
nebula almost close together.
Perhaps 1 1/2 or 2' asunder, they are pretty considerable in size and of
a roundish form; but not cometic; they are vF." His position was 17' too far north, but d'Arrest and Schultz
measured accurate positions used in the GC and NGC.
Father Secchi
made an independent discovery of NGC 3226 and 3227 on 6 Mar 1853 with a
9.5" Merz refractor and announced it in the AN. He mentioned the object is "not listed in Herschel's
Observations of nebulae and clusters of stars [Slough catalogue]." Like a number of observers he missed
the prior discovery by WH as he probably only checked the Slough catalogue and
WH's position was quite poor.
******************************
NGC 3227 = Arp
94 NED2 = VV 209a = Holm 187a = UGC 5620 = MCG +03-27-016 = CGCG 094-028 = LGG
194-009 = PGC 30445
10 23 30.6 +19
51 55
V = 10.3; Size 5.4'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 155d
48"
(4/22/17): at 375x and 488x; very bright, large, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE. ~3'x
1.5'. Contains a very sharp,
intensely bright stellar nucleus within a very bright elongated core. The large, elongated halo displays two
subtle spiral arms. A broad, low surface brightness arm is attached on the NNW
end and sweeps south on the east side, ending just west of a mag 14.7 star,
which is 2.3' SE of center. A
second broad arm emerges roughly on the southwest side and shoots north on the
west side, extending to the halo of NGC 3226 [centers of the two galaxies
sseparated by 2.2'].
17.5"
(4/25/92): fairly bright, fairly bright, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.0',
prominent very small high surface brightness core, striking stellar
nucleus. Just in contact with NGC
3226 at the NW tip 2.3' separation between cores. Brightest of three with NGC 3222 13' W.
13.1"
(4/16/83): fairly bright, elongated, bright core, stellar nucleus. This Seyfert galaxy forms a contact
system with NGC 3226 2' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3227 = H II-29 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146), along with NGC 3226.
JH did not make an observation.
See notes for NGC 3226.
******************************
NGC 3228 = ESO
214-SC001 = Cr 218
10 21 22 -51 43
24
V = 6.0; Size 18'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): bright, 15' open cluster in Vela. Prominent in 9x50 finder and easy in
10x30 IS binoculars. The main
portion consists of 9 mag 8-10 stars.
Scattered about are a few additional mag 9 and 10 stars in a 15' field. Perhaps 3 dozen stars total are within
the boundary, though besides the bright stars the remaining are mostly mag
13-14 and appear to be a random background scattering of stars in a rich Milky
Way field.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3228 = Lac II-7 = D 386 = h3245 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x, during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He described a "heap of four or
five faint, very small and compressed." James Dunlop observed the cluster on 9 May 1826 and noted
"11 Roboris Caroli. A group of 8 or 10 pretty bright small stars, with
very small stars, about 6' diameter." JH recorded (single observation) "a group of 9 L, and a
few scattered small stars."
******************************
NGC 3229
10 23 24.3 +00
03 54
=**,
Corwin. Incorrect identification
in the RNGC.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 3229 = HN 16 on 31 Mar 1850 with the 15-inch refractor of
Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. He simply noted a "faint nebulous
object", but at his exact position is a double star at 10 23 24.3 +00 03
54. The RNGC misidentifies CGCG
009-008 as NGC 3229. This galaxy
is located 1.6 min of RA west and 12' north of Coolidge's position. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3230 = UGC
5624 = MCG +02-27-007 = CGCG 065-020 = PGC 30463
10 23 44.0 +12
33 59
V = 12.8; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 115d
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.7'. Fairly sharp concentration with a small
bright core and occasional stellar nucleus. Unusual appearance with a mag 10 star superimposed at the
south edge. Forms a pair with UGC
5625 4' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3230 = h705 on 24 Mar 1830 and recorded (the next sweep) "A
very close D* of the first class involved in a nebulous wisp. A most
curious, delicate and interesting object." His position matches UGC
05624.
In 1885, Herbert
Sadler of England claimed to detect a change in the position (proper motion)
relative to a nearby double star. Dreyer replied that there was no
evidence of motion.
******************************
NGC 3231
10 26 58 +66 48
42
Size 2.5'
18"
(3/5/05): 16 stars are visible in an 8' region. The stars are distributed into two groups oriented
NW-SE. The northwest group stands
out more distinctly as it is a bit richer and more compact (~2.5' diameter) and
contains a mag 11.5/13 pair at 18".
The sparser SE group also contains a mag 13 pair at 17". At the SE edge of the 225x field (9' SE
of the NW grouping) is mag 7.9 HD 90318.
Listed as an asterism in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3231 = h704 on 3 Apr 1832 NGC 3231 and recorded "A cluster
of 20 stars more or less, 10,11, and 12m, scattered over a space of 10' dia. A
star 7m south." Heinrich
d'Arrest noted the principal star was double. This grouip is apparently an asterism although it stands out
well on the DSS, being detached from the surrounding field.
******************************
NGC 3232 = MCG
+05-25-004 = CGCG 154-008 = PGC 30508
10 24 24.3 +28
01 40
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/25/95): very faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Located 2.5' NE of a
mag 10 star. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 3235 7.7' E.
This is a
superposed (merging?) pair of galaxies, though it was not seen as double.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3232, along with NGC 3235, on 29 Dec 1861. His single position and description (he
mentions a mag 11-12 star is 150" southwest) matches ESO 568-001.
******************************
NGC 3233 = ESO
568-001 = MCG -04-25-004 = LGG 195-002 = AM 1019-220 = PGC 30336
10 21 57.5 -22
16 04
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/13/02): faint, small, elongated nearly 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6', irregular
surface brightness. There is
possibly a very faint envelope surrounding the main bar. Located 16' NNE of mag 6.5 HD 89828.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3233 = LM I-172 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1 min of time west of ESO 568-001. Herbert Howe's corrected position
(given in the IC 2 Notes section) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3234 = NGC
3235? = UGC 5635 = MCG +05-25-007 = CGCG 154-010 = PGC 30553
10 24 59.3 +28
01 26
See observing
notes for NGC 3235.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3234 = h706 on 24 Dec 1827 and noted "pB; R: psbM;
30"." There is nothing
at his positin, though his brightness estimate of "pB" implies a
duplicate observation (with a bad position) of a reasonably bright galaxy. In the GC, JH mentions it could be a
comet.
This object was
not found in six attempts at Birr Castle (1852-56), and Reinmuth and Carlson
also reported it not found, based on photographic searches. In the NGC Notes section, Dreyer states
that NGC 3234 is probably identical to NGC 3235 with a 1 degree error in
declination. In the IC 1 notes,
though, Dreyer states that NGC 3235 as both were seen by William Frederick
Denning. Nevertheless, Corwin
concludes "NGC 3234 is almost certainly = NGC 3235."
******************************
NGC 3235 = NGC
3234? = UGC 5635 = MCG +05-25-007 = CGCG 154-010 = PGC 30553
10 24 59.3 +28
01 26
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, slightly brighter core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star is 3.1' NNW. Brightest in a
group with NGC 3232 7.7' W and IC 2572 4.7' NNE. IC 2572 appeared extremely faint, small, very elongated
~N-S, although difficult to determine exact orientation as could only glimpse.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3235, along with NGC 3232, on 29 Dec 1861. His position, measured on 3 nights,
matches UGC 5635 = PGC 30553 and he noted a mag 15 star precedes by 5.7 seconds
of time, at a separation of 195" [SSW]. NGC 3234 is probably a duplicate (earlier) observation by JH
with an erroneous position. See
notes for NGC 3234.
******************************
NGC 3236 = MCG
+10-15-081 = CGCG 290-040 = PGC 30711
10 26 48.5 +61
16 23
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.4'; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.5' ESE and a mag 12
star 2.8' SE. Located 4.0' NE of a
mag 10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3236 = h707 on 25 Mar 1832 and recorded "eF; S; psbM;
8"; 2 st 11 and 12m follow." His position matches CGCG 290-040 = PGC
30711.
******************************
NGC 3237 = UGC
5640 = MCG +07-22-003 = CGCG 212-007 = PGC 30610
10 25 43.3 +39
38 47
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/13/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, brighter
core. An uneven mag 12/14 double
is 3' N and trailing from this pair is a string of three mag 10.5-11.5 (total
length including double of 10').
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3237 = H III-631 = h709 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and noted
"vF, vS. With 300 the
same." CH's reduced position
is 6' south-southeast of UGC 5640, but there are no other nearby candidates. JH logged "pF; R; S; pgbM;
10-12" dia." His
position is marked as very uncertain, but his dec is just 1' south of UGC 5640.
******************************
NGC 3238 = UGC
5649 = MCG +10-15-080 = CGCG 290-041 = PGC 30686
10 26 43.0 +57
13 35
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, even concentration
with brighter core and faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with MCG +10-15-079 5.4' NW. NGC 3220 lies 27' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3238 = H II-883 = h708 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"F, S, R, bM." His
position (CH's reduction) is just 1' NE of UGC 5649. JH logged "Not vF; R; pslbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 3239 = Arp
263 = VV 95 = UGC 5637 = MCG +03-27-025 = CGCG 094-038 = PGC 30560
10 25 05.5 +17
09 35
V = 11.3; Size 5.0'x3.3'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 80d
48"
(5/4/16): NGC 3239 was examined at 488x, specifically looking for the two tidal
tails not seen in the previous observation with Lowrey's 48". A very faint curving tail or hook
(identified as "Tail A" in Krienke & Hodge's 1990 paper "The
structure of the irregular galaxy, NGC 3239") was seen extending from the
very bright HII knot (VV 95b) on the southeast side. It curves clockwise to the southeast in the direction of a
mag 15.8 star [2' ESE of the mag 10 superimposed star].
Beyond the west
end of the main glow is a fairly wide, very low surface brightness glow (the
start of "Tail B") in the direction of a mag 12.5 star (2.4' due W of
the bright star); it then sweeps broadly towards the south. A narrow extension heading southwest
ends at a faint HII knot, perhaps 6" diameter, which is identified in NED
as NGC 3239:[HK83] 75 and 80.
48"
(2/19/12): NGC 3239 = Arp 263 is a large, disrupted irregular, dominated by
numerous HII regions. It was a
fascinating sight at 488x. A mag
10 star is superimposed on the southwest side of the galaxy with the patchy,
highly irregular surface brightness glow of the galaxy extending mainly north
and east of the star.
A very bright,
round knot of ~15" diameter is prominent on the southeast side of the
galaxy. This HII complex is
catalogued as VV 95b in NED and as region #6 and #10 in Hodge-Kennicutt's 1983
"An Atlas of HII Regions in 125 Galaxies". A faint star or knot is attached on the north side. A "star" recorded just off
the west side of this knot turns out to be supernova SN 2012A, discovered on 7
Jan 2012, still currently around 14th magnitude (see image at
http://skycenter.arizona.edu/gallery/Galaxies/ngc3239). Very faint haze extends southeast of VV
95b, but the "tail" structure was not seen.
Along the north
side of the galaxy (elongated east-west) are several additional knots. About 30" due north of VV 95B is
HK[83] #3 and #4. This close pair
of knots appeared as a faint, small, irregular glow, ~6" diameter. Patchy haze is just west, but with no
condensed spots. Further west, and 40" due north of the mag 10 star, is a
moderately bright, small, round knot, ~10" diameter that has several
HK[83] entries (#28/29/31/34). To
the west of this knot, the glow of the galaxy ends near HK[83] #57/58, a faint
low surface brightness knot that is elongated N-S.
18"
(3/28/09): moderately bright and large, irregular shape and mottled appearance,
elongated ~2:1 E-W, ~1.0'x0.5'. A
mag 9.5 star is superimposed on the SW side with the brighter portion of the
galaxy extending to the east. On
the SW end of the galaxy is a bright HII knot (VV 95B = Hodge-Kennicutt #10) of
~20" diameter. The galaxy has
a patchy surface brightness with an ill-defined, irregular halo. A number of fainter galaxies are in the
field (background cluster) including CGCG 94-42 2.9' SE, CGCG 94-40 4.8' N,
CGCG 94-43 6.3' NNE, UGC 5639 8' NE, CGCG 94-39 8.5' N, CGCG 94-46 8.5' SE.
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 E-W, very unusual
appearance as a mag 9 star (BD+17 2217) is superimposed on the south side. An unusually bright knot is following
the bright star by 51" on the SE side of the galaxy. This is possibly an
offset nucleus or more likely an HII knot. The galaxy appears to extend to the west from this
knot. The galaxy exhibits an
irregular surface brightness with edges difficult to define as it fades into
the background. The halo is more
extensive to the north with averted vision. About 2' NW and 2' W are two mag 11 and 12 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3239 = H IV-10 = h710 = h3246 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181)and
recorded "A pretty considerable star, with a milky vF brush after it. The position of the brush is about 15
or 20¡ nf. With 240 I saw 2 vF stars
towards the confines of the brush; but they seemed to have no connection with
it. The bright star is the
following one of a triangle, the preceding stars of which are a little smaller. It precedes a large star 3 1/2 min of
time and is 2' more north." His description and position applies to Arp 263 = VV 95.
10 observations
were made at Birr Castle, with knots in NGC 3239 mentioned several times. On 10 Jan 1856, R.J. Mitchell commented
"A knot north of the star and another nff, the space between them and the
star is filled with faint mottled nebulosity. A star suspected in np end of the following knot. A very faint nebula suspected
following?". The last comment
probably refers to CGCG 094-042, which is 3' ESE.
On the POSS, the
bright knot on the southeast end seems like it could be an interacting galaxy
but on the SDSS it looks like a large, blue HII region. Also the area immediately north seems
dusty. Contains unusual asymmetric
arcs to the south as if very disturbed.
This galaxy has a listed redshift of only 0.0025, while the surrounding
galaxies (6 viewed on 3/28/09) have a redshift of z = .044.
******************************
NGC 3240 = ESO
568-003 = MCG -04-25-007 = LGG 195-003 = PGC 30515
10 24 30.6 -21
47 28
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
17.5"
(2/22/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
0.8' SSE of center just outside the halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3240 = h3247 on 20 Mar 1835 and reported "eF; S; R; near a
star." His position from two
sweeps matches ESO 568-003.
******************************
NGC 3241 = ESO
436-016 = MCG -05-25-002 = PGC 30498
10 24 16.9 -32
28 58
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 123d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 1.3'x1.0'. Weak concentration with no
distinguishable core. A mag 11
star is close off the NW edge, 1.4' from center and the galaxy is elongated in
the direction of the star.
Scattered groups of mag 10 stars lie ~20' E and a similar distance
west. Outlying member of the
Antlia cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3241 = h3249 on 16 Feb 1836 and logged "F pmE glbM; has a
*11m north preceding." His
position is 1' N of ESO 436-016 and the description matches.
******************************
NGC 3242 = Eye
Nebula = Ghost of Jupiter = PK 261+32.1 = ESO 568-PN5 = PN G261.0+32.0
10 24 46.1 -18
38 32
V = 7.3; Size 40"x35"
48"
(4/18/15): In addition to structure previously noted, the sharply defined inner
ring clearly has lower surface brightness extensions at the northwest and
southeast end, creating an inner lens.
The bulge on the northwest end is a bit larger and brighter, though the
southeast end of the ring has a slightly brighter knot.
Two galaxies are
nearby. PGC 155202, 3.9' SSW of
NGC 3242, is fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE,
20"x15", very weak concentration. A mag 11.2 star lies 1.9' NE. PGC 155215, 3.4' SE of NGC 3242, is faint, small, slightly
elongated WNW-ESE, 15"x12", low surface brightness. A mag 14 star lies 0.6' WNW and a mag
10 star is 2' E.
48"
(2/18/12): at 814x, the multiple ring structure was remarkable. The small, dark central hole and bright
central star is surrounded by an beautiful inner lens, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
~25"x15". This vivid
turquoise lens is brighter at the ends of the major axis and bulges out with an
extension on the northwest end.
Surrounding the lens is a broader halo or shell with a rounder outline,
~45"x35" NW-SE. This
shell has a distinctive light pink or salmon color. Highlighting the very edge of this shell is an extremely
thin, slightly brighter greenish ring.
A low surface brightness outer halo surrounds the planetary.
48"
(4/1/11): stunning view at 488x with a high contrast, high surface brightness
double ring structure and an outer third shell. The small inner lens has an electric turquoise color and is
elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~25"x15".
At the southeast end of the major axis of the inner ring is a
well-defined, bright knot. The
irregular inner ring is also brighter and thicker along the northwest end,
though not as bright or sharply defined as the southeast knot. The dim central portion is punctuated
by the bright central star. The
outer ring is rounder and extends ~45"x35" NW-SE, with the limb
unevenly lit. The greenish color
is not as intense in the outer ring.
Between the two main rings the nebulosity has a pinkish hue. The main structure was surrounded by a
low surface brightness outer halo, at least 1.5' diameter, which significantly
increased the total size!
18"
(4/9/05): at 435x, the double shell structure was prominent and exhibited
filametary structure outside the inner ring.
17.5"
(3/25/00): this beautiful PN has a very high surface brightness and a bluish
color at 100x. The view at
280x-380x is stunning with a well-defined double shell structure. The bright, narrow inner ring is
surrounded by a second fainter oval envelope. Inside the bright lens is a dark, 10" donut-hole with a
faint central star marking the center.
In moments of steady seeing, the inner ring has a hard-edge and the
central star is easier.
17.5"
(1/31/87): at 415x appears very bright, fairly small, bluish color, central
star is visible. Prominent double
lens structure with a bright inner lens surrounded by a second fainter
elliptical shell. Stunning at high
power with a striking "eye" appearance with a darker center.
13"
(3/24/84): very bright, bright inner lens surrounded by a second fainter
elliptical shell. At 350x there is
a darker center to the inner lens and the central star is visible almost
continuously.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3242 = H IV-27 = h3248 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and described
this bright planetary as "a beautiful, very brilliant globe of light; a
little hazy on the edges, but the haziness goes off very suddenly, so as not to
exceed the 20th part of the diameter, which I suppose to be from 30 to 40"
in diameter. It is round, or perhaps a very little elliptical, and all over of
an uniform brightness: I suppose the intensity of its light to be equal to that
of a star of the 9th magnitude." On a second observation he logged
"Beautiful, brilliant, planetary disk, ill defined, but uniformly bright,
the light of the colour of Jupiter. 40" diameter. Second observation, near
1' diameter by estimation." Interestingly, this is perhaps the only
example where WH referred to a color in a planetary.
William Lassell
observed NGC 3242 on 12 Mar 1853 with his 24-inch equatorial reflector on Malta
and noted "a brilliant light blue colour with slight green tinge."
The double ring structure was described at Birr Castle, as well as the
northwest extension of the inner ring. On 6 Apr 1863 Samuel Hunter
logged,"Outer ring is brightest north and south and fainter preceding, but
vF on sf side, it does not appear so blue as the inner and brighter one....The
little projection of np end of the bright ring is very marked." E.E.
Barnard and Sherburne Burnham observed the planetary with the 36-inch at Lick
Observatory on 25 Feb 1889.
Barnard described in his logbook "a glowing star in center of dark
space, this in in parallelogram or diamond shape () of beautiful bluish
green. This in an elliptical rose colored disc."
Admiral Smyth
noted the planetary "resembles Jupiter" in his "Cycle of
Celestial Objects" (1844), following HerschelÕs comment. But the
nickname "Ghost of Jupiter" was apparently first used by Captain
William Noble. In the 1882 issue of Knowledge, he wrote "It will be
a seen as a pale-blue disc, looking just like the ghost of Jupiter." He
repeated this description in "Hours with a Three-Inch Telescope"
(London and New York, 1886). William Tyler Olcott also stated "It
will be seen like a pale blue disk, like a ghost of jupiter" in his 1909
book "In Starland with a Three-Inch telescopeÓ.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "the inner, roughly
elliptical ring with its slightly fainter extensions is about 26"x16"
in pa 145¡. The outer and
considerably fainter oval disk is 40"x35", and shows faint ring or
shell effects at its edges.
******************************
NGC 3243 = UGC
5652 = MCG +00-27-012 = CGCG 009-003 = PGC 30655
10 26 21.4 -02
37 20
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 125d
17.5"
(3/29/97): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, moderate
concentration to a very small brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus
(possibly offset from center).
Located 1.5' SE of a mag 10.5 star and a similar star is 4' NNE. IC 609 lies 27' NNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3243 = Sw III-54 on 2 Apr 1886 and noted "vF; S; lE;
between a pB and a vF *." His
position is 10 tsec west and 1' south of UGC 5652 and the description fits.
******************************
NGC 3244 = ESO
317-024 = MCG -07-22-005 = PGC 30594
10 25 28.9 -39
49 41
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, very diffuse, almost round. A mag 11 star is 1.9' N. Located 14' NW of NGC 3250.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3244 = h4019 on 22 Apr 1835 and recorded "vF; above a *
11m, dist 1.5'." It was
included in a "supplementary nebulae" list at the end of the Cape
catalogue (h4016 to h4021) which Dreyer identified as "h o n" ([John]
Herschel Omitted Object) in the NGC.
His position and description matches ESO 317-024.
******************************
NGC 3245 = UGC
5663 = MCG +05-25-013 = CGCG 154-017 = PGC 30744
10 27 18.4 +28
30 26
V = 10.8; Size 3.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 177d
17.5"
(3/29/97): bright, fairly large, elongated ~3:2 N-S, 2.2'x1.3'. Unusually bright 30" core,
increases to a very small but nonstellar nucleus. The faint edge-on NGC 3345A = UGC 5662 lies 8.8' NNW.
NGC 3345A
appeared extremely faint, thin edge-on 7:1 NNW-SSE, ~2.0'x0.3'. Requires averted vision and
concentration to glimpse, no noticeable concentration. Surprisingly low surface brightness and
might not have been noticed unless aware of position. The major axis points
just north of a mag 11.5 star 2.1' NW of center. Also a mag 12 star is 2.4' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3245 = H I-86 = h711 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"cB, pL, mbM, the greatest brightness lE." JH made 4 observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3246 = UGC
5661 = MCG +01-27-009 = CGCG 037-037 = PGC 30684
10 26 41.8 +03
51 43
V = 12.7; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 100d
17.5"
(3/25/00): faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 E-W, broad weak concentration,
1.5'x1.0'. Forms the northern
vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 11.5-12.5 stars 2.8' SW and 3.0'
SSW of center. Located 9' SW of
mag 6.7 SAO 118299.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3246 = h712 on 9 Apr 1828 and recorded "eF; S; R: two
stars, 10 and 11m sp, dist 90"." HIs position and description matches UGC 5661.
******************************
NGC 3247 = ESO
127-SC18 = Westerlund 2 = OCL-807 + Gum 29 = RCW 49
10 24 13 -57 45
48
Size 6'x4'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 230x): NGC 3247 consists of a compact cluster (often
referred to as Westerlund 2), one of the most massive young star clusters known
in the Milky Way and a large, irregular H II region (RCW 49) with star-forming
pillars similar to the Eagle Nebula.
At 230x, the cluster extends ~1.5', but the richest part is a dense,
elongated clump only 45" long with a half-dozen tightly packed mag 13.5-14
stars resolved in an WNW-ESE string.
Off the SW side is mag 13.5 WR 20a, one of the most massive binary systems
(both superluminous O3-type stars).
The cluster is situated 12' N of mag 5.8 HD 90289.
At 142x, fairly
faint emission haze was easily visible in an irregular 2.5' region just to the
east of Westerlund 2. A mag 12 star is embedded near the center of the nebula,
a mag 11.5 star is just off the north edge and a few additional stars are
involved. Adding a NPB filter, RCW
49 is a fairly bright, irregular nebula!
The brightest part (centered on the star) is roughly circular with a
well-defined northern boundary, but it spreads further south and southwest to a
~4'x3' region.
Cr 220 (often
misidentified as NGC 3247) is located ~15' SE of the NGC 3247 complex in the
same low power field. Roughly
three dozen stars were resolved at 142x in a 6' circle, with the central part
slightly condensed. The brightest
mag 9.8 star is at the north end with a mag 12 companion [13"
separation]. A small quadrilateral
of mag 13-13.5 stars [sides 14", 14", 18", 17"] is on the
southwest side. No involved
nebulosity was seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3247 = h3250 on 1 Apr 1834 and described "a curious object.
Stars involved in evident nebula."
The next sweep he logged, "there is a nebulous appearance, which
merits re-examination. Observed much past meridian, and no reliance on the PD
[polar distance]." A third
observation only has a very approximate polar distance. His rough (mean)
position is 10 24.8 -57 51 (2000).
Using a Harvard
plate, DeLisle Stewart identified NGC 3247 at 10 23 58 -57 48.5 (2000), and
Dreyer repeated this position in the IC 2 notes. Brian Skiff places NGC 3247 more accurately at 10 24 01 -57
45.6, corresponding with ESO 127-SC18 = Westerlund 2. This compact cluster (~1.5' dia) is embedded in the HII
region RCW 49 = Gum 29, which spreads out ~10' in size. ESO and Lynga misidentify Cr 220 as NGC
3247. This group of stars is 1.0
tmin following and 5' south of JH's position.
******************************
NGC 3248 = UGC
5669 = MCG +04-25-020 = CGCG 124-024 = PGC 30776
10 27 45.4 +22
50 49
V = 12.4; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.8x0.4, sharp
concentration with a bright prominent core and stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.7' S of
center. Located 6.5' S of mag 9.1
SAO 81359.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3248 = H II-347 = h713 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"pB, S, bM, r." His
position is a good match with UGC 5669.
******************************
NGC 3249 = ESO
375-024 = MCG -06-23-028 = LGG 203-001 = PGC 30657
10 26 22.1 -34
57 50
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 139d
18" (4/10/04):
extremely faint, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter. Requires averted vision and
concentration to glimpse a very low surface brightness circular patch with no
details. Located 4.3' SE of a mag
10.5 star. Member of the Antlia Cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3249 = h3251 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "eF; pL; R; vgvlbM;
60"." His position
matches ESO 375-024 = PGC 30657.
******************************
NGC 3250 = ESO
317-026 = MCG -07-22-007 = PGC 30671
10 26 32.3 -39
56 39
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 148d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright
core. A mag 12 star is 3.8'
NE. Forms a pair with NGC 3244 14'
NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3250 = h3252 on 1 Feb 1835 and recorded "pB; R; psbM;
30"; has a * 13m nf."
His position (measured accurately on 4 other sweeps) and description
matches ESO 317-026 = PGC 30671.
******************************
NGC 3251 = IC
2579 = UGC 5684 = MCG +04-25-023 = CGCG 124-029 = Holm 195a = PGC 30892
10 29 16.8 +26
05 57
V = 13.3; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, weak
concentration. Located 7' SW of
mag 8.8 SAO 81378. A group of
three stars are SW including a mag 10 star 3.4' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3251 on 19 Feb 1862 and recorded "vF, pL, 3 bright
star precede to the south." There is nothing at his position, but exactly
1.0 min of time following is UGC 5684, and his description pins down the
identification.
Stephane Javelle
found the galaxy again on 2 Apr 1900 and assumed it was new. His position for J. 3-1158 (later IC
2579) is accurate. Dreyer must
have realized the possible equivalence with NGC 3251 as he added the note
"?3251" to the description of IC 2579. UGC labels this galaxy IC 2579.
******************************
NGC 3252 = UGC
5732 = MCG +12-10-049 = CGCG 333-039 = PGC 31278
10 34 22.6 +73
45 51
V = 13.5; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE. A double star ·1437 = 7.6/10.1 at
32" lies 5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3252 = H III-316 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted "eF,
mE, pL, r." CH's reduced
position is 6.5' northwest of UGC 5732, though in the GC, JH noted "CH's
reduction of this nebula being affected with a considerable error, Auwer's RA
is adopted, after verification."
But the GC/NGC position is even forther off in RA (too far west by 2.0
min of time) than CH's reduction.
An accurate
position was given in MN, 71, 509 (based on the Greenwich plate to determine
positions on the sweep of 2 Apr 1801).
UGC does not label its entry (UGC 5732) as NGC 3252. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3253 = UGC
5674 = MCG +02-27-021 = CGCG 065-043 = PGC 30829
10 28 27.4 +12
42 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(3/25/00): very faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, low surface
brightness, very weak concentration.
Located 3' S of a mag 10.8 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3253 = Sw III-55 on 27 Apr 1886 and noted "vF, pS,
R." His position is 6 tsec
west and 1' south of UGC 5674 = PGC 30829. Spitaler measured an accurate RA in 1891.
******************************
NGC 3254 = UGC
5685 = MCG +05-25-018 = CGCG 154-020 = PGC 30895
10 29 19.9 +29
29 30
V = 11.7; Size 5.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 46d
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 3.0'x0.8',
sharp concentration with small oval core surrounded by faint unconcentrated
extensions, occasional very faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 2.9' W and a pair of mag 10 stars at 1.2'
separation follows by 6'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3254 = H I-72 = h714 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and recorded
"cB, cL, E, mbM. The
brightness [core] also extended."
His position is just off the west side of UGC 5685. R.J. Mitchell noted "dark spaces
suspected" in his 20 Mar 1854 observation at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 3255 = ESO 127-SC20
= Cr 221
10 26 31 -60 40
42
V = 11.0; Size 2'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): small, glowing spot only 1' diameter at
142x. A half-dozen stars are
resolved over haze at 184x. A mag 12.5-13 star is at the southeast edge and a
mag 13.5 star is on the south side of the main clump. Most of the others are mag 14-14.5.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3255 = h3253 on 4 Feb 1835 NGC 3255 and described "a very
compressed knot or cluster of milky way stars, 4' in diameter, somewhat
insulated from the rest. Stars .. 15th mag." This small cluster shows up fairly well on the DSS.
******************************
NGC 3256 = ESO
263-038 = MCG -07-22-010 = VV 65 = LGG 198-001 = PGC 30785
10 27 51.1 -43
54 19
V = 11.5; Size 3.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this disturbed galaxy appeared as a moderately bright
and large oval, extended 3:2 NW-SE with dimensions 1.6'x1.2'. It contains a fairly bright 1' round
core embedded in a very faint halo.
NGC 3256 is the furthest north and the brightest in a group of Vela
galaxies stretching south to NGC 3261, located 46' to the SSE.
This group is a
member of the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster and possible outlying member of the
Antlia Cluster (9 degrees north).
This cluster was first catalogued as Klemola 12. On photographs NGC 3256 is a chaotic
system that appears to be undergoing a spectacular merger with long tidal
tails. This starburst galaxy is a
superluminous infrared source with X-ray emission.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3256 = h3254 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "B, R, gmbM,
25"." His position
(measured on two sweeps) matches ESO 263-038.
******************************
NGC 3257 = ESO
375-036 = MCG -06-23-031 = LGG 203-004 = PGC 30849
10 28 47.1 -35
39 29
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(3/17/07): faint, fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration with
no definite core. Faintest of trio
with NGC 3258 3.4' NNE and NGC 3260 5.4' NE in the Antlia Cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3257 = h3255 on 2 May 1834 and recorded "vF; vS; R; sbM;
10". The preceding of a group
[with NGC 3258 and 3260]."
His mean position (3 observations) matches ESO 375-036.
******************************
NGC 3258 = ESO
375-037 = MCG -06-23-032 = LGG 196-008 = PGC 30859
10 28 53.6 -35
36 20
V = 11.5; Size 2.9'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, ~1.7'x1.5',
sharply concentrated with a very bright core which increases to the center,
very faint outer halo. A mag 13
star is at the NW side of the halo (50" from center). Brightest in trio with NGC 3260 2.6'
ENE and NGC 3257 3.4' SSW
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A pair of stars are near north. Forms a pair with NGC 3260 2.6' E in the Antlia Cluster (NGC
3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3258 = h3256 on 2 May 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; sbM;
12"." He observed this
galaxy (along with NGC 3257 and 3258) on 4 nights.
******************************
NGC 3259 = UGC
5717 = MCG +11-13-027 = CGCG 313-021 = PGC 31145
10 32 34.8 +65
02 28
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, oval elongated SSW-NNE, broad moderate
concentration. Located 10' WNW of
mag 8.4 SAO 15220. NGC 3266 lies
20' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3259 = H II-870 = h715 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004) and logged
"F, S, iR, almost of equal light throughout." JH noted "F; R;
gbM; 18 arcseconds" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3260 = ESO
375-040 = MCG -06-23-033 = LGG 200-001 = PGC 30875
10 29 06.4 -35
35 43
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 2d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 N-S, 0.5'x0.3', slightly
brighter core. A mag 12.5 star is
attached at the south end. In a
small triio with NGC 3258 2.6' WSW and NGC 3257 5.4' SW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): very faint, small, oval.
A mag 12 star is attached at the south end 0.4' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 3258 2.6' W. Member of the Antlia Cluster (NGC
3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3260 = h3257 on 2 May 1834 (along with NGC 3257 and 3258) and
recorded "eF; vS; R; slbM; 6"." He recorded 4 observations.
******************************
NGC 3261 = ESO
263-040 = MCG -07-22-015 = LGG 198-003 = PGC 30868
10 29 01.4 -44
39 25
V = 11.2; Size 3.7'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 85d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~WSW-ENE,
1.4'x0.7', weak concentration.
Bracketed between two mag 12 stars at the SW and NE ends (separation
2.6'). Located 4' SE of a mag 10
star in a rich Vela starfield. NGC
3261 is in a subgroup of the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster (brightest member NGC
3256) and is 9¡ south of the rich Antlia Cluster (but has the same redshift).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3261 = h3258 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "F; S; R:
15"; entangled among 2 or 3 stars, but is certainly a nebula." His position matches ESO 263-040.
******************************
NGC 3262 = ESO
263-042 = MCG -07-22-017 = LGG 204-001 = PGC 30876
10 29 06.2 -44
09 35
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 108d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ENE,
30"x25", low even surface brightness. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 3263 2.6' NNE in a group
(Klemola 12).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3262 = h3260 on 2 Feb 1835 (along with NGC 3263) and recorded
"eF; S; R." His position
is 2.4' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3263 = ESO
263-043 = MCG -07-22-018 = LGG 204-002 = PGC 30887
10 29 13.4 -44
07 22
V = 11.9; Size 5.1'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 103d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
broad weak concentration. A faint
star is at the WNW tip. Forms an
interacting pair (a faint plume extends E) with NGC 3262 2.6' SSW. Brightest member of the Klemola 12
group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3263 = h3260 on 3 Feb 1835 (along with NGC 3262) and recorded
"F; mE in pos = 280¡ +/- [WNW-ESE]; psbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 3264 = UGC
5719 = MCG +09-17-069 = CGCG 266-054 = LGG 201-003 = PGC 31125
10 32 19.7 +56
05 00
V = 12.0; Size 2.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 177d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.6'x1.0'. Appears as a diffuse glow with no
concentration. Bracketed by a mag
13.5 star at the SW end 0.8' from the center and a mag 13 star just off the ENE
side 1.0' from center. A brighter
mag 11 star lies 3.8' N. Located
16' ENE of 36 Ursa Majoris (V = 4.8).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3264 = h716 on 9 Feb 1831 and noted "eF; between 2 small
stars." His position and
description matches UGC 5719.
******************************
NGC 3265 = UGC
5705 = MCG +05-25-019 = CGCG 154-023 = PGC 31029
10 31 06.8 +28
47 48
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 73d
17.5"
(4/25/92): faint, small, round, weak even concentration, bright core. Forms a close "double" with a
mag 14.5 star just off the ESE edge and 0.6' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3265 = H III-349 = h718 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"Suspected, 240 showed a few small stars with seeming nebulosity, and I
rather suppose it to be a patch."
CH's reduction is 8 sec of time preceding and 2' north of UGC 5663. JH made 4 observations and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3266 = UGC
5725 = MCG +11-13-030 = CGCG 313-022 = PGC 31198
10 33 17.6 +64
44 57
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated small bright core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 3259 lies 20'
NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3266 = H II-871 = h717 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004) and noted
"F, vS, mbM." His
position matches UGC 5725.
******************************
NGC 3267 = ESO
375-042 = MCG -06-23-036 = PGC 30934
10 29 48.5 -35
19 21
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 148d
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, brighter core. Forms a pair with NGC 3268 2.5' E. Also A1027-35B = PGC 30939 lies 3.3' S. First of five in a 10' field in the
Antlia Cluster (NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3267 = h3262 on 18 Apr 1835 (along with NGC 3268) and recorded
"eF; vS; R. By a diagram made
out of the meridian in which 4 nebulae are delineated, two of them being those
determined in sweep 446, Nos. 6 and 7." His position is 1.7' south of ESO 375-042.
******************************
NGC 3268 = ESO
375-045 = MCG -06-23-041 = PGC 30949
10 30 00.5 -35
19 32
V = 11.5; Size 3.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 71d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, brighter core. Fourth of five in the field within the
Antlia Cluster (NGC 3257-3281) with NGC 3267 2' W, NGC 3269 6.0' N, NGC 3271
5.7' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3268 = h3263 on 18 Apr 1835 (along with NGC 3267) and noted
"F; S; R. By a diagram made
out of meridian..." His
position is 2.7' south of ESO 375-045.
The position was corrected by de Vaucouleurs in Mem. Commonwealth Obs.,
(Mt. Stromlo), No. 13, 1956.
******************************
NGC 3269 = ESO
375-044 = MCG -06-23-040 = PGC 30945
10 29 56.9 -35
13 29
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 8d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S. Bracketed by a mag 13.5 star at the SE
end 0.7' from center and a mag 14.5 star at the NW end 0.5' from center. Located 6' N of NGC 3268. A mag 10.5 star is 2.5' NNW. Third of five in the Antlia Cluster
(NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3269 = h3264 on 1 May 1834 and reported "F; S; R: bM;
15"; one of a group of 3 or more.
His position matches ESO 375-044.
******************************
NGC 3270 = UGC
5711 = MCG +04-25-029 = CGCG 124-034 = PGC 31059
10 31 30.0 +24
52 10
V = 13.1; Size 3.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/13/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 N-S, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus, extremely faint thin extensions with averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3270 = H III-331 = h719 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF; vS; vlbM." JH
logged "F; E; gbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3271 = IC
2585 = ESO 375-048 = MCG -06-23-044 = PGC 30988
10 30 26.3 -35
21 35
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 106d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, moderately large, oval NW-SE, small bright core. Appears similar to NGC 3268 5.7' WNW
which is the brightest in the group.
Fifth of five in the field in the Antlia Cluster (NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3271 = h3265 on 1 May 1834 and recorded "F; S; lE; bM;
15"; one of a group of 3 or more." His position is 23 sec of RA west of ESO 375-048, but this
is one of the brightest galaxies in the cluster, so the identification is nearly
certain.
DeLisle Stewart
found this galaxy again on an Arequipa plate and assumed it was new, so it also
acquired the designation IC 2585.
The numbers are equated in ESO and Corwin's Southern Galaxy Catalogue. The correct position was given by de Vaucouleurs
in Mem. Commonwealth Obs., (Mt. Stromlo), No. 13, 1956.
******************************
NGC 3272 = ADS
7827
10 31 48.1 +28
28 07
Size 4"
=**,
Gottlieb. Misidentified in RNGC.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 3272 = Nova VI on 9 Mar 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at
Uppsala Observatory. His
micrometric position is a perfect match with a close double star (mag 12.7/13.7
at 4"). In the notes section
of his monograph "Micrometrical Observations of 500 Nebulae" Schultz
describes "an insignificant object; preceding [NGC 3277] about 68s and
160" s; a * 10m f 0s.2 and 135" n."
A mag 11 star is
exactly 135" north of the double star and the offset with NGC 3277 also
matches, so there is no doubt of this identification. On the night this double star was found, Schultz recorded
the sky conditions as "Aurora.
Images dull." This
probably contributed to the close double star appearing nebulous, although a number
of Schultz' objects are single or double stars. RNGC misidentifies PGC 31115 as NGC 3272 at 10 32 10.4 +28
28 59.
******************************
NGC 3273 = ESO
375-049 = MCG -06-23-045 = LGG 200-002 = PGC 30992
10 30 29.1 -35
36 39
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 97d
18"
(3/17/07): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.1'x0.5', bright core. Located 15' S of NGC 3271 in the Antlia
Cluster.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, bright
core. Member of the Antlia Cluster
(NGC 3257-3281) with NGC 3271 15' N.
Located 19' E of NGC 3258.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3273 = h3259 on 3 May 1834 and recorded "F; R; pslbM;
12". The 4th and last of a
group." He was uncertain of
the minute of time, which should be 10 22 48.7 (for 1830).
******************************
NGC 3274 = UGC
5721 = MCG +05-25-020 = CGCG 154-024 = PGC 31122
10 32 17.1 +27
40 07
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/25/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, brighter core appears
slightly offset. Forms the east
vertex of an obtuse isosceles triangle with two mag 12 stars 2' NNW and 2' SW. A double star mag 11.5/13.5 at 13"
lies 4' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3274 = H II-358 = h720 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pL". His position is
a good match with UGC 5721. JH
made 4 observations and noted the double star HJ 484 to the southeast.
******************************
NGC 3275 = ESO
375-050 = MCG -06-23-046 = PGC 31014
10 30 51.6 -36
44 14
V = 11.8; Size 2.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, oval ~E-W, bright core. Located 2.9' N of a mag 10 star within the Antlia Cluster
(NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3275 = h3266 on 1 Feb 1835 and recorded "F; lE; psbM; 20
arcsec." His position matches
ESO 375-050.
******************************
NGC 3276 = ESO
317-040 = PGC 31031
10 31 09.1 -39
56 41
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 74d
18"
(2/19/09): very faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE. A mag 9.3 star (HD 91213) 2.8' N
detracts from viewing. Forms a
pair with brighter NGC 3276 5' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3276 = h3267 on 3 Mar 1835 and noted "F; S; has a * 8m, np." His position and description matches
ESO 317-040.
******************************
NGC 3277 = UGC
5731 = MCG +05-25-022 = CGCG 154-026 = PGC 31166
10 32 55.4 +28
30 42
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.2' diameter, even moderate
concentration, bright core increases to a faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 5.1' WSW and a mag 10
star 6.9' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3277 = H II-359 = h721 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"pB, pS, almost R, bM."
CH's reduction is 2.3' northwest of UGC 5731. JH made three observations and measured a more accurate
position. d'Arrest made 5 accurate
observations and measured a mag 12 star that precedes by 23 seconds and 1'
south.
******************************
NGC 3278 = ESO
317-043 = MCG -07-22-021 = PGC 31068
10 31 35.3 -39
57 20
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 62d
18"
(2/19/09): brighter of a pair with NGC 3276 located 5' W. At 175x it appeared fairly faint, fairly
small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', contains a slightly brighter core. Located just SW of a wide, bright pair
(h4326 = 9.8/10.6 at 39").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3278 = h3268 on 2 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; sp a
coarse double star." His
position and description matches ESO 317-043.
******************************
NGC 3279 = IC
622 = UGC 5741 = MCG +02-27-027 = CGCG 065-059 = FGC 1100 = Todd 30 = Holm 201a
= PGC 31302
10 34 42.8 +11
11 50
V = 13.4; Size 2.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 152d
17.5"
(4/13/91): faint, moderately large, edge-on 6:1 NW-SE, low even surface
brightness. UGC 5737 lies 12' W.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3279 = Todd 30 on 5 Mar 1878 using the 26-inch Clark refractor
at the USNO during his search for a trans-Neptunian planet. There is nothing at his postion, but
roughly 2 minutes of RA east is UGC 5741 and his discovery sketch of an
elongated galaxy and nearby stars, so this identification is certain.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy again on 29 Jan 1890 and reported it as new in list IX-23
(later IC 622). Swift's
description reads "vF; pS; E; *9m s[outh].", though he confused the
orientation as the bright star is 3.7' north. UGC and MCG label this galaxy as IC 622 and don't apply the
NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 3280 = NGC
3295 = IC 617 = MCG -02-27-006/007 = PGC 31153/31156
10 32 43.7 -12
38 15
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(3/29/03): this is a triple system listed as NGC 3280A/3280B/3280C in NED and
NGC 3280/3280A/3280B in the second edition of the Uranometria DSFG. At 262x there was a confused glow, ~1'
diameter. Within the glow, two
small knots (NGC 3280w and NGC 3280e), ~0.4' and 0.3' were resolved, oriented
E-W, with the larger component on the west side (separation is 40" between
centers). At moments there was a
impression of the very small and faint third component squeezed between these
two galaxies. In a small group
with NGC 3296 4.8' S and NGC 3297 7.1' ESE. Located 4.6' NE of a mag 9.5 star.
Andrew Ainsley
Common discovered NGC 3280 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered glass reflector
and described a "F double neb with 2 stellar centres". Common's position is poor, but the
description clearly refers to the triple system MCG -02-27-006, -007 and -008.
Common probably observed -006 and -008, the two brightest of the trio.
Six years later
(26 Feb 1886), Francis Leavenworth made an independent discovery with the 26"
refractor at the Leander-McCormick Observatory, though his rough position for
LM I-173 (later NGC 3295) was off by 2.7 minutes of RA. Leavenworth remarked, "D neb or
sev st inv in neb", echoing Common's description.
Finally,
Stephane Javelle found this trio again on 19 Apr 1892 with the 30-inch
refractor at Nice, assumed J. 1-179 (later IC 617) was new and measured an
accurate position. He also
mentioned "D or st involved", so partially resolved the
components. So, NGC 3280 = NGC
3295 = IC 617. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes and Malcolm Thomson's IC Research Database.
******************************
NGC 3281 = ESO
375-055 = MCG -06-23-050 = LGG 203-002 = PGC 31090
10 31 52.4 -34
51 19
V = 11.7; Size 3.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 140d
18"
(4/25/09): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 5:2 or 3:1 NNW-SSE,
1.5'x0.6', bright core, fainter extensions.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, large bright core
gradually brightens to the center.
A mag 13-14 star is off the NW extension and a mag 11.5-12 star is 2.8'
S of center.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Largest in the
Antlia Cluster (NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3281 = h3269 on 2 May 1834 and recorded "eF; E; glbM;
60" l; 40" br." His
position and description matches ESO 375-055.
******************************
NGC 3282 = ESO
568-016 = MCG -04-25-013 = PGC 31129
10 32 21.9 -22
18 08
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 82d
18"
(3/13/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.4', weak
concnetration. A mag 13-14 star is
at the tip of the eastern extension.
Located 9' SE mag 8.2 HD 91261.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3282 = Sw III-56 on 5 Mar 1886 and recorded "eF; vS; middle
one of 3 eF stars involved in neby.
Two B stars point to it.".
His position is 7 sec of RA west of ESO 568-016 and the description
applies, thoiugh only 1 star is attached (1 other mentioned by Swift is the
nucleus).
******************************
NGC 3283 = ESO
263-048 = PGC 31035
10 31 11.5 -46
15 05
V = 11.5; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 168d
18" (4/6/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S,
1.2'x0.8'. Contains a relatively
large, bright core surrounded by a low surface brightness halo, elongated N-S. Located 6.9' SE of mag 8.8 HD 91215 and
6' S of a mag 10.1/10.4 pair at 5".
Located in a rich star field.
ESO 263-047, an extremely low surface brightness galaxy 7' WSW, was
highly suspected as a very small patch attached to a faint star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3283 = h3271 on 3 Mar 1837 and recorded "pF, S, R, gbM,
25". RA coarsely taken by an
auxiliary star". The given
position (updated to 2000 coordinates) is 10 32 47 (approximate), -46 15 14. JH also made a 10' error in declination
(too far north) in the GC, which was copied into NGC.
ESO couldn't
find a suitable candidate and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. But assuming the RA was rough, I looked
at ESO galaxies and found a likely candidate ESO 263-G48 located at 10 31 11.5
-46 15 05 (J2000). This galaxy is
1.6 tmin preceding JH's rough RA and a nearly perfect match in
declination. It is also fairly
bright (V = 11.5), so it's unlikely it would have been missed in his
sweep. Both NED and HyperLeda use
this identification.
******************************
NGC 3284 = NGC
3286: = MCG +10-15-112 = CGCG 290-056
10 36 21.3 +58
37 13
See observing
notes for NGC 3286.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3284 = H III-912 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted "eF,
vS, 300 confirmed it and showed it very plainly." His position is just 2' southwest of
NGC 3288 and 5' south of brighter NGC 3286, both observed by WH the following
night.
Dreyer comments
in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that "it
precedes III-913 (NGC 3408) 16.0 tmin, 5' N, so it is no doubt identical to
either III-917 or III-918 [NGC 3286 or NGC 3288] which were observed the
following night (sweep 1039) without any mention of III-912. Harold Corwin states the GC/NGC
position of NGC 3284 is 10 tsec too small and that NGC 3284 is likely a
duplicate observation of NGC 3286.
See Corwin's notes.
Karl Reinmuth
equated NGC 3284 with a "*14 npp 1.5' of NGC 3288; no neb seen; nothing sp
of NGC 3288." This conclusion
was repeated by Dorothy Carlson in her NGC correction paper and it is repeated
by the RNGC. It's more likely WH
picked up one of the nearby galaxies.
******************************
NGC 3285 = ESO
501-015 = AM 1031-271 = MCG -04-25-019 = PGC 31217
10 33 35.8 -27
27 19
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 108d
24"
(3/28/17): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 or 5:3 WNW-ESE,
sharply concentrated with a bright elongated core and stellar nucleus, much
fainter halo, ~1.6'x1.0'.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small bright
nucleus. Located 7' SSW of mag 7.7
SAO 178978. This member of AGC
1060 forms a trio with NGC 3285A 12' WSW and NGC 3285B 18' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3285 = h3270 on 24 Mar 1835 NGC 3285 and noted "pB; E;
gbM." He measured the position
four times (including the next two sweeps), so it was well determined.
******************************
NGC 3286 = NGC
3284? = MCG +10-15-112 = CGCG 290-056 = PGC 31433
10 36 21.3 +58
37 13
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, round, moderate even concentration with a bright
core and nonstellar nucleus.
Located 4.9' NW of a mag 10.5 star. Forms a pair with NGC 3288 3.9' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3286 = H III-917 = h722 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and recorded
"Two [along with III-918 = NGC 3288], both vF, pS, R, lbM." JH noted "vF; pS; R pslbM;
15"." and his position is within 1' of CGCG 290-056 = PGC 31433.
******************************
NGC 3287 = UGC
5742 = MCG +04-25-032 = CGCG 124-038 = PGC 31311
10 34 47.3 +21
38 52
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 20d
13.1":
faint, diffuse, moderately large, elongated N-S, even surface brightness. A bright double star ·1448 = 7.6/9.0 at
11" is 7' WSW. NGC 3301 lies
30' NE.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 3287 on 1 Jan 1862 and made observations on 3 different
nights. He noted the bright double
star ·1448 was 24 sec of time preceding and 3 3/4' south.
******************************
NGC 3288 = NGC
3284?? = UGC 5752 = MCG +10-15-114 = CGCG 290-057 = PGC 31446
10 36 25.8 +58
33 23
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 175d
17.5"
(4/9/94): very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 3.7' WSW of a mag 10.5
star. Forms a pair with NGC 3286
3.9' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3288 = H III-918 = h723 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and recorded
"Two [along with III-917 = NGC 3286], both vF, pS, R, lbM." JH noted "eF; S; R; vglbM;
12"." and his position is within 1' of UGC 5752 = PGC 31446. WH may have observed this galaxy the
previous night and recorded it as III-912 = NGC 3284, though that number may
apply to brighter NGC 3288, which is 4' north.
******************************
NGC 3289 = ESO
375-065 = MCG -06-23-054 = LGG 196-013 = PGC 31253
10 34 07.4 -35
19 24
V = 12.5; Size 2.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 153d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.3',
weak concentration. A mag 12 star
is off the SW side, 50" from the center and two mag 14.5 stars flank the
galaxy on the NNW end. Member of
the Antlia Cluster and situated at the eastern end of the cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3289 = h3272 on 20 Apr 1835 and noted "eF: R;
15"." His position is
1.6' north of ESO 375-065.
******************************
NGC 3290 = Arp
53 = MCG -03-27-020 = PGC 31346
10 35 17.4 -17
16 36
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.6', low surface
brightness, very weak concentration.
In field with mag 8.4 SAO 156083 7' N and mag 7.8 SAO 156089 9' SW which
detract from viewing.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3290 = LM II-422 in 1886 and recorded "mag
15.7, 0.4' dia, lE 180¡, gbM, * 7.5 n 6'." His position is 0.5 min west of MCG -03-27-020 = PGC 31346
and a mag 8 staris 5' north, so
the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 3291 = Holm
202b
10 36 06.4 +37
16 28
=* 3.5' SSW of
NGC 3294, Carlson and Corwin.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3291 = Big 44 on 5 Apr 1885. His position is 5' southwest of NGC 3294, and falls between
two mag 12.6 and 14.9 stars with a separation of 1.3'.
Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 3291 with the mag 14.9 star 3.5' SSW of NGC 3294 based on
Bigourdan's offsets. Dorothy
Carlson also arrived the same conclusion in her 1940 paper on NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 3292 = MCG
-01-27-023 = PGC 31370
10 35 34.4 -06
10 46
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 175d
18"
(3/29/03): at 260x, very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S,
0.6'x0.4'. Either has a faint
stellar nucleus or there is a faint star superimposed. Forms a close double system with MCG
-01-27-022 0.9' WSW which was not noticed.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3292 = Sw VI-36 on 16 Apr 1887 and noted "vF; vS;
lE." His position is 27 sec
of RA west of MCG -01-27-023 = PGC 31370 and 1.6' north. Herbert Howe provided an accurate
position with the 20" refractor in Denver (repeated in the IC 2 Notes
section).
******************************
NGC 3293 = ESO
128-SC5 = Cr 224 = Gum 30 = Gem Cluster
10 35 49 -58 13
30
V = 4.7; Size 10'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): stunningly rich and bright open cluster, situated 2¡
northwest of the Eta Carina nebula.
At 105x, 60-70 stars are packed into 7' with many of the stars seemingly
arranged in concentric circles!
Appears compact and well-detached, even in a rich Carina star field. A striking linear trio of mag 6.5-7.5
stars (total length 1.5') runs SW-NE to the center including an orange star
(mag 7.2 supergiant V361 Car) on the SW end, a blue star and a white star at
the center (mag 6.5 B0-type supergiant HD 91969). This young cluster is one of the top southern clusters and a
worthy rival in beauty to the Jewel Box. Visible naked-eye and resolved in the
9x50 finder. The large HII
region/cluster NGC 3324 lies 30' SSE.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this very rich, young cluster is situated just NW
of the Eta Carina complex and is one of the top open clusters in the southern
sky. It is bright, compact and
very rich with a half-dozen mag 6-8 stars over a rich background of dozens of
mag 10-13 star in a 10' diameter.
Appears somewhat similar to the Jewel Box including a mag 7 reddish
supergiant, but with even a more compact appearance. The listed 40' diameter is much larger than the visual
impression.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3293 = Lac II-8 = D 321 = h3276 in early 1752, using a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He described a "Small heap of 4
small stars forming a lozenge."
James Dunlop
observed the cluster 4 times (first on 29 Apr 1826) and described "a very
small cluster of very small bright stars; round figure, about 4' diameter; rich
in extremely small stars resembling faint nebula". His position is poor -- 17' ESE of the
cluster.
JH only has a
rough position in the Cape catalogue using his small refractor (no published
observations with his 18-inch) and noted "a fine, bright, rich, not very L
cluster. (Equatorial zone review)."
A corrected RA was given in the IC 2 notes (Harv. Ann., xxvi, p207). Neither Lacaille or Dunlop are listed
as discoverers in the Cape catalogue, GC or NGC.
H.C. Russell
coined the nickname the "Gem Cluster" in an 1879 paper.
******************************
NGC 3294 = UGC
5753 = MCG +06-23-021 = CGCG 183-030 = Holm 202a = PGC 31428
10 36 16.1 +37
19 30
V = 11.8; Size 3.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 122d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, large brighter
core but no nucleus. A mag 14 star
is 2.5' W and a mag 11 star 4.8' SSW.
Located 5.5' WSW of mag 9 SAO 62151. NGC 3304 lies 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3294 = H I-164 = h724 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 713) and recorded
"cB, E from 30¡ np to sf, 3 or 4' long and 1 1/2' br, easily resolvable,
almost uniformly bright."
CH's reduced position is 20 sec of RA east of UGC 5753. JH called this galaxy "pB; mE;
blbM; 2' l, 45" br." and measured an accurate position.
On 5 Mar 1851,
LdR and Bindon Stoney recorded "an appendage at south side. LdR though at times the nebula extended
beyond this." The sketch
shows a single spiral arm on the west side, curling clockwise to the south.
******************************
NGC 3295 = NGC
3280 = IC 617 = MCG -02-27-006/007 = PGC 31153/31156
10 32 43.7 -12
38 15
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
See observing
notes for NGC 3280.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3295 = LM I-173 on 26 Feb 1886 and described a
"D nebula or several stars involved in nebula". His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is ~2 1/2 min of RA following NGC 3280 (discovered in 1880 by Andrew Ainslie Common
and also a poor position!).
Leavenworth's description clearly applies to this triple system. So, NGC 3295 = NGC 3280 and IC 617 is a
third identity.
******************************
NGC 3296 = IC
618 = PGC 31155
10 32 45.4 -12
43 03
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(3/29/03): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration to a
starry center. Forms a trio with
NGC 3280 5' N and NGC 3297 7' ENE.
Located 4.7' ESE of a mag 9.5 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3296 = LM I-174, along with I-173 = NGC 3295 and
I-175 = NGC 3297, on 26 Feb 1886.
All 3 were given same rough position to the nearest min of RA. His position for LM I-174 is 2.7
min of RA following PGC 31155 (typical error in the first discovery list), but
the identification is secure.
Stephane Javelle
found this galaxy again on 19 Apr 1892 and naturally assumed J. 1-180 (later IC 618) was new. Herbert Howe measured a corrected
position for NGC 3296 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section), which clearly
establishes NGC 3296 = IC 618. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3297 = PGC
31189
10 33 11.8 -12
40 18
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 160d
18"
(3/29/03): very faint, very small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 20"x10",
situated between two mag 13.5-14 stars SSW and NE (4.3' separation). In a group with NGC 3280 (triple
system) 7' WNW and NGC 3296 7' WSW. This galaxy is listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3297 = LM I-175, along with NGC 3295 and NGC
3296. His single rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 2.3 min of RA following PGC 31189. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position for NGC 3296 with the 20" refractor in Denver (repeated in the IC
2 Notes) and he added "I could only suspect NGC 3297." RNGC misclassifies NGC 3297 as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3298 = MCG
+08-19-043 = CGCG 240-065 = CGCG 241-001 = PGC 31529
10 37 12.3 +50
07 15
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 138d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, small, round (core only viewed), 0.4' diameter, contains a
very small brighter nucleus. A
very faint star lies 1' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3298 = H III-767 = h725 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"vF, pS, iE. May be a patch,
or a few stars too small to be perceived. His position is 6' south of MCG
+08-19-043 = PGC 31529. JH noted
"vF; two distant star nearly on parallel". His position is 1.3' too far southeast. Because of the different positions, he
questioned if h725 was identical to his father's III-767.
******************************
NGC 3299 = UGC
5761 = MCG +02-27-029 = CGCG 065-064 = KTG 30A = LGG 217-001 = PGC 31442
10 36 23.8 +12
42 27
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 3d
24"
(4/20/14): faint, fairly large, very low surface brightness, very weak concentration,
elongated 4:3 N-S, ~1.6'x1.2'. No
noticeable core or zones. First in
the KTG 30 trio (not physically related) with NGC 3306 11.8' SE and CGCG
065-069 11' ENE.
Redshift-independent distance of 17.6 million l.y and part of the M96
Group.
17.5"
(3/1/03): very faint, fairly large, unusually large low surface brightness
galaxy with a very weak concentration making detection difficult. Appears at least 1.5' in diameter and
roughly circular. Forms a pair
with brighter NGC 3306 12' ESE.
Required averted but once identified I could hold it most of the time
with concentration and averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3299 = H III-54 = h726 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and logged
"eF, cL, R, r, without nucleus." There is nothing at his position (Caroline Herschel's
reduction), but 42 sec of RA east and 3' south (10' ESE) is UGC 5761 = PGC 31442
and this galaxy fits his description.
JH called it "pL; so faint as to be barely perceptible, but a sure
observation." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3300 = UGC
5766 = MCG +02-27-030 = CGCG 065-066 = PGC 31472
10 36 38.5 +14
10 15
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 173d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, bright core, stellar nucleus, fairly small
diffuse halo slightly elongated ~N-S.
Surrounded by several brighter stars including a mag 10 star 4.2' NNW, a
mag 9.5 star 6.4' E and mag 8.1 SAO 99207 7.8' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3300 = H III-55 = h727 = h3273 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and
recorded "vS, r, lE and unequally bright. It is surrounded with brilliant stars at the same time in
the field with it." His
position is 23 sec of RA too far west.
JH made observations both at Slough and the Cape of Good Hope and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3301 = NGC
3760 = UGC 5767 = MCG +04-25-035 = CGCG 124-045 = PGC 31497
10 36 56.0 +21
52 55
V = 11.4; Size 3.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 52d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE,
3.5'x0.7', good concentration with a small very bright core and bright stellar
nucleus, halo is brighter on the ENE side. Off the north side is a thin isosceles triangle of mag 10-11
stars consisting of two mag 10 stars 2.9' N and 5.7' NNW, and a mag 11 star
4.2' N.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly faint, very elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3301 = H II-46 = h728 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and recorded
"not very faint, small. North
of it is a small triangle of pB stars." CH's reduced position is 8' north of UGC 5767, but his
description clinches the identification.
JH made three
observations under h728, though apparently was uncertain if this was the same
as his father's II-46, so assigned two different GC designations. The NGC position is accurate and Dreyer
comments in the Notes section that JH's and d'Arrest's positions agree.
Heinrich
d'Arrest also found the galaxy on 21 Feb 1863, but made a 1 hour error in RA
(uncovered by Harold Corwin). Once
corrected, the position of N3760 matches NGC 3301 (the same error was made with
NGC 3575).
******************************
NGC 3302 = ESO 437-007
= MCG -05-25-020 = PGC 31391
10 35 47.4 -32
21 31
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 118d
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
off the NW edge. ESO 437-014 lies
14' E. Outlying member of the
Antlia Cluster (Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3302 = h3274 = h3275 on 28 Jan 1835 and reported it again on 16
Feb 1865. His first observation
reads "vF; S; R; 15"." and the later observation "eF; S;
R." The two positions are
very similar (after a typo was corrected for h3274 in his errata list), so I'm
surprised he didn't combine the entries in the GC. But Dreyer combined the two GC numbers into NGC 3302.
******************************
NGC 3303 = Arp
192 = VV 71 = UGC 5773 = MCG +03-27-066 = CGCG 094-096 = PGC 31508
10 37 00.0 +18
08 09
V = 13.5; Size 3.5'x2.4'; Surf Br = 15.6
48"
(2/19/12): Arp 192 is a highly disturbed double system with a enormous
irregular plume to the south and diffuse haze off the east side. At 488x, the main body was ~1.0'x0.7',
extended NNW-SSE and split into two components. On the northwest side of the main core is
2MASXJ10365945+1808157, a large knot with a stellar center that is likely the
core of an interacting companion.
The plume or tail was visible as a diffuse, fairly wide extension
attached at the south-southeast end and extending south for ~1.0', roughly
doubling the length of the galaxy.
A mag 15 star lies 1.6' S.
17.5"
(3/1/03): faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 N-S, 1.0'x0.8', broad
concentration to a slightly brighter core but no nucleus. Overall fairly low surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3303 = H III-66 = h730 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
"vF, S, E, r. 240 showed it
no better than 157, though larger."
JH made two observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3304 = UGC
5777 = MCG +06-23-026 = CGCG 183-032 = CGCG 184-001 = PGC 31572
10 37 37.9 +37
27 20
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 158d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, sharply concentrated with
small bright core surrounded by faint extensions. A mag 14 star is 2.1' E. NGC 3294 lies 18' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3304 = H III-615 = h729 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 713) and noted
"eF, vS, er." JH made
two observations, noting "vF; S; psbM; 12 arcseconds" and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3305 = ESO
501-030 = MCG -04-25-031 = PGC 31421
10 36 11.8 -27
09 44
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(3/28/17): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, small brighter
core, stellar nucleus. A mag
12/12.5 double star at ~7" separation is 1.6' W. Located 17' N of NGC 3308 and 20' NW of naked-eye mag 4.9 HD
92036
13.1"
(2/23/85): faint, very small, round, no details. Located ~15' N of NGC 3308 in AGC 1060.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3305 = h3277 on 24 Mar 1835 and logged "vF; S; R. The 2nd of a group scattered over more
than one field." HIs position
matches ESO 501-030 = PGC 31421.
******************************
NGC 3306 = UGC
5774 = MCG +02-27-032 = CGCG 065-068 = KTG 30C = LGG 207-005 = PGC 31528
10 37 10.2 +12
39 09
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 141d
24"
(4/20/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1
NW-SE, 0.8'x0.4', relatively large brighter core. Brightest in a trio (KTG 30) with CGCG 065-069 7.2' SSE and
NGC 3299 11.8' WNW.
17.5"
(3/1/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.3, weak
concentration to a slightly brighter core. A mag 11 star lies 1.9' NE. NGC 3299, a very low surface brightness galaxy, lies 12'
WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3306 = Sw III-57 on 27 Apr 1886 and recorded "F; S; R; sf
of [NGC 3299]." His position
is 1.5' too far south. Rudolph Spitaler
measured an accurate micrometric position in 1891 at Vienna.
******************************
NGC 3307 = ESO
501-031 = MCG -04-25-029 = PGC 31430
10 36 17.1 -27
31 46
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 28d
24"
(3/28/17): at 260x; faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 24"x18",
very low even surface brightness.
Easily the faintest of the 6 NGCs in the core of AGC 1060. Situated 4.2' W of NGC 3309.
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x, this member of AGC 1060 (Hydra I) appeared faint, small,
elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 24"x12", low even surface brightness. Located in the core of the cluster, ~5'
W of the NGC 3309/3311 pair and 9.5' NW of mag 6.6 HD 91964.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3307 = h3278 on 22 Mar 1836 and "eeF. The 3rd of a group [with NGC 3285 and
NGC 3270]." His position is
5' south of ESO 501-031 = PGC 31430.
He noted he recorded the polar distance as 5' further north, but felt
this was in error. Using his
original position, the position is accurate. MCG does not label -04-25-029 as NGC 3307.
******************************
NGC 3308 = ESO
501-034 = MCG -04-25-032 = LGG 206-004 = PGC 31438
10 36 22.3 -27
26 17
V = 11.9; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 32d
24"
(3/28/17): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, well concentrated
with a small, very bright core, ~1.0'x50".
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.8', broad concentration to a brighter core. Furthest NW in the core of AGC 1060 and
11.5' WSW of the mag 5 star in the core.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly faint, small, round, small weak concentration. First of five in a 20' field in the
core of AGC 1060.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3308 = h3279 on 24 Mar 1835 and simply noted "F". Less than a week later he added
"One of a grouip; 7 of which were seen and laid down in a careful
diagram."
******************************
NGC 3309 = ESO
501-036 = AM 1034-271 = MCG -04-25-034 = LGG 211-005 = PGC 31466
10 36 35.7 -27
31 05
V = 11.6; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 94d
24"
(3/28/17): fairly bright, moderately bright, slightly elongated, ~1.2'x1.0',
contains a bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Highest surface brightness core of the
main galaxies in the central region of the cluster and noticeably higher than
NGC 3311 just 1.7' ESE. A mag 13.4
star is at the east edge (30" from center) and a mag 15 star is close WSW
[48" from center].
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, moderately large, well-concentrated with
a bright 40" core, halo increases with averted from 1.2'x1.0' to 1.5'x1.2'
oriented SW-NE. Forms a pair with
NGC 3311 1.7' ESE in the core of AGC 1060.
13.1"
(2/23/85): moderately bright, small, round. A mag 13.5 star is at the east edge. Forms a close pair with NGC 3311 1.7'
E. Second of five in the core of
AGC 1060.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3309 = h3280 on 24 Mar 1835 and noted "B: L; double [with
NGC 3311]." Less than a week
later he added "A double nebula, or rather two distnct nebulae near
together. By diagram, both pL, R,
pos about 10¡ np or sf, and nearly equal."
******************************
NGC 3310 = Arp
217 = VV 356 = VV 406 = UGC 5786 = MCG +09-18-008 = CGCG 267-004 = PGC 31650
10 38 45.8 +53
30 10
V = 10.8; Size 3.1'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
48"
(5/16/12): extremely bright, fairly large, sharply concentrated with a large,
very bright, slightly elongated N-S core, ~1' diameter. The core appears mottled with a couple
of "stellarings" or small knots. The core is surrounded by a larger, much lower surface
brightness irregular halo, extending the central portion to nearly 2'. An outer spiral arm is attached on the
north side of the halo and was most evident near the halo. Occasionally, a very large, very low
surface brightness looping arm was glimpsed, rotating 180¡ clockwise and ending
west of the core, ~1.7' from center.
17.5"
(1/19/91): very bright, moderately large.
Unusual appearance as contains a very bright, very large central core
with uniform high surface brightness with only a very faint, fairly small halo,
elongated NW-SE. Located 10.4' SSW
of mag 5.5 HR 4165 at the edge of the 220x field. A mag 12 star lies 3.0' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3310 = H IV-60 = h731 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"vB, R, planetary, but very ill-defined. About 1' dia of it is
equally bright, and 1/4 of a minute hazy or ill-defined round the margin."
His position is accurate. JH logged "B; R; vsmbM, so as to for
almost a disc 15" diam. Surrounded by a very feeble
atmosphere."
On 5 Mar 1848,
Lord Rosse and William Rambaut observed NGC 3310 (the earliest observation in
LdR's 1861 monograph) and reported, "See minute points in it at intervals,
also spiral arrangement." Their 11 Mar observation states,
"Nebula well resolved into little stellar points. Saw a broad band
across the bottom distinctly and two at the top." NGC 3310 was
included in the list of nebulae exhibiting spiral structure. Later
observations mentioned the possibility of this object being a cluster. A
detailed observation was made on 20 Feb 1868: "Three principal branches f,
nf and np towards a * np [probably a HII region]. Dark cavity on nf side.
Mr De la Rue, who was with me, saw it as a bay between 2 horns, and much
neby surrounding it, with many stars exterior and involved.Ó
******************************
NGC 3311 = ESO
501-038 = AM 1034-271 NED02 = MCG -04-25-036 = PGC 31478
10 36 43.1 -27
31 36
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x2.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
24" (3/28/17):
fairly bright, fairly large, roundish core but slightly elongated halo, the
brighter central region is relatively large, the outer halo extends ~1.5
(second largest in the central region).
Forms a striking pair with NGC 3309 1.7' WNW. A mag 13.4 is 1.2' WNW (at the edge of NGC 3309's halo).
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, broad concentration,
slightly elongated SSW-NNE. Outer
halo increases to 2.0'x1.5' but has a slightly lower surface brightness than
NGC 3309 as the core is not as concentrated. NGC 3312 is less than 5' SE and NGC 3308 is 7' NW.
13.1"
(2/23/85): third of five in the core of AGC 1060 = Hydra I. Fairly faint, small, even surface
brightness. Appears larger than
NGC 3309 1.7' W but with a lower surface brightness. NGC 3312 lies 4.8' SE.
Located 7.7' N of mag 6.8 SAO 179027.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3311 = h3281 on 30 Mar 1835 and noted as "The following neb
of a double one [with NGC 3309]."
He actually noted both objects in his observation on 24 March, but
didn't list the objects separately for that sweep.
******************************
NGC 3312 = IC
629 = ESO 501-043 = AM 1034-271 NED3 = MCG -04-25-039 = LGG 210-002 = PGC 31513
10 37 02.5 -27
33 55
V = 11.9; Size 3.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
24"
(3/28/17): moderately to fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S. Sharply concentrated with a reasonably
large oval core (N-S). The diffuse
halo extends roughly 2.0'x0.8' (largest in the cluster) with averted
vision. A faint star, perhaps 15th
magnitude, is superimposed just southeast of the core. The NGC 3309/3307 pair is 5' to 6' NW
and NGC 3316 lies 8' ESE. Mag 4.9
HD 92036 is 9.5' NNE, but not in the field at higher power.
18"
(4/9/05): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE. Contains a fairly bright, roundish core
~20" diameter with fainter extensions 1.2'x0.6'. The core steadily increases to a stellar nucleus. A small isosceles triangle of stars is
close SE.
13.1"
(2/18/04) - Costa Rica: moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1
N-S, 1.5'x0.5', weak concentration.
Possible a brighter knot is at the north end or a star may be near the
edge of the halo. Three stars are
close SE including two mag 11/12 stars 2' SE and 3' ESE of center. In the core of AGC 1060 with NGC
3311/3309 5' NW.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fourth of five in the core of AGC 1060. Moderately bright, small, stellar nucleus, elongated 2:1
NNW-SSE. NGC 3311 lies 4.8' NW. Located 7.0' NE of mag 6.8 SAO 179027.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3312 = h3282 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; pmE; the last
of 4 in the field at once with two stars 6m near them, one above and one below
them (which serves to identify the object beyond doubt)." His declination (noted as only accurate
to the nearest min) is 1.3' too far south.
Guillaume
Bigourdan found this galaxy on 26 Feb 1887, assumed it was new, and recorded it
as Big. 158. Apparently neither
Bigourdan nor Dreyer questioned the equivalence of IC 629 with NGC 3312, but
there is no doubt.
******************************
NGC 3313 = ESO
501-050 = MCG -04-25-044 = UGCA 213 = LGG 209-004 = PGC 31551
10 37 25.5 -25
19 10
V = 11.4; Size 3.9'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 55d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly bright, large, round.
Sharply concentrated with a small very bright core surrounded by a
large, low surface brightness halo, ~1.5'-2' in diameter, which fades into the
background. Outlying member of the
Hydra I cluster and member of the group LGG 209 along with NGC 3331 and NGC
3335. On photos, this is a beautiful,
face-on barred spiral with and inner ring and two main long spiral arms.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3313 = LM I-176 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is a good match with ESO 501-050. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position with the 20" refractor at Denver around the turn of the century
and noted the "* 15 n3" is really south of the nebula." (repeated in the IC 2 Notes
section). I'm not sure what star
either observer was referring to!
******************************
NGC 3314 = ESO
501-IG046A/B = AM 1034-272 = MCG -04-25-041 = LGG 210-003 = PGC 31531
10 37 12.8 -27
41 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 143d
48"
(4/21/17): at 488x; fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE,
1.5'x0.4', brighter core. Roughly
spindle shaped but tapers more on the northwest end. Irregular surface brightness (slightly brighter along the
south side), but the foreground galaxy could not be distinguished. A mag 13.5 star is just north of the NW
tip.
24"
(3/28/17): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 or 4:1
NW-SE, 1.3'x0.35' spindle. Modest
concentration with a slightly brighter bulging central region. A mag 13.5 star is situated at the
northwest tip [36" from center].
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, moderately large, spindle-shaped,
very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.5'x0.5'.
A mag 13 star is at the NW tip.
Located 7' ESE of a mag 6.7 star which detracts from viewing. Similar to NGC 3312 in the core of AGC 1060,
but slightly smaller.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fifth of five in the core of AGC 1060. Fairly faint, small, elongated ~NW-SE. Located 6.8' ESE of mag 6.8 SAO 179027. NGC 3312 lies 7.6' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3314 = h3283 on 24 Mar 1835 and simply noted "the 8th of a
group." His position is an
exact match with ESO 501-IG046A/B.
NGC 3314
consists of a face-on galaxy (NGC 3314B) superimposed on an edge-on
galaxy. The HST has a remarkable
image showing the dust within the foreground galaxy visible because it is
silhouetted against the light from the object behind it.
******************************
NGC 3315 = ESO
501-048 = MCG -04-25-042 = LGG 206-018 = PGC 31540
10 37 19.2 -27
11 30
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(3/28/17): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 25" diameter,
high surface brightness, gradually increases to the center. A mag 11 star is off the west side
[42" from center]. Similar to
NGC 3305. Located 13' N of mag 4.9 HD 92036.
18"
(3/17/07): faint, small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.3'x0.2'. Located 40" SE of a mag 11 star
and 13' N of mag 4.9 HD 92036. HCG
48 lies 9' NE. This member of AGC
1060 (Hydra I) has a disputed identification due to a poor discovery position.
Edward Austin
discovered NGC 3315 = HN 40, along with NGC 3097 and 3317, on 24 Mar 1870 with
the 15" Merz refractor at the Harvard College Observatory (Annals of
Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #207).
There is nothing at his position of 10 34 55 -27 30 (1950).
RNGC (as well as
Laubert's 1981 ESO list) identifies ESO 501-047 as NGC 3315. While this identication is possible,
Austin mentioned a "star 1' NW" which does not apply to this galaxy
and no mention is made of the bright star which would have interfered with the
observation.
However, 30' N
of Austin's position is ESO 501-048 at 10 37 19.2 -27 11 30 (2000) which has a
10th magnitude star 1' NW. Based
on Austin's visual description and a probable digit error in declination, this
identification appears more likely and is the one used in ESO-Uppsala and
RC3. Corwin originally listed this
number as a duplicate of NGC 3314 (which Austin observed the same night) but
now agrees it was more likely a 30' error in dec by Austin. The RNGC candidate is 17' south of ESO
501-048.
******************************
NGC 3316 = ESO
501-054 = AM 1035-271B = MCG -04-25-046 = LGG 211-006 = PGC 31571
10 37 37.3 -27
35 39
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(3/28/17): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, high
surface brightness with a thin low surface brightness halo, contains a very
small bright nucleus that increases to a stellar pip. Fifth and smallest of 5 brighter galaxies nearly on a line
in the core of AGC 1060.
18"
(4/9/05): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, increases to a small,
brighter core. On a line with NGC
3312 8' WNW and a mag 11 star 4.8' WNW.
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter,
weak even concentration, no well-defined core. A mag 11.5 star lies 3' SSE and two mag 13.5 stars are 1.2'
S and 1.7' SE of center. Situated
in the core of AGC 1060 and forms the eastern vertex of an equilateral triangle
with much brighter NGC 3314 7.5' SW and NGC 3312 8' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3316 = h3284 on 26 Mar 1835 and noted "vF; R." In a later note he mentions "This
numerous and very interesting group has been made out by a careful collation of
diagrams made in sweep 564 and 689, for the purpose of identification, from
which if appears that though in each diagram only 7 were seen and laid down,
yet there are in reality at least 9 in the whole group." Harold Corwin notes there are only 7
galaxies he likely picked up, and the remaining two are unknown or may not
exist.
******************************
NGC 3317 = ESO
501-**55
10 37 43 -27 31
12
24"
(2/22/14): this ~9" pair of stars (in the AGC 1060 field) was difficult to
resolve at 260x (partially due to the low elevation) and seems more like a
small nebulous glow. It was
resolved at 375x, though the (single) companion on the south side was quite
faint (mag 15.5-15.8) and sometimes not distinctly seen as a star but as an
indistinct glow. The northern
component (very close pair) was not resolved.
Edward Austin
discovered NGC 3317 = HN 41, along with NGC 3097 and 3315, on 24 Mar 1870 with
the 15" f/18 Merz refractor at Harvard College Observatory (Annals of
Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #210).
The description reads "nebulous star 5' N of [NGC 3316]". Very close to Austin's position is a
close double star, with the northern component an overlapping pair on the
DSS. RNGC classifies NGC 3317 as a
double star (from Dorothy Carlson's paper) and a triple star in ESO/Uppsala
(2+1). NGC 2000 misidentifies ESO
501-047 (located just 3.5' S of a mag 4.9 HD 92036) as NGC 3317.
******************************
NGC 3318 = ESO
317-052 = MCG -07-22-026 = LGG 199-008 = PGC 31533
10 37 15.5 -41
37 40
V = 11.6; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 78d
18"
(2/19/09): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 30" (probably the core
only due to the low elevation), very weak concentration. A very faint star or
stellar nucleus was glimpsed.
Located 18' S of mag 7.0 HD 92057.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3318 = h3285 on 2 Mar 1835 and noted "vF; pL; pmE; gvlbM;
2'." His mean position (2
observations) matches ESO 317-052.
******************************
NGC 3319 = UGC
5789 = MCG +07-22-036 = CGCG 212-033 = PGC 31671
10 39 09.3 +41
41 14
V = 11.1; Size 6.2'x3.4'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 37d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, very elongated 5:2 SW-NE. The brightest portion is a large bar with a knotty extension
attached at the SW end and extending on a right angle to the south. At this position on the POSS are
several bright knots.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3319 = H III-700 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and recorded
"cF, L, irr E, about 4' long and 2 1/2' br, much brighter south of the
middle." CH's reduction is
just off the southeast side of UGC 5789.
******************************
NGC 3320 = UGC
5794 = MCG +08-20-010 = CGCG 241-005 = PGC 31708
10 39 36.6 +47
23 53
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(2/8/91): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 2:1 SSW-NNE, broad
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
at the SSW end 40" from center and a mag 11 star is off the NNE end 2.1'
from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3320 = H II-745 = h732 on 1 Apr 1788 (sweep 822) and recorded
"cF, pS, E. Mixed with some
stars visible, but probably not belonging to it. A pL star north and a little
following the nebula." His
position is 5' north of UGC 5794 (similar offset as other nebula in the
sweep). JH made two observations,
recording on sweep 329 "F; mE; between a *10m and one of 14 m." His mean position is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 3321 = NGC
3322 = MCG -02-27-010 = UGCA 214 = PGC 31653
10 38 50.6 -11
38 55
V = 13.0; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 36d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, fairly small, diffuse, elongated nearly 3:2 SSW-NNE,
0.7'x0.5', low surface brightness halo, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is at the NW edge.
Located 2.9' N of a mag 11 star on the Hydra-Sextans border.
Francis
Leavenworth found NGC 3321 = LM II-423 on 3 Jan 1887 and recorded "mag
15.7, 1.0' dia, vE 160¡, * np end."
His position is ~35 sec of RA preceding MCG -02-27-010 = PGC 31653 and
the star is just where he placed it.
His PA, though, should read 35¡, instead of 160¡. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position with the 20" refractor at Denver (given in the IC 2 Notes
section).
This galaxy was
originally discovered by Andrew Ainslie Common in 1880 with his 36-inch
silvered glass reflector, but his position for NGC 3322 was 16' too far
north. So, NGC 3322 = NGC 3321.
******************************
NGC 3322 = NGC
3321 = MCG -02-27-010 = UGCA 214 = PGC 31653
10 38 50.7 -11
38 55
See observing
notes for NGC 3321, Howe and HC.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3322 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered-glass reflector
and recorded "F, irregular shape, f star." There is nothing at his position, but 16' south is MCG
-02-27-010. = PGC 31653. The
"f star" in his description is at the NW end of this galaxy.
Francis
Leavenworth independently discovered the galaxy on 3 Jan 1887 and reported it
in list II-423 (and later NGC 3321).
Leavenworth's position is off by 35 tsec in RA too far west. Howe was unsuccessful in searching for
Common's object on twonights though he notes "Probably = NGC 3321 as their
descriptions are fairly similar and their RA's agree fairly." So, NGC 3322 = NGC 3321, with discovery
priority to Common. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3323 = UGC
5800 = MCG +04-25-036 = CGCG 124-049 = PGC 31712
10 39 39.0 +25
19 21
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, even surface
brightness. Located just east of
the midpoint of a mag 11 star 2.2' WNW and a close double star 2.3' SE (mag
13/14 at 10" in PA 40¡).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3323 = St IX-22 on 15 Mar 1877. His position matches UGC 5800 = PGC 31712.
******************************
NGC 3324 =
"Gabriela Mistral" Nebula = ESO 128-EN006 = Gum 31 = Ced 108 = IC
2599 = Cr 225
10 37 19 -58 39
36
V = 6.7; Size 16'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): I only took a quick look at the
"Gabriela Mistral" Nebula nebula at 200x and a UHC filter, but the
brightest portion appeared like a cartoon drawing of a whale with a huge, very
bright bulbous "head" forming the northern end of the nebula. The brightest portion is perhaps 15'x6'
in size, but quite an extensive amount of fainter nebulosity spreads out the east
and southeast of the main body, significantly increasing the size to ~15'x11',
elongated N-S. Some faint
nebulosity also spreads to the west of the main portion. At the south end is the mag 5.5 star HD
92207.
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): striking HII region and cluster 30' SE of NGC 3293 and
90' NW of the center of the Eta Carina nebula! (this is an outlying piece of
the Eta Carina complex) At 105x
and UHC filter this huge, elongated, irregular nebula is quite bright, perhaps
15'x6' in size and tapers towards the south end where mag 5.5 HD 92207 is
embedded. The nebula widens to a
well-defined bulbous mass on the north end. Faint nebulosity hooks off the north end and spreads to the
east and northeast. This HII
region is ionized by mag 8 HD 92206 = h4338 (an 8.2/9.2 pair at 5")
situated near the center of the nebula.
Unfiltered, a scattered group of stars is superimposed but this just
appears to be a random star grouping in the Carina section of the Milky Way.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3324 = D 322 = h3286 on 1 May 1826 and described a "star of
the 7th magnitude, involved in faint nebula." His position was roughly 6' NW of center of the nebula.
JH credited
Dunlop with the discovery and reported on 1 Apr 1834 "A double star
involved in nebula, which is one of the outliers of the great nebula about Eta
Argus. It extends to a star 6.7 mag half a field distant southwards, and almost
as far north; pretty bright; irregular figure; fine object."
IC 2599, found
by Williamina Fleming on a Harvard College Observatory plate in May 1893,
refers to the southern portion of this nebula.
******************************
NGC 3325 = UGC
5795 = MCG +00-27-036 = CGCG 009-093 = PGC 31689
10 39 20.4 -00
12 01
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 55d
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6', brighter
core. A mag 13 star is 1.3' W of
center. Located 11' WSW of mag 8.6
SAO 118422. IC 633 lies 11' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3325 = St X-25 on 19 Mar 1880. His position matches UGC 5795 = PGC 31689.
******************************
NGC 3326 = UGC
5799 = MCG +01-27-025 = CGCG 037-104 = Mrk 1260 = PGC 31701
10 39 31.9 +05
06 27
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 2.4' W of center. Located 5.5' SSW of a mag 9.5 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3326 = m 196 on 22 Mar 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "vF, eS, stellar."
His position matches UGC 5799.
******************************
NGC 3327 = UGC
5803 = MCG +04-25-038 = CGCG 124-051 = PGC 31729
10 39 58.1 +24
05 29
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, moderate even concentration to a
very small bright core. A faint
star is almost attached at the west side 25" from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3327 = H II-348 = h734 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, S, lE." JH made two
observations and noted (sweep 58) "vF: S; has either a star which gives it
an apparent elongation in parallel, or is a double nebula." The star is at the west edge.
******************************
NGC 3328
10 39 54.2 +09
18 01
=*,
Gottlieb. Not found, RNGC.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 3328 on 27 Mar 1880 with the 13.5" refractor at the
Litchfield observatory in New York.
At his position is a mag 14.8 star with a fainter companion 20"
west and there are no nearby objects he might have picked up. Corwin equates NGC 3328 with this pair
of stars. On 21 May 1879 Wilhelm
Tempel found an object ~30 seconds of RA preceding NGC 3332. Near this location (mentioned in the narrative
portion of paper V) is a pair of 15th magnitude stars. In 1892 Spitaler measured an accurate
position for Tempel's pair (given in the IC 1 Notes), but it's unlikely this
pair is the same as NGC 3328.
******************************
NGC 3329 = NGC
3397 = UGC 5837 = MCG +13-08-033 = CGCG 351-034 = PGC 32059
10 44 39.4 +76
48 35
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(3/28/92): moderately bright, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, broad concentration
but no sharp nucleus. A mag 13
star is 1.4' NW.
John Herschel
found NGC 3329 = h733 on 3 Sep 1828 and recorded (third sweep 414) "pB;
lE; gbM; 25"." His
position matches UGC 5837.
This galaxy was
discovered by WH on 2 Apr 1801, the problematic northern sweep 1096 with large
systematic errors. His revised
position, using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509), reveals H I-284 = NGC 3397 =
NGC 3329. The modern designation
is NGC 3329, despite the earlier discovery of NGC 3397.
******************************
NGC 3330 = ESO
168-SC11 = Cr 226 = Harvard 4
10 38 48 -54 06
54
V = 7.4; Size 7'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, ~30 stars mag 10-13 in a 6'x3' group elongated
N-S. Three brighter mag 10 stars
are on the south side but the main group of stars is on the north side
including another mag 10 star.
This was an easy object in my 10x30 IS bincoculars and was partially
resolved in the 9x50 finder.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3330 = D 355 = h3287 on 27 Apr 1826 and described "a
triangular group of small stars resembling faint nebula, with several stars in
it of some considerable magnitude."
This was the first object he discovered with his homemade 9-inch
speculum reflector after recording a few known objects. JH recorded on 6 Apr 1834 "The
chief star (9th mag) of a poor cluster of 20 or 30 stars."
******************************
NGC 3331 = ESO
501-072 = MCG -04-25-056 = PGC 31743
10 40 09.0 -23
49 13
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/21/01): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration, no distinct core.
The NGC position is 24 tsec too far west and this galaxy follows NGC
3335 situated 10' SW. Member of
nearby group LGG 209 (6 galaxies).
IC 625 (faint edge-on) 10' NW was not seen.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3331 = LM II-424 in 1886 and noted "mag 14.0, 0.8' dia, vlE
180¡." His position is 0.4
min of RA west of ESO 501-72 = PGC 31743 and his position angle (N-S) is a good
match.
A
"corrected" position by Ormond Stone (repeated in the IC I Notes
section) is 1.1 min of RA too far west!
Herbert Howe's measured an accurate position in 1899-00 (repeated in the
IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 3332 = NGC
3342 = UGC 5807 = MCG +02-27-038 = CGCG 065-080 = Todd 24 = PGC 31768
10 40 28.4 +09
10 57
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Even concentration to a brighter core
and a nearly stellar nucleus. A
mag 11.5-12 star is 1.2' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3332 = H I-272 on 4 Mar 1796 while observing the satellites of
Uranus (not in Caroline's fair copy of the sweeps). This discovery was made after he abandoned his sweeps in
1794, although even by 1790 and married for two years they had become much less
frequent. He used Uranus as the
reference for the offset and recorded "cB, S, iR, mbM, BN." In the NGC notes, Dreyer states the
nebula observed by Schšnfeld on 26 Apr 1862 and by Vogel in 1867 differ a good
deal in place from H I-272, while the vF neb found by Tempel in Arcetri on 21
May 1879 and by Peters (AN 3328) is nearly in Herschel's place. The NGC position (also measured by
Engelhardt) matches UGC 5807.
This galaxy was
probably first discovered on 18 Jan 1784 (early sweep 83) and catalogued as H
III-5 (later NGC 3342), but his position was very poor. See notes on NGC
3342. Interestingly, this galaxy
was also picked up by David Todd on 26 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet, but his position for object #24 is about 3 tmin too far
west! Nevertheless, Todd's sketch
is an exact match with the surrounding field stars for this galaxy. Dreyer didn't include Todd #24 in the
NGC. So, it appears this galaxy
was independently "discovered" 3 times.
******************************
NGC 3333 = ESO
376-002 = MCG -06-24-001 = PGC 31723
10 39 49.8 -36
02 12
V = 13.2; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 160d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, thin edge-on NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.15'. A mag 15 star appears to be superimposed at the SSE
end. Occasionally, there is a
strong impresssion that a second very faint star is superimposed, though the
second point is probably a faint stellar nucleus. Member of a group (Klemola 16 = LGG 213) along with NGC 3347,
NGC 3354 and NGC 3358. NGC 3347
lies 40' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3333 = h3288 on 2 Feb 1835 and noted "eF; vS; mE; appended
like a tail to a * 15m." His
position and description matched the edge-on galaxy ESO 376-002.
******************************
NGC 3334 = UGC
5817 = MCG +06-24-004 = CGCG 184-005 = PGC 31845
10 41 31.2 +37
18 46
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, almost even
surface brightness. A nice evenly
matched mag 11.5 pair at 28" lies 3' ENE. Situated in an interesting field consisting of several
fairly bright stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3334 = H II-641 = h735 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 713) and noted
"F, vS." CH's reduced
position is NGC 3334 is 34 sec of RA following UGC 5817. JH's position on sweep 401 is a good
match with this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3335 = ESO
501-071 = MCG -04-25-055 = PGC 31706
10 39 34.1 -23
55 21
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 130d
17.5"
(4/21/01): fairly faint, round, 1.0' diameter, weak even concentration to a
small, brighter core and a faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with slightly fainter and smaller NGC 3331 10'
NE. Member of nearby group LGG
209.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3335 = LM II-425 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He
noted "mag 13.5, 0.4' dia, iR, gbM" and his position is 0.7 min east
of ESO 501-071 = PGC 31706. Ormond
Stone's corrected RA (given in the IC 1 Notes section) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3336 = ESO
437-036 = AM 1037-273 = MCG -05-25-036 = LGG 211-007 = PGC 31754
10 40 17.0 -27
46 36
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 123d
18"
(3/13/04): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.2'x1.0', very
weak concentration but no core or nucleus. This member of AGC 1060 (Hydra I) is located ~45' ESE of the
core of the cluster. Observation
made through thin clouds.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3336 = h3289 on 24 Mar 1835 and noted "vF; pL; lE;
glbM." His position is 1'
north of ESO 437-036 = PGC 31754.
******************************
NGC 3337 = CGCG
037-119 = PGC 31860
10 41 47.6 +04
59 18
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/22/96): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Two mag 11.5 stars lie 1.8' and 3.1'
SW. Located 11.4' WSW of NGC 3341.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3337 = m 197 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS, alm
stellar." His position
matches CGCG 037-119 = PGC 31860.
******************************
NGC 3338 = UGC
5826 = MCG +02-27-041 = CGCG 065-087 = PGC 31883
10 42 07.5 +13
44 49
V = 11.1; Size 5.9'x3.6'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 100d
18"
(4/14/12): at 280x appeared fairly bright, large, elongated E-W,
~2.8'x1.6'. Broad concentration to
a round brighter core but no distinct nucleus. The halo fades out gradually (nearly face-on spiral) and
there is a hint of mottling, though no clear spiral structure. Mag 8.9 HD 92622 lies 2.7' WNW of
center, beyond the western edge of the galaxy. UGC 5832 = Arp 291 lies 20' SE.
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly bright, fairly large, broad concentration to an elongated
brighter core with a brighter nucleus embedded, hints of internal
structure. The fainter outer halo
is elongated 3:2 E-W in the direction of mag 8.7 SAO 99253 which lies 2.7' W of
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3338 = H II-77 = h737 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and recorded
"a considerable, pB, E, resolvable nebula, brightest about the
middle." JH called it "F; E; pL; vgbM; follows a * 7m 10s."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 22 Mar 1854, noted "B Nucl, R, about 2'
dia, light irr, has a second minute Nucl preceding the L one? Spiral?" There is not second nucleus, but he was correct about the
spiral structure.
******************************
NGC 3339 = Holm
210b
10 42 10.0 -00
22 08
=* 2.1' WNW of
NGC 3340, Corwin. Misidentified in
the RNGC as NGC 3340.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3339 = m 198 (along with NGC 3340 = m 199) on 30 Jan 1865 and
noted "eF, stellar."
Very near his position is a single mag 15.4 star that Marth assumed was
nebulous. This star was also
measured at Birr Castle on 4 Mar 1877 and called "eF, S."
The data in the
RNGC listed under NGC 3339 applies to NGC 3340, MCG misidentifies MCG
+00-27-042 as NGC 3339 and UGC mislabels NGC 3340 as NGC 3339 = NGC 3340.
******************************
NGC 3340 = UGC
5827 = MCG +00-27-042 = CGCG 009-101 = Holm 210a = PGC 31892
10 42 18.0 -00
22 37
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/29/00): faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, very weak even
concentration to a slightly brighter core. The halo fades into the background. Located 12' SW of uneven double ·1464 =
8.2/10.9 at 5". This galaxy
is incorrectly identified as NGC 3339 in the RNGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3340 = m 199 on 30 Jan 1865 and noted "F, S, R." His position matches UGC 5827. NGC 3339 is a faint star 2.1'
west-northwest. UGC and CGCG label
this galaxy as NGC 3339 = NGC 3340, although only NGC 3340 should apply.
******************************
NGC 3341 = UGC
5831 = MCG +01-27-031 = CGCG 037-124 = PGC 31915
10 42 31.5 +05
02 38
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 24d
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.4', smooth surface
brightness. A mag 11.5 star is
1.0' NW and a mag 14 star is at the WSW edge 25" from center. Located 21' NW of mag 5.8 35 Sex. NGC 3337 lies 11.4' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3341 = m 200 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, vS." His position corresponds with UGC 5831
= PGC 31915.
******************************
NGC 3342 = NGC
3332: = UGC 5807 = MCG +02-27-038 = CGCG 065-080
10 40 28.4 +09
10 57
See observing
notes for NGC 3332.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3342 = H III-5 on 18 Jan 1784 (sweep 83) and gives the following
long description: "The faintest and smallest nebula imaginable. I viewed it a long while and with a
higher power than the sweeper.
Having no person at the clock, I went in to write down the time and
found it impossible to recover the nebula. It appeared like a vS nebulous star, and is probably of the
cometic sort; there was another vS star south-following (I think, or rather, am
pretty sure), and it preceded a pB *.
It should have been secured before I went into the light. Its place must be about 2 1/2 deg
following rho Leonis and about 10 arcmin more north than that star.''
His position
falls on a blank part of the sky, but Harold Corwin notes that WH's description
matches NGC 3332 = H I-272, discovered on 4 Mar 1796 while observing the
satellites of Uranus (not actively pursuing sweeps). This implies his RA for III-5 was off by over 2 tmin of RA
and 15' in dec, not an unusual error for his early sweeps. This galaxy was independently found
later by David Todd (#24) on 26 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet. Because of
WH's poor position, this galaxy was not recovered by Spitaler or Bigourdan and
Reinmuth equated the number with a mag 15 star.
******************************
NGC 3343 = UGC
5863 = MCG +12-10-073 = CGCG 333-051 = PGC 32143
10 46 10.4 +73
21 10
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 55d
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5'. Fairly sharp concentration with a very
small 15" bright core which increases to a stellar nucleus. Forms the vertex of a right angle with
a 23" pair of mag 10.5/11.5 stars situated 4.5' NE and a mag 10.5 star 4'
WNW. NGC 3348 lies 30' S and NGC
3403 is 40' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3343 = H III-317 = h736 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"vF, vS, requires attention to be seen." JH logged "not vF; R;
gbM." His position matches UGC 5863.
******************************
NGC 3344 = UGC
5840 = MCG +04-25-046 = CGCG 124-060 = PGC 31968
10 43 31.0 +24
55 20
V = 9.9; Size 7.1'x6.5'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly bright, large, about 4'x3' extended ~E-W. Unusual appearance as two bright stars
are involved on the east side.
Sharply concentrated with a faint outer halo and a well-defined much
brighter core. A mag 10.5 star is
on the east side 52" from the center and a mag 10 star is at the east edge
of the halo 1.6' from the center.
Also a mag 13.5 star is superimposed about 30" SSE of the core.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, large, low surface brightness. Two mag 10 stars are at the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3344 = H I-81 = h739 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded
"cB, cL, milky, very near and preceding 2 stars; a small part of the
nebula is considerably brighter than the rest; the 2 stars and the brightest
part of the nebula are all within 2' and nearly in one parallel. The greatest part of the milkiness is
preceding the bright part, and the termination of it is
imperceptible." He published
a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 2) as an illustration of "Nebulosities
joined to Nebulae."
JH logged
"pB; L; gbM; has (?) a star excentric within it and a double star closely
following it." Bindon Stoney,
observing on 3 Mar 1851 with LdR's 72", declared it a "spiral, vF,
has a branch from p edge round to n and f."
******************************
NGC 3345
10 43 31.9 +11
59 07
=**,
Carlson. =M95 = NGC 3351, WS.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3345 = h740 on 24 Mar 1830, while searching for his father's H
I-26 (see below). He simply noted
"eF, hardly visible." At
his position is a pair of mag 14 stars at 18" separation. Peters also reported the same
position. Dorothy Carlson, in her
1940 paper on NGC corrections, identifies NGC 3345 as a double star. As his description is so disparate from
his father's, Dreyer added two question marks to the equivalence of h740 with H
I-26.
WH found H I-26
on 19 Mar 1784 and recorded "cB, pL, not R, and much brighter about the
middle than towards the ends."
There is nothing at his position, but ~10' south is M95, which was not
observed in the sweep, and Dreyer notes in his 1912 notes to WH's catalogues
that I-26 is probably a duplicate of M95.
Wolfgang Steinicke emphasizes the identity with M95, but Harold Corwin
feels JH's observation should not be ignored.
******************************
NGC 3346 = UGC
5842 = MCG +03-28-001 = CGCG 094-116 = CGCG 095-003 = PGC 31982
10 43 39.0 +14
52 19
V = 11.7; Size 2.9'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, fairly large, slightly elongated E-W, 3.0'x2.5',
fairly low almost even surface brightness, just a weak broad
concentration. A pair of mag 11-12
stars are 2.6' WSW and 3.5' due west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3346 = H V-7 = h3290 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted
"F, vL, almost R, resolvable."
From the Cape of Good Hope, JH recorded "vF; L; R; vgvlbM; 3' or 4'
diam. A soft globe of light,
resolvable with the left eye."
His position matches UGC 5842.
******************************
NGC 3347 = ESO
376-013 = MCG -06-24-007 = LGG 213-004 = PGC 31926
10 42 46.6 -36
21 12
V = 11.3; Size 3.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 173d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright and large, elongated ~N-S, bright nucleus. First of three with NGC 3354 3.4' E and
NGC 3358 10' ESE. Member of the
Klemola 16 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3347 = h3291 on 1 May 1834 (along with NGC 3354) and recorded
"pF; S; R; vsmbM to a * 12m."
He observed this group on four nights.
******************************
NGC 3348 = UGC
5875 = MCG +12-10-077 = CGCG 333-054 = PGC 32216
10 47 10.1 +72
50 22
V = 11.1; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(3/28/92): moderately bright but small, 1' diameter, slightly elongated
E-W. Unusual appearance because at
first glance there appears to be a double nucleus. Instead a mag 13.5 star is superimposed at the east side of
the halo. The core of the galaxy
is close west and a small halo surrounds the star with averted vision. Using direct vision the star is
slightly brighter than the core. A
mag 11 star lies 1.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3348 = H I-80 = h738 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"cB, S, irregularly elliptical." His position matches UGC 5875. JH mentioned the * 11m 20 sec of RA preceding. Karl Reinmuth noted this was a double
galaxy (based on Heidelberg plates).
******************************
NGC 3349 = VV 514 = MCG +01-28-002 = CGCG 038-002
=PGC 31989
10 43 50.6 +06
45 47
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.7'
17.5"
(4/9/94): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. Located 5.3' W of brighter NGC
3356. An extremely faint mag 15
"star" is just off the SE edge [38" SE of center]. On the POSS this "star" is
actually an extremely compact companion galaxy (just nonstellar) which has very
faint disrupted arms.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3349 = m 201 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS." His position matches the triple system
VV 514.
******************************
NGC 3350 = CGCG
155-002 = CGCG 154-044 = PGC 32035
10 44 22.9 +30
43 29
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18"
(3/11/07): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, occasional very faint
stellar nucleus. Located just
north of a wide pair of mag 9.5 and 10 stars (SAO 62223 and 62226) and 19' W of
5.4-magnitude 42 Leo Minor.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3350 = h742 on 10 Apr 1831 and recorded "eF; vS; very
difficult, but a certain observation; is n of 2 st 9 or 10m." His position matches CGCG 154-044 = PGC
32035.
******************************
NGC 3351 = M95 =
UGC 5850 = MCG +02-28-001 = CGCG 066-004 = PGC 32007
10 43 57.8 +11
42 14
V = 9.7; Size 7.4'x5.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 13d
48" (4/21/17):
at 375x; extremely bright, very large, dominated by an intensely bright, round
nucleus and a prominent central bar running nearly E-W. A strong, round ring is attached at the
ends of the bar, forming a striking "Theta" shape. A well defined darker region is inside
the ring to the north and south of the bar though the higher contrast is higher
on the north side of the bar.
Surrounding the ring is a very large, low surface brightness outer halo
extending SSW-NNE, perhaps 5.5'-6' by 4'. Low contrast spiral arm structure was
visible with averted in the outer halo, particularly on the southwest side.
17.5"
(2/28/87): very bright, very bright core. The outer halo is 4.5'x3.0' oriented
SSW-NNE. A bar is highly suspected
extending WNW-ESE of the central core with inner ring structure suspected
extending from this bar.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very bright, small bright nucleus.
8": bright,
fairly large, round.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M95 = H I-26 = h743 on 20 Mar 1781. WH observed M95 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded a
"fine, bright nebula, much brighter in the middle than at the extremes, of
a pretty considerable extent, perhaps 3 or 4' or more. The middle seems to be
of the magnitude of 3 or 4 stars joined together, but not exactly round; from
the brightest part of it there is a sudden transition to the nebulous part, so
that I should call it cometic."
Just a week
later (19 Mar 1784) he found H I-26 and wrote, "cB, pL, not R, and much
brighter about the middle than towards the ends." There is nothing at his position, but
~20' south and 1 min of RA east is M95, which was not observed in the sweep,
and Dreyer concludes in his 1912 revision of H's catalogoues that H I-26 is
probably a duplicate of M95.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 16 Feb 1858, noted "I sev times thought
it had two spiral arms, p and f."
Sir Robert Ball commented on 10 Feb 1867, "The central bright
section seems rather more complex than usual. It may be divided into two ellipses, the inner one is
uniform in light and brighter than the other one." This appears to describe the core and
the surrounding inner ring.
******************************
NGC 3352 = UGC
5851 = MCG +04-25-048 = CGCG 124-061 = PGC 32025
10 44 15.0 +22
22 16
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, very small, round, brighter core. A mag 14 star is 1.8' WNW. NGC 3363 lies 21' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3352 = St X-26 on 19 Mar 1880. His position matches UGC 5851 = PGC 32025.
******************************
NGC 3353 = UGC
5860 = MCG +09-18-022 = CGCG 267-009 = Mrk 35 = PGC 32103
10 45 22.4 +55
57 37
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, increases to an
irregular brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1.6' S of center.
8": faint,
small, round. A mag 13 star is 1'
S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3353 = H III-842 = h741 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and noted
"vF, vS, R." His RA is
30 sec too large. JH recorded
"pB; S; R; pgbM; 15"; a small star 90" S." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3354 = ESO
376-014 = MCG -06-24-008 = LGG 213-005 = PGC 31941
10 43 02.8 -36
21 46
V = 13.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S. Second of three with NGC 3347 3.5' W
and NGC 3358 7' ESE. Member of the
Klemola 16 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3354 = h3292 on 1 May 1834 and recorded (two sweeps later)
"vF; S; lbM; 8". The 2nd
of 3 [with NGC 3347 and NGC 3358]."
******************************
NGC 3355
10 43 30 -23 12
=Not found,
RNGC. =MCG -04-25-058 = ESO
501-G79?, ESO.
Samuel Langley
found NGC 3355 = HN 29 on 12 Apr 1866 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor at
Harvard Observatory (Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #215). He simply noted "found in search
for Biela's comet; place approximate." There is nothing near his position (the only NGC credited to
Langley). NGC 3355 is not listed
in any modern catalogue except ESO, which lists MCG -4-25-58 = ESO 501-G79 as a
possible identity. This galaxy is
located 2 min of RA west and 11.4' south of Langley's position.
Harold Corwin
suggests a more likely candidate is IC 625 = ESO 501-G80, a "normal''
early-type object with a surface brightness two magnitudes brighter than ESO
501-G79, which is located 45' south of Langley's position. Either of these identifications are
pretty speculative as they are not close to Langley's position. So, I've listed this number as lost.
******************************
NGC 3356 = UGC
5852 = MCG +01-28-004 = CGCG 038-005 = VV 529 = PGC 32021
10 44 12.3 +06
45 32
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 102d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE. A mag 11 star is 2.9' S. Forms a pair with NGC 3349 5.3' W. NGC 3362 lies 13.8' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3356 = H III-107 = h744 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 196) and recorded
"A suspected, eF, pL. Too
much daylight remaining to verify it; but I do much doubt it." There is nothing near his position he
might have picked up. But on 12
Apr 1801 (sweep 1098), his position is just 2' northeast of UGC 5852. On sweep 117, JH described this galaxy
"eF; R; bM; 30"; a * 9m south dist 2' or 3'."
******************************
NGC 3357 = UGC
5206 = UGC 5854A = MCG +02-28-002 = CGCG 066-006 = PGC 32032
10 44 20.7 +14
05 03
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, broad
concentration to an ill-defined brighter 15" core. A mag 12 star is 2.3' W of center. A wide pair of evenly matched mag 9.5
stars lies 8.5' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3357 = m 202 = T V-5 on 5 Apr 1864 and noted "F, S,
mbM." His position is 1' north of UGC 5206. Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 22
Feb 1865, noted the mag 13-14 star 10 seconds of time due west and measured a
very accurate position. Wilhelm
Tempel made another independent discovery on 18 Nov 1881 while looking for
Denning's Comet.
UGC incorrectly
gives the RA as 9h instead of 10h, although identifies this UGC 5206 as NGC
3357. In the UGC addenda, NGC 3357
is listed again as UGC 5854A, as the corrected position falls between UGC 5854
and 5855.
******************************
NGC 3358 = ESO
376-017 = MCG -06-24-009 = LGG 213-006 = PGC 31974
10 43 32.9 -36
24 37
V = 11.4; Size 3.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 141d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, prominent core, fainter
elongated halo. Several stars are
near. Third of three with NGC 3354
7' WNW and NGC 3350 10' WNW.
Member of the Klemola 16 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3358 = h3293 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "F; vS; R: close to
a vS star; the last of 3 [with NGC 3347 and 3354]."
******************************
NGC 3359 = UGC
5873 = MCG +11-13-037 = CGCG 313-033 = PGC 32183
10 46 36.7 +63
13 28
V = 10.6; Size 7.2'x4.4'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 170d
48"
(2/21/12): at 375x, this beautiful barred spiral contains a prominent central
bar extending ~1.3' N-S, with a bright, elongated core. A spiral arm is attached at the south
end of the bar. It quickly rotates
and sweeps northeast (clockwise) for 1.5', dimming out 1' E of center. A longer, beautiful arm is attached on
the north end of the bar and sweeps south along the west side of the galaxy. This arm is brightest where it attaches
to the bar. The western arm passes
well south of the central bar and includes a couple of HII knots towards the
end. The brightest is a faint
10" knot, situated 1.4' SW of center. This HII region is catalogued as [H69] 42 in Hodge's 1969
paper "HII Regions in 20 Nearby Galaxies" and as SDSS
J104627.95+631220.6 (V = 16.5). It
is also referenced in NED as NGC 3359:[RZB2000] #7/9, from the paper "The
ionized gas in the spiral galaxy NGC 3359. Part I." in A&A, 354, 823-835
(2000). Just south of this knot
the arm fades out, but brightens slightly again at the tip (2' S of center),
where there is a very faint, low surface brightness knot, ~12" diameter,
listed in the RZB paper as region #12/14.
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly bright, large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE. A brighter bar is visible through the
center along the major axis! Has a
large, diffuse halo about 5'x3' which fades into the background. The brighter core has an irregular
surface brightness. Two mag 14
stars are 3.4' WNW and 2.8' ESE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3359 = H V-52 = h745 on 28 Nov 1801 (sweep 1102) and recorded
"cB, L, lE in the meridian, vgbM, about 5' long and 3' broad. The nebulosity seems to be of the milky
kind [unresolvable], it loses itself imperceptibly all around. The whole breadth of the sweeps seems
to be affected with vF nebulosity."
His position is 3.5' too far north. JH logged "pF; L; E in merid; glbM; 2.5' l, 2'
br." and measured a more accurate position.
Ralph Copeland,
observing on 21 Feb 1874 at Birr Castle, made two sketches showing both a
striking "S" shaped spiral and a "figure 8". No description accompanies the
diagrams.
******************************
NGC 3360 = MCG
-02-28-003 = PGC 32026
10 44 16.1 -11
14 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/21/01): faint, small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.6'. Low, nearly even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
3360 3.8' NE.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3360 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered-glass
reflector. His description reads
"A F[aint] pair, f one brighter." There is nothing at his position, but 10' north is MCG
-02-28-003 = PGC 32026, which forms a pair with NGC 3361 = MCG -02-28-004 about
3.8' NE.
Herbert Howe's
published position in his series of MN articles matches MCG -02-28-003,
although it is incorrect in the IC Notes.
******************************
NGC 3361 = MCG
-02-28-004 = PGC 32044
10 44 29.1 -11
12 27
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/21/01): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.8',
broad concentration. A mag 15 star
is close preceding. Forms a pair
with NGC 3360 3.8' SW.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3361 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered-glass
reflector. His description reads
"A F[aint] pair, f one brighter." There is nothing at his position, but 10' north is MCG
-02-28-004 = PGC 32044, which forms a pair with NGC 3360 about 3.8' SW. The position angle 160¡ given in the
NGC description is accurate, though it was not given in Common's list.
******************************
NGC 3362 = UGC
5857 = MCG +01-28-005 = CGCG 038-007 = PGC 32078
10 44 51.8 +06
35 48
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 90d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 2.0'x1.0', broad
concentration. Located 3.8' WNW of
mag 8.7 SAO 118472 3.8' ESE. NGC
3356 lies 13.8' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3362 = m 203 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is within 1' of UGC
5857. Stephan independently
discovered this galaxy on 18 Mar 1882 and reported it in list XII-39, though he
questioned if it was equivalent to GC 5534 [NGC 3362] in the notes section.
******************************
NGC 3363 = UGC
5866 = MCG +04-26-002 = CGCG 125-003 = PGC 32089
10 45 09.5 +22
04 42
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7', even surface
brightness. A mag 12 star is 1.5'
E of center and 1.0' off the edge.
NGC 3353 lies 21' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3363 = St XII-40 on 22 Mar 1882 and recorded "F, pS, iR,
lbM, r." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3364 = UGC
5890 = MCG +12-10-082 = CGCG 333-056 = PGC 32314
10 48 29.7 +72
25 30
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. Collinear with a mag 13/13.5 double
star at 29" separation located 4' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3364 = H III-318 = h746 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"vF, pL, r." CH's
reduction is ~2.5' east of UGC 5890.
JH reported "eF; L; R; vgbM; 60"; a coarse double star sf
[about 5'] points back directly to it."
******************************
NGC 3365 = UGC
5878 = MCG +00-28-006 = CGCG 010-008 = FGC 1131 = PGC 32153
10 46 12.6 +01
48 48
V = 12.6; Size 4.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 159d
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, fairly large, edge-on 6:1 NNW-SSE, 4.0'x0.6'. Appears as a low surface brightness
streak, very weak concentration with a small slightly brighter core. Surprisingly faint for the listed
magnitude.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3365 = h747 on 13 Apr 1828 and recorded "eF; L; 2' long,
20" broad; vgvlbM; a ray nebula." His position is 1.4' south of the edge-on UGC 5878. The NGC has a typo in the RA hour (19).
******************************
NGC 3366 = IC
2592 = ESO 264-007 = MCG -07-22-024 = LGG 204-003 = PGC 31335
10 35 08.4 -43
41 30
V = 11.3; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 37d
18"
(2/19/09): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, ~0.6'x0.4' (viewed
brighter core region). Located
just 1.7' S of mag 6.1 HD 91805 and the combination of low elevation and the
glare of the bright star severely hampered viewing the galaxy. At 225x I was able to place the star
just outside the edge of the field which increased the visibility. This galaxy is located 1.3 degrees ENE
of NGC 3256 and is probably part of the southern group Klemola 12 (NGC 3256,
3256B, 3261, 3262 and 3263 were observed from Costa Rica).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3366 = h3294 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded ""F; E; gbM;
close to a * 6.7m. The minute of
RA is doubtful. The written record
makes it 47; but as this is impossible from the context, 37 is
assumed." Corwin proproses
that his assumed RA is still 10 minutes too large. Once corrected it matches
ESO 264-007 in position and description so this identification is nearly
certain.
DeLisle Stewart
found this galaxy on an Arequipa plate around 1899 and Dreyer catalogued it
again as IC 2592. So, NGC 3366 =
IC 2592. See Harold Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 3367 = UGC
5880 = MCG +02-28-005 = CGCG 066-011 = PGC 32178
10 46 34.8 +13
45 02
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.2
13.1"
(2/25/84): fairly bright, fairly large, almost even surface brightness,
slightly elongated ~E-W. NGC 3377
lies 20' NE.
8"
(3/28/81): fairly bright, slightly elongated, slightly brighter core. Located about 25' SSE of 5th magnitude
52 Leonis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3367 = H II-78 = h748 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and simply
noted "pB". His position
is off by 15' (too far northwest), but he measured a more accurate position on
a later sweep. JH noted "pB;
vL; irreg R; vgbM; 2' diam" and measured an accurate position in sweep
338. The description under h748 in
sweep 242 probably refers NGC 3379.
Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 23 Mar 1851, noted "probably spiral, dark
spaces in it and * suspected in preceding edge."
******************************
NGC 3368 = M96 =
UGC 5882 = MCG +02-28-006 = CGCG 066-013 = PGC 32192
10 46 45.5 +11
49 18
V = 9.3; Size 7.6'x5.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(2/28/87): very bright, fairly large, elongated NW-SE, 5'x3.5', small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Brightest
in the Leo group (M96 Group) with M95 40' WSW.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very bright, small bright nucleus.
8"
(3/28/81): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M96 = NGC 3368 = h749 on 20 Mar 1781. Four nights later it was confirmed by Messier. WH observed M96 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep
164) and recorded "A fine, bright nebula, much like the former [M95], but
the brightest part in the middle is more joined to the nebulosity than in the
former, and the bright part is rather longer, though not quite so vivid as in
the former. It may still be called cometic, though it begins to depart a little
from that kind."
Johnstone Stoney,
LdR's assistant, noted "Is, I think, certainly a spiral." (3 Mar
1850). A year later, Bindon Stoney
added "vBM, perhaps shaped like an S reversed." A sketch clearly
shows a spiral arm curving counterclockwise on the east side towards the
south. It also shows a darker
strip just west of the central region between the western arm. M96 was included in the list of
"Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae in LdR's 1850 PT paper.
******************************
NGC 3369 = ESO
501-095 = MCG -04-26-009 = PGC 32191
10 46 44.6 -25
14 39
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 117d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration,
0.5'x0.4'. Outlying member of the
Hydra I (AGC 1060) cluster to the NE of the main group.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3369 = LM I-177 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) matches ESO
501-095. Howe's corrected position
in 1899-00 (given in the IC 2 Notes section) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3370 = UGC
5887 = MCG +03-28-008 = CGCG 095-019 = PGC 32207
10 47 04.0 +17
16 24
V = 11.6; Size 3.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 148d
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, fairly weak concentration, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE. The nucleus is displaced
to the west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3370 = H II-81 = h750 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and noted
"pB, pL, not R, r." JH
made two observations and his mean position matches UGC 5887.
******************************
NGC 3371 = NGC
3384 = UGC 5911 = MCG +02-28-012 = CGCG 066-021
10 48 16.9 +12
37 45
See observing
notes for NGC 3384.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3371 = h751 on 23 Mar 1830 (single sweep 282) and recorded
"F, R. The second of 3 [with h748 and h753 = NGC 3373] in a
triangle." There is only the
single galaxy NGC 3367 in the vicinty, ~7' WSW of JH's position. But if his 3 positions are offset 73
sec in RA east and 70' south, they match up perfectly with NGC 3379, NGC 3384
and NGC 3389. Possibly while observing
NGC 3379, he used the position of NGC 3367 and measured offsets to obtain
positions of other two galaxies.
So, h748 (sweep 282) = NGC 3379, NGC 3371 = NGC 3384 and NGC 3373 = NGC
3389. His position angles (given
under h748) also match these 3 galaxies.
See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3372 = Eta
Carina Nebula = ESO 128-EN013 = Gum 33 = 109a = RCW 53 = Keyhole Nebula
10 45 09 -59 52
00
V = 4.8; Size 120'x120'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this observation of the Homunculus
was made at 350x in good seeing with the 24". Eta Carinae appeared an iridescent electric-orange color
surrounded by the bipolar blowouts of the Homunculus. The brighter and larger lobe, which is expanding in our
direction, extends to the southeast and was pretty circular (a bit flattened on
the end), but punctured by a small, elongated hole that splits the lobe near
Eta, creating a small 6" loop (connected on the SE end). The NW blowout is fainter and smaller
with an unusual "fountain" or "fan" appearance (also
referred to as the "paddle" in schematics of the Homunculus),
tapering in and dimming to an extremely narrow bridge at Eta and then spreading
out to the NW. The NW edge of this
lobe is rounder, creating a "fan" appearance. The two lobes create empty notches near
Eta and extending into the NE notch between the two lobes is a very thin, short
spike (referred to as equatorial debris or "skirt) that was not difficult
to view but the SW "spike" was only intermittently visible. Just west of Eta is the fairly
prominent, dark "Keyhole Nebula".
18" (7/4/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): spectacular detail within the Homunculus
nebula at 293x. The bright 6"
lobe to the SE of Eta is split by a dark lane (forming the two "legs"
of the Homunculus). This lane
actually consists of two darker "holes" with the outer dark hole more
prominent. In moments of good
seeing the outer periphery of the lobe has a slightly tattered or scalloped
structure and it is flattened on the SE end. Jutting out a few arcseconds to the NE is a small, thin
spike that was visible continuously with averted vision. On the opposite SW side, only a small,
brighter extension or oval nodule bulges out slightly from the SE lobe. The fainter NW lobe has a more
translucent appearance with a pinched "key" or "bust"
outline as the nebulosity is very weak or absent in the middle of the sides
(this lobe forms the "head" of the Homunculus). At the center of this remarkable sight
is the bright, quasi-stellar, reddish-orange Eta Carinae.
Bochum 10 is
located 40' NW of Eta Carinae and just north of the huge wedge of nebulosity
that extends north of Eta. About two dozen stars, including 7 of 9th magnitude,
were resolved in the main group, which extends ~5'x2'. The cluster is fairly scattered and
distributed in the two subgroups oriented NW and SE, with the SE group
containing most of the stars.
Visually it was much smaller than the listed diameter of 20'. Situated just 5' NW of mag 5.4 HD 92964
and just south of the southern arc of the HD 92809 Wolf-Rayet ring, which may
be associated with Bochum 10.
This huge
Wolf-Rayet bubble was surprisingly easy at 76x with an H-beta filter, although
without prior knowledge I would have assumed it was an outer extension of the
Eta Car nebula. A huge, 35'
semicircular annulus of nebulosity was easily traced. The south side of the rim is bright, well defined and oriented
roughly E-W as it passes north of Bochum 10. With careful viewing, very faint nebulosity continues to
spread out from the east end. On
the west side of this E-W strip, there is a short break and then it continues
as a large, fairly prominent arc that curves northward. This arc is sharply defined on both the
interior and exterior edge and widens and fades at the north end, although a
small locally brighter patch is at the NW tip. The nebulosity curves back east on the north side but this
section is quite faint and simply appears as low surface brightness haze. A relatively prominent 4'x3' oval patch
of nebulosity is isolated on the SE side, just within the interior. Very faint haze also spreads out within
the interior but the eastern half of the rim is completely missing. The OIII
filter significantly dims the curving NW quadrant of the loop.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): I spent quite a bit of time on the Eta Carina complex,
particularly examining the remarkable Homunculus Nebula. This is easily the
largest bright emission nebula in the sky and a very prominent naked-eye object
within the amazingly rich Carina Milky Way. Dark lanes or rift separate bright islands of billowing
nebulosity and the entire complex overfilled the 105x field at the eyepiece.
The surface
brightness of the various sections is fairly uniform and pretty high, though it
lowers in the outskirts. No
section is comparable in intensity to the central heart of the Orion Nebula,
but the large wedge that contains Eta Car is quite prominent. A UHC filter enhances the nebulosity
without significantly dimming the stars.
Just west of Eta (within the central wedge) is the fairly prominent,
dark "Keyhole Nebula" that extends ~5' length, elongated N-S (not as
contrasty as when John Herschel named it in the 1830's). Eta Carina's orange color and the small
bipolar blowouts are quite stunning at high power. Several clusters are involved with the nebula. The most
prominent is Tr 16, situated just south of Eta Car.
Tr 14 is a rich
group of ~30 stars mag 7 and fainter stars including the double star h4356
(7.2/8.9 at 2.8", with brighter component HD 93129A) within a 4'
diameter. There are several
additional mag 8/9 stars and a swarm of mag 12 stars! Tr 14 is situated just 12' NW of Eta Carinae within the
bright, huge triangular section of nebulosity to the NW of Eta. The cluster is the second most massive
in the Carina nebula and contains ten O-type stars. HD 93129Aa (the brighter spectroscopic component of HD
93129A) is one of the most luminous and massive known stars with ~80-100 solar
masses and ~2,500,000 times the sun's luminosity. The "Mystic Mountain" region, a remarkable
star-forming pillar of gas and dust captured by the HST, is at the north edge
of the cluster.
Tr 16 is the
most massive cluster in the Carina nebula complex and contains the majority of
the O-type stars. Visually, Tr 16
is a rich group of stars trailing immediately south of Eta Carinae itself and
close southeast of the dark Keyhole Nebula, all within the same bright
triangular wedge. At 166x, about
three dozen stars mag 9-13 were resolved within 4'. A number of the stars are arranged in chains and
groups. Eta Car itself is
considered part of the cluster.
Mag 8.8 WR 25 = HD 93162 is about 7' W of center of the cluster. The primary is considered the most
luminous known star in our galaxy.
Tr 15 consists
of roughly 15 stars (a half-dozen members are O-type supergiants) crammed into
a 2' group including a neat triple h4364 (mag 8/9/11 at 8" and 9" in
a string with brightest member HD 93249) on the north side. Situated within a streamer of nebulosity
just 20' NNW of Eta Carina itself.
At 200x, the
Homunculus Nebula surrounding Eta Carina was remarkable in excellent seeing on
the last evening of observing.
Both Eta and the nebula were a uniquely vivid color - an amazing
fluorescent orange-tangerine.
Extending to the SE of Eta is the brighter lobe, perhaps 6" in
diameter with a sharp outline that was flattened along the southern edge in a
mushroom shape. There appeared to
be a partial darker lane in the interior.
Extending to the NW was a smaller (4"-5") and much fainter
lobe that faded with increased magnification. A tiny spike of nebulosity jutted out along to the NE
between the two lobes. A couple of
very close and faint companions lie just NE of Eta. This bi-polar reflection nebula resulted from the most
recent outburst of supermassive Eta Car in 1841.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): Using a 20 Nagler (127x) and UHC filter,
the field of Eta Carina was a breathtaking sight. The outer wings and streamers extended well outside the 39'
field. The turbulent nebulosity
had a curdled, electric appearance with a strong 3-dimensional effect as
brighter streaks, wings, fainter masses and dark lanes were mixed together
throughout the field.
The best overall
view of the nebula in the 20" was at 80x (32 mm) using a UHC filter. Even at this low power, the Eta Carina
nebula still overfilled the field with contrasty dark lanes and amazingly
structured islands of nebulosity.
I stared into the eyepiece quietly, somewhat stunned by its beauty. With this aperture at 282x, the
12"x8" bipolar Homunculus nebula was an astounding sight. The orange central star appeared
quasi-stellar with the unequal blowouts fairly prominent. They had an eerie, translucent
appearance with the western lobe somewhat smaller, fainter and more pinched
with the eastern lobe more circular.
A possible dark lane is near the center and punctures the lobes.
Tr 14 is a rich
group of stars mag 7 and fainter stars in a 5' region, situated ~12' NW of Eta
within one of the sections of nebulosity. Contains the binary h4356 (7.2/8.9 at
2.8"). The brighter
spectroscopic member of the mag 7.2 star (HD 93129Aa) is one of the most
massive stars known and rivals Eta Car in mass and luminosity. A triple system h4360 just 2' SE
includes a 2" pair. Cr 232 is
a small, scattered group of ~20 stars in a 4' region just following Tr 14. The brightest star is mag 7.7 HD 93250,
a 04-type supergiant. Tr 16, the
most massive cluster in the Carina complex, is a triangular group of stars just
south of Eta and includes a chain of a half-dozen brighter stars. Tr 15 is a fairly small group of a
couple dozen stars mag 8.5 and fainter, less than 30' N of Eta Car. A
half-dozen members are O-type supergiants.
Cr 228 is a
large, scattered cluster ~25' SSW of Eta Carina in the southern part of the
complex. It includes two mag 6.5
stars with brightest member 6.2-6.5 QZ Carinae and the Wolf-Rayet star HD
93131. Includes a number of mag
8-9 stars spread over a 15'x10' field.
The group is elongated SW-NE.
Bochum 10 is a
group of two dozen stars in a ~5'x2' region. It includes 7 mag 9 stars that dominate the group. Fairly scattered and distributed in the
two subgroups NW and SE with the SE group containing most of the stars. Located just 5' NW of mag 5.4 HD 92964
and just south of the southern arc of the HD 92809 Wolf-Rayet ring. Situated just north of the huge wedge
that extends north of Eta, ~40' NW of the star. Visually the cluster appears much smaller than the listed
diameter of 20'.
At 282x, the
12"x8" bipolar Homunculus nebula surrounding Eta Carina was an
astounding sight. The orange
central star appeared quasi-stellar with the unequal blowouts fairly prominent. They had an eerie, translucent
appearance with the NW lobe somewhat smaller, fainter and more pinched with the
SE lobe more circular. A possible
dark lane is near the center and punctures the lobes.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): My first views of the Eta Carina nebula through
Les Dalrymple's 12.5" and Gary's 20" were truly breathtaking and
dwarfed the Orion Nebula in size and detail. The nebula is broken into 4 or 5 main separate masses of
varying sizes, shapes and surface brightness by three wide, dark obscuring dust
lanes. The mottled nebulosity has
an amazing 3-dimensional curdled appearance and is riddled with dark bays and
rifts. Outer loops and brighter
streaks complete an amazing vista.
The brightest
section forms a triangular wedge isolated by prominent dark lane that cuts at a
striking right angle. This wedge
contains the centerpiece Eta Carina which has an amazing orange color. Extending from Eta are the two small
lobes (one is brighter), referred to as the "Homunculus nebula" and
appearing as an explosive event from the early 19th century in a HST
image. Just preceding Eta is an
elongated N-S, curving dark lane nicknamed the "Keyhole Nebula" by
John Herschel, as well as the open cluster Tr 16 just south of Eta.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3372 = Lac III-6 = D 309 = h3295 in 1751-1752 with a 1/2-inch
telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He recorded a "Large group of a
great number of small stars, little compressed, and filling out the space of a
kind of a semi-circle of 15 to 20 minutes in diameter; with a slight nebulosity
spreading in that space." Of
course, the nebula and embedded clusters is a prominent naked-eye object, so
was certainly known by southern sky watchers.
James Dunlop
observed it at least 13 times and recorded "(Eta Roboris Caroli, Bode) is
a bright star of the 3rd magnitude, surrounded by a multitude of small stars,
and pretty strong nebulosity; very similar in its nature to that in Orion, but
not so bright ... I can count twelve or fourteen extremely minute stars
surrounding Eta in the space of about 1'; several of them appear close to the
disk: there is a pretty bright small star about the 10th magnitude N.f. the
Eta, and distant about 1'. The nebulosity is pretty strongly marked; that on
the south side is very unequal in brightness, and the different portions of the
nebulosity are completely detached, as represented in the figure [plate III].
There is much nebulosity in this place, and very much extensive nebulosity
throughout the Robur Caroli, which is also very rich in small stars."
John Herschel
commented "It is not easy for language to convey a full impression of the
beauty and sublimity of the spectacle which this nebula offers, as it enters
the field of the telescope fixed in R. A., by the diurnal motion, ushered in as
it is by so glorious and innumerable a procession of stars, to which it forms a
sort of climax, and in a part of the heavens otherwise full of interest."
During a 5-year
period in the 1840's and '50s Eta Car brightened from 1.5 to -1 (chronicled by
John Herschel) and was temporarily the second brightest star in the sky, nearly
rivaling Sirius. This outburst later created the double-lobed Homunculus
Nebula, discovered in 1944.
According to Wolfgang Steinicke, in 1863, Francis Abbott, an amateur in
Tasmania, claimed a decrease in the size and brightness of the main nebula and
displacement relative to Eta Car using a 4-inch refractor, but a number of
critical replies followed by Lt. John Herschel (son of JH), Airy and
Lassell. Interestingly, the dark
"Keyhole Nebula" does appear to have lost contrast based on JH's
sketches and descriptions.
As far as the
origin of the nickname "Keyhole Nebula" it's generally assumed that
JH coined the phrase and his sketch of the elongated dark patch near Eta
certainly appears like a perfect classic "keyhole". But a search through his Cape
Observations and articles about the brightening of Eta Car and possible
variability of the nebula reveals he used the term "lemniscate" to
describe the shape (must have been his early mathematical training).
In an 1873 issue
of Appletons' Journal, Emma Converse, who reported on astronomical topics for
the popular press, summarizes the dispute about changes in the nebula in an
article titled "Eta Argus".
She mentions "In the middle of the brightest part of the nebulous
light there was a dark vacancy, of a form resembling a keyhole, or the
geometrical figure called a lemniscate, around which the light of the nebula
was not uniform." Later she mentions "The southern loop of Herschel's
lemniscate, or keyhole-shaped cavity had bulged out into the vacuity, forming
an isthmus that trended north-south." Agnes Mary Clerke refers to the "Key-Hole Nebula"
in her "The System of the Stars" (second edition, 1905), plate XVII
taken with the Bruce 24-inch at Arequipa in 1896.
******************************
NGC 3373 = NGC
3389 = UGC 5914 = MCG +02-28-013 = CGCG 066-022 = PGC 32306
10 48 27.9 +12
31 59
See observing
notes for NGC 3389.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3373 = h753 on 23 Mar 1830 (single sweep 282) and recorded
"F, R, the last of 3 [with h748 and h751 = NGC 3371] in a
triangle." There is only the
single galaxy NGC 3367 in the vicinty, ~7' WSW of JH's position. But if his 3 positions are offset 73
sec in RA east and 70' south, they match up perfectly with NGC 3379, NGC 3384
and NGC 3389. Possibly while
observing NGC 3379, he used the position of NGC 3367 and measured offsets to
obtain positions for the other two galaxies. So, h748 (sweep 282) = NGC 3379, NGC 3371 = NGC 3384 and NGC
3373 = NGC 3389. His position angles
(given under h748) also match these 3 galaxies. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3374 = UGC
5901 = MCG +07-22-066 = CGCG 212-057 = PGC 32266
10 48 01.1 +43
11 11
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 142d
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round though difficult to
pin down an orientation, 0.7'x0.6'.
Broad, weak concentration with no noticeable core. Located 16' NE of mag 7.3 HD 93271 and
18' NW of mag 7.8 HD 93663. Forms
a pair with CGCG 212-055 2.3' SSW (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3374 = H III-701 = h752 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and recorded
"vF, vS, iF." JH called
it "vF; S; R; 12"."
Both measured fairly accurate positions.
******************************
NGC 3375 = MCG
-01-28-008 = PGC 32205
10 47 00.8 -09
56 29
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', bright
15" core, stellar nucleus. No
brighter stars in the 20' field at 220x.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3375 = T I-26 = T V-6 on 21 Feb 1878 and called it class II-III
with a stellar nucleus. It was
found independently by Stephan on 23 Apr 1881 and included in list XI-9. Both Tempel's and Stephan's micrometric
positions match MCG -01-28-008 = PGC 32205, although the MCG doesn't label this
galaxy NGC 3375.
******************************
NGC 3376 = UGC
5891 = MCG +01-28-007 = CGCG 038-013 = PGC 32231
10 47 26.5 +06
02 53
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 167d
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, small, slightly elongated, 25" diameter, moderate
surface brightness, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 1.3' N which has a very faint companion
close west.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 3376 on 19 Feb 1863.
His position, measured on 2 nights, is an exact match with UGC 5891.
******************************
NGC 3377 = UGC
5899 = MCG +02-28-009 = CGCG 066-016 = PGC 32249
10 47 42.3 +13
59 08
V = 10.4; Size 5.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 35d
13.1"
(2/25/84): bright, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, well concentrated to a small bright
nucleus. Member of the Leo Group = M96 Group.
8"
(3/28/81): fairly bright, slightly elongated SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3377 = H II-99 = h754 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted
"pB, S, r." JH called it
"first Class" and measured an accurate position. Auwers and d'Arrest also measured
precise positions.
******************************
NGC 3378 = ESO
318-012 = MCG -07-22-029 = PGC 32189
10 46 43.3 -40
00 59
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(3/28/09): faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3378 = h3296 on 1 Feb 1835 and noted "pB; R; bM. Out of limit of sweep. Place rough. He measured a more accurate position on 3 later sweeps.
******************************
NGC 3379 = M105
= UGC 5902 = MCG +02-28-011 = CGCG 066-018 = Holm 212a = KTG 33A = PGC 32256
10 47 49.6 +12
34 54
V = 9.3; Size 5.4'x4.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(4/20/14): very bright, large, slightly elongated ~SW-NE, ~3.0'x2.5'. Sharply concentrated with a large,
brilliant core containing to an intense nucleus, which increases towards the
center. First in a prominent trio
with NGC 3384 7.3' NW and NGC 3389 9.8' ESE. Member of the M96 Group = Leo Group.
13.1"
(2/25/84): bright, very small bright core, slightly elongated. First of three bright galaxies in the
field with NGC 3384 7.3' NW and NGC 3389 9.7' ESE.
8" (3/28/81):
fairly bright, round.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M105 = H I-17 = h757 on 24 Mar 1781, four days after he discovered
M95 and M96. WH found it on 11 Mar
1784 (sweep 164) and recorded "Three nebula in the field together [with
NGC 3384 and 3389]. The two
preceding ones [M105 NGC 3384] cometic and much like the two former bright ones
[M95 and M96], but considerably less." The NGC position is accurate (measured by Auwers and
d'Arrest).
******************************
NGC 3380 = UGC
5906 = MCG +05-26-012 = CGCG 155-015 = PGC 32287
10 48 12.2 +28
36 06
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 1.3'x0.8'. Gradually increases to a brighter core
which rises suddenly to a quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star lies 2.1' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3380 = H II-360 = h755 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pL, i.". JH made 5
observations and measured a fairly accurate position. Another 4 observations were made a Birr Castle, though other
than the elongation, no structural details were mentioned by any observer.
******************************
NGC 3381 = UGC
5909 = MCG +06-24-015 = CGCG 184-016 = PGC 32302
10 48 24.8 +34
42 41
V = 11.7; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (4/22/95):
fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.6' diameter, broad weak concentration,
no distinct core. Located near
midpoint of two mag 13 stars 5.5' NNW and 5.2' SSE. Forms a pair with IC 641 6'
W (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3381 = H II-565 = h756 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 549) and logged
"pB, cL, lbM, iF." CH's
reduced position is 10 sec of RA west of UGC 5909. JH made two observations and three were made at Birr
Castle. The NGC description is in
error stating "1st of 3", which applies to NGC 3379.
R.J. Mitchell,
using LdR's 72" on 8 Mar 1858, noted "I think there is a B streak
through it." This likely
refers to the bar running east-west.
******************************
NGC 3382
10 48 24.9 +36 43
46
=**, Gottlieb.
Not found, RNGC.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 3382 on 5 Apr 1874 and described
"About 4 min p [NGC 3432]. pF, cL, R, bM, *14 mag in centre. *9 Pos 238.0,
Dist 173.7." There is no
nebula near his position. A second observation on 24 Mar 1878 reads "4m. p
and 6'± n of [NGC 3432]. vF, S,
irr R, only a S group of st, *9m Pos 192 deg, Dist 162.9" This second position corresponds with a
wide pair of mag 14/15 stars at 38" separation and a mag 10 star to the
SSW (not mentioned in the first observation). So this pair of stars might correspond to the second
observation only or perhaps the reference galaxies were misidentified. Dreyer didn't include this object in
the GS Supplement. See Harold
Corwin's notes for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 3383 = ESO
501-097 = MCG -04-26-010 = LGG 223-005 = PGC 32224
10 47 19.2 -24
26 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 24d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint/moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
1.0'x0.9', weak concentration. A
mag 15-15.5 star is at the SW edge of the halo. Located 7' NNE of mag 8 HD 93474.
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 1.0'x0.8'. Low, even surface brightness with just
a weak concentration. Observation
made through thin clouds.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3383 = h3297 on 20 Mar 1835 and noted "F; pL; irreg R;
glbM; 40"; moonlight."
He also recorded it on the next sweep and his mean position matches ESO
501-097 = PGC 32224.
******************************
NGC 3384 = NGC
3371 = UGC 5911 = MCG +02-28-012 = CGCG 066-021 = Holm 212b = KTG 33B = PGC
32292
10 48 16.9 +12
37 45
V = 9.9; Size 5.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 53d
24"
(4/20/14): very bright, large, elongated at least 2:1 SW-NE, ~3.2'x1.5' though
the outer halo increases in size with averted vision. Sharply concentrated with a large, brilliant, rounder core
that gradually increases to the center.
Forms a prominent trio with M105 7.4' SW and NGC 3389 6.4' SSE. Member of the Leo Group = M96 Group.
13.1"
(2/25/84): bright, bright stellar nucleus, elongated 5:2 SW-NE. Second of three with M105 7.3' SW and
NGC 3389 6.4' SSE.
8"
(3/28/81): fairly bright, round, moderately large.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3384 = H I-18 = h758, along with NGC 3379 = M105 and NGC 3389,
on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and
recorded "Three nebula in the field together. The two preceding ones [NGC 3379 and 3384] cometic and much
like the two former bright ones [M95 and M96] but considerable less. The
following [NGC 3389] r[esolvable] and of a longish form, elongated. These three together form a beautiful
sight."
******************************
NGC 3385 = UGC
5908 = MCG +01-28-009 = CGCG 038-015 = PGC 32285
10 48 11.6 +04
55 40
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 97d
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 30"x15",
weak concentration, irregular surface brightness. A mag 14.8 star is just off the south side [20" from
center]. NGC 3386 lies 4.2' N and
CGCG 38-19 is 8.8' SE.
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, weak concentration,
diffuse ill-defined halo. A mag
10.5 star lies 5' NE. Forms a pair
with NGC 3386 4.3' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3385 = h760 (along with NGC 3386 = h759) on 9 Apr 1828 and
recorded "pB; R; bM; 15"." On a later sweep he called it "eF,
E[longated.", so the conditions or transparency were likely worse.
******************************
NGC 3386 = MCG
+01-28-010 = CGCG 038-016 = PGC 32284
10 48 11.9 +04
59 55
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 20"x16", weak
concentration. NGC 3385 lies 4.3'
S. A mag 11 star lies 3.0' SE.
17.5"
(3/28/92): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 3385 4.3' S. This is a double system with NGC 3387
(not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3386 = h759 (along with NGC 3385 = h760) on 9 Apr 1828 and noted
"vF; R." His position
matches CGCG 038-016 = PGC 32284.
******************************
NGC 3387
10 48 16.5 +04
58 03
V =
14.2/15.7; Size 7"
24"
(3/22/14): at 375x a faint unequal double star at 7" separation was
resolved. The brighter component
on the SW side is mag 14.2 and the fainter component is mag ~15.5. Although sometimes the pair was cleanly
resolved into two sharp points, when the seeing was softer the fainter
component appeared as a vague, dim spot so I can see how John Herschel might
have called this pair a "suspected nebula". Located 2.1' SE of NGC 3386 and 2.7' NNE of NGC 3385.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3387 = h762 on on 15 Mar 1830 and noted a "suspected
nebula. Has a bright star
near." Just 30" northwest of his position is a 7" pair of mag
~14/15.5 stars and a mag 11 star (probably Herschel's "B* near") is
1.3' ENE. There is a very faint
galaxy less than 1' SW of pair, but it's almost certainly too faint to have
been picked up by Herschel.
Harold Corwin
notes that the NGC position is from Heinrich d'Arrest (single observation), who
placed the nebula just off the southeast side of NGC 3386. He noted the
observation was uncertain and there is nothing there.
The RNGC has
misidentified a mag 17.5 galaxy on the northwest edge of the halo of NGC 3386
as NGC 3387. MCG and CGCG also
misclassify NGC 3386/3387 as double nebula. Corwin originally classified this 7" pair as a "star
(SE) + compact galaxy (NW)?", but Brian Skiff confirms the northwest
component is a star. The brighter
star is itself a 4" double with the fainter component 18th mag.
******************************
NGC 3388 = NGC
3425? = UGC 5967 = MCG +02-28-021 = CGCG 066-044
10 51 25.5 +08
34 01
See observing
notes for NGC 3425 (possibly equivalent).
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3388 in 1880 with his 36-inch reflector. He mentions his RA was roughly taken
(estimate to the nearest minute of RA), and there is nothing near his
position. Harold Corwin suggests
NGC 3388 may be a duplicate observation of NGC 3425 = III 108, discovered by WH
on 17 Apr 1784. This galaxy has a
similar declination but located 3 min of RA east.
******************************
NGC 3389 = NGC
3373 = UGC 5914 = MCG +02-28-013 = CGCG 066-022 = Holm 212c = KTG 33C = PGC
32306
10 48 27.9 +12
31 59
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 112d
24"
(4/20/14): moderately or fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2
WNW-ESE, 1.6'x0.7', brighter core.
The surface brightness is irregular with a very mottled appearance. A knot is embedded on the SW side. A
mag 15.8 star is 50" south of center (outside the halo). Faintest in a striking trio with M105
and NGC 3384.
13.1"
(2/25/84): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, diffuse. Third and faintest of three with bright
galaxies NGC 3384 6.4' NNW and M105 9.7' WNW.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3389 = H II-41 = h761, along with NGC 3379 = M105 and NGC 3384,
on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded "Three nebula in the field
together. The two preceding ones
[NGC 3379 and 3384] cometic and much like the two former bright ones [M95 and
M96] but considerable less. The following [NGC 3389] r[esolvable] and of a
longish form, elongated. These
three together form a beautiful sight."
******************************
NGC 3390 = ESO
437-062 = MCG -05-26-007 = LGG 215-003 = PGC 32271
10 48 04.4 -31
32 00
V = 11.9; Size 3.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 177d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on, at least 7:2 N-S, ~2'x0.5',
broad weak concentration. A faint
star is at the north tip and a similar star is just beyond the southern
extension. Located 9.4' NNW of mag
5.9 SAO HD 93657. The DSS image is
similar to NGC 891 with a thin equatorial dust lane and bulging core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3390 = h3298 on 29 Apr 1834 and recorded "pF; S; pmE in
merdian [N-S]. His description
matches the edge-on galaxy ESO 437-062.
******************************
NGC 3391 = UGC
5920 = MCG +02-28-014 = CGCG 066-027 = PGC 32347
10 48 56.4 +14
13 11
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE although appears
irregular, broad weak concentration.
A mag 14.5 star is at the NE tip (about 15" from center) and an
extremely faint mag 15.5+ star is attached at the west end. Lies 2.7' NW of a mag 10 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3391 = m 204 on 1 Apr 1864 and noted "triple star in
nebulosity." His position matches UGC 5920 = PGC 32347 and the description
is accurate as two stars are involved (the third is the nucleus of the galaxy).
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found the galaxy on 1 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch at
Copenhagen and noted it was between two stars. His two positions are very
accurate. The RNGC questions if a
star or knot is involved, but the two superimposed objects are single stars.
******************************
NGC 3392 = MCG
+11-13-042 = CGCG 313-037 = PGC 32512
10 51 03.0 +65
46 53
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, very small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 3394 4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3392 = H III-88I = h763 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004) and noted
"vF, S". His offset from
II-872 = NGC 3394, the previous object in the sweep is accurate. JH measured an accurate position for
h763 ("eF; S; psbM; near some stars"), but placed h764 = NGC 3394 24
tsec east, instead of 24 tsec west.
MCG does not label +11-13-042 as NGC 3392.
******************************
NGC 3393 = ESO
501-100 = AM 1045-245 = MCG -04-26-011 = LGG 223-006 = PGC 32300
10 48 23.5 -25
09 43
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.4'. Contains a
small, round, bright nucleus. The
galaxy precedes two mag 9 (HD 93674) and 10.5 stars 2.9' E and 1.6' E (nearly
equally spaced with galaxy). This
observation (made through thin clouds) refers to the brighter core region and I
probably missed the large, low surface brightness halo. Outlying member of AGC 1060 (Hydra I),
located 3.5 degrees NE of the core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3393 = h3299 on 24 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; precedes two bright stars." His position (3 sweeps) matches ESO
501-100.
******************************
NGC 3394 = UGC
5937 = MCG +11-13-041 = CGCG 313-036 = PGC 32495
10 50 39.9 +65
43 38
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, slightly elongated, low
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with NGC 3392 4' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3394 = H II-872 = h764 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004), along with
III-881 = NGC 3392. He recorded
"F, cL, iR" and his relative offsets (21 sec in RA and 2' in dec)
matches the pair.
JH placed h764 =
NGC 3394 24 tsec east of h763 = NGC 3392, instead of 24 tsec west. This caused the NGC RA to be 44 tsec
east of the true position of NGC 3394 = UGC 5937.
******************************
NGC 3395 = Arp
270 NED1 = VV 246b = IC 2613 = Holm 215a = UGC 5931 = MCG +06-24-017 = CGCG
184-018 = LGG 218-002 = PGC 32424
10 49 50.1 +32
58 58
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50d
48"
(5/4/16): this very bright, two-armed disrupted spiral forms an interacting,
contact pair (Arp 270 = VV 246) with NGC 3396. At 375x, it contains a large bright core that increases to
the center. On the north side of
the core a spiral arm curls counterclockwise towards NGC 3396, nearly merging
with the halo of the companion. A
brighter, more defined spiral arm is on the south side; it rotates sharply
counterclockwise nearly 180¡, ending on the east side of the galaxy. A vague outer arm is at the south edge
of the halo; it was visible as a low surface brightness extension to the
southwest.
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly bright, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.8', fairly high surface
brightness, broadly concentrated halo, core appears rounder, no nucleus, mottled
texture. This galaxy is slightly
larger and brighter of a striking interacting pair, almost in contact with NGC
3396 at the NNE end 1.6' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3395 = H I-116 = h765, along with NGC 3396, on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep
487) and recorded "Two, the 1st [NGC 3395] cB, the 2nd [NGC 3396] pB. The 1st cL, the 2nd pL. Both a little and irr E. Their extent makes an angle, the vertex
of which is towards the north about 1' from each other at the vertex."
R.J. Mitchell
sketched the pair on 9 Feb 1855 and it was included in the LdR 1861
publication. His description reads
"[NGC 3395] is, I think, a spiral with a left-handed twist; immediately
foll it is [NGC 3396], which is B and well defined, E pf. I suspect F neby extending from 3395
and running up throiugh 3396."
The sketch showes a spiral arm wrapping 270¡ counterclockwise from the
north, east and south side, ending west of the core.
Stephane Javelle
found the galaxy on 13 May 1896 but made a sign error in the RA offset from his
comparison star. So, Dreyer
assumed it was new as catalogued it again as IC 2613. IC 2605, discovered by Bigourdan on 11 Apr 1899, apparently
refers to the southwest spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 3396 = Arp
270 NED2 = VV 246a = Holm 215b = UGC 5935 = MCG +06-24-018 = CGCG 184-019 = LGG
218-003 = PGC 32434
10 49 55.2 +32
59 27
V = 12.1; Size 3.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 100d
48"
(5/4/16): NGC 3396 is the eastern member of a striking interacting double
system (Arp 270 = VV 246) with NGC 3395 1.2' SW. At 375x, it appeared bright, very elongated ~3:1 E-W,
~1.5'x0.5', contains a very bright small core and quasi-stellar nucleus that's
offset to the west side of the galaxy.
A much lower surface brightness glow extends east from the main body and
appears slightly offset or bent in orientation to the main part of the
galaxy. The galaxy is virtually
merged with NGC 3395 on the west end.
17.5"
(3/12/94): moderately bright, very
elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.3', brighter along the major axis, sharply
concentrated with a high surface brightness core. Forms a prominent double system with NGC 3395 almost
attached just south of the west end!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3396 = H I-117 = h766, along with NGC 3395, on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep
487). See notes on NGC 3395.
******************************
NGC 3397 = NGC
3329 = UGC 5837 = MCG +13-08-033 = CGCG 351-034 = PGC 32059
10 44 39.4 +76
48 35
See observing
notes for NGC 3329.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3397 = H I-284 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "cB,
vS, iF." This is one of 15 far northern galaxies with large systematic
errors. The corrected position
using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 5837 and Dreyer repeated
this position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
JH independently
discovered this galaxy on on 2 Sep 1828 and described h733 as "pB; irreg
R; psmbM; 15"." His
position (measured 3 times) clearly shows NGC 3397 (H I-284) = NGC 3329 (h733). The primary designation for this galaxy
is NGC 3329, despite the earlier discovery by WH.
******************************
NGC 3398 = IC
644 = UGC 5954 = MCG +09-18-038 = CGCG 267-018 = PGC 32564
10 51 31.5 +55
23 27
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 78d
17.5"
(4/22/95): brighter of a pair of galaxies oriented N-S. NGC 3398 is a faint, narrow edge-on
streak 4:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.25'. IC
646, 4.6' NNE, is very faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 0.5'x0.4'. Located 4.7' NW of mag 8.1 SAO 27802.
Some catalogues
refer to this galaxy as IC 644.
UGC 5976 (identified as NGC 3398 in CGCG and UGC) lies 13' NNE (see
observation).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3398 = H III-792 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 922) and logged "vF,
S, E 20 deg sp nf, easily resolvable". His re-reduced position with respect to 44 UMa is 10
51 27 +55 25.2 (2000), which is 5 tsec west and 1.5' north of UGC 5954.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy again on 8 May 1890 and reported it in list Sw. IX-24 (later
IC 644). UGC, CGCG and RC3 label
this galaxy IC 644.
CGCG and UGC
misidentify UGC 5987 as NGC 3398 and the RC3 misidentifies IC 646 = MCG
+09-18-039 as NGC 3398. The correct identification is given in
MCG. See UGC notes for NGC 3398
and Harold Corwin's identification notes for a complete analysis.
******************************
NGC 3399 = MCG
+03-28-012 = CGCG 095-031 = PGC 32395
10 49 27.6 +16
13 06
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x1.5'
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, small, round, very small bright core. Forms a pair with double system NGC
3405 4.0' ENE. Located near one
corner of an asterism of mag 13-14 stars in a rectangular outline with a mag 13
star 50" WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3399 = m 205 on 1 Apr 1864 and noted "F, vS". There is nothing at his position, but
1.0 min of RA preceding is CGCG 095-031 = PGC 32395. Marth made a similar error with NGC 3405, located 4' ENE.
******************************
NGC 3400 = UGC
5949 = MCG +05-26-020 = CGCG 155-025 = PGC 32499
10 50 45.5 +28
28 09
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.7'. Fairly even concentration to a small
bright core and stellar nucleus.
Located 6.2' WSW of mag 9.1 SAO 81552.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3400 = H II-361 = h768 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and simply
noted "F". JH made 3
observations and his mean position matches UGC 5949.
******************************
NGC 3401
10 50 24 +05 48
=Not found,
RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3401 = H III-88 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and noted "Suspected
but did not verify it, as I would lose no time in this place." Dreyer commented in the 1912
"Scientific Papers of WH" that this nebula was "only seen in Sw.
191; place in NGC is that of Auwers from 56 Leonis. In the sweep it is 1m 9 sec p, 3' n of II 131 = NGC
3423." See Corwin's
identification notes and Jeff Corder's observation.
******************************
NGC 3402 = NGC
3411? = MCG -02-28-012 = PGC 32479
10 50 26.1 -12
50 43
See observing
notes for NGC 3411, HC.
Misidentified in the RNGC.
Andrew Ainslie
Common found NGC 3402 in 1880 with his 36-inch reflector. There is nothing at his position, but
10 sec of RA east and 10' south is NGC 3411. This galaxy was discovered by WH on 25 Mar 1786. RNGC misidentifies PGC 32444 (a much
fainter galaxy) as NGC 3402. See
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3403 = UGC
5997 = MCG +12-10-089 = CGCG 333-062 = CGCG 334-004 = PGC 32719
10 53 55.1 +73
41 24
V = 12.2; Size 3.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 73d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, weakly
concentrated. A mag 12.5 star is
3.1' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3403 = H II-335 = h767 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"pF, cL, iE." JH
reported "pF; L; E; vgbM; 60" l, 40" br."
******************************
NGC 3404 = MCG
-02-28-011 = IC 2609 = PGC 32466
10 50 17.9 -12
06 30
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 84d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, edge-on 4:1 ~E-W, 1.4'x0.3', bright core. NGC 3421 lies 23' SW and NGC 3422.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3404 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered-glass reflector. There is nothing at his position but
15' south is MCG -02-28-011 and his description of "pB, very long, pos 270
deg [E-W]" is a good match with this galaxy.
Guillaume
Bigourdan independently found this galaxy on 19 Apr 1898, placed it correctly,
and it was catalogued again as IC 2609 = Big. 403. So, NGC 3404 = IC 2609, with discovery to Common. MCG labels the galaxy IC 2609. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3405 = UGC
5933 = MCG +03-28-014 = CGCG 095-033 = PGC 32414
10 49 43.3 +16 14
19
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x1.0'
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small.
At first glance appeared elongated 3:2 SW-NE but on closer inspection
resolves into a very close pair of small faint galaxies with a 20"
separation between centers. The
brighter component (NGC 3405) is at the southwest end and is very small and
round. The fainter member (MCG
+03-28-015) is just barely separated at the northeast side. NGC 3399 lies 4.0' WSW. Forms an perfect equilateral triangle
with two mag 13 stars 1.7' SW and 1.7' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3405 = m 206 on 1 Apr 1864 and noted "F, eS, alm stell,
close to S*." Marth's
position is 1.0 tmin east of UGC 5933.
The same offet error was made with NGCC 3399. This is a double system; 0.7' x 0.7' + 0.2' x 0.2', with a
separation of 0.35' SW-NE.
******************************
NGC 3406 = UGC
5970 = MCG +09-18-040 = CGCG 297-020 = Holm 271a = PGC 32580
10 51 44.2 +51
01 26
V = 12.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(4/22/95): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE. Appears to be a double system with a
very small bright core and stellar nucleus offset at the southwest end and a
faint extension to the northeast of this core (verified on the POSS).
Located in a
field with several mag 11 stars and situated between mag 9 SAO 277806 8' NE and
mag 8.9 SAO 27796 4.8' SW. Forms a
close pair with NGC 3410 1.8' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3406 = h771 on 17 Feb 1831 and recorded "pB; 2nd class; R;
pgbM; among many stars. His
position matches UGC 5970.
C.E. Burton,
LdR's observer on 17 Mar 1868, recorded "Suspected to be triple, principal
Nucl being double in direction sp nf, B point in p edge of sp part. Neby susp from this p with a 3rd knot
in it." On 1 Apr 1878 Dreyer
observed the field again, discovered nearby NGC 3410, and noted "preceding
one [NGC 3406] pB, pL irr R gmbM.
2 points of condensation, brighter one sp centre..." The fainter northeast nucleus is the
merged companion LEDA 93106, though for some reason Dreyer didn't even note the
galaxy as double in the NGC description.
******************************
NGC 3407 = UGC
5978 = MCG +10-16-017 = CGCG 291-007 = PGC 32626
10 52 17.9 +61
22 46
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, small bright
core. A mag 14 star just 1.1' NNE
is collinear with the major axis of the galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3407 = H III-919 = h769 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and recorded
"vF, vS, near a vS star. JH
noted "eF; S; R; 6"." and his position matches UGC 5978.
******************************
NGC 3408 = UGC
5977 = MCG +10-16-016 = CGCG 291-006 = PGC 32616
10 52 11.7 +58
26 18
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 175d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, small, round, broad concentration, diffuse, no sharp edges or
nucleus. A mag 15 star is 1.6'
NE. Located 4.2' NNE of mag 8.8
SAO 27804.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3408 = H III-913 = h770 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"vF, vS." His RA, which
I rereduced, is 15 sec too small.
JH recorded "vF; S; R: is north of 2 pB stars forming an isosceles
triangle." His position is
within 1' of UGC 5977.
******************************
NGC 3409 = MCG
-03-28-012 = PGC 32470
10 50 20.3 -17
02 37
V = 15.0; Size 1.1'x0.25'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 9d
18"
(3/11/07): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S,
0.5'x0.15'. A faint star is just
west of the south end of the galaxy.
Located 12' NNE of NGC 3420 and 13' WSW of NGC 3431 which are both
brighter galaxies.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3409 = LM II-426 (along with NGC 3420 and NGC 3431)
in 1886 and recorded "mag 16.0, 0.3' dia, E 200¡, 2 vF st inv in eF neb
". His position and PA of 20¡ matches MCG -03-28-012 = PGC 32470.
******************************
NGC 3410 = MCG
+09-18-042 = CGCG 267-021 = Holm 217b = PGC 32594
10 51 53.5 +51
00 23
V = 14.1; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness, no
concentration. A mag 14 star is 2'
SSE. Located 1.8' SE of double
system NGC 3406.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 3410 on 1 Apr 1878 while
observing GC 2222 = NGC 3406. He
reported "2 neb, pos 121.6¡, dist 115.2". The actual separation is ~110" and the
identification with MCG +09-18-042 is certain.
******************************
NGC 3411 = NGC
3402? = MCG -02-28-012 = PGC 32479
10 50 26.1 -12
50 43
V = 11.9; Size 2.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(3/29/03): at 257x, moderately bright, moderately large, round, small brighter
core, 1.0' diameter. A line of 3
mag 14 stars is close west. Forms
a pair with IC 647 2.1' ESE. At
300x this tiny companion appeared very faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter, required averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3411 = H III-522 = h776 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 545) and recorded
"cF, S, lbM, iR." His
position matches MCG -02-28-012 = PGC 32479. Andrew Common's NGC 3402 is probably a duplicate observation
of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3412 = UGC
5952 = MCG +02-28-016 = CGCG 066-038 = PGC 32508
10 50 53.3 +13
24 43
V = 10.5; Size 3.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/9/94): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 3.0'x1.5', smooth halo,
sharply concentrated with a striking bright core. The core is evenly concentrated to an almost stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is at the
NE edge of the halo 1.4' N of center.
Member of the Leo Group = M96 Group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3412 = H I-27 = h774 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"pB, S, lE. It seems to have
a nucleus or very bright place in the middle." JH made two observations, noting (sweep 241), "B; R;
vsmbM almost to a *; 30" dia."
******************************
NGC 3413 = UGC
5960 = MCG +06-24-024 = CGCG 184-027 = Holm 218c = PGC 32543
10 51 20.8 +32
45 58
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 178d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.4'x0.7', broad
concentration, no nucleus. First
of three in the field with NGC 3424 9.6' NE and NGC 3430 15' NE. The NGC 3395/NGC 3396 pair lies 20' NW. Member of the NGC 3395 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3413 = H II-493 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and noted "F,
S." CH's reduced position is
20 sec of RA east of UGC 5960. The
NGC position from d'Arrest is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3414 = Arp
162 = UGC 5959 = MCG +05-26-021 = CGCG 155-029 = PGC 32533
10 51 16.3 +27
58 30
V = 11.0; Size 3.5'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
13.1"
(3/24/84): bright, slightly elongated ~N-S, small bright nucleus, fairly
small. Forms a pair with NGC 3418
8.5' NNE. Located 18' E of 44
Leonis (V = 5.6).
8": faint,
slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3414 = H II-362 = h773 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and note
"pB, pL." JH made four
observations (h773) and 8 observations were made at Birr Castle.
Bindon Stoney,
using LdR's 72" on 6 Mar 1851, noted "Another neb eF, S. 2'
np." Again on 23 Feb 1857 as
well as 22 Mar 1857, R.J. Mitchell mentioned "about 1' np is vvF neb?
lE." and "about 1.5' np [NGC 3414] there is a vvF patch of
neby." These observations
clearly refer to 2MASX J10511304+2800221 = PGC 93597, although it was not
assigned a GC or NGC designation!
******************************
NGC 3415 = UGC
5969 = MCG +07-22-072 = CGCG 212-062 = CGCG 213-001 = PGC 32579
10 51 42.7 +43
42 44
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright but fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, small bright
core, fairly high surface brightness overall. Three mag 12 stars to the south form an equilateral triangle
with the nearest star 56" S.
Forms a pair with NGC 3416 3' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3415 = H II-718 = h772 on 15 Jan 1788 (sweep 800) and logged
"F, S, stellar; the np corner of a small trapezium." His position and description matches
UGC 5969.
******************************
NGC 3416 = MCG
+07-22-073 = CGCG 212-063 = CGCG 213-002 = PGC 32588
10 51 48.3 +43
45 51
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/6/91): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. Forms a close pair with NGC 3415 3'
SSW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3416 on 30 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72", while observing NGC
3415. He noted "[NGC 3415 is]
elongated N-S, another neb [NGC 3416] north of it, about 3' dist." At this
position is CGCG 212-063 = PGC 32588.
Interestingly, Dreyer's observation on 13 Apr 1876 observation states
"[N3416] is about 6' nnf, eF, eS, but is only a star." There is a faint star at this
separation, so he may have missed NGC 3416.
******************************
NGC 3417 = CGCG
066-039 = PGC 32520
10 51 01.7 +08
28 25
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.4'; PA = 85d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.4'x0.25', slightly brighter
core. Located 8' SW of NGC 3425.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3417 = m 207 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS, alm
stell." His position matches
CGCG 066-039 = PGC 32520. Tempel
found NGC 3427 to the southeast as well reobserving NGC 3425, but missed this
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3418 = UGC
5963 = MCG +05-26-023 = CGCG 155-030 = PGC 32549
10 51 24.0 +28
06 43
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 75d
13.1"
(3/24/84): faint, slightly elongated, diffuse, even surface brightness, held
steadily with averted. Located
8.5' NNE of NGC 3414.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3418 = H II-363 = h775 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, S." JH made four
observations and the LdR assistants recorded this galaxy on 5 nights.
******************************
NGC 3419 = UGC
5964 = MCG +02-28-018 = CGCG 066-041 = PGC 32535
10 51 17.8 +13
56 45
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 115d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, brighter core. Forms the southwest vertex of a
triangle with two mag 14 stars 1.5' N and 1.3' ESE. Pair with NGC 3419A = UGC 5965 4.7' N (not seen).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3419 = m 208 on 1 Apr 1864 and recorded "F, vS, R, alm
stell, close to a small star." Wilhelm Tempel independently discovered the
galaxy on 15 Mar 1876 and noted in list I-27, "F, S, class III, forms an
obtuse triangle with the stars."
A micrometric position was published in list V-7. The NGC position matches UGC 5964.
The original
discovery, though, was made by WH on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and noted as
"vF, vS, most likely a small patch." His position (CH's reduction) is 2.7' southwest of the
galaxy. As the observation was
uncertain, it was never published and he was not credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3420 = MCG
-03-28-011 = PGC 32453
10 50 09.7 -17
14 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 30d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, small, round, very low surface brightness halo is
difficult. Contains a
15"-20" core that is weakly concentrated surrounded by a hint of an
larger halo. NGC 3431 is 21' NE
and NGC 3409 lies 12' NNE. This
group is located about 0.9 degrees SSE of 3.1-magnitude Nu Hydrae.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3420 = LM II-427 (along with NGC 3409 and NGC 3431)
in 1886 and recorded "mag 15.4, 0.2' dia, R, *8.5 6' S.". His position is 30 sec of RA west of
MCG -03-28-011 = PGC 32453 and the description matches (a mag 9.8 star is 5'
south). Herbert Howe's micrometric
position measured in 1899-00 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3421 = IC
652 = MCG -02-28-013 = PGC 32514
10 50 57.6 -12
26 55
V = 13.7; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 175d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Possibly viewed the core only. Forms a pair with NGC 3422 5.5' NE. NGC 3422 lies 23' NW and NGC 3411/IC 647
is 25' SSW.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3421 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered glass reflector and noted
"Two, F, R". His (rough)
position is 13' north of MCG -02-28-013 and this galaxy has a companion (NGC
3422 = MCG -02-28-015) at 5.5' NE.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position (given in the IC 2 Notes
section).
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered the galaxy on 19 Apr 1892 and recorded it in list
1-187 (IC 652), but Dreyer didn't catch the equivalence as Javelle's position
was also poor (he misidentified his offset star), but NGC 3421 = IC 652. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3422 = MCG
-02-28-015 = PGC 32534
10 51 17.3 -12
24 09
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 54d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (viewed core
only). A mag 10.3 star is 42"
SSW of center, just off the SW end.
Forms a pair with NGC 3421 5.5' SW. NGC 3404 lies 23' NW and NGC 3411 29' SSW.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3422 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered glass reflector, along
with NGC 3421. The pair were
simply noted as "Two, F, R".
There is nothing at his position, but 13' south is the pair MCG
-02-28-013 (NGC 3421) and MCG -02-28-015 (NGC 3422). Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor in
Denver around the turn of the century, could not recover NGC 3422, although he
viewed brighter NGC 3421.
******************************
NGC 3423 = UGC
5962 = MCG +01-28-012 = CGCG 038-029 = PGC 32529
10 51 14.3 +05
50 24
V = 11.1; Size 3.8'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10d
48"
(4/16/15): very bright, large, slightly elongated SW-NE, ~3'x2.5', large bright
core. A mag 15.8 star is superimposed on the SSW side, 1.2' from center. Spiral structure is evident at 488x,
particularly along a curving outer arm running from clockwise from east to
north. This arm contains three HII
knots.
An obvious faint
knot, 8"-10" diameter, is at the north end 1.1' from center. The brightest knot is at the northeast
end of the halo 1.1' from center, and it appeared fairly faint/faint, round,
12" diameter. The faintest
knot (SDSS J105118.10+055024.7) is directly east of center by 1.0' and noted as
very faint, round, 6" diameter.
In addition to these three, a 4th knot is due south of center by
0.6'. This HII region was very
faint, round, 8" diameter.
Two additional
objects were seen just off the south side of NGC 3423, but these are separate
galaxies. 2MASX J10511769+0548323,
situated 2.0' SE of the center, is fairly faint to moderately bright (V =
15.7), small, round, moderate surface brightness, 15" diameter. 2MASX
J10511769+0548323, 2.0' S of center, is very faint (V = 17.1), very small,
~9"x6" SW-NE. This
latter galaxy has a redshift of z = .069 and lies far in the background at a
light-travel time of ~920 million years.
17.5" (4/6/91):
moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 3'x2', fairly low
surface brightness, elongated bright core appears offset to the west. Has a faint halo which seems more
extensive to the east of the core.
Two mag 12/13 stars are off the NE edge with the mag 12 star 2.4' from
the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3423 = H IV-6 = H II-131 = h777 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 157) and
recorded IV-6 as "F, L, cometic with a bright point in the center. The nebulous part is eF." His RA (CH's reduction) is 30 sec too
large. He found the nebula again on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged II-131
as "pB, vL, almost R, lbM, r."
The RA on this sweep was 1 min too large and 5' too far south. Another observation was made on 2 Feb
1786 (sweep 521): "pB, vL, R, vgbM, about 5' dia."
JH made 3
observations under h777, measured an accurate position and equated his father's
two entries, though mistakenly included III-88 (NGC 3401). While compiling the
NGC, Dreyer sorted out the identities IV-6 = II-131 = h777 = NGC 3423.
Bindon Stoney, observing
on 7 Mar 1851 at Birr Castle, noted "2 knots [HII regions] on n
side." On the 29 Mar 1856
observation, R.J. Mitchell noted a "star in the south edge, another
fainter in f edge, 2 knots in n edge.
I think it is resolvable."
******************************
NGC 3424 = UGC
5972 = MCG +06-24-025 = CGCG 184-028 = Holm 218a = PGC 32584
10 51 46.7 +32
53 59
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 112d
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
2.1'x0.7'. A mag 13.5 is
superimposed at the east edge and a brighter mag 11.5 star is 1.4' SE of
center. Forms a striking pair with
NGC 3430 6.0' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3424 = H II-494 = h778 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and recorded
"pB, pL, iR." CH's
reduced position is 8 sec of RA west of UGC 5972. JH noted "B; E in a
wisp; the sp of 2 [with NGC 3420].
On a later sweep he called the galaxy "faint".
******************************
NGC 3425 = NGC
3388? = UGC 5967 = MCG +02-28-021 = CGCG 066-044 = PGC 32555
10 51 25.5 +08
34 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, stellar nucleus. Forms an equilateral triangle with a
mag 10 star 2.3' SE and a mag 11 star 2.7' SSW. NGC 3417 lies 8' SW.
17.5"
(4/15/99): faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak concentration. View hampered by a mag 10 star 2.2'
SE. This star is collinear with
two mag 11/13 stars to the WSW. A
faint companion off the south side was not noticed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3425 = H III-108 = T I-28 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 197) and noted
"eF, eS, r." There is
nothing at his position, but 30 sec of RA west and 3' north is UGC 5967 = PGC
32555.
Wilhelm Tempel
couldn't find H III-108 at H's position in 1877, but instead found two nebulae
and assumed one was Herschel's III-108.
Dreyer chose the slightly brighter northern nebula as III-108 and
catalogued T I-29 as NGC 3427.
Andrew Common's NGC 3388 (found in 1880) may be a duplicate observation
of NGC 3425 (equivalence suggested by Harold Corwin).
******************************
NGC 3426 = UGC
5975 = MCG +03-28-020 = CGCG 095-046 = PGC 32577
10 51 41.8 +18
28 50
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, small, round, sharply defined 30" halo, well
concentrated to a small bright core.
A wide pair of mag 11.5-12 stars (1.0' separation) are 2.2' and 2.8' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3426 = Sw VI-37 on 23 Mar 1887 and recorded "pF; S; R:
coarse double star near north."
His position is 7 sec of RA preceding UGC 5975 and his description of a
"coarse double star near N" clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 3427 = UGC
5966 = MCG +02-28-020 = CGCG 066-043 = Todd 4 = PGC 32559
10 51 26.3 +08
17 55
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 77d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, small brighter
core. Situated just south of the
line connecting a mag 11.9 star 1.7' ENE and a mag 12.5 star 2.3' W. NGC 3417 lies 12' NW.
17.5"
(4/15/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE,
40"x20", slightly brighter core, faint stellar nucleus. With averted vision the halo increases
to nearly 1.0'x0.5'. Nestled in a
10' stream of stars oriented NW-SE between a mag 12 star 1.7' NE and a mag 12.5
star 2.3' W. NGC 3425 lies 16' due
north.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3427 = T I-29 in 1877, while searching for H III-108 = NGC
3425. He ran across two nebulae,
one of which was NGC 3425 and the other was new. His position is 2' too far
south.
David Todd
independently discovered this galaxy on 11 Nov 1877 and listed it as object #4
in AN 2698 during his search for a trans-Neptunian planet. The surrounding field stars match this
galaxy. Tempel didn't give a
specific date in list I, so either Tempel or Todd could be the discoverer.
******************************
NGC 3428 = NGC
3429? = UGC 5968 = MCG +02-28-022 = CGCG 066-045 = PGC 32552
10 51 29.5 +09
16 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 0.6'x0.4', weak
concentration. Located 5' NE of
mag 7.9 SAO 118535.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3428 = m 209 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, S, lE,
glbM." His position matches
UGC 5968. The MCG declination has
a typo, being 20' too far north.
Ainslie Common
probably found this galaxy again in 1880 with his 36" reflector. See NGC
3429.
******************************
NGC 3429 = NGC
3428? = UGC 5968 = MCG +02-28-022 = CGCG 066-045 = PGC 32552
10 51 29.5 +09
16 46
See observing
notes for NGC 3428. Identification
uncertain.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3429 in 1880 using his 36-inch silvered glass
reflector. His position is just 3
sec of RA east and 1' south of NGC 3428, which was discoverd by Marth on 25 Mar
1865. So, likely NGC 3429 is a
duplicate observation of this galaxy.
RNGC
misidentifies PGC 32510 as NGC 3429.
This is a much fainter galaxy 8' WSW as NGC 3429. Alister Ling and Harold Corwin feel the
RNGC identification is unlikely and Common more likely recorded NGC 3428, the
brighter of the pair.
******************************
NGC 3430 = UGC
5982 = MCG +06-24-026 = CGCG 184-029 = Holm 218b = PGC 32614
10 52 11.7 +32
56 59
V = 11.6; Size 4.0'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 3.0'x1.5',
only a weak broad concentration. A
mag 14.5 star is off the south side 1.4' SE from the center. Three bright stars are in the field;
mag 8.6 SAO 62287 6.0' NNW, mag 7.5 SAO 62291 6.6' ENE and mag 9.1 SAO 62293
7.8' ENE. Forms a striking pair
with NGC 3424 6.0' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3430 = H I-118 = h779 = 782 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and
recorded "cB, cL, iR, mbB."
There was apparently an error of 1 degree with his offset from 46 UMa as
NGC 3424 was the previous object in the sweep, so both would have been picked
up together.
JH found NGC
3430 = h779 on 6 Mar 1828, logged it as a Nova with description "B; L; E;
gbM; the nf of 2 [with NGC 3424]."
Still looking for his father's I-118, he recorded it again as h782 on 3
Apr 1831 as a "Nova or I. 118" and described "B; L; the nf of 3
on a line [with NGC 3413 and NGC 3424].
The neb may possibly be I. II8 as none exists in the place indicated by
my Father." JH added
designations for both of his observations in the GC, as well as one for his
Father's I-118. He has a long note
in the GC that there was probaby a one degree error in his father's sweep. By the time of the NGC, Dreyer sorted
things out and equated NGC 3430 = I-118 with GC 2236 and 2239, though 2233 is
also an alias.
******************************
NGC 3431 = MCG
-03-28-014 = PGC 32531
10 51 15.0 -17
00 29
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 130d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.25', weak
concentration. A mag 13 star lies
1' NE and a similar star 2.8' SSW.
NGC 3409 lies 13' WSW while NGC 3420 is 21' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3431 = LM II-428 on 5 Jan 1887 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander-McCormick Observatory. His position and description (mag 15.0, 0.6'x0.2', E 130¡,
gbsbMN) matches MCG -03-28-014 = PGC 32531.
******************************
NGC 3432 = Arp
206 = VV 11 = UGC 5986 = MCG +06-24-028 = CGCG 184-030 = PGC 32643
10 52 31.0 +36
37 09
V = 11.3; Size 6.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 38d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly bright, large, edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, 3'x0.5. Irregular surface brightness and
fainter on the southwest end.
Appears to have a sharper light cut-off on the north side (due to
dust?). A mag 12.5 star is
48" E of center and two mag 12/13 star are very close to the southwest tip
1.4' from center. The galaxy
appears asymmetric and brightest just north of the mag 12.5 star near the core
[this corresponds to an HII complex].
A very weak enhancement [this is the core] is close west-southwest of
this star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3432 = H I-172 = h780 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 719) and recorded
"cB, about 2' long and 1/2' broad from sp to nf. In the preceding part a few stars pretty close together, and
in the following part one, but unconnected." His position matches UGC
5986.
JH recorded
(sweep 331) "pB; vmE; 90" l, 12" br; pos = 44.2¡ It southern extremity touches the large
star of a double star [at the south end].
Can thisnebula have moved?"
On sweep 401, he logged "vF; a long ray pos = 40.8¡; has a double
star class 4 in middle, and one more." But the star at the east edge of the middle is only
single. Rudolph Spitaler measured
the position of a knot or HII region at the northeast end in an observation at
Vienna in 1891.
Friedrich
Bidschof measured two micrometric positions at the Vienna Observatory in Feb
1892 - one for the center or core and a second at a knot (HII complex) I
mentioned in my notes.
******************************
NGC 3433 = UGC
5981 = MCG +02-28-023 = CGCG 066-048 = PGC 32605
10 52 03.9 +10
08 54
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 50d
24"
(2/22/14): moderately bright, large, irregularly round, 2.5'x2.0', fairly low
surface brightness, weak even concentration to small, slightly bright core and
a faint stellar nucleus. Appears
to be a face-on spiral, though too faint to resolve the arms. A mag 9.6 star is 8.5' E and 6' further
NE of this star is NGC 3444.
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, diffuse, weak concentration,
slightly elongated. NGC 3438 lies
25' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3433 = H III-20 = h783 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and noted as
"vF, r[esolvable]".
There is nothing at his position, but 1 min of RA east and 2' N is UGC
5981 = PGC 32605. JH recorded
"eF; vL; R; vglbM; 2' diam." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3434 = UGC
5980 = MCG +01-28-015 = CGCG 038-036 = PGC 32595
10 51 58.1 +03
47 31
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/25/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, ~1.3'x1.0'. Located 4.6' NW of mag 9 SAO 118551.
Contains a large, brighter, elongated core with a much fainter outer halo which
grows with averted vision. A mag
14 star lies 1.3' NNE of center.
Brightest in
close trio with CGCG 38-37 2.7' N and CGCG 38-35 2.4' WSW. CGCG 38-37 appeared extremely faint and
small, round, required averted to glimpse. Located 2.7' N of NGC 3434 and 1.5' N of a mag 14 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3434 = H III-497 = h784 on 27 Jan 1786 (sweep 513) and recorded
"cF, S, R, vlbM." His
position is at the north edge of UGC 5980. JH logged "pB; R; vglbM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 3435 = UGC
6025 = MCG +10-16-022 = CGCG 291-012 = PGC 32786
10 54 48.4 +61
17 23
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3435 = H II-887 = h781 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"F, pL, bM, iF." His
position is 3.8' southwest of UGC 6025 (similar offset as NGC 3407, the
previous object in the sweep).
JH's position is 1.0 tmin too far west and this error was copied into GC
and NGC.
******************************
NGC 3436 = MCG
+01-28-016 = CGCG 038-039 = Mrk 1266 = Todd 6 = PGC 32633
10 52 27.5 +08
05 38
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'
17.5"
(4/15/99): very faint, very small, irregular. Sometimes I had the impression that a very faint star was
superimposed. Located 7' S of mag
8.5 SAO 118552.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3436 = Todd 6 on 30 Nov 1877 (AN 2698) using the 26-inch Clark
refractor at the USNO during his search of a trans-Neptunian planet. There is nothing at his very rough
position, but based on Todd's sketch, Corwin was able to identify NGC 3436 as
CGCG 038-039. This galaxy is
located 2.2 min of RA following Todd's position and 9' north. The offsets with the stars he sketched
to the east and west are a perfect match with this galaxy.
RNGC places NGC
3426 at 10 42.4 +07 56 (2000) or 8.9 min west of Todd's position. There is
nothing at this location in CGCG, MCG or RC3 and I couldn't identify any object
at this position on the DSS!
I mentioned this error in RNGC Corrections #6.
******************************
NGC 3437 = UGC
5995 = MCG +04-26-016 = CGCG 125-013 = PGC 32648
10 52 35.7 +22
56 04
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 122d
17.5"
(2/8/91): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
2.4'x0.8'. Two mag 14 stars are
near the NW end collinear with the major axis and a mag 13.5 star is off the SW
side 3.0' from center. Slightly
brighter at the SE end and also just west of the weak core. Appears slightly bowed out on the north
side and flatter on the south side.
There is a sharp light cutoff along the north side with a strong
impression of a dust lane.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly faint, small, very elongated NW-SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3437 = H II-47 = h786 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and recorded
"pL, E, r." I think I
can distinguish 3 or 4 stars in it, towards the middle, and in a
row." CH's reduced position
is 11 sec of RA east and 1' north of UGC 5995. JH made three observations and measured an accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 3438 = UGC
5988 = MCG +02-28-025 = CGCG 066-052 = PGC 32638
10 52 26.0 +10
32 50
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.0' SE. NGC 3433 lies 25' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3438 = m 210 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, eS, alm
stell." His position
corresponds with UGC 5988.
******************************
NGC 3439 = CGCG
066-050 = PGC 32634
10 52 25.7 +08
33 27
V = 14.2; Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5"
(4/15/99): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"
diameter. This galaxy was
surprisingly faint and required averted and could not hold steadily. A mag 12 star lies 2.8' S. Located 15' E of NGC 3425.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3439 = m 211 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eeF, vS, alm stell." His position corresponds with CGCG
066-050 = PGC 32634.
******************************
NGC 3440 = UGC
6009 = MCG +10-16-019 = CGCG 291-009 = PGC 32714
10 53 49.6 +57
07 08
V = 13.2; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 48d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, small, very elongated SW-NE, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 3445 10.0' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3440 = H III-914 = h785 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"vF, S, lE." JH gave no
description, but his position matches UGC 6009.
******************************
NGC 3441 = UGC
5993 = MCG +01-28-017 = CGCG 038-040 = PGC 32642
10 52 31.1 +07
13 30
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 5d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, 0.8'x0.5', very weak
concentration. A mag 14 star lies
1.2' NE. Located 4.9' W of mag 8.7
SAO 118560.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3441 on 6 Apr 1882 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory in Madison, Wisconsin. He simply noted "pB", but his position is fairly
accurate (1' south of UGC 5993).
******************************
NGC 3442 = UGC
6001 = CGCG 184-034 = Mrk 418 = PGC 32679
10 53 08.1 +33
54 36
V = 13.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, small round, 25" diameter, fairly high surface
brightness. Even concentration but
no well-defined core or nucleus. A
mag 14 star is 1.9' SE. Forms a
pair with MCG +06-24-034 8.5' NE. A mag 10 star is 7' ESE. Located south and west of several
bright stars including 18' S of 46 Leonis Minoris (V = 3.8).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3442 = St XIII-59 on 25 Mar 1884 and noted "F, vS, R, mbM,
r?" His position matches UGC
6001.
******************************
NGC 3443 = UGC
6000 = MCG +03-28-025 = CGCG 095-056 = PGC 32671
10 53 00.4 +17
34 30
V = 13.1; Size 2.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 145d
24"
(2/22/14): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5', low
surface brightness halo with a small brighter core. A mag 13-13.5 star is 1.6'
E. NGC 3454/3455 pair is ~26' SE
and NGC 3457 is a similar distance E.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, small very
bright core, substellar nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3443 = Sw VI-38 on 24 Apr 1887 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and noted "eeF; vS; R." His RA is just 8 sec west of UGC 6000 = PGC 32671, but his
declination is 8.3' too far south.
Furthermore, his description doesn't add any information about the
field. But there are no other
nearby candidates, so this identification is the most likely.
******************************
NGC 3444 = UGC
6004 = CGCG 066-055 = FGC 1148 = PGC 32670
10 53 00.1 +10
12 32
V = 14.7; Size 1.1'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 19d
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x appeared faint, small, edge-on 3:1 SSW-NNE,
21"x7", low even surface brightness, not difficult. Located 6' NE of a mag 9.6 star and 14'
ENE of NGC 3433.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3444 = m 212 on 25 Mar 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
commented "eF, vS, pmE".
His position is 1' south of UGC 6004 and the description "pmE"
applies to this edge-on.
******************************
NGC 3445 = Arp
24 = VV 14a = UGC 6021 = MCG +10-16-023 = CGCG 291-011 = PGC 32772
10 54 35.9 +56
59 24
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
48"
(5/16/12): bright, moderately large, very irregular shape, roughly 1.2' diameter. The brightest portion of the galaxy is
on the north and east side and is very mottled with slightly brighter knots (a
couple are on the east end).
Attached on the west side and spreading further south is a spiral arm,
appearing more like a diffuse extension.
This "arm" fades out on the southeast side of the galaxy and
just beyond is MCG +10-16-24, 1.2' SE of center. This interacting companion appeared faint to fairly faint,
elongated 5:2 E-W, 20"x8".
2MASX J10544552+5659588 lies 1.5' ENE, between the main galaxy and a mag
10.3 star just 2.2' NE of NGC 3445.
It appeared faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. The bright star detracted somewhat from
viewing the fainter companions.
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, broad
concentration, bright core.
Located 2.2' SW of a mag 10 star.
Brightest in a group with NGC 3458 13.9' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3445 = H I-267 = h787 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and recorded
"cB, pL, iR, about 1 1/4' dia.
The greatest part of it almost equally bright." JH described
"pB; L; R; vglbM; has a star 10m 2' nf." His position is accurate.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 30 Mar 1856, recorded "[NGC 3445] is very
curious, it is round with bright nucleus excentric and a dark curved passage sp
this nucleus as in sketch. [See
Plate III, fig 6]. The neby
outside this dark curve runs up perhaps to a streak sf which is vF, but of the
existence of which I have doubt."
The "streak south-following", which was displayed on the
sketch, is certainly MCG +10-16-024 = PGC 32784. It was mentioned again in the 3 Apr 1858 observation as
"a vF, S patch of neby sf."
******************************
NGC 3446 = ESO
264-SC045
10 52 07 -45 08
24
Size 7'
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 123x and 160x): ~30 stars visible in a 6' group with a mag 8.7
star at the northeast corner. The richest part is a 3'x1' group elongated NW-SE
on the northeast side of the cluster.
This subgroup includes a mag 10.6 star. An unequal mag 10.2/13 pair at 19" is on the south side
with another mag 10.5 star ~45" SW.
The brightest star in the field is mag 8.4 at ~10' NW.
The galaxy ESO
264-047 is situated just off the east side of the cluster, 2' E of the mag 10.6
star mentioned above. It appeared
very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter.
24"
(2/22/14): viewed on the meridian at an elevation of 8¡, but not an optimal
view. At 200x, mag 8.7 SAO 222386
is at the NW edge. A group of ~20
stars is south and east including four mag 10-11 stars in a 7' region. The ESO galaxy just off the east edge
was not seen. Mag 8.4 HD 94198 is
roughly 10' NW. A number of stars
are also scattered around this star including a couple of brighter ones, but
this seems like an unrelated, random gathering.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3446 = h3301 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "The chief * (9m)
of a cluster class VIII, 7' dia, not rich or comp. Stars 10...13."
Brian Skiff
gives a position of 10 52 07 -45 08.3 centered on CoD-44 6866 (mv 9.0) and suggests
a diameter of 15' if a few bright stars to the west are included, though
Herschel's "chief *" is part of a 7' group. The galaxy ESO 264-G47 is at the east side, though was
missed by Herschel. RNGC
classifies this object as non-existent.
******************************
NGC 3447 = VV
252a = UGC 6006 = MCG +03-28-027 = CGCG 095-058 = LGG 225-001 = PGC 32694
10 53 23.9 +16
46 25
V = 12.6; Size 3.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 0d
18"
(3/29/03): very faint, fairly large, very diffuse glow. Located 3' NE of mag 9.9 SAO 99342 and
nearly collinear with mag 9.1 SAO 99340 8.3' SW. This disturbed gas-rich system form a close pair with NGC
3447B = MCG +03-28-028 1.7' NE.
The companion was highly suspected at 300x but could not be confirmed
with certainty. An extremely
distant galaxy PGC 32713 (z = .086) lies 7.8' NE.
17.5"
(4/18/87): very faint, moderately large, very diffuse. Three bright stars form an isosceles
triangle to the SW; the closest is mag 9.2 SAO 9934 3.1' SW (very wide unequal
double with a mag 13 star). Forms
a double system with NGC 3447B = MCG +03-28-028 1.7' NE (not observed).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3447 = h3300 on 18 Mar 1836 and recorded "eF; vL; vgvlbM;
3' or 4' diam. Has a bright coarse
double star (9m) sp." This
galaxy is the most northerly discovery JH made from the Cape of Good Hope (four
galaxies in Leo were discovered on that date) His position and description matches UGC 6006.
******************************
NGC 3448 = Arp
205 = UGC 6024 = MCG +09-18-055 = CGCG 267-027 = PGC 32774
10 54 39.0 +54
18 19
V = 12.1; Size 5.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 65d
48"
(5/16/12): this interacting starburst galaxy appeared very bright, large, very
elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, high surface brightness, irregular shape, mottled
appearance. At the northeast end
of the galaxy is large, bright knot, ~25"x12", which is possibly the
disrupted core of the galaxy.
Occasionally an extremely faint tidal tail could be glimpsed, extending
perhaps 1.5' ENE. The beginning of
the tail near the bright knot was easily seen. At the very tip was a marginally visible galaxy, perhaps
glimpsed a couple of times. The
dim tail extends the length from 2.4' to 3.6'.
NGC 3448 is
interacting with UGC 6016, a low surface brightness dwarf galaxy, 4.1'
WSW. The companion appeared as a
faint to fairly faint, low surface brightness patch, elongated SW-NE (in the
direction of NGC 3448) , ~1.2'x0.5', no concentration.
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, halo
increases to a small bright core.
A mag 13.5 star follows 3.1' from center. An extremely faint knot is visible east of the core along
the major axis about 35" from the center. Located 19' SE of 44 Ursa Majoris (V = 5.1).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3448 = H I-233 = h788 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 922) and logged
"vF, L, E 20¡ sp to nf, r."
JH made a single observation, noting "B; mE; gbM; no nucl; 1 3/4'
l, 20" br; pos = 67¡."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 8 Mar 1856 at Birr Castle, recorded "mE, certainly dark
spaces on each side of the nucleus, but not well seen; the foll one rather more
distinct. A sketch or diagram
matches the photographic appearance with brighter knots at each ends of the
extensions.
******************************
NGC 3449 = ESO
376-025 = MCG -05-26-010 = KTS 41B = LGG 222-003 = PGC 32666
10 52 53.7 -32
55 39
V = 12.2; Size 3.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 148d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.7'x0.5'. Moderate, even concentration to a
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Located 6' NW of mag 8.5 HD 94389.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3449 = h3302 on 29 Apr 1834 and recorded "F; S; R;
15". Has a * 6.7m
sf." His position and
description matches ESO 376-025.
******************************
NGC 3450 = ESO
569-006 = MCG -03-28-004 = UGCA 218 = LGG 220-001 = PGC 32270
10 48 03.4 -20
50 57
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 128d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, moderately large, nearly round, 1.8'x1.5'. Situated between two mag 12/13 stars
3.4' N and 3.4' S. DSS reveals a
face-on symmetric barred spiral.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3450 = h3303 on 22 Mar 1835 and logged "vF; L; R; vglbM; r;
90"." There is nothing
near his position, though ESO 569-023 is exactly 3.0 min of RA east. RC3, ESO-LV and ESGC identify ESO
569-006 = PGC 32270 as NGC 3450.
This galaxy is 5.2 min of RA west of JH's position, but is a much
brighter galaxy and a better fit with the description." MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC
3450. The other objects observed
in the sweep (NGC 3514, 3528 and 3529) show no large errors in RA.
******************************
NGC 3451 = UGC
6023 = MCG +05-26-028 = CGCG 155-035 = PGC 32754
10 54 21.0 +27
14 22
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 50d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, weakly concentrated
but no core. A mag 11.5 star is
4.2' NW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3451 = H II-364 = h789 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"pF, pL, lE, brightest towards the sf part." JH made 4 observations and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3452 = MCG
-02-28-019 = PGC 32742
10 54 13.9 -11
24 18
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 65d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, very small streak, 20"x6", elongated ENE-WSW in the
direction of a mag 12.5 star 1' ENE of center.
Ainslie Common
discovered NGC 3452 in 1880 with his silvered-glass 36" reflector and
logged "eF, R, n of small star". His position is 30 sec of RA west and 3' north of MCG
-02-28-019 = PGC 32742. A mag 13
star is close east-northeast, so Common probably confused the orientation.
******************************
NGC 3453 = ESO
569-017 = MCG -04-26-013 = LGG 220-002 = PGC 32707
10 53 40.4 -21
47 35
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 4d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, 0.9'x0.7', slightly elongated N-S, very
weak concentration. A mag 14.5
star lies 1' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3453 = h3304 on 21 Mar 1835 and logged "F; S; R; bM;
15"." His position
matches ESO 569-017 = PGC 32707.
******************************
NGC 3454 = UGC
6026 = MCG +03-28-030 = CGCG 095-060 = FGC 1155 = Holm 221b = LGG 219-004 = PGC
32763
10 54 29.4 +17
20 38
V = 13.5; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 116d
24"
(2/22/14): moderately bright and large, thin edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.3',
weak concentration, tapers at the tips.
Forms a striking pair with NGC 3455 3.6' S, with a mag 10.5-11 star
directly between the pair.
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint edge-on streak 5:1 WNW-ESE, fairly small, slightly
brighter along the major axis. Forms
a pair with NGC 3455 3.6' S.
Located 1.7' NNW of a mag 10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3454 = h790 on 17 Mar 1831 and recorded "pF; lE; the np of
two [with NGC 3455]. His position
matches UGC 6026 = PGC 32763, although I'm surprised JH didn't describe this
galaxy as very elongated.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 28 Mar 1856 with LdR's 72", called it "the n one is a
long narrow ray np-sf."
******************************
NGC 3455 = UGC
6028 = MCG +03-28-031 = CGCG 095-062 = Holm 221a = LGG 219-005 = PGC 32767
10 54 31.0 +17
17 04
V = 12.0; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 80d
24"
(2/22/14): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE,
0.9'x0.6', broad concentration, no distinct core but an irregular surface
brightness. Forms a striking pair
with NGC 3454 3.6' N. A mag
10.5-11 star is directly between the two galaxies.
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, fairly small, broad concentration, oval elongated
3:2 WSW-ENE. A mag 10.5 star is
2.0' N of center. Forms a pair
with NGC 3454 3.6' N. The bright
star is symmetrically placed between the galaxies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3455 = H II-82 = h791 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
""F, S, lE, r. It's
situation is south of a pB star."
His position matches UGC 6028 = PGC 32767. JH noted
"pB; E; gbM; The south-following of 3 [with NGC 3454]; a *9-10m between
them."
******************************
NGC 3456 = MCG
-03-28-018 = PGC 32730
10 54 03.2 -16
01 39
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 102d
18"
(3/29/03): moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 1.2'x0.9', brighter
core. A mag 13 star is at the NE
edge. Located just over one degree
ENE of mag 3.1 Nu Hydrae.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3456 = H IV-29 = h792 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 371) and recorded
"a small star with an eF brush towards the preceding side, or a vF nebula
close to and preceding the star. I
perceived it in stopping to gage, otherwise should certainly have overlooked it. 240 shewed the the same." There is nothing at his position, but
40 sec of RA east and 4' further south is MCG -03-28-018 = PGC 32730, and the
description applies.
JH also
described "a *12m with an extremely F neb appendage. At first it seemed to envelope the *;
but Mr Dunlop, to whom I showed it, considered it be detached." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3457 = NGC
3460 = UGC 6030 = MCG +03-28-032 = CGCG 095-065 = PGC 32787
10 54 48.7 +17
37 16
V = 12.6; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3
24"
(2/22/14): bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, sharply concentrated
with a very bright core that increases to a bright stellar nucleus. NGC 3461 lies 5.4' NNE. IC 655, a faint double star (actually a
triple plus a dim galaxy), lies 4.4' E.
NGC 3454 and 3455, an excellent pair, lies ~20' S. CGCG 095-061 (interacting pair) lies
10' NW and PGC 3090337 is 7.6' NW.
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly bright, small, round, compact, high surface brightness,
bright core, stellar nucleus. NGC
3455 lies 20' SSW.
Francis Baily
discovered NGC 3457 = h793 on 25 Mar 1827 using John Herschel's 18"
reflector and recorded as "Stellar. 2 or 3 stars with a nebulous blur
observed by Mr. Bailey."
Bailey was a regular guest of JH and the President of the Astronomical
Society of London at the time. The
position is an excellent match (0.9' SE) with UGC 6030, though the description
doesn't match this fairly bright galaxy.
It applies well, though, to IC 656, a small clump consisting of three
faint stars and a dim galaxy just 4' E, though how could the more prominent
galaxy be missed?
R.J. Mitchell
also observed UGC 6030 on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72" and noted a "A
S neb [NGC 3461] north of a bright one [UGC 6030], distance about 5' or
6'."
Lewis Swift also
recorded this galaxy on 24 Aug 1883, though his position in list I-9 is 25 sec
of RA too far east. Swift's and
LdR's observations were combined by Dreyer into NGC 3460. So, most likely NGC 3457 = NGC 3460,
despite the very poor description of NGC 3457 (perhaps Bailey noted the clump,
but JH measured the galaxy). See
Harold Corwin's discussion.
******************************
NGC 3458 = UGC
6037 = MCG +10-16-026 = CGCG 291-014 = PGC 32854
10 56 01.5 +57
07 01
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly bright, very small, round, very bright stellar nucleus, very
faint small halo. Forms a wide
galaxy pair with NGC 3445 13.9' SW in the field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3458 = H I-268 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and recorded a
"vB, vS, R, stellar nebula."
In his 1811 PT paper, he noted "this may be a former planetary in a
higher state of condensation.
******************************
NGC 3459 = MCG
-03-28-022 = PGC 32782
10 54 44.2 -17
02 31
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 156d
18"
(3/29/03): appeared as a ghostly streak 4:1 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.3', slightly
brighter center but no well-defined core.
Collinear with a mag 14 star 2' NNW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3459 = LM II-429 on 5 Jan 1887 and recorded
"mag 14.0, 1.0'x0.3', gbsbMN."
His position is ~20 sec of RA west of MCG -03-28-022 = PGC 32782 and the
description matches.
******************************
NGC 3460 = NGC
3457 = UGC 6030 = MCG +03-28-032 = CGCG 095-065 = PGC 32787
10 54 48.7 +17
37 16
See observing
notes for NGC 3457.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3460 on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72" and recorded "A
small neb [NGC 3461 = PGC 32793] north of a bright one [NGC 3460 = PGC 32787].
distance about 5' or 6'."
Lewis Swift also recorded this galaxy on 24 Aug 1883 in list I-9, though
his position is 25 sec of RA too far east. These two observations were combined into NGC 3460.
Most likely JH
or observing guest Francis Baily first discovered this galaxy on 25 Mar 1827,
and it was catalogued as h793 = NGC 3457.
The Slough Catalogue position is accurate, though the description
"Stellar. 2 or 3 stars with a nebulous blur observed by Mr. Bailey",
appears to describe IC 656, a small clump consisting of three faint stars and a
dim galaxy just 4' east.
Mitchell's
observation clearly refers to NGC 3460 = UGC 6030 and NGC 3461. Later, on 22 Mar 1878, Dreyer mentions
finding an "eS cl , with a *12 in Pos 175 deg, dist 305 arcsec". It's most likely that this observation
is not related to the galaxy but may refer to the 3 faint stars + galaxy 4.5'
following NGC 3457 (mentioned above).
RNGC has a typo and equates NGC 3557 = NGC 3460. See Corwin's notes for further
discussion.
******************************
NGC 3461 = PGC
32793
10 54 55.3 +17
42 29
V = 15.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'
24"
(2/22/14): very faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. Can just hold steadily with averted
vision at 260x. Located 5.4' NNE
of NGC 3457 = NGC 3460.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3461 on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72" and recorded "A
small neb [NGC 3461] north of a bright one [NGC 3460]. distance about 5' or
6'." On 4 Apr 1878, Dreyer
also logged this faint galaxy, "..I found a neb [NGC 3457 = NGC 3460] pB,
pL, R, gbM with a vF, diffused nebula [NGC 3461] in position 17¡, distance
326". At this offset is PGC
32793. Although Mitchell's
observation is in the 1861 publication, there was no offsets to compute a
position and it was not included in the GC or GC Supplement.
NGC 3461 is not
included in the CGCG, MCG or RC3.
RNGC misidentifies LEDA 1537008, an extremely faint galaxy very close to
3 stars (IC 656), as NGC 3461.
******************************
NGC 3462 = UGC
6034 = MCG +01-28-019 = CGCG 038-049 = Todd 5 = PGC 32822
10 55 21.1 +07
41 48
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, nearly round, 0.8'x0.7', very small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3462 = H II-16 = h794 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 102) and recorded
"a small cometic nebula. I am
not sure whether it is cometic or not." JH logged "vF; S; R: psbM; 12"." and measured
an accurate position.
David Todd also
picked up this galaxy on 13 Nov 1877 and recorded it as #5 in his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet (AN 2698).
The surrounding field stars are an exact match.
******************************
NGC 3463 = ESO
502-002 = MCG -04-26-014 = LGG 223-001 = PGC 32813
10 55 13.4 -26
09 26
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 77d
18"
(4/29/06): faint, small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.4', weakly
concentrated. Nearly collinear
with a pair of mag 13/14 stars ~5' N (at 17" separation). An identical distance to the south is a
mag 10.5 star with the galaxy at the midpoint of these stars. Located ~4.5¡ ESE of Hydra I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3463 = h3305 on 26 Mar 1835 and logged "F; R; glbM;
20"." His position
matches ESO 502-002 = PGC 32813.
******************************
NGC 3464 = ESO
569-022 = MCG -03-28-021 = UGCA 222 = LGG 220-003 = PGC 32778
10 54 39.9 -21
04 00
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 112d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint but moderately large, roughly oval, 1.7'x1.2' WNW-ESE,
broad concentration with a hint of mottled structure.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3464 = LM I-178 on 14 Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 1.3'x0.4', E 125¡." His very rough position (nearest min of
RA) is less than 1 min of RA east of ESO 569-022 and the description applies.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate micrometric position in 1899-00 (repeated in
the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 3465 = UGC
6056 = MCG +13-08-048 = CGCG 351-050 = KTG 34A = PGC 33099
10 59 31.3 +75
11 29
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 171d
24"
(5/25/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W,
30"x22", contains a very small brighter core and occasional stellar
nucleus. A mag 14-14.5 star is
just 40" SE. First in the KTG
34 triplet with NGC 3500 9' E and NGC 3523 14.5' ESE.
18"
(3/30/05): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~NW-SE, ~0.7'x0.5', contains
a small, brighter core. A mag 13.5
star is off the SE side and a 29" pair of mag 12 stars lies 3.5' NE. First in a trio with NGC 3500 9' E.
17.5"
(4/25/98): extremely faint, fairly small, round. First of three in trio with NGC 3500 9' E and NGC 3523 14.5'
ESE. Appears as a low surface
brightness spot of 25" diameter (probably viewed core) with little or no
concentration. Observation of the
group was severely affected by hazy skies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3465 = H III-967 = h795, along with H III-968, on 2 Apr 1801
(sweep 1096) and noted "Two, the 1st [NGC 3465] vF, vS. The 2nd eF and smaller than the
first. It is a little more north
and following, but very near to it." This is one of 15 far northern
galaxies with large systematic errors.
The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911),
matches III-967 = UGC 6056 and III-968 = UGC 6090, and Dreyer repeated this
position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. In the NGC, Dreyer assigned both
III-967 and III-968 to NGC 3500 (calling it a "D neb, v near"). See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
JH independently
discovered NGC 3465 on 4 Apr 1832 and logged h795 as "eF; pL; R; vglbM;
30", a double star nf points to it." His position and description clearly applies to UGC
6056. JH is listed as the
discoverer in the GC and NGC, though WH should be credited.
******************************
NGC 3466 = UGC
6042 = MCG +02-28-028 = CGCG 066-065 = PGC 32872
10 56 15.5 +09
45 16
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.9'x0.7',
weak even concentration. A mag 11
star is 3.0' due west. Forms a
pair with NGC 3467 7.0' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3466 = h796 on 18 Jan 1828 and recorded "vF; has another
[NGC 3467] still fainter following; has also a * 9m preceding the same
parallel." His position and
description matches UGC 6042.
Heinrich d'Arrest measured the difference in RA to the star as 13.3
seconds and the difference in Dec as 15".
******************************
NGC 3467 = UGC
6045 = MCG +02-28-030 = CGCG 066-067 = PGC 32903
10 56 44.1 +09
45 32
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, small, round, 40" diameter. Appears slightly smaller than NGC 3466
located 7.0' W but has a sharper concentration with a small bright core. A mag 11 star lies 3.5' NW (similar
brightness to the mag 11 star preceding NGC 3466).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3467 = h798 on 18 Jan 1828, along with NGC 3466. His position matches UGC 6045.
******************************
NGC 3468 = UGC
6048 = MCG +07-23-006 = CGCG 213-010 = PGC 32940
10 57 31.2 +40
56 46
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 8d
17.5"
(4/22/95): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.6' diameter. Sharp concentration with a small bright
core and stellar nucleus. A mag
12.5 star is 1.7' ENE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3468 = H III-632 = h797 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and noted
"cF, vS, R, gmbM." On 3
Feb 1788 (sweep 804) he added "lE in the meridian [north-south]."
JH's mean position (from two observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3469 = MCG
-02-28-024 = PGC 32912
10 56 57.7 -14
18 03
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 115d
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, weak concentratin with a
very small slightly brighter core.
Located 6' SSE of a mag 9 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3469 = h3306 on 7 May 1836 and simply noted "eeF;
S." His position matches MCG
-02-28-024 = PGC 32912.
******************************
NGC 3470 = UGC
6060 = MCG +10-16-038 = CGCG 291-016 = PGC 33040
10 58 44.9 +59
30 39
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, weak concentration,
diffuse outer halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3470 = H II-888 = h799 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"F, S, R, bM." His
position is within 1' of UGC 6060.
******************************
NGC 3471 = UGC
6064 = MCG +10-16-039 = CGCG 291-018 = Mrk 158 = PGC 33074
10 59 09.1 +61
31 51
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 14d
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, broad
concentration, faint elongated halo.
Located 35' WSW of Alpha Ursa Majoris.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3471 = H III-972 on 28 Nov 1801 (sweep 1102) and recorded
"vF, vS, R, bM." His
position is 4' north of UGC 6064 = PGC 33074, the only nearby galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3472 = ESO
569-?26
10 57 18 -19 38
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3472 = LM I-179 in 1886 and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.4' dia,
R, gbM." with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. There is nothing near
his rough position (nearest min of RA).
Harold Corwin was not able to identify a likely candidate, but lists ESO
572-025 as a possibility. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3473 = UGC
6052 = MCG +03-28-041 = CGCG 095-079 = PGC 32978
10 58 05.2 +17
07 27
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/22/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.5'. Unusual appearance due to nearby
foreground stars. A mag 12.5 star
is attached at the NNE tip 0.5' from the center and the galaxy extends to the
SW almost to a fainter mag 14 star 45" from center. Appears unconcentrated
with a low surface brightness.
Forms a close pair with NGC 3474 1.9' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3473 = H III-67 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and noted "a
suspected nebulosity reaching from one star to a smaller which is about 2'
south of it; 240 confirmed it." He missed nearby NGC 3474. He used III-67 in his 1814 PT paper to
argue that this was too unusual to be a pure line of sight arrangement and the
stars had formed within the nebula.
Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position and noted " bet 2
st 14 and 15m, the brighter one attached to the north limb."
******************************
NGC 3474 = MCG
+03-28-042 = CGCG 095-081 = PGC 32989
10 58 08.8 +17
05 44
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/22/95): faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, very small brighter
core. Forms a close pair with
brighter NGC 3473 1.9' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3474 = Sw VI-39 on 24 Apr 1887 and noted "vF; pS; R; 2267
[NGC 3473] near north." His
position is 8 sec of RA east of MCG +03-28-042 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 3475 = UGC
6058 = MCG +04-26-022 = CGCG 125-017 = PGC 33012
10 58 25.3 +24
13 34
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/9/99): easily picked up at 100x while scanning the field. Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 ~WSW-ENE. Well concentrated
with a bright, round core and an ill-defined diffuse halo at least 1' along the
major axis. A mag 13 star is 1.4'
N. A couple of nearby faint
companions were not seen but MCG +04-26-023 located 9' N was observed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3475 = H III-332 = h800 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, about 1' north aof a small star." CH's reduction is nearly 4' south of UGC 6058. JH recorded "vF; R; gbM; 2' s of a
* 12m." His position is
fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 3476 = NGC
3480? = MCG +02-28-032 = CGCG 066-073 = PGC 32987
10 58 07.6 +09
16 34
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(3/22/96): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14 star is 1.2' E of center. Forms a pair with NGC 3477 3.7' SSE. There is faint pair of mag 14.5/15
stars 1.5' SSE at 14" separation which appeared nebulous at first glance.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3476 = m 213, along with NGC 3477, on 25 Mar 1865 and noted
"eF, vS, alm stell." His position is 4' N of CGCG 066-073 = PGC
32987. This is the same offset as
NGC 3477 so this identification appears solid.
NGC 3480, found
by Andrew Common in 1880, may be a duplicate observation. See notes on this number.
******************************
NGC 3477 = CGCG
066-074 = PGC 32997
10 58 12.6 +09
13 03
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 70d
17.5"
(3/22/96): extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE (difficult to
determine PA as requires averted vision to glimpse). A faint pair of mag 15 stars lies 2.3' N. At the SE edge of the 220x field is a
matched pair of mag 9.5 stars at 16" separation. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 3476 3.7' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3477 = m 214 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eeF, eS,
stell." His position is 4' north
of CGCG 066-074 = PGC 32997, the same offset he made with nearby NGC 3476.
******************************
NGC 3478 = UGC
6069 = MCG +08-20-059 = CGCG 241-051 = PGC 33101
10 59 27.3 +46
07 21
V = 12.9; Size 2.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 132d
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.5'x0.75', large brighter
middle but no defined nucleus. A
pair of mag 11 stars are 3.9' S and 5.5' SSW with a separation of 2.0'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3478 = H III-705 = h801 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and simply
noted "vF". His position
is 1.5' too far north (similar offset as NGC 3583, the next discovery in the
sweep). JH logged "F; S; R" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3479 = NGC
3502: = MCG -02-28-027 = PGC 33053
10 58 55.5 -14
57 41
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 175d
18"
(3/5/05): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S, 1.1'x0.8'. Broad, weak concentration to a
relatively large, slightly brighter core.
NGC 3502 may be a duplicate observation of this galaxy.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3479 = LM I-180 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is about 30 tsec west of MCG -02-28-027 = PGC
33053. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
NGC 3502 = LM
I-181, found by Leavenworth, is probably an independent observation with an
error of 2.5 minutes in RA.
******************************
NGC 3480 = NGC
3476? = MCG +02-28-032 = CGCG 066-073 = PGC 32987
10 58 07.6 +09
16 34
See observing
notes for NGC 3476. Identification
uncertain.
Ainslie Common
discovered NGC 3480 in 1880 with his 36" silvered glass reflector and
simply noted "S, stellar."
There is nothing at his position, though 12' southwest is NGC 3476. Bigourdan was unsuccessful in finding
NGC 3480. Because of the scant
description, the identification NGC 3476 = NGC 3480 is uncertain. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3481 = MCG
-01-28-016 = PGC 33097
10 59 26.6 -07
32 40
V = 13.0; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 136d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, smooth surface
brightness. Located 5' NW of mag
8.8 SAO 137930 (wide yellow/blue unequal double). Also nearby is a mag 10.7 star 2' W and a mag 11 star 3.5'
N.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3481 = LM II-430 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.3' dia, rr; prob vF Cl; *9
in PA 120¡ [east-southeast] at 5'."
His position is 0.3 min of RA west and 2' south of MCG -01-28-016 = PGC
33097 and the description clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 3482 = ESO
264-056 = PGC 33025
10 58 34.3 -46
35 03
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 14d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 123x and 160x): fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated
5:3 ~N-S, ~50"x30", broad concentration to a small brighter
core. Situated in a rich Vela star
field 8.8' WNW of mag 8.2 HD 95274.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3482 = h3308 on 1 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF; S; R; gbM;
30"." His position is
within 1' of ESO 264-056 = PGC 33025.
RNGC calls it an unverified southern object.
******************************
NGC 3483 = ESO
438-001 = MCG -05-26-016 = PGC 33060
10 59 00.2 -28
28 37
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.2'x1.0',
fairly high surface brightness.
Well concentrated with a small bright core that brightens to the
center. Forms the southern vertex
of a small triangle with mag 9 HD 95183 1.8' NE and a mag 11.5-12 star 1.3'
NNW.
18"
(4/29/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6', irregular
halo. Increases to a small bright
core and stellar nucleus. Located 1.8' SW of mag 9 HD 95183. Completing a triangle with the galaxy
is a mag 12 star 1.3' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3483 = h3307 on 10 May 1834 and recorded "pF, S, R, bM,
15". Among stars." His
position matches ESO 438-001 = PGC 33060.
******************************
NGC 3484
11 03 00 +75 49
=Not found,
Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3484 = h802 on 5 Apr 1832 and noted "A very doubtful
object." I assume he was
looking for H III-967 as he questioned if this was his father's object.
In the 1911 MN
paper on WH's 15 objects discovered on 2 Apr 1810, it was noted "Nothing
shown [for NGC 3484] on the photographic [Greenwich plate]" and Dreyer
repeats this in his 1912 NGC Correction list.
******************************
NGC 3485 = UGC
6077 = MCG +03-28-044 = CGCG 095-085 = PGC 33140
11 00 02.4 +14
50 28
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, moderately large, fairly diffuse, oval slightly
elongated WSW-ENE, faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 12 star is 1.7' W of center.
Possible member of the Leo group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3485 = H II-100 = h804 = 3309 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and
noted "F, pL r." JH made
three observations at Slough and one at the Cape of Good Hope.
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 9 Apr 1852 at Birr Castle "suspected a dark curved passage sp
centre." Also on 15 Mar 1855,
R.J. Mitchell "suspect[ed] a knot in p and one in f edge. Query, a ring with a Nucl in
centre?"
******************************
NGC 3486 = UGC
6079 = MCG +05-26-032 = CGCG 155-041 = PGC 33166
11 00 23.8 +28
58 30
V = 10.5; Size 7.1'x5.2'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 80d
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, large, slightly elongated E-W, 4'x3', diffuse outer halo
with a brighter core. Located 15'
SW of mag 7.9 SAO 81621.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3486 = H I-87 = h805 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"vB, vL, the brightness decreasing very gradually." JH made a total of 10 observations of
this galaxy!
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 7 Mar 1856 with LdR's 72", noted "pB, R, B central Nucl,
light mottled about Nucl?
******************************
NGC 3487 = UGC
6092 = MCG +03-28-047 = CGCG 095-089 = PGC 33195
11 00 46.6 +17
35 15
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 153d
24"
(3/28/17): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE,
~45"x18". Appears
brighter along a thin spine of the major axis.
Arp 198 = UGC
6073, an overlapping pair consisting of face-on spiral and a thin edge-on that
extends directly to the nucleus of the face-on, lies 15' WNW. At 260x and 375x, it appeared as a very
faint, fairly small, very elongated glow,
~0.4'x0.1', extending to the southwest of a mag 12.3 star. The pair has an unusual
"spike" appearance, with a very small "knot" (core of VV
267a = UGC 6073b, the face-on spiral) at most 10" diameter at the
northeast end close to the mag 12 star [28" SW of the star]. The spike or tail (VV 267b = UGC 6073a)
extends southwest with the combined glow collinear with the star!
18"
(5/31/03): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.25',
nearly even surface brightness.
Arp 198 = VV 267 lies 15' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3487 = Sw III-58 on 5 Mar 1886 and logged "eeF; pS; R; e diff;
in vacancy." His position is
35 sec of RA west of UGC 6092.
******************************
NGC 3488 = UGC
6096 = MCG +10-16-045 = CGCG 291-022 = PGC 33242
11 01 23.6 +57
40 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 175d
17.5"
(3/12/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, gradually
brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is
at the SSE edge 1.0' from center.
Forms a pair with CGCG 291-021 7' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3488 = H I-269 = h803 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and logged
"cB, R, about 1' dia, just north of a small star." His position is accurate. JH noted "It is north of a *13,
just at the edge of the nebula."
******************************
NGC 3489 = UGC
6082 = MCG +02-28-039 = CGCG 066-084 = PGC 33160
11 00 18.6 +13
54 04
V = 10.3; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 70d
18"
(5/14/07): very bright, large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.25'. Sharply concentrated with a round,
intense core (relatively small) highlighted by a very bright quasi-stellar
nucleus. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.5'
WSW of center, just outside the halo.
Member of the Leo Group = M96 Group.
17.5"
(4/1/95): very bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.5'. Unusually bright, round core dominates
view with an almost stellar nucleus with direct vision. The halo nearly reaches to a mag 13
star 1.5' SW of center.
8"
(12/6/80): fairly bright, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3489 = H II-101 = h806 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"pB, S, mbM than at the extremes." Two observations were made by JH and four at Birr
Castle. JH and d'Arrest commented
this galaxy should have been placed in class I.
******************************
NGC 3490 = MCG
+02-28-036 = CGCG 066-080 = PGC 33128
10 59 54.4 +09
21 42
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18"
(5/15/10): at 220x appeared as a faint, very small, round glow, just 15"
diameter. The surface brightness
was fairly low and occasionally a very faint stellar nucleus was glimpsed. Located 1.5' NW of a mag 12 star.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3490 in 1880 with his 36" silvered-glass
reflector. His approximate
position is 0.4 min of RA west of CGCG 066-080 = PGC 33128. Neither MCG or CGCG label this galaxy
as NGC 3490. See Thomson's CGCG
Corrections and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3491 = UGC
6088 = MCG +02-28-041 = CGCG 066-089 = PGC 33180
11 00 35.4 +12
09 42
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, very small bright
core. Located in a blank region
bordered by brighter stars forming a circular pattern 16'-18' diameter. The brightest of these are mag 8 SAO
99401 10' SE and SAO 99398 12' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3491 = H III-21 = h807 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and noted
"vF, S. I could not be sure
till I put on 240x." His
position (CH's reduction) is ~50 sec of RA preceding UGC 6088. JH's simply noted "eF; R" but
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3492 = UGC
6094 = MCG +02-28-045 = CGCG 066-093 = VIII Zw 116 = PGC 33207
11 00 57.3 +10
30 21
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/25/98): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 1.0'x0.8'. Weak, even concentration to a slightly
brighter core and nucleus. This
galaxy is the brightest in AGC 1142 with IC 664 4.1' NW, IC 663 6.4' SW and IC
666 4.6' SE. Observation made in
hazy skies.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 3492 around 1880 with the 13.5" refractor at the Litchfield
observatory in New York. It was not published in either of his two lists of
1881 and 1882, so the discovery was probably communicated directly to
Dreyer. His NGC position matches
UGC 6094.
******************************
NGC 3493 = UGC
6099 = MCG +05-26-036 = CGCG 155-044 = PGC 33249
11 01 27.8 +27
43 10
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 84d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, small, edge-on 7:2 ~E-W, 0.6'x0.15', even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star lies
0.7' SW of center. Located 27' SW
of NGC 3504.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3493 = h808 on 24 Dec 1827 and noted "eF; has a small star
sp." His position (two
sweeps) and description matches UGC 6099.
******************************
NGC 3494
11 01 10.9 +03
46 28
=**?, Corwin.
"Not found", Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3494 in 1882 and described in his 5th paper "6' north from
the middle knot [of NGC 3495] I saw repeated a little nebula, I initially took
as (part of) III-498 [NGC 3495]."
There are no nearby galaxies at this offset and Harold Corwin proposes a
5" pair of mag 14.5/16.7 stars located 9' north-northwest of NGC 3495.
Dorothy Carlson
listed NGC 3494 as nonexistent in her 1940 NGC Correction paper and RNGC
repeats this classification. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3495 = UGC
6098 = MCG +01-28-027 = CGCG 038-088 = PGC 33234
11 01 16.3 +03
37 40
V = 11.8; Size 4.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 20d
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, fairly large, edge-on oriented SSW-NNE, 4'x1', broad
concentration, mottled or uneven surface brightness (probably caused by a dark
lane). Located 10.5' E of 58
Leonis (V = 4.8).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3495 = H III-498 = h809 on 27 Jan 1786 (sweep 513) and noted
"vF, mE." His position
is very accurate (so close to the offset star 58 Leo). JH made three observations on
consecutive sweeps, first recording it as "F; mE; 60¡ with meridian;
60" length; 15-20" broad."
******************************
NGC 3496 = ESO
128-SC26 = Cr 237
10 59 34 -60 20
12
V = 8.2; Size 9'
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): this cluster is situated in a glorious Milky Way
field! The cluster is beautifully
rich with mag 12 and fainter stars, roughly 60-75 stars in a 5'-6' circular
region (this is the richest section) and 100-125 stars within a 9' region
elongated E-W. On the east side is
HJ 4395 = 11.5/12.0 pair at 9" and a small knot of stars is on the
northwest side. A mag 9.3 star is off the east side and a mag 9.2 star is off
the south side. Located 34' ENE of 6th magnitude T Carinae and 80' WNW of NGC
3572.
Sher 1, a very
small cluster, is 13' NE of NGC 3496. Using an 18" f/4.5 at 182x it
appeared as a small 1' knot of ~10 stars including a few bright mag 9.5-11
stars, but several are very faint.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3496 = h3310 on 14 Mar 1834 and recorded the "Place of a
small double star in the following part of a loose, rich, pretty large cluster
of stars 13m. 8 or 10' in
diameter; a fine object; a very much condensed milky way group." His position is on h4395, a mag 12 pair
at 9".
******************************
NGC 3497 = NGC
3528 = NGC 3525 = IC 2624 = ESO 570-006 = MCG -03-28-037 = PGC 33667
11 07 18.1 -19
28 19
See observing
notes for NGC 3528
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3497 = H III-824 on 8 Mar 1790 (sweep 936) and logged "vF,
vS, iR, glbM." His position
is within 2' (typical error) of ESO 570-006 = PGC 33667. The position in the GC, which was
copied into the NGC, is 6 min too far west (reduction or copying error).
JH independently
discovered this galaxy on 22 Mar 1835 and logged h3316 as "F; S; R; pslbM;
20". The preceding of two
[with NGC 3529]." His
position is 6 sec of RA west of ESO 570-006. Ormond Stone independently found this galaxy in 1886
at the Leander-McCormick Observatory and his rough position for LM I-183
(nearest min of RA) is 1.0 tmin west of ESO 570-006. Finally, Lewis Swift rediscovered this galaxy again (along
with NGC 3529) on 11 Apr 1898 and his position in list XI-118 is 5' too far
south (nearly identical to NGC 3529).
So, there are
four aliases in the NGC/IC!
Namely, NGC 3497 = NGC 3528 = NGC 3525 = IC 2624. NGC 3528 is the primary designation in
modern catalogues.
******************************
NGC 3498
11 01 41.5 +14
21 04
=***, Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3498 = H III-75 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded "eF,
not S. I had some doubts and
therefore put on 240, but as there was not a star very near I could not adjust
the focus, which cannot be done on a nebula. Therefore as it would have taken too much time to verify it,
I went on."
There is nothing
near his position and neither d'Arrest nor Bigourdan were able to find this
nebula. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926
photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel" reported "In Dreyer's
place is a vF triple star, *14.7, *14.7, *16, a *14.7 f 1.8' of *16." The DSS shows a triple star with a
brighter pair of mag 14.2/14.6 stars at 10" separation. Harold Corwin also identifies this
number with this triple.
******************************
NGC 3499 = UGC
6115 = MCG +09-18-080 = CGCG 267-037 = CGCG 241-065 = PGC 33375
11 03 11.0 +56
13 18
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 14.8' SE of Beta Ursa Majoris
(V = 2.4).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3499 = H III-793 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 922) and logged "vF,
vS, stellar neb. The brightness of
Beta UMa is so considerable that it requires much attention to perceive this
nebula." His position matches
UGC 6115. No observations were
made by JH or LdR. The RNGC position is 1.0 tmin too large.
******************************
NGC 3500 = UGC
6090 = MCG +13-08-052 = CGCG 351-052 = KTG 34B = PGC 33099
11 01 51.5 +75
12 05
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 45d
24"
(5/25/14): at 280x appeared faint or fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1
SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', very small brighter core. Second of three in the KTG 34 triplet, with NGC 3465 9.0' W
and NGC 3523 7.0' SE. This
galaxy's redshift-based distance is ~150 million l.y., while the other two lie
at 325 million l.y.
18"
(3/30/05): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', low surface
brightness. Smallest and faintest
of a trio with NGC 3523 7.2' SE and NGC 3465 9' W. This galaxy is incorrectly listed as nonexistent in the RNGC
and it is not identified as NGC 3500 in UGC, MCG or CGCG.
17.5"
(4/25/98): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 30"x20". Faintest of trio with NGC 3465 9' W and
NGC 3523 7' SE. A pair of mag 12
stars [30" separation] is 6' preceding. Observation difficult due to very
poor transparency.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3500 = H III-968, along with H III-967, on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep
1096) and noted "Two, the 1st [NGC 3465] vF, vS. The 2nd [NGC 3500] eF and smaller than the first. It is a little more north and
following, but very near to it." This is one of 15 far northern galaxies
with large systematic errors The
corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911), matches UGC 6090
and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's
catalogues. JH gave 2 GC
designations to III-967 and III-968, but in the NGC Dreyer mistakenly assigned
both to NGC 3500, calling it a "double nebula, very near." See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
UGC 6090 is not
labeled as NGC 3500 in any modern catalogue including RC3. RNGC classifies NGC 3500 nonexistent.
CGCG and UGC misidentify NGC 3465 as "NGC 3465 = NGC 3500" (following
Karl Reinmuth and Dorothy Carlson).
See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3501 = UGC
6116 = MCG +03-28-051 = CGCG 095-097 = FGC 1187 = Holm 224b = PGC 33343
11 02 47.3 +17
59 21
V = 12.9; Size 3.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/1/95): faint, edge-on 7:1 SSW-NNE, 3.0'x0.4', low surface brightness, very
slightly brighter elongated core.
A mag 14 star is 2.3' SE of center. NGC 3507 lies 12.7' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3501= St XI-10 on 23 Apr 1881 and recorded "vF, gbM, mE N30¡E,
3' long." His position and
description matches UGC 6116.
******************************
NGC 3502 = NGC
3479: = MCG -02-28-027 = PGC 33053
10 58 55.4 -14
57 41
See observing
notes for NGC 3479.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3502 = LM I-181 in 1886 and noted "mag 16.0,
1.2' dia, iR." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 2.5 tmin east of MCG -02-28-027 = PGC 33053.
Ormond Stone
also found this galaxy at Leander-McCormic Observatory the same year (discovery
priority unknown) and recorded LM I-180 = NGC 3479 as "mag 15.5, 0.6' dia,
E 90¡." His rough position is
essential correct -- 30 tsec west of PGC 33053. So, NGC 3502 = NGC 3479.
RNGC
misidentifies MCG -02-28-041 as NGC 3502.
This galaxy is located 50' north of Leavenworth's position. See Harold Corwin's NGC identification
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3503 = ESO
128-EN28 = OCL-833 = Ced 109b = Pismis 17
11 01 17 -59 50
42
Size 3'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): The brightest section of this nebulosity
surrounds a group of 5 stars, consisting of a brighter mag 10.5 star with a
faint, close companion (h4397 = 10.6/13.3 at 8") and three additional
stars in a string. Several additional faint stars spiral out from the
grouping. The haze that surrounds
these 5 stars is ~3' in diameter.
There was little or no contrast gain using a UHC filter, so the
nebulosity probably does not have a significant emission component. Situated in a rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3503 = h3311 on 1 Apr 1834 NGC 3503 and described "3 very
close stars, 10m, in a nearly straight line, and a double star north of them,
the whole involved in a very faint nebula."
******************************
NGC 3504 = UGC 6118
= MCG +05-26-039 = CGCG 155-049 = PGC 33371
11 03 11.2 +27
58 20
V = 11.0; Size 2.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/25/95): bright, large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 2.5'x1.2'. The halo has a fairly high irregular
surface brightness. Sharp
concentration with a very small well-defined core dominating. The bright core appears offset to the
south side with the halo more extensive to the north. Two mag 14 stars lie 1.7' NNW (45" separation). First of three with NGC 3512 12' ENE
and NGC 3515 24' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3504 = H I-88 = h810, along with NGC 3512, on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep
396) and noted "cB, cL, iR, bM." JH made a total of 7 observations. R.J. Mitchell, observing at Birr Castle on 22 Feb 1857,
recorded "mE, B nucl, arms faint, patchy,suspect dark space all around the
nucleus." A month later he
described "pL, Nucl vB and has a sensible disc, arms vF and patchy. I think I see a knot or patch in np end
of neb."
The RA in the
RNGC is 1.0 tmin too far east and the galaxy is misplotted on the first version
of U2000 (later fixed). Also see
NGC 3506.
******************************
NGC 3505 = NGC
3508? = MCG -03-28-031 = IC 2622
11 02 59.7 -16
17 19
Size 1.0'x0.9'
See observing
notes for NGC 3508.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3505 = h3312 on 7 May 1836 and logged "pF; S; R; glbM. Has a star 14m near." There are two mag 14.5-15 stars about
1' northest and 1' southeast of JH's position, but no nearby galaxy.
Harold Corwin
suggests this may be a duplicate observation of NGC 3508, which has a mag 13
star attached on the north-northeast tip of the galaxy. If this identification is correct, his
declination is off by over 45'.
******************************
NGC 3506 = UGC
6120 = MCG +02-28-047 = CGCG 066-105 = PGC 33379
11 03 12.9 +11
04 37
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, round, 1.0' diameter. Just a weak central brightening with no distinct core or
nucleus. Preceded by a trio of mag
13.5 stars within 4'.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, slightly brighter core. A triangle of mag 13 stars is just
west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3506 = H III-22 = h811 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded
"vF, vS. 240x made it
considerably larger, but I saw it well enough with the common power not to
doubt of the reality." His
position matches UGC 6120. JH made
three additional observations.
The RA in the
RNGC is 1.0 tmin too large and the galaxy was misplotted in the first printing
of Uranometria 2000 Atlas. Also
see notes for NGC 3504.
******************************
NGC 3507 = UGC
6123 = MCG +03-28-053 = CGCG 095-100 = Holm 224a = LGG 288-002 = PGC 33390
11 03 25.6 +18
08 08
V = 10.9; Size 3.4'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 110d
17.5" (4/1/95):
unusual appearance as a bright mag 10.5 star is superimposed very close to the
center! Fairly faint, moderately
large, 2.5' diameter, irregularly round.
The core is difficult to view but is located just 30" SW of the
superimposed star and the galaxy is slightly offset to the west side of the
star. NGC 3501 lies 12.7' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3507 = H IV-7 = h812 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and recorded
"F, pL. The nebulosity is of
the milky kind. It situated
between 2 bright stars but near the most north of them and to the south of that
star. At first sight the nebula
appears like an electric brush to the great star, but on examination I find it
to have no connection with it.
There is in the nebula, and pretty near the center of it, a vF star. The milky nebulosity is of a circular
form." JH noted on
sweep 63 "a * 9m with vF neb attached; pos 70¡ sp = 200¡ +/- dist
30".
******************************
NGC 3508 = IC
2622 = NGC 3505: = MCG -03-28-031 = PGC 33362
11 02 59.7 -16
17 19
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 15d
18"
(3/13/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is
attached on the NNE tip of the galaxy.
At times the galaxy appears slightly elongated N-S, ~1.0'x0.7' and the
DSS image confirms this impression.
Observation made through thin clouds. This is a starburst and luminous infrared galaxy with an
active nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3508 = H II-507 = h814 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and noted
"F, S, E." JH made a
single observation and his position matches MCG -03-28-031. Interestingly, he
described this galaxy as "vL".
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy on 14 Jan 1898 and reported it as new in list XI-117. Swift's position was 0.5 min of RA too
far east and 3' north, so Dreyer catalogued it again as IC 2622. Also see the NGC 3505, which may
be another observation of this galaxy.
So, NGC 3508 = NGC 3505 = IC 2622.
******************************
NGC 3509 = Arp
335 = VV 75 = UGC 6134: = MCG +01-28-033 = CGCG 038-109 = PGC 33446
11 04 23.6 +04
49 43
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 40d
48"
(2/20/12): NGC 3509 = Arp 335 displayed a fascinating amount of structure at
375x, though conditions were subpar in terms of transparency and seeing. The appearance is very asymmetric with
the brighter "central" portion elongated SW-NE and containing a very
small, round, bright core. A small
knot is just 15" S of the core.
Attached on the northeast side of the central body is a well defined,
easily visible tidal arm that gracefully sweeps to the northeast and then hooks
sharply counterclockwise towards the south. The total length of the arm is perhaps 1.5', though it ends
about 45" E of the core. The
southwest side of the galaxy has no corresponding arm, but is slightly brighter
along the south edge. A mag 16.5-17 star is 30" SW of the core on the west
edge.
PGC 93108,
recorded as "fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, ~15"x7",
weak central concentration", lies 3.0' NW. The PGC galaxy is listed as C2 (collider) in the 2009 Atlas
and Catalog of Collisional Ring Galaxies (Madore et al) and the knot close
south of the core is listed as C1.
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE,
1.6'x0.7'. Low surface brightness
with a very weak concentration (no visible core). It was difficult to determine the outer extent of the halo
but appears to have an asymmetric shape (slightly curved?).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3509 = H III-598 on 30 Dec 1786 (sweep 675) and recorded
"Suspected, eF, S, lE. I
could not verify it." There
is nothing at his position, but 1.0 min of RA east and 3' north is UGC 6134 =
Arp 335. JH made no observations
and it was not found by Bigourdan.
Dreyer commented
in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH" that this number should
probably be rejected since WH noted there was fog "which indeed was so
strong as to make everything swim about me." Still, this identification is reasonable as NGC 3604 has a
similar offset error.
******************************
NGC 3510 = UGC
6126 = MCG +05-26-040 = CGCG 155-050 = PGC 33408
11 03 43.6 +28
53 06
V = 12.2; Size 4.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 163d
13.1"
(3/24/84): faint, edge-on streak 4:1 NNW-SSE. Located 7.6' ESE of mag 7.3 SAO 81642 which interferes with
viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3510 = H II-365 = h813 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, mE, about 1 1/2' long but very narrow. JH made two observations and the Birr Castle assistants made
a total of 5.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 1 Mar 1854, noted "Query, an oval shaped spiral; major axis
n-s."
******************************
NGC 3511 = ESO
502-013 = MCG -04-26-020 = UGCA 223 = PGC 33385
11 03 23.7 -23
05 11
V = 11.0; Size 5.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 76d
48"
(4/18/15): at 488x; very bright, very large, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
5'x1.5'. Well concentrated with a
large bright oval core that gradually increases to a small bright nucleus and
stellar pip. The region
surrounding the core is mottled, due to slightly brighter regions and dust
patches. An ill defined broad
spiral arm is on the west side of galaxy, curving from north to south. A mag 14 star, 2.0' SW of center, is
barely off the southwest end of this arm.
A bright patch is 1' SW of center (not part of the arm), and just to its
north is a relatively large darker (dust) region. A second broad arm arc is visible at the east end of the
galaxy making a sharp curve clockwise, and passing just inside a mag 13 star at
the eastern tip. NGC 3513 lies 11'
SE.
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly bright, large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 4.0'x1.4'. Broad concentration to a larger
brighter core. Bracketed by a mag
13 star at the ENE end and a mag 14 star at the WSW tip. Forms a pair with NGC 3513 10.8' SE. A mag 9.5 star (SAO 179479) is 5' S,
roughly midway between the galaxies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3511 = H V-39, along with NGC 3513, on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660),
and recorded "vF, mE, vgbM, about 8' long and 3' br, near the parallel but
about 10¡ sp to nf." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3512 = UGC
6128 = MCG +05-26-041 = CGCG 155-051 = PGC 33432
11 04 02.9 +28
02 12
V = 12.3; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/25/95): moderately bright, fairly small, 1.2' diameter, round, weak
concentration with an irregular surface brightness. Second of trio with NGC 3504 12' WSW and NGC 3515 14'
NNE. Surrounded by three mag 12-13
stars 2.9' N, 3.7' E and 2.1' SW.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, round.
Forms a pair with NGC 3504 12' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3512 = H II-366 = h815, along with NGC 3504, on 11 Apr 1785
(sweep 396) and noted "pF, pL, goes into the field with [NGC
3504]." He made an offset
error as his position is southeast of NGC 3504, instead of northeast. JH measured an accurate position,
though he thought it was a new object.
He equated h815 with II-366 in the GC.
******************************
NGC 3513 = ESO
502-014 = MCG -04-26-021 = UGCA 224 = PGC 33410
11 03 46.0 -23
14 38
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 95d
48"
(4/18/15): at 488x and 610x; this superb barred spiral has a strong bright bar
oriented northwest to southeast.
It is brighter along a narrow spine and contains a slightly brighter
stellar nucleus. A prominent
spiral arm is attached to the bar at the southeast end and sweeps sharply to
the north This well defined arm is
relatively narrow and contains a small bright knot near the north end of the
arm. A second arm arm is attached
at the northwest end of the bar.
This narrow arm shoots due south and rotates nearly 180¡ clockwise to
the east on the south side of galaxy.
It is slightly more separated from the central region than the northern
arm and is patchy or knotty near the eastern end. Overall, the size is roughly 2.5'x2.0' extending northwest
to southeast. A mag 15 star is 1.2' W of center, a mag 13 star is 1.7' E of
center and a mag 17 star is just off the north side of the galaxy.
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, moderately large, 2.5'x2.0', irregular surface
brightness, only a slight central brightening. A mag 13.5 star is 1.7' E of center. A line of three equally spaced mag 11
stars lies about 4' S. Forms a
pair with NGC 3511 10.8' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3513 = H V-40 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660) and recorded "vF,
mE, vlbM, about 7' l and 3 or 4' br in the middle, about 10 or 15¡ from sp to
nf near the parallel. His position
matches ESO 502-014 = PGC 33410, so the identification is certain, but the
description is virtually identical to that of NGC 3511, which was the previous
object in the sweep! So, there was
apparently a mistake in copying the description for NGC 3511 twice.
******************************
NGC 3514 = ESO
570-001 = MCG -03-28-035 = PGC 33430
11 03 59.9 -18
46 51
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 115d
18"
(3/5/05): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.7'. Broadly concentrated with a slightly
brighter middle. Located 1.1¡ SE
of mag 4.1 Alpha Crateris.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3514 = h3313 on 22 Mar 1835 and noted "vF; pL; R;
vgvlbM." His position
is 15 tsec west of ESO 570-001.
******************************
NGC 3515 = UGC
6139 = MCG +05-26-044 = CGCG 155-055 = PGC 33467
11 04 37.3 +28
13 40
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(3/25/95): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5', weak
concentration. Located 13.7' NE of
NGC 3512.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3515 = St XII-41 on 20 Apr 1882 with the 31-inch reflector at
Marseille. His position matches
UGC 6139 = PGC 33467
******************************
NGC 3516 = UGC
6153 = MCG +12-11-009 = CGCG 334-011 = PGC 33623
11 06 47.5 +72
34 07
V = 11.7; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/28/92): moderately bright but small, slightly elongated SW-NE, sharp small
bright core dominates, fairly small halo.
A mag 14 star is 1.2' SE.
Two mag 10 stars lie 2.3' NE and 4.1' W. This is a Seyfert galaxy with an large, active black hole.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3516 = H II-336 = h816 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"pB, vS, iR." CH's
reduction is within 2' of UGC 6153.
JH called this "a singular object. A burred star 11m diam 12"; vsmbM; a double stars
follows."
NGC 3516 is a
strong X-ray Seyfert galaxy and one of the 6 original galaxies studied by
Seyfert in his seminal 1943 paper "Nuclear Emission in Spiral
Nebulae".
******************************
NGC 3517 = UGC
6144 = MCG +10-16-057 = CGCG 291-027 = PGC 33532
11 05 36.9 +56
31 28
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 120d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, diffuse edges, broad
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3517 = H II-884 = h817 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"F, S, R, bM." JH called
it "eF; R; 12"; vglbM."
His position matches UGC 6144.
******************************
NGC 3518 = NGC
3110 = NGC 3122 = MCG -01-26-014 = PGC 33442
10 04 02.0 -06
28 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
See observing
notes for NGC 3110. One hour error
in RA in Stone's position.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 3518 = LM I-182 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.1', lE 110¡, in same field
with neb disc by Stephan."
There is nothing near his position.
Harold Corwin
examined his discovery sketch and found a double nebula with four stars
nearby. Corwin found that Stone
made a 1 hr error in RA (too large) and his sketch matches NGC 3110 = NGC 3122.
This galaxy was discovered by WH (II-305 = NGC 3122), but he misidentified his
offset star. Once all positions
are corrected, NGC 3122 = NGC 3110 = NGC 3518 (in order of discovery). The RNGC and misidentify PGC 29361 as
NGC 3518. See Corwin's notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 3519 = ESO
128-SC30 = Ru 93
11 04 09 -61 22
30
V = 7.7; Size 8'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): roughly 80 stars resolved in an irregular 6'
region (boundary pretty arbitrary), many of these arranged in chains or curving
streamers of stars. On the west side
is the brightest mag 9.7 star (mag 12.5 companion at 8" = HJ 4400) with a
linear chain of mag 13 stars just west (oriented SW-NE). Another chain of mag 12-13 stars
(oriented NW-SE) is on the northeast side. A mag 7.4 star (HD 96193) is roughly 8' SSE and a long chain
of stars heads north from this bright star, reaching the south side of the
cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3519 = h3314 on 14 Mar 1834 and reported, "Chief star of a
pretty rich cluster, class VII."
His position match the unequal double star HJ 4400 within a small
cluster.
According to
Brian Skiff, Ru 93 appears to be a string of stars on the northeast side of the
cluster or may simply be a duplicate of NGC 3519. In a visual observation with a C-8, Jenni Kay observed about
two dozen stars in a single cluster of 5' diameter with two brighter stars at
the southwest edge. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent, though the group
was confirmed as a star cluster by Bica and Bonatto in 2011A&A...530A..32B
("Star clusters or asterisms? 2MASS CMD and structural analyses of 15
challenging targets.")
******************************
NGC 3520 = ESO
570-004 = PGC 33648
11 07 09.2 -18
01 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 165d
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3
WSW-ENE, 20"x15", fairly low surface brightness. An extremely low surface brightness
halo was not seen. This is a close
double system [9" between centers] but was not resolved at 260x. The NGC identification is uncertain due
to a poor position.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3520 = LM II-431 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick and reported "mag 15.3, 0.4' dia, iR, gpmbM, sev vF
st inv." Just 2' north of his
position is a 1' group of four stars (brightest two are mag 13 and 14.5) and
originally Harold Corwin identified this group as NGC 3520. He now feels a more likely match based
on the description is ESO 570-004 = PGC 33648, an interacting triple or
quadruple system located 1.6 min of RA east and 5' south of Leavenworth's
position. ESO misidentified ESO
570-003 as NGC 3520. This edge-on
galaxy is situated 44 sec of RA east of Leavenworth's position and 19' south. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent. See Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3521 = UGC
6150 = MCG +00-28-030 = CGCG 010-074 = PGC 33550
11 05 49.2 -00
02 02
V = 9.0; Size 11.0'x5.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 163d
18"
(5/14/07): very bright spiral with impressive structure, elongated at least 5:2
NNW-SSE, ~7.5'x3'. Contains a
bright, elongated core highlighted by an intense, stellar nucleus. The halo is noticeably mottled at first
glance and a dust lane runs NNW-SSE along the west side of the core. There is a strong impression of spiral
structure with an arm attached on the east side that extends to the north and
appears to curve towards the west in the outer halo. The halo appears more extensive or slightly brighter on the
northern end. A more difficult arm
appears to sweep to the south on the west side of the core.
17.5"
(1/19/91): very bright, very large, elongated 5'x2' NNW-SSE. This is an impressive galaxy! Contains a well-defined small bright
oval core NNW-SSE and a stellar nucleus.
Appears mottled near the core and on the west side. Along the west side is a dust lane
evident as a sharp light cut-off.
The west side is somewhat fainter due to dust but extends beyond the
dust lane.
8": fairly
bright, fairly large, elongated, bright core. Located 33' E of a mag 6 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3521 = H I-13 = h818 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded
"a fine B nebula, with a bright star or nucleus in the middle; it sends
out a milky ray towards the north, and another more F towards the south, the
extent of the whole, faint rays included, may be about 7 or 8'. JH described NGC 3521 as "vB; L;
mE in PA 140¡ +/-, 4' l, 1' br; vsvmbM; a double star follows. The NGC position (measured by Auwers, d'Arrest,
Peters) is accurate.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing at Birr Castle on 29 Mar 1856, recorded "The nucleus projects
into the dark space along the p edge.
Outside this dark space there is faint nebulosity, which I see joining
the nebula at the north end."
******************************
NGC 3522 = UGC
6159 = MCG +03-28-060 = CGCG 095-113 = PGC 33615
11 06 40.4 +20
05 08
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 117d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.4'. Fairly sharply concentrated with a
brighter 15" round core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3522 = Sw III-59 on 26 Apr 1883 and described "pF; vS; lE;
in starless field." His
position is 18 sec of RA west of UGC 6159. This was one of the first two discoveries (along with NGC
3588 on the same night) with the 16-inch Clark refractor at Warner
Observatory. Kobold measured an
accurate position in 1901 at the Strassburg Observatory.
******************************
NGC 3523 = UGC
6105 = MCG +13-08-053 = CGCG 351-054 = KTG 34C = PGC 33367
11 03 06.3 +75
06 57
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(5/25/14): at 280x appeared fairly faint or moderately bright, moderately
large, irregularly round, 1' diameter, weak concentration to a slightly
brighter core that seems offset center within the halo. Third in the KTG 34 triplet with NGC
3500 = UGC 6090 7' NW.
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Symmetrical appearance with a weak even
concentration to the center but no defined core. NGC 3500 lies 7.2' NW.
17.5"
(4/25/98): extremely faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Collinear with
two mag 11 stars 5' ESE and 9' ESE.
Brightest in trio with NGC 3465 14.5' WNW and NGC 3500 7' NW. Observation severely hampered by poor
transparency.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3523 = H II-904 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "F,
pL, lbM." This is one
of 15 far northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich
plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) reveals H II-904 = UGC 6105 = MCG +13-08-053, and
Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's
catalogues. MCG does not label
this galaxy as NGC 3523. See NGC
2938 for more on this sweep.
******************************
NGC 3524 = UGC 6158
= MCG +02-28-050 = CGCG 066-112 = PGC 33604
11 06 32.1 +11
23 08
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 14d
17.5"
(4/1/95): moderately bright, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.6'. Fairly sharp concentration with a
well-defined 15" bright core and an occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star lies 0.9' NNW and a mag
13 star 2.0' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3524 = H III-23 = h819 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded
"vF, vS. I was not quite
assured of it till I put on 240x.
Very near it to the north are two smalls stars in a line with
it." JH made three
observations, first recording "vF; R; bM; has 2 stars exactly in a line
with centre, on 11-12 m, the other 13-14 m."
******************************
NGC 3525 = NGC
3528 = NGC 3497 = IC 2624 = ESO 570-006 = MCG -03-28-037 = PGC 33667
11 07 18.1 -19
28 19
See observing
notes for NGC 3528
Ormond Stone
independently discovered NGC 3525 = LM I-183 in 1886 and recorded "mag
12.0, 0.8' dia, gbMN." His
rough (nearest min of RA) is ~1.0 tmin west of ESO 570-006 (matches in dec).
This galaxy was
discovered by WH on 8 Mar 1790 and recorded as III-824 and later GC 2281 = NGC
3491. His position is within 2'
(typical error) of ESO 570-006, but the position in the GC, which was copied
into the NGC, is 6 min too far west (reduction or copying error). JH and Lewis Swift also independently
discovered the same galaxy, so there are four aliases in the NGC/IC! Namely, NGC 3497 = NGC 3528 = NGC 3525
= IC 2624. NGC 3528 is the primary
designation in modern catalogues.
See notes on NGC 3497 for more on the story.
******************************
NGC 3526 = NGC
3531 = UGC 6167 = MCG +01-28-039 = CGCG 038-129 = PGC 33635
11 06 56.8 +07
10 27
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, nearly edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 2.0'x0.4', very weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
just off the SW end 1.3' from center.
Located 12' ENE of mag 8.3 SAO 118656 (at the west edge of the field).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3526 = m 215 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, perhaps 2' long,
vm E ray, pos about 50¡." His
position and description matches UGC 6167.
Edward Holden
found this galaxy again on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch refractor at the Washburn
Observatory in Wisconsin, and assumed it was new. His description for NGC 3531 reads "E 50¡, * 11 at sp
end", but his position was 30' too far south. Spitaler equated the two
identities NGC 3526 = NGC 3531.
******************************
NGC 3527 = UGC
6170 = MCG +05-26-059 = CGCG 155-066 = PGC 33669
11 07 18.2 +28
31 39
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint, very small, round, smooth surface brightness. A mag 12 star is 2.1' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3527 = H III-350 = h820 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vF, S." JH made 4
observations and noted the mag 10-11 star that is 1' preceding.
******************************
NGC 3528 = NGC
3525 = NGC 3497 = IC 2624 = ESO 570-006 = MCG -03-28-037 = PGC 33667
11 07 18.1 -19
28 17
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 59d
17.5"
(5/4/02): moderately bright, fairly large contains a bright core ~45"
diameter increasing to a stellar nucleus.
Surrounding the core is a fairly large ill-defined halo elongated 3:2
SW-NE, ~2.5'x1.5' with a low surface brightness. A couple of faint stars are superimposed on the south
side. This galaxy may hold the
record for the most NGC/IC aliases as NGC 3528 = NGC 3525 = NGC 3497 = IC
2624. Forms a pair with NGC 3529 5'
S.
John Herschel
independently discovered NGC 3528 = h3316 on 22 Mar 1835 and recorded "F;
S; R; pslbM; 20". The
preceding of 2 [with NGC 3529]."
His position is just 6 tsec west of ESO 570-006 = MCG -03-28-037.
WH discovered
this galaxy on 8 Mar 1790 (sweep 936) and recorded it as III-824 and later GC
2281 and NGC 3497. His position is
within 2' (typical error) of ESO 570-006, but the position in the GC, which was
copied into the NGC, is 6 min too far west (reduction or copying error). Ormond Stone and Lewis Swift also
independently discovered the same galaxy, so there are four aliases in the
NGC/IC! Namely, NGC 3497 = NGC
3528 = NGC 3525 = IC 2624. NGC
3528 is the primary designation in modern catalogues, despite the earlier
discovery of NGC 3497. See notes
on NGC 3497 for more on the identities.
******************************
NGC 3529 = ESO
570-007 = MCG -03-28-038 = IC 2625 = PGC 33671
11 07 19.1 -19
33 20
V = 14.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated with very faint
extensions suspected at moments, ~45"x35", very weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 3528 = NGC 3525 = NGC 3497 just 5' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3529 = h3317 on 22 Mar 1835 and logged "eF; S; R; vlbM;
15". The following of 2 [with
NGC 3528]." His position is
just 0.1 tmin west of ESO 570-007.
NGC 3529 is 5' south of NGC 3528, which has 4 NGC/IC designation!
Lewis Swift
independently discovered this galaxy on 11 Apr 1898 and recorded it in list
XI-119. His position is just 1'
southeast of ESO 570-007, but Dreyer catalogued it again as IC 2625. So, NGC 3529 = IC 2625.
******************************
NGC 3530 = UGC
6188 = MCG +10-16-064 = CGCG 291-030 = PGC 33766
11 08 40.4 +57
13 48
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 99d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, bright core, probable
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3530 = H III-915 = h821 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"vF, S." His position is
within 1' of UGC 6188. JH logged
"eF; S; R; pgbM; 10"."
******************************
NGC 3531 = NGC
3526 = UGC 6167 = MCG +01-28-039 = CGCG 038-129 = PGC 33635
11 06 56.3 +07
10 23
See observing
notes for NGC 3526.
Edward Holden
found NGC 3531 on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch refractor at the Washburn
Observatory in Wisconsin. His
description from a second observation on 20 Apr 1882 reads "Nebula is
elongated 50¡ +/-, and at its sp end is a star 11m. * 11 at sp end" He added the comment "This may be
Marth 215 (GC 5546 = NGC 3526). If so, Marth's position appears to be a wrong.
" It was Holden who was wrong,
though -- his position is 30' too far south. Rudolph Spitaler equated the two identities NGC 3526 = NGC
3531 (IC 1 Notes section). See
Harold Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3532 = Pin
Cushion Cluster = Wishing Well Cluster = ESO 128-SC31 = Cr 238
11 05 48 -58 46
12
V = 3.0; Size 55'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this amazing naked-eye cluster packs several hundred
stars, filling the 20mm Nagler field (74x and 65' field of view) with
wall-to-wall stars in a 55'x35' region!
The central region is condensed and quite rich with several dense knots
consisting of pairs, triples, chains, etc. The brighter stars are extended ~E-W and includes 6th
magnitude K2-type star (HD 96544).
There is no well-defined edge to this immense cluster although a huge
"U" shaped chain of stars extends around the periphery. A neat equal-mag equilateral triangle
of stars stood out within the central maze of stars. The cluster is quite prominent naked-eye as a 45' cloud just
3¡ ENE of Eta Carina in the NE corner of the rich Carina starcloud and was
densely packed with dozens of resolved stars in the 9x50mm finder. Mag 3.9 V382 Carinae (a Delta Cepheid
variable not considered a cluster member) is just off the SE side.
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): This spectacular naked-eye and binocular
cluster (3¡ ENE of Eta Carina) filled the entire 51' field of the 27mm Panoptic
(76x) with several hundred stars mag 7 and fainter resolved. The cluster is unusually elongated
~E-W, perhaps 55'x30' and widening on the following side. The stars are irregularly distributed
with many in pairs, small groups, chains and loops. A group of about a dozen stars forms a perfect "S"
asterism. Interestingly, there is
a lack of dense knots although the entire central region is rich. Many of the stars appear to have a blue
or yellowish tint. This is one of
the very top open clusters in the sky although it is probably best in a wider
field view.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3532 = Lac II-10 = D 323 = h3315 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He described a "prodigious number
of faint stars forming a semi-circle of 20 to 25 minutes diameter."
James Dunlop
observed the cluster 3 times and described "a very large cluster of stars
about the 9th magnitude, with a red star of the 7-8th magnitude, north
following the centre of the cluster. Elliptical figure: the stars are pretty
regularly scattered."
JH was very
impressed with the cluster, including it in a list of 'greatest hits':
"Among the nebulae which occur from 9h to 12h we have .. the beautiful
planetary nebula [NGC 2867], a perfect planet in appearance, with an attendant
satellite; the falcated nebula [NGC 3199]; Eta Argus with its nebula; the
superb cluster [NGC 3532]; the blue [Herschel's italics] planetary nebula [NGC
3918], a most exquisite and unique object ; and the beautiful cluster of
various coloured stars about Kappa Crucis [NGC 4755]." His first sweep on 31 Mar 1834 reported
"Chief star of a very large, round, loosely scattered cluster of stars
8..12th magnitude, which fills 2 or 3 fields. A fine bright object." His
next observation recorded "The chief star of a superb cluster, which has
several elegant double stars, and many orange-coloured ones." His third
reads: "A glorious cluster of immense magnitude, being at least 2 fields
in extent every way. The stars are 8, 9, 10 and 11 mag, but chiefly 10th
magnitude, of which there must be at least 200. It is the most brilliant object
of the kind I have ever seen."
******************************
NGC 3533 = NGC
3557A = ESO 377-011 = MCG -06-25-002 = AM 1104-365 = LGG 229-009 = PGC 33647
11 07 07.5 -37
10 22
V = 12.9; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 65d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 or 3:1
WSW-ENE, low fairly even surface brightness with just a weak, broad
concentration. A mag 14 star is
just north of the ENE tip. First
in the NGC 3557 group (40' NW of NGC 3557).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3533 = h3318 on 22 Apr 1835 and simply noted "eeF; attached
to a vS star." His position
is 14 sec of RA east of ESO 377-011 = PGC 33647 with the star at the northeast
tip.
******************************
NGC 3534 = NGC
3534A = UGC 6190 = MCG +05-26-062 = CGCG 155-072 = Holm 229a = KTG 35A = WBL
303-001 = PGC 33782
11 08 55.6 +26
36 38
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 88d
24"
(4/20/14): faint to fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.8'x0.4',
low even surface brightness.
Largest in a trio (KTG 35) and brighter of a close pair with NGC 3534B =
UGC 6193 just 0.9' S. The
companion appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 24"x12", with
the major axis perpendicular to NGC 3534.
MCG +05-26-064 lies 2.9' ENE and appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:3 N-S, 25"x15", small bright core.
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5', broad weak
concentration. A mag 9.5 star is
4.3' NW. This is a double system
with separation 0.9' between centers (unresolved) and forms a triplet with MCG
+05-26-064 2.9' ENE.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 3534 on 18 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at St
Petersburg while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke). He recorded a "Very faint nebua of
uniform light, located 3' southeast (PA 145¡) from a mag 9 star. His position is 12 sec of RA west of
UGC 6190.
******************************
NGC 3535 = UGC
6189 = MCG +01-29-004 = CGCG 039-010 = PGC 33760
11 08 34.0 +04
49 55
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 178d
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, brighter core. A mag 15 star is just 43" E of
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3535 = H III-111 = h823 on 18 Apr 1784 (sweep 201) and recorded
"vF, vS, r, 240x confirmed it."
There is nothing at his position, but 33 sec of RA preceding and 1.5'
north is UGC 6189. JH measured an
accurate position. In Dreyer's
1912 revision of WH's catalogues, he explains issues with the telescope that
led to different reductions between Auwers and CH in the declination.
******************************
NGC 3536 = UGC
6191 = MCG +05-26-061 = CGCG 155-073 = PGC 33779
11 08 51.2 +28
28 32
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, round, 40" diameter, low even surface
brightness. The 20' field has only
a half dozen stars. NGC 3539 lies
12.3' NNE. Probable member of AGC 1185 and located about 30' SW of the core of
the cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3536 = h822 on 24 Dec 1827 and noted "F; S; R; bM; 15 to
20" dia." His position is 1.2' south of UGC 6191 = PGC 33779.
******************************
NGC 3537 = PGC
33752 = PGC 33753
11 08 26.6 -10
15 25
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, ~1.0'x0.8', moderate
surface brightness, weak concentration to an irregular nucleus. This is a double system with a
superimposed companion on the south side. Located 8' W of mag 8.7 SAO
138012. NGC 3527 is misidentified
in the RNGC and MCG as MCG -02-29-003 which is located 14' S (see visual
observation).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3537 = T V-8 on 7 Feb 1878. He resolved and accurately measured the two components of
this double galaxy (PGC 33752 = PGC 33753).
Andrew Ainslie
Common found this galaxy in 1880 and described object #13 in his discovery list
as "2 stars inv in haze, Pos. 160 deg." RNGC and MCG both misidentify MCG -02-29-003 as NGC 3537. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3538
11 11 33.1 +75
34 15
Size 9"
=**, Corwin Not found, RNGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3538 on 15 Sep 1866 and noted "vF, pL, *17
near." Just 20" north of
his single position is a pair of mag 14.9/15.1 stars at 9" separation
oriented NW-SE at this position.
In the 1911
Monthly Notices correction paper on WH's sweep of 2 Apr 1801, NGC 3538 was
noted (based on a Greenwich plate) as "Doubtful. Appears as a double star on the photographs. P 310¡, d
12", mags 17, 17." Based
on Heidelberg plates, Reinmuth noted "vS, = neb *14.0, *16 np 0.1', *14.5
f 0.7'. This description applies
to the brighter component of the double star, which is cleanly resolved on the
DSS. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3539 = MCG
+05-26-065 = CGCG 155-077 = PGC 33799
11 09 08.9 +28
40 20
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 3d
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.2'. Contains a small bright core with very
faint extensions. NGC 3536 lies
12.3' SSW. Member of AGC 1185.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3539 = h825 on 13 Apr 1831 and simply noted as
"eF". His position
matches CGCG 155-077 = PGC 33799.
******************************
NGC 3540 = NGC
3548 = UGC 6196 = MCG +06-25-011 = CGCG 185-011 = PGC 33806
11 09 16.1 +36
01 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core. Located 8' E of mag 7.3 SAO 62421 and
17' S of mag 5.7 SAO 62427.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3540 = h824 on 11 Mar 1831 and recorded "pF; R; psbM;
20"; a * 7m preceding, distance 7' - 8'." His position and description match UGC 6196.
NGC 3548, found
by JH the following year, is probably a duplicate observation with a 1.0 min
error in RA. See that number. This
galaxy was not plotted on the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 star
atlas.
******************************
NGC 3541 = MCG
-02-29-003 = PGC 33759
11 08 32.2 -10
29 30
V = 14.5; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.8
17.5"
(5/4/02): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter. Has a much lower surface brightenss
than NGC 3537 14' N. The NGC
identification is very uncertain due to an imprecise position by Common and NGC
3541 may apply to MCG -02-29-004 28' SSE.
This galaxy is identified as NGC 3537 in MCG and RNGC.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3541 with his 36-inch silvered-glass reflector in 1880
and described a "Nebulous star, B centre." His rough discovery position is 12' north of MCG -02-29-004 and
15' south of MCG -02-29-003. Both
of these galaxies are possible candidates. Harold Corwin feels that based on Common's description, MCG
-02-29-003 = PGC 33759 is more likely.
Wolfgang
Steinicke credits Wilhelm Tempel with the discovery on 7 Feb 1878, but the
position and description in list I-31 appears to apply to a couple of very
faint stars.
MCG -02-29-003
is misidentified as NGC 3537 in MCG and RNGC (see notes for NGC 3537). RNGC misclassifies NGC 3541 as
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3542 = MCG
+06-25-013 = CGCG 185-013 = PGC 33868
11 09 55.5 +36
56 47
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, low surface brightness, no
concentration. Forms a trio with
NGC 3545 3.5' ENE and MCG +06-25-014 3.3' N. MCG +06-25-015 is at the edge of the field 11' N.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3542 = St XIII-60 on 26 Mar 1884. His position matches CGCG 185-013 = PGC 33868.
******************************
NGC 3543 = UGC
6213 = MCG +10-16-075 = CGCG 291-034 = PGC 33953
11 10 56.5 +61
20 49
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 8d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 ~N-S. A wide pair of mag 14 stars at 51" separation lie 2'
NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3543 = H III-920 = h826 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"eF, vS, E nearly in the meridian." CH's reduced position is 3.5' southwest of UGC 6213. JH's position is just 4 sec of time
east of this edge-on.
******************************
NGC 3544 = NGC
3571 = ESO 570-011 = MCG -03-29-001 = PGC 34028
11 11 30.3 -18
17 23
See observing
notes for NGC 3571.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 3544 = LM I-184 on 7 Jan 1886 at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position
(nearest minute of RA) but 2 minutes of RA east (same dec) is NGC 3571 = ESO
570-011 and Stone's position angle (95¡) and dimensions (2.5'x0.4') are a
perfect match with NGC 3571.
This galaxy was
discovered by William Herschel on 8 Mar 1790 and catalogued as II-819 (later
NGC 3571). So, NGC 3544 = NGC
3571. The primary designation should be NGC 3571, although RC3 labels this galaxy
NGC 3544. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3545 = VV
182 = MCG +06-25-016/-017 = CGCG 185-015 = PGC 33893
11 10 12.3 +36
57 53
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.3'
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, slight even concentration. Forms a trio with NGC 3542 3.5' WSW and
MCG +06-25-014 4.7' NW. MCG
+06-25-015 lies 10.5' NNW. This is
a double system with components separated by just 13" (oriented SW-NE).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3545 = St XIII-61 on 26 Mar 1884. His position matches the double system MCG +06-25-016/017 or
(R)NGC 3545A/B. The individual
components appear to be at most 0.3'x0.3' and in contact SW-NE.
******************************
NGC 3546 = MCG
-02-29-007 = PGC 33846
11 09 46.8 -13
22 50
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, slightly elongated, 25"x 20", stellar
nucleus. Apparently I picked up
the core region only as the arms have a much lower surface brightness.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3546 = LM II-432 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "* 12m in PA 40¡ at
2.1'." His position is 0.3'
of RA west of MCG -02-29-007 = PGC
33846 and his description matches.
******************************
NGC 3547 = UGC
6209 = MCG +02-29-007 = CGCG 067-019 = PGC 33866
11 09 55.9 +10
43 14
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 7d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated N-S, bright core. Possible member of the Leo group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3547 = H II-42 = h828 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded
"F, S. Does not require 240x
to see it." JH noted "F;
S; lE; of nearly uniform brightness."
******************************
NGC 3548 = NGC
3540 = UGC 6196 = MCG +06-25-011 = CGCG 185-011 = PGC 33806
11 09 16.1 +36
01 15
See observing
notes for NGC 3540.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3548 = h827 on 7 Feb 1832 and noted "eF; R; a * 8m
precedes." There is nothing
at his position buyt 1.0 min of RA west is NGC 3540, which he discovered the
previous year on 11 Mar 1831, and the two descriptions are very similar. RNGC equates NGC 3548 with NGC
3540. See Harold Corwin's NGC
identification notes for more on this number.
******************************
NGC 3549 = UGC
6215 = MCG +09-18-097 = CGCG 267-047 = PGC 33964
11 10 56.8 +53
23 17
V = 12.1; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 38d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 2.6'x1.0',
broad concentration. The ends fade into the background but do not taper giving
a boxy impression. Three collinear
mag 13.5 stars nearly parallel the galaxy off the SE side. The nearest is 1.7' ESE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3549 = H I-220 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded "cB,
E, 70¡ np to sf, 3 or 4' long, about 2' br." His position is within 1.5' (typical error) of UGC
6215. A second observation was
made two nights later to start sweep 920.
A sketch made on
29 Feb 1868 at Birr Castle shows a curving shape with the comments "Lord
R. remarks; - south end much spread out.
We were almost certain of the branches given in diagram, n one most
decided."
******************************
NGC 3550 = UGC
6214 = MCG +05-27-002 = CGCG 155-082 = CGCG 156-003 = PGC 33927
11 10 38.5 +28
46 04
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
13.1"
(3/24/84): brightest in the AGC 1185 cluster. Faint, small, round.
A mag 11 star is 1.5' E and a mag 12 star 1.5' SSW. NGC 3552 lies 4.7' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3550 = H III-351 = h829 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Two [along with III-352 = NGC 3552], both vF and vS. The most south [NGC 3552] is the
faintest and but for the other could not have been observed." JH made 6 disparate descriptions in
terms of brightness, ranging from eF to B, and in the GC notes, he suggested
this was possibly a variable nebula.
******************************
NGC 3551 = CGCG
125-032 = Holm 230b = PGC 33825
11 09 42.8 +21
44 07
Size 0.2'x0.2'
17.5"
(4/15/99): extremely faint, very small, possibly elongated but difficult to
confirm, 20" in diameter.
Could not resolve this double system with certainty (or only viewed the
brighter component). Located 1.4'
SSW of NGC 3555.
17.5"
(3/12/94): very faint, very small, round, fairly low even surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with NGC 3555 1.4' NNE. This is a
double system [29" between centers] which was not resolved or only one
component visible. Member of AGC
1177.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3551 = Sw I-10, along with Sw I-11 = NGC 3555 on 24 Aug 1883,
and noted "eeF; vS; R; diff; s of 2." His position is 50 sec of RA east of CGCG 125-032 (close
pair) but similar in declination.
His relative separation with NGC 3555 is 10 sec of RA and 0.5'
north. This suggests NGC 3555 =
UGC 6203 (brightest in the cluster), though the actual RA difference is 3.2
tsec of RA. CGCG 125-032 is not
labeled NGC 3551 in UGC (notes) or CGCG.
RNGC and PGC identify the brighter western component of this double as
NGC 3551.
As an
alternative identification, Corwin suggests that NGC 3551 = UGC 6203 and NGC
3555 = CGCG 125-034, but the declination separation of 3' is much larger than
Swift's 0.5'. I feel this solution
is less likely.
******************************
NGC 3552 = MCG
+05-27-004 = CGCG 155-085nf = CGCG 156-006nf = PGC 33932
11 10 42.9 +28
41 35
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint glow that is slightly brighter than NGC 3553, situated
very close SW just 44" from center.
Located in the core of AGC 1185.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3552 = H III-352 = h832 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Two [along with III-351 = NGC 3550], both vF and vS. The most south [NGC 3552] is the
faintest and but for the other could not have been observed." JH made 3 observations, describing on
sweep 65 "so excessively faint as hardly to be discerned on long attention. The second of a group of 3 [with NGC
3561]." See notes on NGC
3553.
******************************
NGC 3553 = MCG
+05-27-003 = CGCG 155-085sw = CGCG 156-006sw = PGC 1842970
11 10 40.5 +28
41 06
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint, extremely small.
Located very close SW of NGC 3552 (44" between centers). The pair is just resolved at 220x. Located in the core of rich cluster AGC
1185.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3553 = Big 45 on 13 Mar 1885 and recorded "20"
diam; forms a double nebula with GC 2320 [NGC 3552]." His position, though, matches NGC 3552,
as he assumed the galaxy 0.7' southwest (MCG +05-27-003 = PGC 1842970) was GC
2320. So, the positions in the NGC
for NGC 3552 and NGC 3553 actually apply to the same galaxy. Since Bigourdan clearly discovered MCG
+05-27-003, Harold Corwin suggests it should be labeled NGC 3553. That places the numbering out of order
in RA. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3554 = MCG
+05-27-007 = CGCG 155-086 = CGCG 156-007 = PGC 33948
11 10 47.9 +28
39 36
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
13.1"
(3/24/84): extremely faint and small.
Located in the core of AGC 1185 close SSE of the NGC 3552/NGC 3553
pair. Appears just non-stellar and
near the visual threshold.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3554 = h833 on 24 Dec 1827 and noted "F; R; bM; not vS; PD
mistaken 10'; corrected." His
position is 1.5' north of CGCG 155-086 = CGCG 156-007 = PGC 33948.
******************************
NGC 3555 = UGC
6203 = MCG +04-26-035 = CGCG 125-033 = Holm 230a = PGC 33836
11 09 44.4 +21
45 32
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/15/99): brightest of trio with NGC 3551 1.4' SSW and CGCG 125-034. Appears
very faint, small, round, 0.7' diameter.
Located 9' NW of three mag 9 stars which form a shallow arc. This galaxy
is the brightest in AGC 1177.
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak even concentration
to brighter core and very small nucleus.
A trio of mag 9 stars are in the field 8'-9' S including mag 8.9 SAO
81702 9.1' SE and mag 9.2 SAO 81700 8.7' SSE. Forms a close pair with NGC 3551 1.4' SSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3555 = Sw I-11, along with NGC 3551 = Sw I-10, on 24 Aug
1883. There is nothing at his
position, but exactly 1.0 min west is UGC 62035, the brightest member of the
cluster. UGC, MCG and CGCG fail to
label this galaxy as NGC 3555.
This assignment implies NGC 3551 = CGCG 125-032, a faint double double
system close southwest. See
Corwin's notes for an alternate interpretation of the identifications.
******************************
NGC 3556 = M108
= UGC 6225 = VV 529 = MCG +09-18-098 = CGCG 267-048 = CGCG 268-001 = PGC 34030
11 11 31.8 +55
40 14
V = 10.0; Size 8.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 80d
48"
(5/12/12): extremely bright and large, very elongated at least 4:1 WSW-ESE,
~8'x2'. This galaxy has a unique
tortured appearance and is riddled with irregular dust lanes and patches. A very irregular dust lane courses
through the galaxy along the major axis, but north of the core. A bright mag 12.5 star is superimposed
just west of center and following this star is a bright, large elongated knot
[HK83] 87. Very close west of the
star is a small, faint knot [HK83] 108 and a large dust patch is just west of
this knot. On the west edge of the
dust patch (1.2' W of the star) is another bright, elongated knot with multiple
HII designations including [HK83] 146.
18"
(5/14/07): very bright, very large, elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, ~8'x2'. This striking galaxy has a very
mottled, patchy appearance with the main body appearing twisted or distorted. A few brighter patches or knots are
visible along the major axis with a prominent knot along the west side. The core region is streaked with
dust. The brightest portions of
the two extensions have slightly different orientations or central axes! The galaxy bulges out a bit on the east
end and the galaxy appears to bend a bit towards the north on the west end
adding to the asymmetry. A couple
of faint stars are superimposed on the eastern extension and close to the
center is a prominent mag 12.5 star masquerading as a bright, stellar nucleus. The Owl Nebula, M97, lies 48' SE.
17.5"
(2/25/84): very bright, very large, edge-on 4:1 WSW-ENE, 8.0'x2.0'. A mag 12 star is superimposed just west
of center (V = 12.5) appearing similar to a bright stellar nucleus. Two fainter stars are also superimposed
east of the core. A bright knot is
visible west of the core (1.3' W of the star) and the region near the core
appears dusty. A mag 12 star is
just south of the west end, 4.9' from the center.
17.5"
(3/12/88): very bright, very large, a bright star is superimposed near the
center, knot visible west of the core.
13"
(2/25/84): fairly bright, very elongated, stellar nucleus.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M108 = NGC 3556 = V-46 = h831 in Feb or Mar 1781. An accurate
position was measured by Messier and added by hand to his personal copy of the
catalogue, but a later edition was never published.
WH independently
discovered the galaxy on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 922) and recorded V-46 as "vB,
10' long and 2' br, resolvable. An
unconnected pB star in the middle." JH made a single observation and noted "B; vL; p b r;
vmE; pos 79¡. Has a distinct star
in centre and 1 or 2 vS stars elsewhere." At Birr Castle, M108 was described in various observations
as "twisted", "mottled", "patched and irregular",
"knots".
******************************
NGC 3557 = ESO
377-016 = MCG -06-25-005 = AM 1107-371 = LGG 229-003 = PGC 33871
11 09 57.6 -37
32 21
V = 10.4; Size 4.1'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
2.5'x1.5'. Sharply concentrated
with a prominent 40" core.
With averted vision the diffuse outer halo extends to 3'x2' in
size. A mag 10.5 star lies 3.3'
SE. Brightest in a group (Klemola
18) including NGC 3564 7.7' E and NGC 3568 11.5' NE and part of the
Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster. ESO
377-012, 20' WSW, appeared faint, moderately large, elongated roughly 2:1
NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5'. This galaxy has
a very unusual appearance as a mag 12.8 star is superimposed and the galaxy
appears as a faint, elongated, low surface brightness haze to the south of the
star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3557 = h3319 on 21 Apr 1835 and noted "pB; S; R;
bM." His position (2
observations) matches ESO 377-016.
******************************
NGC 3558 = MCG
+05-27-008 = CGCG 155-089 = CGCG 156-010 = Mrk 422 = PGC 33960
11 10 55.9 +28
32 37
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(3/24/84): this is the second brightest galaxy in the rich cluster AGC
1185. Faint, very small,
round. There is a string of four
faint stars preceding.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3558 on 15 Apr 1866 and viewed at 123x, 148x and
226x. His position is 1.3' too far
north.
******************************
NGC 3559 = UGC
6217 = MCG +02-29-008 = CGCG 067-025 = PGC 33940
11 10 45.2 +12
00 58
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.8',
fairly low surface brightness, brighter core. IC 2628 is located 14' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3559 = H III-79 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 188) and noted "eF,
not L, lE, r." His position
(CH's reduction) is 6' too far
south. Heinrich d'Arrest measured
an accurate position (twice) and noted the 6' error in WH's position. NGC 3560 is a duplicate observation
with a poor declination.
******************************
NGC 3560 = NGC
3559 = UGC 6217 = MCG +02-29-008 = CGCG 067-025
11 10 45.2 +12
00 58
See observing
notes for NGC 3559.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3560 = h834 on 6 Apr 1831 and recorded "F; R; gbM; 20"
(conspicuous). The PD of the
working list [for H III-79] is 6' out, owing to which I have often looked for
it in vain." Although he was
correct about the error in the polar distance of III-79, JH's polar distance
was off by 50'.
Ignoring his
previous equivalence with III-79 (NGC 3559), JH gave h834 a separate GC
designation (2324) at his erroneous position. Dreyer followed JH, and added the duplicate designation NGC
3560. Harold Corwin (private
correspondence on 10 Aug 1995) identifies NGC 3560 = h834 = H III 79 = NGC 3559
as JH originally stated. See
Corwin's notes for full discussion.
******************************
NGC 3561 = Arp
105 NED2 = VV 237a = UGC 6224a = MCG +05-27-010 = CGCG 155-090 NED2 = CGCG
156-011 NED2 = PGC 33991
11 11 13.3 +28
41 46
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(5/12/12): bright, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 3561A 0.9'
N. The companion appeared fairly
bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 30"x20", small bright
core.
At 488x, a very
low surface extension or plume reaches 30" S. The dwarf galaxy "Ambartsumian's Knot" was
occasionally visible near its southern end as an extremely faint stellar
spot. A number of galaxies within
AGC 1185 are nearby including MCG +05-27-012 1.6' SW, which appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 0.3'x0.2'.
MCG +05-27-012,
1.6' SE of NGC 3561, is fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
0.3'x0.2'. 2MASX
J11112084+2840183, 2.2' SE of NGC 3561 and 39" SE of MCG +05-27-012,
appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 16"x8".
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint, very diffuse spot with averted. This member of AGC 1185 is slightly
larger than most members.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3561 = h835 on 30 Mar 1827 and simply noted "vF. The last of a group of 4 [with NGC
3550, 3552 and 3554]." On a
later sweep he called it "F; pL; 8' dist from another [NGC 3550] and 30¡
south-following it." He
likely picked up the brighter southern component of this multiple system.
RC2 lists the
components as NGC 3561A = MCG +05-27-011 (northern) and NGC 3561B = MCG
+05-27-010 (southern). The dwarf galaxy "Ambartsumian's knot" is
located at the southern end of a plume extending from NGC 3561B.
******************************
NGC 3562 = UGC
6242 = MCG +12-11-011 = CGCG 334-013 = PGC 34134
11 12 58.7 +72
52 45
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.3'; PA = 165d
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, gradually brighter
halo, small bright core. A mag
14.5 star is 1.2' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3562 = H II-337 = h830 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"pF, pS, bM." CH's
reduction is within 2' of UGC 6242.
JH recorded "pF; lE; gbM; 20"; a * 15m dist 70"; pos from
neb 22.1¡."
******************************
NGC 3563 = UGC
6234 = MCG +05-27-013/14 = (CGCG 156-014) = Holm 234a = PGC 34025
11 11 25.3 +26
57 49
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 15d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. This is a double galaxy and a very small companion was just
resolved on the west edge. NGC
3563A appears as an extremely faint, round "knot" (perhaps 10"
diameter) just 17" W of center.
Located 3.3' S of mag 9.5 SAO 81711.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 3563 on 18 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory in St Petersburg. He
found this galaxy while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke) and
noted it was 2' south of a mag 8 star in PA 169¡. RC 3 and the first edition of the Deep Sky Field Guide label
this galaxy NGC 3563B and the fainter companion NGC 3563A.
******************************
NGC 3564 = ESO
377-018 = MCG -06-25-006 = AM 1108-371 = LGG 229-004 = PGC 33923
11 10 36.4 -37
32 51
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 15d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE,
1.4'x0.6', weak concentration and tapers at the ends (spindle-shaped). Follows NGC 3557 by 7.7' in a group
(Klemola 18) and bracketed by two mag 13 stars 2' NW and 2' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3564 = h3320 on 21 Apr 1835 and logged "F; S; R; bM. On the same parallel with [NGC
3557]." His position and
description matches ESO 377-018 = PGC 33923.
******************************
NGC 3565 = NGC
3566: = ESO 570-IG 008 = PGC 33701
11 07 47.8 -20
01 18
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 126d
18"
(3/17/07): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15". Located 13' WNW a mag 8.3 HD
96800. The identification of this
galaxy with NGC 3565 is not certain and the number (along with NGC 3566) may
apply to IC 2623 and a star just south.
Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3565 = LM I-185, along with NGC 3566, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Both objects were given the same rough position (nearest min
of RA and marked as +/-). There is
nothing near his position.
ESO, RC3 and PGC
identify NGC 3565 = NGC 3566 = ESO 570-008, an interacting double galaxy
roughly 2.5 min of RA east of Stone's position (typical error in the first
discovery list). On the POSS, the
images of these two small galaxies are merged and difficult to resolve. So, it's possible that Stone observed
this galaxy and a nearby faint star for his second object. RNGC classifies NGC 3565 and 3566 as
nonexistent. Also, see my RNGC
Corrections #6 and Harold Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3566 = NGC
3565: = ESO 570-IG008 = PGC 33701
11 07 47.8 -20
01 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 126d
See observing
notes for NGC 3565.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3566 = LM I-186, along with NGC 3565, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. See NGC 3565.
******************************
NGC 3567 = UGC
6230 = MCG +01-29-011 = CGCG 039-051 = PGC 34004
11 11 18.7 +05
50 10
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 132d
18"
(3/5/05): fairly faint, round, contains a relatively bright stellar or
quasi-stellar nucleus surrounded by a round, faint halo. Forms a double system with MCG
+01-29-012 39" SE. The companion
appeared very faint, very small, 20" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3567 = H III-89 = h836 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged
"eF. I am a little doubtful
of the reality. His position is 30
sec of RA west and 3' north of UGC 6230, the only object in the vicinity. JH made two observations, measured a
fairly accurate position, but was uncertain of the identification with III-89
(because of the poor position). He
also noted "an appearance of stars", perhaps picking up the close
companion as stellar!
******************************
NGC 3568 = ESO
377-020 = MCG -06-25-009 = LGG 229-008 = PGC 33952
11 10 48.5 -37
26 52
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 7d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, very elongated 7:2 N-S, 1.5'x0.4', fairly
low even surface brightness.
Cradled by a trio of mag 10-11 stars just following (the 2 stars off the
north and south ends are parallel to the major axis). NGC 3564 lies 6.7' SSW and NGC 3557, the brightest member of
the Klemola 18 group, is 11.5' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3568 = h3321 on 21 Apr 1835 and recorded "eF; pL; involving
several stars. The last of 3 [with
with NGC 3557 and 3564]. The next
night he noted "F; R; near 3 bright stars." His position is 1' south of ESO 377-020 = PGC 33952 and the
description matches.
******************************
NGC 3569 = UGC
6238 = MCG +06-25-020 = CGCG 185-018 = PGC 34075
11 12 08.1 +35
27 08
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(5/31/03): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, very weak concentration with no
visible core.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3569 on 27 Apr 1864. His single position matches UGC 6238 and the description
mentions the mag 12 star to the west-northwest by 3.5'. A faint companion 1.8'
SW was discovered by Hermann Kobold (K 14) in 1899 with the 18-inch at
Strassburg, though published in 1909, too late for inclusion in the IC2.
******************************
NGC 3570 = UGC
6240 = MCG +05-27-019 = CGCG 156-018 = PGC 34071
11 12 03.3 +27
35 23
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Forms a pair with NGC 3574 at 2.9'
NE. Brightest in a faint group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3570 = St IX-23, along with NGC 3574, on 15 Mar 1877. His position matches UGC 6240. This galaxy is the brightest in a group
with NGC 3754 2.9' NE.
In Emmanuel
Esmiol's re-reduction of Stephan's positions at Marseille Observatory, he
removed NGC 3570 and replaced it with an anonymous galaxy, as if the NGC
position is in error, but his new position matches the old!
******************************
NGC 3571 = NGC
3544 = ESO 570-011 = MCG -03-29-001 = PGC 34028
11 11 30.3 -18
17 23
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 94d
17.5"
(1/31/87): fairly faint, moderately large. Contains a small bright core surrounded by a faint halo
elongated 2:1 ~E-W. Located 19' NW
of mag 6.1 Psi Crateris.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3571 = H II-819 on 8 Mar 1790 (sweep 936) and reported "pF,
pL, bM, iF." His position
matches ESO 570-011 = PGC 34028.
Ormond Stone
independently discovered the galaxy on 7 Jan 1886 at the Leander-McCormick
Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) for NGC 3544 = LM I-184 is
two tmin too far west, but his description matches. So, NGC 3571 = NGC 3544. The primary designation should be NGC 3571, although RC3 labels
this galaxy NGC 3544.
******************************
NGC 3572 = ESO
129-SC1 = Cr 239
11 10 19 -60 14
54
V = 6.6; Size 20
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this is an 8' irregular group of
80-100 stars including a mag 7.9 star on the west side and about a dozen mag 10
stars. A mag 6.7 star lies 11' SE of
center outside of the apparent cluster (but part of Cr 240). A dark patch abuts the cluster and
there is an impression of more bright and dark nebulosity in the field. At 128x with the UHC filter, the
cluster is adjacent to a large field of faint nebulosity to the north (RCW 54)
with the borders of the nebulosity seemingly obscured by dust. Located 16' NW of mag 4.6 HD 97534.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3572 = h3323 on 14 Mar 1834 and noted "Middle of a
tolerably rich cluster, class VIII."
His position is good.
******************************
NGC 3573 = ESO
377-022 = AM 1108-363 = MCG -06-25-011 = LGG 229-010 = PGC 34005
11 11 18.3 -36
52 33
V = 12.3; Size 3.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 4d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, bright
core, very small bright nucleus, faint extensions. A string of three mag 11.5-12.5 stars oriented E-W follow
with the closest star 2.3' E and a mag 14.5 star is at the east edge. Located on the north side of the NGC
3557 group (part of the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster) in the NW corner of
Centaurus near the Antlia border.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3573 = h3322 on 20 Apr 1835 and recorded "eF; R; glbM;
20"; precedes 3 stars 11 and 12 mag, nearly on the same parallel. His position is 1.3' north o fESO
377-022 = PGC 34005 and the description matches.
******************************
NGC 3574 = MCG
+05-27-022 = CGCG 156-020 = PGC 34080
11 12 12.1 +27
37 29
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(4/14/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, no details and
requires averted vision. Located
2.9' NE of NGC 3570 and second brightest in a group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3574 = St IX-24, along with NGC 3570 on 15 Mar 1877. His position matches MCG +05-27-022.
******************************
NGC 3575 = NGC
3162 = UGC 5510 = MCG +04-24-019 = CGCG 123-026
10 13 31.6 +22
44 15
See observing
notes for NGC 3162.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 3575 on 21 Feb 1863.
He noted it was "moderately bright, R, 45" diam. A mag 11 stars precedes at 3' separation
and a mag 16 star is 1' southeast.
There is nothing at his position and Bigourdan and Reinmuth (Heidelberg
plate) both reported negative results.
But Harold
Corwin discovered that d'Arrest's RA was exactly one hour too large, and once
corrected his position as well as description is a perfect match with NGC 3162,
discovered by WH in 1784. d'Arrest
made the same error with NGC 3760 that evening and with NGC 3167 on 1 May 1862.
******************************
NGC 3576 = ESO
129-EN005 = RCW 57 = PP 79 = Ced 113a
11 11 32.7 -61
21 48
Size 20'x15'
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3576 is the first of six sections in a
small, but very interesting nebulous complex consisting of NGC 3576, NGC 3579,
NGC 3581, NGC 3582, NGC 3584 and NGC 3586 – all situated in the same low
power field with NGC 3603! The
entire group is often referred to as the NGC 3576 nebular complex or the RCW
57A region.
NGC 3576 is a
somewhat isolated patch on the southwest side, about 5' from the main
sections. At 128x and a UHC filter
it appeared as a faint, circular hazy patch of low surface brightness with a
mag 12.5 star at the west side and ~1.5' in diameter. NGC 3579 is a small, fan or wedge-shaped section located just
to the west of larger NGC 3584. It
appears 2' in size with a 12th magnitude star at the south tip and spreads to
the north and west from this star.
NGC 3581 is the brightest section of this complex and has sharply
defined borders running SW-NE and NW-SE, meeting at a right angle about 1' WNW
of mag 9.2 SAO 251313. The overall size is ~2'x1.5' with an irregular surface
brightness. It is just
disconnected from NGC 3582, which is close NE. NGC 3582 is another fan-shaped section which wraps around a
mag 10.6 star. It has a
well-defined edge running SW to NE with the northern border running E-W. The
brighter star is embedded roughly in the center and several mag 13 stars are
near the border. The diameter is
~2' (similar in size to NGC 3581 just SW). NGC 3584 is the furthest NE and the largest section of
nebulosity. It appears as a
looping arc about 3.5'x1', bowed out towards the east and extending mostly N-S
and narrowing at the north end. A
few mag 12 stars are off the edges.
NGC 3579 appears as nearly a continuation of this loop towards the west. Finally, NGC 3586, the last in the
complex, is situated ~4' SE of the center of the group of nebulae. It appears as a faint, elongated steak
of 2' length oriented N-S with an 11th magnitude star about 40" NE of the
north tip. The entire group was
roughly sketched and easily matched up with the DSS later. NGC 3603 lies ~25' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3576 = h3324 on 16 Mar 1834 and recorded "F, oval. The first of a group of 6. Place by collation of diagrams." His (rough) position is too far southwest. His sketch was included in the CGH
Observations, plate IV, figure 10.
Joseph Turner
also sketched the group of nebulae on 19 May 1876 using the Great Melbourne
Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php).
******************************
NGC 3577 = UGC
6257 = MCG +08-21-006 = CGCG 242-010 = PGC 34195
11 13 44.9 +48
16 22
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(4/6/91): very faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 11.5 star is 30" SE of the
outer halo and 1.2' from center.
Forms a pair with NGC 3583 5.2' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3577 = H III-723 on 1 Apr 1788 (sweep 822) and noted "eF,
vS. It is south preceding the
foregoing nebula [NGC 3583]."
His position is 4.5' north of UGC 6257, but this is the same offset as
NGC 3583, so the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 3578
11 12 48 -15 57
=**?,
Corwin "Not found",
Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3578 = h837 on 16 Dec 1827 and recorded an uncertain
"Nova" as "A doubtful object, but probably a nebula." There is nothing near his position that
he might have picked up. Dorothy
Carlson reports "not found" in her 1940 NGC errata list. Harold Corwin lists a couple of single
or double stars that JH might have noted.
******************************
NGC 3579 = ESO
129-EN008 = RCW 57 = Ced 113b
11 11 58 -61 14
41
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3579 is a small, fan or wedge-shaped
section located just to the west of larger NGC 3584 within the RCW 57
complex. It appears 2' in size
with a 12th magnitude star at the south tip and spreading to the north and west
from this star. This is the second
of 6 separate pieces catalogued by John Herschel.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3579 = h3325, in a group of nebulae, on 14 Mar 1834 and noted
"R, sbM, by diagram. Place by collation of diagrams." Joseph Turner also sketched the group
of nebulae on 19 May 1876 using the Great Melbourne Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php).
******************************
NGC 3580 = MCG
+01-29-018 = CGCG 039-075 = PGC 34159
11 13 15.9 +03
39 26
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 178d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, 20" diameter (core), quasi-stellar
nucleus. At moments there are
faint extensions N-S. A mag 13 star
lies 1.3' ESE of center.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3580 = T I-32 in 1876.
His position and description (a mag 14 star follows by 3 - 4 sec of
time) matches CGCG 039-075 = PGC 34159.
******************************
NGC 3581 = ESO
129-EN009 = Gum 38a = RCW 57 = Ced 113c
11 12 00.0 -61
18 18
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3581 is the brightest section of this
complex and has sharply defined borders running SW-NE and NW-SE, meeting at a
right angle about 1' WNW of mag 9.2 SAO 251313. The overall size is ~2'x1.5'
with an irregular surface brightness.
NGC 3581 is just disconnected from NGC 3582, which is close NE.
A very young,
infrared cluster (identified in SIMBAD as " NGC3576 IR Cluster") is
on the western side of the HII region, including a number of massive young
stellar objects (YSOs).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3581 = h3326 on 14 Mar 1834 in an HII complex and noted "a
* 12m, with a fan nebula attached.
Place by direct observation."
Joseph Turner also sketched the group of nebulae on 19 May 1876 using
the Great Melbourne Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php).
******************************
NGC 3582 = ESO
129-EN010 = RCW 57 = Ced 113d
11 12 08.1 -61
16 30
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3582 is another fan-shaped section
which wraps around a mag 10.6 star.
It has a well-defined edge running SW to NE with the northern border
running E-W. The brighter star is
embedded roughly in the center and several mag 13 stars are near the
border. The diameter is ~2'
(similar in size to NGC 3581 just SW).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3582 = h3327 on 14 Mar 1834 in a complex of emission
nebulae. He noted "R; has a *
in middle. Place by collation of
diagrams."
Joseph Turner
sketched the complex of nebulae in 1876 with the 48" Great Melbourne
Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php)
******************************
NGC 3583 = UGC
6263 = MCG +08-21-008 = CGCG 242-012 = PGC 34232
11 14 10.8 +48
19 06
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.0', bright
core, stellar nucleus at moments.
A mag 14 star is just off the south side 1.5' from the center. Forms a pair with NGC 3577 5.2' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3583 = H II-728 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded "pB,
pL, R, vgmbM." His position
on sweep is 4' north of UGC 6263 (similar offset as NGC 3577 = II-723 on sweep 822).
******************************
NGC 3584 = ESO
129-EN012 = RCW 57 = Ced 113e
11 12 19.2 -61
13 12
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3584 is the furthest northeast and the
largest section of nebulosity. It
appears as a looping arc about 3.5'x1', bowed out towards the east and extending
mostly N-S and narrowing at the north end. A few mag 12 stars are off the edges. NGC 3579 appears as nearly a
continuation of this loop towards the west.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3584 = h3329 on 16 Mar 1834 in a complex of emission nebulae and
recorded "L, bM, E in meridian.
Place by collation of diagram."
Joseph Turner
sketched the complex on 19 May 1876 with the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php),
and NGC 3584 is shown as a looping nebulosity, narrowing on the north end and
matching my description and the photographic appearance.
******************************
NGC 3585 = ESO
502-025 = MCG -04-27-004 = PGC 34160
11 13 17.1 -26
45 18
V = 09.9; Size 4.7'x2.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 107d
17.5"
(4/6/91): very bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, very high surface
brightness, very bright core, stellar nucleus. Two mag 13.5 stars are 2.5' NE and 3.3 ' NNW. Forms the western vertex of a near
equilateral triangle with two mag 8.5 stars (SAO 179663 and 179667) 8.4' E and
8.4' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3585 = H II-269 = h3328 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 676) and noted
"pB, pL, lE, mbB." His
position at the south edge of the galaxy. JH made two observations from the CGH
and first logged "vB, pL, pmE; forms equilateral triangle with two stars
8th and 8-9 mag following, distant 6' or 7'."
******************************
NGC 3586 = ESO
129-EN013 = RCW 57 = Ced 113f
11 12 29.2 -61
20 54
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3586 is the last in the complex is
situated ~4' SE of the center of the complex. It appears as a faint, elongated steak of 2' length oriented
N-S with an 11th magnitude star about 40" NE of the north tip.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3586 = h3330 on 14 Mar 1834 in a complex of emission nebulae and
recorded "S, oval, E in pos 160¡ +/- by diagram. Place by collation of diagrams; the last of a group of
6."
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 3586 as a thin filament on 19 May 1876 with the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope. This matches
the photographic appearance.
******************************
NGC 3587 = M97 =
Owl Nebula = PK 148+57.1 = PN G148.4+57.0
11 14 47.7 +55
01 08
V = 9.8; Size 202"x196"
48"
(4/19/15): at 375x and 488x w/NPB filter; although the unfiltered view was
excellent, adding a NPB filter at 488x ramped up the contrast! The two famous holes were very high
contrast with the northwest eye slightly larger with a irregular outline. The slightly darker southeast eye has
an easily visible star at the south edge [40" SSE of the central
star]. In addition, a third very
faint star (best seen unfiltered) is close west of this hole [37" SSE of
center]. Overall the surface
brightness of the planetary is irregular or mottled. It fades around the periphery creating a dimmer ragged
circular rim of uneven brightness.
The main bright portion of the planetary is slightly elongated NNW-SSE.
48"
(4/15/10): the Owl Nebula was quite impressive at 330x (unfiltered) and
exhibited a fascinating amount of detail.
The mag 16 central star was easily visible at the center of the 3.4'
disc. To the northwest and southeast
of the central star are two large, darker "holes" (Owl's
"eyes"), each roughly 45" in diameter. The southeast eye has a little more contrast and a very
faint star is close to its southeast edge. The northwest eye is a little larger, though not quite as
dark in the center. A mag 12 star
lies 2.6' NE of center and a mag 14 star lies 3' S of center. MCG +09-19-014, a faint galaxy, lies
3.8' SSE adjacent to a mag 14.5 star.
HCG 50 (faintest of the Hickson Compact Groups) lies 20' ESE.
24"
(2/9/13): although I didn't take
notes on the structure of M97, the mag 16 central was readily visible using
magnifications of 200x and higher.
17.5"
(3/12/88): both holes definitely visible at 280x using a UHC filter.
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly bright, very large, round. Two low contrast darker "holes" are visible with
averted vision which form the "eyes" of the "Owl
Nebula". The southeast hole
is darker but the northwest hole appears larger. Central star not visible.
13"
(4/29/84): moderately bright, large, round. A single hole west of center is highly suspected.
13.1"
(2/25/84): darker "holes" visible near threshold, no central star at
166x-220x.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M97 = NGC 3587 = h838 on 16 Feb 1781. In 1789 William Herschel
described (with his 18.7") "considerably bright, globular, of equal
light throughout, with a diminishing border of no great extent. About 3'
diameter."
A total of 45
observations were made at Birr Castle.
The dark holes were first recorded on 5 Mar 1848: "Two dark and vL
spots in middle." On 11 March: "Brilliant star in the centre. After
5 min observation, detected the star to the right, which Dr. Robinson
immediately saw. Round each star seems a black space." William
Rambaut's sketch, made in 1848, showed a distinct spiral structure ("a
double perforation appears to partake of the structure both of the annular and
spiral nebulae."). He was
clearly influenced by the focus on resolving spiral structure in a variety of
objects.
In 1848 Lord
Rosse produced a detailed sketch (in the 1850 publication) that vaguely
resembled the face of an owl with two large dark holes or "eyes"
punctuated by stars (one is the misplaced central star), additional darker
streaks and patches, and fuzzy filaments extending out of the sides (perhaps to
indicate an irregular fringe). Wilhelm
Tempel was highly critical, though, of Rosse's fanciful sketch when he drew the
planetary in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory in
Florence.
The nickname
"Owl Nebula" was never used by Lord Rosse in a published paper but in
1864 William Darby wrote that M97 was "familiarly known in the Parsontown
Observatory as 'the owl nebula' from its resemblance to an owl." For an unusual interpretation of the
appearance, Romney Robinson described the planetary as "A most intricate
group of spiral arcs disposed around two starry centers, looking like the
visage of a monkey."
******************************
NGC 3588 = UGC
6264 = MCG +04-27-009 = CGCG 126-011 = PGC 34219
11 14 02.5 +20
23 15
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(5/31/03): very faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. Weak, even concentration to
center. Located just 8' S of mag
2.6 Delta Leonis! (Zosma). Not
difficult at 320x with Delta just outside of field.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3588 = Sw I-12 on 26 Apr 1883 and recorded "cS; vF; follows
Delta Leonis 4 sec. Easily
overlooked." His position, 8'
south of Delta Leonis, matches UGC 6264.
This was his first discovery using the 16-inch Clark refractor at Warner
Observatory. He specifically
looked at Delta Leonis, hoping to find a nebula, hidden in the glare of a
bright star.
******************************
NGC 3589 = UGC
6275 = MCG +10-16-096 = CGCG 291-046 = PGC 34308
11 15 13.4 +60
42 02
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 48d
17.5" (3/19/88):
faint, moderately large, oval ~SW-NE, diffuse. Located just west of the line connecting mag 7.5 SAO 15447
4' NNE and mag 8.6 SAO 15449 5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3589 = H III-921 = h839 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"eF, pL, E." His
position is 2' south of UGC 6275.
JH recorded "vF; L; vglbM; 45"; situated in the centre of
gravity of a triangle of 3 large stars 5' distance." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3590 = Cr
242 = ESO 129-SC014
11 12 59 -60 47
18
V = 8.2; Size 4'
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this is a small, fairly bright 2'
knot of ~20 stars mag 10 and fainter.
At 76x this diminutive cluster is set in a remarkable field, forming a
triangle with NGC 3603 and the NGC 3579-86 complex (RCW 57) to the south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3590 = h3332 on 4 Feb 1835 and recorded "a close, p rich,
compressed, oval cluster, somewhat insulated." His position is good.
******************************
NGC 3591 = MCG
-02-29-012 = PGC 34220
11 14 03.3 -14
05 14
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE,
0.9'x0.7'. Contains a very small
brighter nucleus, ~10" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3591 = H III-529 = h3331 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and noted
"eF, S." JH recorded
"vF; R; 30"; vlbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3592 = UGC
6267 = MCG +03-29-011 = CGCG 096-011 = PGC 34248
11 14 27.5 +17
15 34
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/9/99): surprisingly faint for listed magnitude, required averted and
appeared as a 15" "knot" just 45" following a mag 14.5
star. Elongation not seen so I
only viewed the brighter inner core of this edge-on system. Located 11' W of NGC 3598.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3592 = m 216 on 4 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, S, pmE, pos 60¡." Marth's position matches UGC 6267 =
M+03-29-011, although the PA is 120¡.
******************************
NGC 3593 = UGC
6272 = MCG +02-29-014 = CGCG 067-040 = PGC 34257
11 14 37.0 +12
49 03
V = 10.9; Size 5.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 92d
17.5"
(4/1/95): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 3.2'x1.2'. Strong concentration from a faint outer
halo to a prominent elongated core and a very small rounder nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3593 = H I-29 = h840 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 188) and recorded
"B, cL, lE, mbM, r." JH
noted "B; E; psmbM; 40" l, 30" br." and measured an
accurate position (3 observations).
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 27 Mar 1856 with the 72", logged "suspect as before a
dark lane along the n side of the nucleus and neby outside this again, but far
from being certain."
******************************
NGC 3594 = UGC
6286 = MCG +09-19-022 = CGCG 267-058 = CGCG 268-011 = PGC 34374
11 16 14.0 +55
42 15
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 10d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 11 star is 2.7' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3594 = H III-770 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted "vF,
vS, stellar neb." His
position is 0.6 tmin of RA west and 2.5' north of UGC 6286. But Harold Corwin notes that his
position is also 13' following CGCG 268-006, which has a higher surface
brightness and is a possible identification.
******************************
NGC 3595 = UGC
6280 = MCG +08-21-009 = CGCG 242-014 = PGC 34325
11 15 25.5 +47
26 49
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 176d
17.5"
(4/22/95): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S. Sharp concentration with a very small
bright core and much fainter extensions.
Located 2.0' S of mag 7.4 SAO 43659! UGC 6255 lies 19' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3595 = H III-706 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"vF, vS, stellar, south of a cB star." His position is 2' too far north (very close to mag 7.6 HD
97773).
******************************
NGC 3596 = UGC
6277 = MCG +03-29-013 = CGCG 096-013 = PGC 34298
11 15 06.2 +14
47 13
V = 11.3; Size 4.0'x3.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
24"
(5/27/17): bright, large, broad fairly weak concentration in halo to a slightly
brighter core, small brighter nucleus.
The galaxy is bracketed by a mag 13.5 star 3.7' SSW and a similar star
3.4' N. A third 13th mag star is
4.7' due E forming a near equilateral triangle with sides 7'.
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright, fairly large, diffuse, slightly elongated NW-SE,
sharp stellar nucleus is possibly offset to the west of the geometric center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3596 = H II-102 = h841 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"Faintish, pS, R, rather bM, resolvable." His position is 2'-3' north-northwest of UGC 6277. JH made two observations of this galaxy
and noted (sweep 419) "pF; vL; gbM; 2' dia."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 22 Mar 1857, noted he "strongly suspect
either a vF nebulous ring round nucleus, or a branch joining centre at the
following side. Difficult
object." Interestingly, it appears that Barnard's announcement of a new
planetary in AN 4112 applies to this galaxy!
******************************
NGC 3597 = ESO
503-003 = MCG -04-27-005 = AM 1112-232 = PGC 34266
11 14 42.0 -23
43 39
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 65d
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Moderate even concentration to a very
small bright core and stellar nucleus.
A pair of mag 13 stars lie less than 2' NE of center. Located 5' SSW of mag 9.1 HD 97783.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 3597 = h3333 on 21 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; R; bM; much diluted at
the borders, 30"." His position matches ESO 503-003 = PGC 34266.
******************************
NGC 3598 = UGC
6278 = MCG +03-29-014 = CGCG 096-014 = PGC 34306
11 15 11.6 +17
15 45
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
well-concentrated with a bright core steadily increasing to a faint stellar
nucleus. The outer halo is
ill-defined and much weaker. A mag
14 star is just off the north edge 0.6' from center and a pair of mag 13.5
stars is 4' ENE. NGC 3592 lies 11'
W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3598 = m 217 on 4 Mar 1865 and noted "F, vS,
stell." His position matches
UGC 6278 = PGC 34306.
Wilhelm Tempel
found this galaxy in 1876 and recorded it in list I-33, and noted a star close
north.
******************************
NGC 3599 = UGC
6281 = MCG +03-29-015 = CGCG 096-015 = PGC 34326
11 15 27.0 +18
06 37
V = 12.0; Size 2.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 99d
17.5"
(4/13/02): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated ~4:3, 2.0'x1.5'.
Contains a small, fairly bright round core which is concentrated to the center
with a much lower surface brightness halo. Located 21' WNW of NGC 3607 in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3599 = H II-49 = h843 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and logged
"resolvable, brightest in the middle & the brightness going off
imperceptibly." JH called it
"B; R: psmbM; 35"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3600 = UGC
6283 = MCG +07-23-038 = CGCG 213-038 = Mrk 1443 = PGC 34353
11 15 52.0 +41
35 28
V = 11.7; Size 4.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 3d
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 1.8'x0.6', small bright core,
faint extensions. Two mag 12 stars
lie 2.4' and 3.2' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3600 = H II-709 = h842 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and recorded
"vF; S; E in the meridian [N-S]." JH called it "pB; S; lE; vgbM; 20"." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3601 = UGC
6282 = MCG +01-29-024 = CGCG 039-091 = PGC 34335
11 15 33.3 +05
06 56
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, small, irregularly round, 25"x20" diameter, even
surface brightness. A mag 13 star
lies 2.9' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3601 = m 218 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted " vF, pS, alm
stell." His position matches
UGC 6282 = PGC 34335.
******************************
NGC 3602 = MCG
+03-29-017 = CGCG 096-017 = PGC 34351
11 15 48.3 +17
24 57
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 45d
18"
(5/15/10): extremely faint, very small, required averted vision to initially
pick up at 175x although visible ~75% of the time at 260x. Appears roughly as a tiny, thin streak,
~15"x5", although sometimes the extensions were not seen, only a
5" core. . Located 3.4' NE of a mag 10 star.
17.5"
(4/9/99): not found.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3602 = m 219 on 4 Mar 1865 and noted "eeF, vS, alm
stell." His position matches
CGCG 096-017 = PGC 34351.
******************************
NGC 3603 = ESO
129-SC16 = Cr 244 = Gum 38b = RCW 57
11 15 07 -61 15
42
V = 9.1; Size 12'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this distant (20,000 light years)
superluminous HII region and cluster was mesmerizing at 200x using a UHC
filter. The nebulosity is
generally elongated E-W, ~5'x3', but with bays and extensions and dark lanes. The surface brightness is highest to
the south of the embedded cluster with a dark lane slashing through the
nebulosity just west of the bright core.
At 350x, 15-20 stars were resolved in the glow, though the tiny,
brilliant "core" cluster (HD 97950) was only mottled and barely
resolved into a few stars.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x a bright irregular nebula surrounds a mag 9
"star". At 200x, a
half-dozen very faint stars are packed very close to the central star. This very compact knot is actually a
distant, very dense, young cluster of extremely luminous stars! Adding a UHC filter, the nebulosity is
irregular at 105x, extending mostly south of the star and fading out into two
or three sections that are possibly divided by a dark lane. The brightest section is to the
southwest of the central star.
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this distant but superluminous HII
region is a fascinating clump of stars of and nebulosity surrounding a bright
9th magnitude knot. The bright
central region was extremely dense and contained 10-12 stars crammed into 2',
yet it seemed only partially resolved at the very center into a couple of
stars. At 128x and UHC filter, the
surrounding "haze" is clearly gaseous in nature with the brightest
portion offset to the SW side from the core with a roughly broad fan with a
total size of approximately 5'x3'.
A dark lane appears to cut through the nebulosity towards the core and
there is a strong impression that the field is riddled with dust lanes and
patches. This is a well-studied
highly reddened, luminous cluster (~20,000 light years) and HII region with
similarities to the Tarantula nebula in the LMC!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3603 = h3334 on 14 Mar 1834 NGC 3603 and recorded "a red star
10m, the centre of an excessively condensed group of stars 15...18m, with a
nebulosity extending over 2' diameter.
On the next sweep, he noted "the center, when examined with powers
240 and 320, decidedly not a star, and the nebula about it all resolved. Perhaps it is a globular clusters, vs
vvmbM."
******************************
NGC 3604 = NGC
3611 = UGC 6305 = MCG +01-29-026 = CGCG 039-103 = PGC 34478
11 17 30.1 +04
33 19
See observing
notes for NGC 3611.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3604 = H II-626 on 30 Dec 1786 (short sweep 675) and recorded
"pB, S, lE, mbM." There
is nothing at Herschel's position and this object was not recovered by
Bigourdan. In the "Scientific
Papers of WH", Dreyer states "should probably be rejected as there
was fog "which indeed was so strong as to make everything swim about
me." But, WH's position is
1.0 tmin preceding NGC 3611 (similar offset as NGC 3509 on the same sweep) and
Dorothy Carlson (1940 NGC correction paper) and Harold Corwin equate NGC 3604
and 3611. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3605 = UGC
6295 = MCG +03-29-019 = CGCG 096-019 = Holm 240c = WBL 319-001 = PGC 34415
11 16 46.6 +18
01 01
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 17d
24"
(5/27/17): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4',
sharply concentrated with a small very bright core that increases to a
quasi-stellar nucleus. Close pair
with brighter NGC 3607 3' NE.
13.1"
(2/16/85): fairly faint, small, round, small bright nucleus. In a group with brigtest member NGC
3607 3.0' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3605 = H III-27 = h844, along with NGC 3607 and 3608, on 14 Mar
1784 (sweep 170) and recorded "Three nebula of different sizes; all
brightest in the middle & R.
The largest is that in the middle [NGC 3607] & is of a considerable
size; that on the north [NGC 3608] is a good deal smaller. The most south of them [NGC 3605] is
much smaller than either of them, so that at first I did not immediately
perceive it."
******************************
NGC 3606 = ESO
377-032 = MCG -05-27-004 = PGC 34378
11 16 15.6 -33
49 40
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(3/17/07): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, small bright
core, relatively bright stellar nucleus.
Two mag 10 and 11 stars lie 4.5' and 5.5' NNE. ESO 377-031 lies 9' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3606 = h3335 on 20 Apr 1835 NGC 3606 and logged "eF; R; S;
gbM; 15"." His
single observation matches ESO 377-032.
******************************
NGC 3607 = UGC
6297 = MCG +03-29-020 = CGCG 096-021 = Holm 240a = WBL 319-002 = PGC 34426
11 16 54.7 +18
03 06
V = 9.9; Size 4.9'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 120d
24"
(5/27/17): very bright, large, oval 4:3 NW-SE, sharply concentrated with an
intensely bright core that increases to an extremely bright nucleus. A nice group of 5 stars is roughly 4'
SE with one a wide pair [17"].
In a small group of bright galaxies with NGC 3605 2.9' SW and NGC 3608
5.8' N.
13.1"
(2/16/85): bright, slightly elongated, bright core, stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group with NGC 3608 5.7'
N, NGC 3605 3.0' SW and NGC 3599 21' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3607 = H II-50 = h845, along with NGC 3605 and 3608, on 14 Mar
1784 (sweep 170). See NGC 3605 for
description.
******************************
NGC 3608 = UGC
6299 = MCG +03-29-022 = CGCG 096-022 = Holm 240b = WBL 319-003 = PGC 34433
11 16 59.0 +18
08 55
V = 10.8; Size 3.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
24"
(5/27/17): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 1.5' diameter,
sharply concentrated with a very bright, very small core and an intense
nucleus. Northern galaxy in a
prominent trio with NGC 3607 5.9' S and NGC 3605 8.5' SSW. Two mag 12.3 and 12.8 stars are 1.4' NW
and 1.9' NE.
13.1"
(2/16/85): moderately bright, small, stellar nucleus. Appears slightly fainter than NGC 3607 5.7' S. In a trio with NGC 3605 and NGC 3607.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3608 = H II-51 = h846, along with NGC 3605 and 3607, on 14 Mar
1784 (sweep 170). See NGC 3605 for
description.
******************************
NGC 3609 = NGC
3612 = UGC 6310 = MCG +05-27-043 = CGCG 156-050 = Holm 241a = PGC 34511
11 17 50.6 +26
37 33
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 50d
17.5"
(4/22/95): faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Weak concentration to a slightly
brighter core. A mag 14 star is
just off the south edge 50" from center and a second mag 14 star is 1.8'
NW. A brighter mag 11 star lies
3.3' NE. Forms a pair with UGC
6321 (misidentified as NGC 3612 in modern sources) 5.4' E. UGC 6321 appeared extremely faint,
small, round, 20" diameter, low surface brightness. A mag 11 star lies 3.9' NW.
Otto Struve
found NGC 3609 on 18 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke). He discovered this galaxy (UGC 6310)
just 2 nights earlier so it also carries the designation NGC 3612. Modern sources mistakenly identify UGC
6321 as NGC 3612. See NGC 3612 for
the story.
******************************
NGC 3610 = UGC
6319 = MCG +10-16-107 = CGCG 291-048 = LGG 234-001 = PGC 34566
11 18 25.3 +58
47 10
V = 10.8; Size 2.7'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Sharp concentration with a very small bright core and a
faint halo! About 15' NNW is a
small group of 7 stars including mag 9.0 SAO 27978.
NGC 3610 is the
brightest member of a 5 member group (LGG 234), along with NGC 3610, 3619,
3642, 3674 and 3683.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3610 = H I-270 = h847 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"vB, cL." JH made 3
observations, on sweep 344 logging "B; R; vsvmbM to a * 11m." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3611 = NGC
3604 = UGC 6305 = MCG +01-29-026 = CGCG 039-103 = Todd 1 = PGC 34478
11 17 30.1 +04
33 19
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/22/96): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.8'. Fairly sharp concentration with a
rounder 30" core and a bright nearly stellar nucleus offset to the north
side of the core. A mag 11 star is 3.2' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3611 = H II-521 = h849 on 27 Jan 1786 (sweep 514) and recorded
"F, vS, iF, er." A
second observation on 15 Apr 1786 (sweep 552) noted "vF, iF, smbM." WH found this galaxy again on the short
sweep 675 on 30 Dec 1786 and recorded II-626 = NGC 3604 as "pB, S, lE,
mbM." His position is 1.0
tmin too far west. So, NGC 3611 =
NGC 3604. JH made two
observations, first recording "B; S; R smbM; has a * 10m, 60¡ np, dist
3'."
Finally, David
Todd found NGC 3611 = Todd 1 on 3 Nov 1877 in his search for trans-Neptunian
planet. Todd's offsets for nearby
stars match this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3612 = NGC
3609 = UGC 6310 = MCG +05-27-043 = CGCG 156-050 = PGC 34511
11 17 50.5 +26
37 32
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 50d
See observing
notes for NGC 3609. Modern sources
misidentify UGC 6321, located 5.4' E, as NGC 3612.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 3612 on 16 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke). His description (translately roughly
from German using GoogleTranslate) reads "pretty faint, 30"-40"
diameter. A mag 10-11 star is approximately 2' north following, with the
nebula in position angle 225¡."
His position is within 1' of UGC 6310, the brighter of a pair with UGC
6321 5.4' east, and his description matches the brighter galaxy (the star is 3'
northeast and the PA matches).
Karl Reinmuth identified UGC 6321 as NGC 3612, but noted "No *10-11
nf 2'." and modern sources (including NED) follow this
misidentification.
Two nights later
(18 Mar) Struve reported finding another nebula, described as 20" diameter and situated in PA 226¡ from
a 10th magnitude star. His
position is 14 seconds of time too far west, but the PA is a perfect match with
UGC 6310. So, although there are
two galaxies here, both of Struve's entries point to the same brighter galaxy. I notified Corwin and Steinicke of the
situation in April 2015 and Wolfgang agreed NGC 3612 = NGC 3615 = UGC
6310. He mentioned that this
leaves UGC 6321 without a NGC designation as Bigourdan, Kobold and Hagen only
observed the brighter galaxy.
Kobold called the brighter galaxy NGC 3612, but modern sources identify
it as NGC 3609.
******************************
NGC 3613 = UGC
6323 = MCG +10-16-109 = CGCG 291-049 = PGC 34583
11 18 36.0 +58
00 00
V = 10.9; Size 3.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 102d
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, very bright
core, stellar nucleus. NGC 3619
lies 15' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3613 = H I-271 = h848 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and logged
"vB, cL, E, mbM."
His RA and Dec is too large (noted by Dreyer in Scientific Papers). JH recorded "vB; mE; pos 305¡, a
nucl and F branches." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3614 = UGC
6318 = MCG +08-21-015 = CGCG 242-019 = PGC 34561
11 18 21.3 +45
44 53
V = 11.6; Size 4.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, moderately large, weak concentration, slightly elongated 4:3
E-W with dimensions 2.5'x2.0', low surface brightness, edges fade gradually
into background. Located on a line
with a mag 13 star 3.5' E and a mag 12 star 5.1' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3614 = H II-729 = h850 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"vF, cL, lbM, lE in the parallel." JH noted "F; pL; glbM; r." His position matches UGC 6318. The MCG declination is 2 degrees too
far north.
******************************
NGC 3615 = UGC
6313 = MCG +04-27-012 = CGCG 126-021 = PGC 34535
11 18 06.7 +23
23 50
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.6'. The prominent 20" core steadily
increases to a stellar nucleus.
First and brightest of a trio with NGC 3618 7' NE and extremely faint
CGCG 126-022 3.2' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3615 = H III-333 = h851 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF, vS. 240x verified it." CH's reduction is 3.4' northwest of UGC
6313. JH called it "pF; smbM;
stellar." His position is
accurate to within 30".
******************************
NGC 3616
11 18 08.9 +14
45 53
=Not found,
Harold Corwin and Dorothy Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3616 = H III-76 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded "eF,
pL. Some doubts were removed by
putting on 240." There is
noithing near his position and Dreyer notes in his 1912 revision of WH's
catalogues that it was not found by Bigourdan (visually) nor by Max Wolf (on a
Heidelberg plate).
Harold Corwin
initially identified this number with a star near WH's position but more
recently he feels a single or even close double star would not fit Herschel's
description of "pL". So,
this object is not found. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3617 = ESO
503-012 = MCG -04-27-008 = UGCA 231 = AM 1115-255 = KTS 42C = PGC 34513
11 17 50.9 -26
08 04
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 147d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, small, round , 30" diameter. Increases to a very small brighter
nucleus. I probably only viewed
the brighter core and missed the dim halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3617 = h3336 on 22 Mar 1836 and recorded "F; S; R: gbM;
20"." His position
matches ESO 503-012 = PGC 34513.
******************************
NGC 3618 = UGC
6327 = MCG +04-27-014 = CGCG 126-025 = Mrk 1288 = PGC 34575
11 18 32.6 +23
28 08
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 175d
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak concentration. Third of three on a line with CGCG
126-022 and NGC 3615 7' SW. At low
power collinear with two mag 10 stars equally spaced 8' and 17' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3618 = H III-334 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted "vF,
S, goes into the field with the foregoing [NGC 3615]." CH's reduction is 3.6' northwest of UGC
6327 (similar offset as NGC 3615).
NGC 3618 was
assumed to be a new on the 23 Mar 1857 observation by R.J. Mitchell at Birr
Castle: "about 6' or 7' nf [NGC 3615] is a S, vvF patch, lbM." JH included this observation in the GC
(2365) as well as GC 2368 = III-334.
In the 1880 compilation of LdR observations, Dreyer added the note
"the latter [GC 2365] is not a "nova" but = III 334, as pointed
out by d'Arrest. GC 2365 is to be
struck out."
******************************
NGC 3619 = UGC
6330 = MCG +10-16-115 = CGCG 291-054 = PGC 34641
11 19 21.6 +57
45 29
V = 11.5; Size 2.7'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Forms a pair with NGC 3625 9.5' E and NGC 3613 lies 16' NNW.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3619 = H I-244 = h852 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded
"cB, R, vgmbM, 1 1/2' dia."
CH's reduced position is just off the nortwest edge of UGC 6330. JH made a single observation and noted
"pB; R; psmbM; 45". The PD differs 7' from that assigned by
my Father; query therefore if the same object." His position is 1.5' too far south, so there does not appear
to be a significant discrepancy.
******************************
NGC 3620 = ESO
038-010 = PGC 34366
11 16 04 -76 12
54
V = 13.9; Size 2.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 15.0; PA = 78d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
1.2'x0.4', weak concentration. A
mag 14.5 star is pinned against the south side, a little west of the center. I reobserved this galaxy not realizing
it was logged last night. Located
32' NE of the bright reflection nebula IC 2631.
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, moderately large, very
elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.5', small brighter core. A mag 14 star is barely off the south side (west of center). The large reflection nebula, IC 2631,
lies 32' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3620 = h3338 on 31 Mar 1837 and logged "F; pmE; gbM;
50". His position and description "matches ESO 038-010. This galaxy is not included in the
first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 star atlas or it companion Deep Sky
Field Guide.
******************************
NGC 3621 = ESO
377-037 = MCG -05-27-008 = UGCA 232 = PGC 34554
11 18 16.0 -32
48 42
V = 9.7; Size 12.3'x7.1'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 159d
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 6' diameter, weak central
concentration and along the major axis but no sharp nucleus. Several stars are nearby; three mag
11-13 stars are off the north tip and two mag 10 stars are 2.7' SW and 3.7' SSE
of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3621 = H I-241 = D 617 = h3337 on 17 Feb 1790 (sweep 808) and
recorded "cB, vgbM, E from about 70¡ np to sf, about 6 or 7' long and near
4' broad. Within a parallelogram
of stars." This is the most
southerly object he discovered!
From the latitude of Slough, NGC 3621 culminated at an elevation of only
6.8¡!
James Dunlop
observed NGC 3621 on 7 May 1826 with his 9-inch reflector from Parramatta, NSZ,
and recorded "a very faint pretty large nebula, about 2' broad and 4'
long, very faint at the edges. The brightest and most condensed part is near
the south following extremity; a small star is involved in the north preceding
extremity, and there are two small stars near the south extremity, but not
involved." Dunlop made
two observations and his published position is 10' NE of center.
JH observed the
galaxy on 29 Apr 1834 from the Cape of Good Hope and recorded, "pB, vL,
oval, vgvlbM, resolvable, 5' long, 3' broad."
******************************
NGC 3622 = UGC
6339 = CGCG 314-020 = PGC 34692
11 20 12.5 +67
14 29
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 7d
17.5"
(4/22/95): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.2'x0.6', elongated bright
core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' SE
of center. Located 9.3' NNW of mag
6.2 SAO 15478.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3622 = H II-879 = h853 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and noted
"pB, R, S, bM." CH's
reduced position is 1.8 tmin following UGC 6339. JH logged "pF; S; R; gbM; 15"." and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3623 = M65 =
Arp 317 NED1 = Leo Triplet = UGC 6328 = MCG +02-29-018 = CGCG 067-054 = Holm
246b = PGC 34612
11 18 55.3 +13
05 35
V = 9.3; Size 9.8'x2.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 174d
17.5"
(1/31/87): very bright, very large, very elongated N-S, 7.5'x2.0', bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is
west of the south end 2.1' from the center. Forms a remarkable trio with M66 20' ESE and NGC 3628 36'
NE. Requires low power (31 Nagler)
to easily fit all three in the same field.
13.1"
(4/10/86): very bright, elongated N-S, elongated bright core, possible stellar
nucleus.
Charles Messier
discovered M65 = NGC 3623 = h854, along with M66, on 1 Mar 1780. WH first observed it on 31 May
1783 with his 12-inch and noted "almost a certainty of its being
stars. There is however in both
the nebulas [65 and 66] a certain whitishness left which may be
nebulosity." With his 20-ft
scope (18.7-inch), he recorded "a very brilliant nebula extended in the
meridian, about 12' long. It has a
bright nucleus, the light of which suddenly diminishes on its border, and two
opposite very faint branches."
William Rambaut
(LdR's assistant) sketch from 31 Mar 1848 was published in the 1850 PT paper
(plate XXXVII, fig. 7). On 25 Feb
1854, "Lord Rosse suspected dark spaces on either side of the
nucleus.", though this suspicion wasn't confirmed the following year. Lassell's sketch using the 48"
from Malta
******************************
NGC 3624 = MCG
+01-29-029 = CGCG 039-114 = PGC 34599
11 18 50.9 +07
31 16
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 175d
17.5"
(5/4/02): very faint, diffuse glow with a brighter center. Halo fades into background, ~40"
diameter. A mag 13 star lies 2.5'
N. Forms a close pair with CGCG
039-113 2.1' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3624 = h855 on 27 Dec 1827 and simply noted as "eF."
His position matches CGCG 039-114 = PGC 34599.
******************************
NGC 3625 = UGC
6348 = MCG +10-16-120 = CGCG 291-057 = PGC 34718
11 20 31.2 +57
46 53
V = 13.1; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 148d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated NNW-SSE, weak
concentration. Third of three with
NGC 3613 20' NW and NGC 3619 9.4' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3625 = H II-885 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and logged "F, E
from np to sf, about 1 1/2' long."
The NGC position from d'Arrest is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3626 = NGC
3632 = UGC 6343 = MCG +03-29-032 = CGCG 096-029 = LGG 237-002 = PGC 34684
11 20 03.9 +18
21 24
V = 11.0; Size 2.7'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 157d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x1.4',
broadly concentrated halo with a larger brighter core and very low surface
brightness outer halo. The core,
though, is sharply concentrated with a very intense, quasi-stellar nucleus. Member of a group (LGG 237) that
extends from NGC 3607/08 to NGC 3681/84/86.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 ~NNW-SSE. Sharply concentrated with a small, very
bright core that increases to a bright, stellar nucleus. NGC 3639 lies 23' ENE.
17.5"
(3/22/96): bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 1.8'x1.2'. Strong, sharp concentration with a very
small elongated core and a bright stellar nucleus. Located roughly 50' ENE of the NGC 3607 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3626 = H II-52 = h856 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and noted
"a nebula like the northern one [II-51 = NGC 3608], but a little
longish." His RA is about 30
sec too large. NGC 3632 = H II-30,
found a month earlier on 15 Feb 1784, is a duplicate observation, though
further out in position. JH
measured an accurate position and logged "B; R; sbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 3627 = M66 =
Arp 16 = Arp 317 NED2 = VV 308a = Holm 246a = Leo Triplet = UGC 6346 = MCG
+02-29-019 = CGCG 067-057 = PGC 34695
11 20 15.0 +12
59 22
V = 8.9; Size 9.1'x4.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 173d
48"
(4/13/10): this showpiece galaxy stretches 7'x3' N-S. The central region is dominated by a prominent, 3'x1.2'
central bar that is elongated NNW-SSE.
The central region has a mottled, irregular surface brightness and
increases gradually towards the center and then suddenly to a very bright,
stellar nucleus. A very faint star
or HII knot was seen at the very north tip of the bar [confirmed as #44 in
Hodge's "Second Survey of HII regions in Galaxies", ApJS, 27, 113
(1974)]. The longer, better defined
arm is attached at the north end and sweeps directly south along the western
flank of the galaxy for a total length of ~5'. The western edge of this arm is very well defined as it
fades to the southern tip, though the inner edge merges with the glow within
the central region. The arm and
bar are brightest where they join at the north end of the central region. The
second spiral arm is attached at the south end of the bar and shoots north on
the eastern side of the galaxy.
This arm fades after a shorter distance, so is not as prominent, but is
brightest at the root, as it emerges from the bar. A mag 9.8 star lies 3' NW of center at the outer edge of the
halo.
17.5"
(1/31/87): very bright, large, elongated N-S, 5'x3', bright elongated core
contains a stellar nucleus. Two
spiral arms are visible although the western arm is more prominent.
13.1"
(4/24/82): bright elongated core, stellar nucleus. A diffuse spiral arm extends south and a second short arm
extends to the east. A dark patch
is visible just east of the nucleus.
Charles Messier
discovered M66 = NGC 3627 = h857 = h875, along with M65, on 1 Mar 1780. On 12 Apr 1784, WH recored "vB,
mE, iF. The extension is chiefly
in the direction of the meridian, and the greatest brightness near the middle.
JH made 4 observations, once listing it as a new (h875), with the RA 3 min too
large. On sweep 22 he logged
"vB; vL; sbM; 3' l, 2' br; E 60¡ np to sf in direction of 2 stars 10m,
preceding."
George Stoney
sketched the galaxy with LdR's 72" on 17 Apr 1849 (Plate XXVII, fig. 16 in
the 1861 publication). Features
include a well defined spiral arm along the western side and arcs within the
main body that correspond with brighter sections of spiral arms. The 31 Mar 1848 observation mentions
"a little above towards the right [nf] is a dark streak; spiral, resolved
well about the Nucl, but no other part.
From the right, and apparently springing from the nucleus, a vF portion
of nebulosity extends for nearly 15', gradually melting away." A schematic in the 1880 publication
shows the beginning of two arms on the eastern side and a long, thick arm on
the western side.
******************************
NGC 3628 = Arp
317 NED3 = VV 308b = UGC 6350 = MCG +02-29-020 = CGCG 067-058 = Holm 246c = PGC
34697 = Leo Triplet
11 20 16.2 +13
35 22
V = 9.5; Size 14.8'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 104d
17.5"
(1/31/87): bright, unusually large edge-on WNW-ESE, 11'x2.5'. A broad irregular dust lane is
prominent bisecting the galaxy along the entire length. Appears brighter to the north of the
dark lane and fainter on the south side.
13.1"
(4/24/82): the dust lane is clearly visible along the entire length and divides
the galaxy into two asymmetric halves with the south slice much fainter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3628 = H V-8 = h859 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"B, vmE, lbM than towards the ends.
It seems to extend 9 or 10' if not more." JH called it "a v long narrow ray, vgbM; 15' long, a
most curious object. E by diag in
pos 105¡.
Samuel Hunter,
observing on 10 Feb 1861 with LdR's 72", noted "split into two
parallel rays." A month later
he added "split extends its whole length, the f part being partially
filled with faint nebulosity."
Robert Ball, observing on 18 Mar 1866 also noted "there seems to be
a dark channel on south side in direction of elongation."
******************************
NGC 3629 = UGC
6352 = MCG +05-27-058 = CGCG 156-064 = Holm 247a = PGC 34719
11 20 31.7 +26
57 49
V = 12.1; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.2'x0.9', diffuse, low
surface brightness, weak broad concentration. A mag 14 star is 1.1' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3629 = H II-338 = h860 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded
"vF, pL, r, nearly R, gvlbM."
JH made a total of 7 observations with a composite description of
"F; L; R; vgbM; 2' dia; *14 m s f 60"."
******************************
NGC 3630 = NGC
3645: = UGC 6349 = MCG +01-29-031 = CGCG 039-124 = PGC 34698
11 20 17.0 +02
57 52
V = 11.9; Size 4.6'x3.0'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 37d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, small but very
bright core, stellar nucleus, thin extensions. Located 10' NW of mag 8.3 SAO 118800 in the NGC 3640
group.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, very small bright core. Located ~20' SW of NGC 3640.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3630 = h861 on 7 Apr 1828 and recorded "B; R smbM to nucl:
25". His two positions are
very similar and correspond with UGC 6349 = PGC 34698.
******************************
NGC 3631 = Arp
27 = VV 363 = UGC 6360 = MCG +09-19-047 = CGCG 268-021 = PGC 34767
11 21 02.9 +53
10 10
V = 10.4; Size 5.0'x4.8'; Surf Br = 13.7
48"
(4/4/11): beautiful face-on spiral with two long, winding arms and branching
extensions! This very bright
galaxy is sharply concentrated with an intensely bright small core that
increases to an extremely bright stellar nucleus. A prominent patchy arm is attached on the west side of the
core and rotates counterclockwise to the north, then sharply bends back to the east,
extending to the east end of the 4' diameter galaxy. What appears to be an
offshoot arm turns counterclockwise on the east side and continues all the way
to the south end of the galaxy.
The second arm is attached on the southeast end of the core and sweeps
around the south side towards the west and then continues to the northwest end
of the galaxy. An offshoot or
another patchy arm continues east near the edge of the northern halo. The two main arms are nearly connected
by a slightly brighter region on the south side.
17.5"
(4/1/95): bright, large, round, 3.5' diameter. Sharp concentration with a prominent core which brightens to
a nearly stellar nucleus. The
outer halo fades into the background and shows a hint of the spiral arm
structure. Two mag 12-13 stars are
3.4' NE and 3.3' WNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3631 = I-226 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded "cB,
R, small br nucl and vF halo of considerable extent, 3' or 4' dia."
Four
observations describing spiral arms were made at Birr Castle. On 30 Mar 1856, R.J. Mitchell recorded
"Spiral, with I think, two arms thus (thumbnail sketch). The arms are
broken and of unequal light. There are bright patches at alpha (preceding the
nucleus), beta (south preceding arm) and gamma (end of bright north following
arm)." A week later he logged
"Spirality seen as in last observation. The following branch comes down
past the other, doubling over it and seems to originate from the preceeding
side of nucleus. Very patchy."
The1880
publication has a thumbnail sketch and the 1861 publication has a drawing
(Plate XXVII, fig 20). Both show
the main features that can be confirmed on the DSS.
******************************
NGC 3632 = NGC
3626 = UGC 6343 = MCG +03-29-032 = CGCG 096-029 = PGC 34684
11 20 03.9 +18
21 24
See observing notes
for NGC 3626.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3632 = H II-30 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146) and described a
"pB neb, it seems to contain stars; it is of some extent." There is nothing at his position
(objects found in his early sweeps often have fairly large offset errors), but
24 sec of RA west and 12' N is NGC 3626.
Dreyer, in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues, states "not seen
by d'A (5 times), is no doubt =II 52 = NGC 3626 only 24s p and 12' N. The latter was observed 14 Mar 1784, a
neb like II 51 but a little longish." This conclusion is repeated by Karl Reinmuth in his
photographic survey. So, NGC 3632
= NGC 3626.
******************************
NGC 3633 = UGC
6351 = MCG +01-29-032 = CGCG 039-126 = PGC 34711
11 20 26.2 +03
35 08
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 72d
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
off the west edge. Located 3.5'
WSW of mag 8.9 SAO 118799. NGC
3640 lies 21' SSE. Member of the
NGC 3640 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3633 = Sw VI-40 on 23 Mar 1887 and reported "vF; S; R;
nearly between a pB star and a faint star." His position and description matches UGC 6351.
******************************
NGC 3634 = VV
724 = MCG -01-29-008 = PGC 34714
11 20 30.3 -09
00 51
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.7
24"
(3/9/13): faint, extremely small, round, 8"-10" diameter. Situated at the west edge of brighter
NGC 3635, appearing as a small knot.
The surface brightness is relatively high (similar to the nucleus of NGC
3635), so this galaxy was fairly easy to see at 375x. A mag 13.5 star is ~30" W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3634 = LM II-433, along with NGC 3635, on 24 Jan
1887. His (single) position is
very close to the double system MCG -01-29-008 and -009.
******************************
NGC 3635 = VV
724 = MCG -01-29-009 = PGC 34717
11 20 31.4 -09
00 49
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 18d
24"
(3/9/13): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 30"x20",
very small brighter nucleus. NGC
3634, a very compact interacting companion, is attached on the west edge. A mag 13.5 star lies 0.9' W.
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.4', weak
concentration. NGC 3634 was not
seen. A mag 14.5 star lies 1' W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3635 = LM II-434, along with NGC 3634, on 24 Jan
1887. His (single) position is
very close to the double system MCG -01-29-008 and -009.
******************************
NGC 3636 = MCG
-02-29-019 = PGC 34709
11 20 25.1 -10
16 55
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/29/85): moderately bright, very small, bright core, round. Located just 1.8' NW of mag 6.6 SAO
156618! Forms a pair with similar
galaxy NGC 3637 3.8' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3636 = H II-550 = h862, along with NGC 3637, on 4 Mar 1786
(sweep 597) and recorded "Two, stellar, vF, vS. A considerable bright star is situated between them, but
about 1' south of the line that connects them."
Andrew Ainslie
Common found the pair in 1880 and reported them as "2 planetary nebulae, B
star between" in his Copernicus discovery list.
******************************
NGC 3637 = MCG
-02-29-020 = PGC 34731
11 20 39.5 -10
15 27
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(3/29/85): moderately bright, very small, bright core, round. Located 3.0' NE of mag 6.6 SAO
156618. Forms a pair with NGC 3636
3.8' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3637 = H II-551 = h863, along with NGC 3636, on 4 Mar 1786
(sweep 597) and recorded "Two, stellar, vF, vS. A considerable bright star is situated between them, but
about 1' south of the line that connects them." Andrew Ainslie Common found the pair in 1880 and reported
them as "2 planetary nebulae, B star between" in his Copernicus
discovery list.
******************************
NGC 3638 = MCG
-01-29-007 = PGC 34688
11 20 10.0 -08
06 21
V = 13.4; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 141d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6', brighter along
the major axis. With averted
vision, there are hints of longer extensions. Forms the western vertex of a right triangle with two mag 12
stars 3.4' E and 4.3' NE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3638 = L II-435 in 1886 and logged "mag 15.8, 0.4' dia, 2
star 10m following." His
position is 0.6 min of RA east of MCG -01-29-007 = PGC 34688 and his
description matches two mag 12 stars 3'-4' northeast and southeast.
******************************
NGC 3639 = UGC
6374 = MCG +03-29-036 = CGCG 096-032 = PGC 34819
11 21 35.7 +18
27 30
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, occasional very faint stellar
nucleus with direct vision.
Located 2' N of a mag 12 star.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3639 on 21 Jan 1855 with LdR's 72" and logged "about
15' following [NGC 3626] and a little north is a neb. S, R, pF, vlbM."
Dreyer added the comment "d'Arrest could not see [NGC 3639],
perhaps the observation from 1855 was of some other neb. in this
neighborhood." But the
position matches UGC 6374 = PGC 34819, so there is no question regarding the
identification, altlhough UGC, CGCG and MCG do not label this galaxy as NGC
3639.
******************************
NGC 3640 = UGC
6368 = MCG +01-29-033 = CGCG 039-130 = PGC 34778
11 21 06.8 +03
14 05
V = 10.4; Size 4.0'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(2/8/91): bright, moderately large, small very bright core, oval halo 3:2 E-W,
15" substellar mottled nucleus.
A mag 14 star is 2.3' N.
Brightest in a group and forms a close pair with NGC 3641 2.5' SSE.
8"
(4/24/82): bright, moderately large, bright core, slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3640 = H II-33 = h864 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and logged
"a nebula like the former [pB, bM, vS], but a good deal larger and more
regular; almost cometic." His
position is poor (not uncommon in early sweeps) -- 50 sec of RA too large --
but there are no other bright nearby galaxies. JH logged "B; R; psbM; 30"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3641 = UGC
6370 = MCG +01-29-034 = PGC 34780
11 21 08.8 +03
11 40
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with bright NGC 3640
2.6' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3641 = m 220 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "F, vS, alm
stell." His position matches
UGC 6370. Wilhelm Tempel
independently found this galaxy in 1876 and reported NGC 3641 in list I-34 as
"Small and faint, Class III; NGC 3640 is 2' south."
******************************
NGC 3642 = UGC
6385 = MCG +10-16-128 = CGCG 291-062 = PGC 34889
11 22 17.9 +59
04 28
V = 11.2; Size 5.4'x4.5'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, fairly large, round, even concentration down to a very
bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
Appears mottled (knot?) on the west side of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3642 = H I-245 = h865 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted
"p or cB, pS, R, vgbM."
His position is within 1' of the center of UGC 6385. Samuel Hunter, observing with LdR's
72" on 19 Apr 1862, noted "bright nucleus and I suspect it either a
spiral or an annular neb."
******************************
NGC 3643 = MCG
+01-29-036 = CGCG 039-136 = PGC 34802
11 21 25.0 +03
00 50
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(4/4/92): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE. A mag 13 star is at the SE edge 1.0'
from center. NGC 3644 lies 12' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3643 = m 221, along with NGC 3644, on 22 Mar 1865 and noted
"eF, vS". His position
matches CGCG 039-136 = PGC 34802.
The RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 039-143 = PGC 34817 as NGC 3643 (listed in my RNGC
Corrections #2). See Harold
Corwin's NGC notes for more errors in the modern identifications.
******************************
NGC 3644 = IC
684 = UGC 6373 = MCG +01-29-037 = CGCG 039-139 = PGC 34814
11 21 32.9 +02
48 37
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 63d
48"
(4/4/11): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE,
40"x16", contains a bright core. A mag 12.5 star is 40" SSW of center. Shkh 352, a rich group of faint
galaxies, lies 5' N in the field.
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE. A mag 13 star is at the SW edge 0.6' from center. Located 12' ESE of mag 8.3 SAO 118800
in the NGC 3640 group with NGC 3643 12' N. A very faint quartet of galaxies is midway between NGC 3644
and NGC 3643.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3644 = m 222 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, vS." His position matches UGC 6373 = PGC
34814.
Guillaume
Bigourdan found this galaxy on 14 Apr 1888 and assumed it was new, and recorded
#163 as a "small nebula with a mag 12.8 situated in PA 214¡ at 0.5'."
His position is a bit off to the north and Dreyer recatalogued this galaxy as
IC 684. So, NGC 3644 = IC 684.
******************************
NGC 3645 = NGC
3630: = UGC 6349 = MCG +01-29-031 = CGCG 039-124 = PGC 34817
11 20 17.0 +02
57 52
See observing
notes for NGC 3630.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3645 = H II-32 = h867 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and recorded
"pB, vS, bM so that it resembles an irregular nebulous star." His position, reduced correctly by CH,
falls 3' south of NGC 3643 (much too faint to fit his description), in a group
of very faint galaxies. But it is
also 70 sec of RA due east of NGC 3630, a bright galaxy that fits the
description. JH has a single
observation, giving a very rough position (near his father's) but the
description "pB; S; E; bM", also implies h867 = NGC 3630. In fact, JH suggests the equivalence in
the GC, though Dreyer rejects this in the NGC Notes section as Tempel claimed
an observation of NGC 3645 (h867).
The
identification of H II-32 is analyzed by Malcolm Thomson in the Webb Society
Quarterly Journal #73, Alister Ling in issue #87 and Harold Corwin in his
NGC/IC identification notes. They all conclude that NGC 3645 is a duplicate
observation of NGC 3630. RNGC and
CGCG misidentify CGCG 039-143 as NGC 3645.
******************************
NGC 3646 = UGC
6376 = MCG +03-29-037 = CGCG 096-034 = PGC 34836
11 21 43.1 +20
10 10
V = 11.1; Size 3.9'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
48"
(5/16/12 and 4/6/13): this showpiece spiral appeared bright, large, oval ~2:1
SW-NE, sharply concentrated with a very bright core. The visual treat was a prominent lens or eye-shaped ring
surrounding the core! The ring was
slightly brighter in an arc along the north side. At the west edge of this arc was a very faint quasi-stellar
knot (SDSS J112141.34+201039.0, V = 17.2). Another section of the ring that stands out is along the
southwest edge, with a brighter linear piece about 40" long that has
several SDSS designations. The
interior of the ring is fairly dark near this section, as well as other
sections, providing a good contrast with the core and ring. A very small, weak brightening was also
noted on the northeast end of the ring.
A mag 14 star lies 1.4' NW of center and a mag 16 star is 1' SSE of
center.
17.5"
(4/14/01): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 3'x2' SW-NE. Gradually increases to a brighter
30" oval core. A
quasi-stellar nucleus is occasionally visible with direct vision. Forms a pair with NGC 3649 7.8' ENE.
13.1":
moderately bright and large, elongated, broad concentration with no
nucleus. An extremely faint star
or knot is involved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3646 = H III-15 = h866 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146) and recorded
"Two, a Large nebula [NGC 3646] followed by a small one [NGC 3649], in the
same field of view with it. The
large one is extremely and small one still fainter, so that I did not perceive
it immediately. I suppose the
large one cannot be less than 5 or 6' of extent." JH logged "F; L; E; 2' long. The sp of two [with NGC 3649]."
Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 13 Apr 1852, remarked "L neb [NGC 3646]
is bM. It has a knot in sp end and
a dark curved passage on p and n sides of centre; Spiral." This description is similar to the view
in Jimi Lowrey's 48".
******************************
NGC 3647 = CGCG
039-135 = Shkh 352-1 = PGC 34794
11 21 32.6 +02
53 14
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.45'; PA = 73d
48"
(4/4/11): fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, small bright
nucleus. First in the dense Shkh
352 cluster (7 members within 2') with 6 galaxies close following including
Shkh 352-6 0.8' SE, CGCG 39-140 0.8' NE and Shkh 352-3 1.5' ENE. Located 4.6' N of NGC 3644 (brightest
nearby galaxy) and 11' ENE of mag 8.1 HD 98603.
Shkh 352-2:
fairly faint, very small, round, 14" diameter, very small bright
nucleus. Located 0.8' NE of NGC
3647 (Shkh 352-1) in a dense group of compact galaxies. CGCG 39-141 lies 50" E and Shkh
352-6 lies 42" S.
Shkh 352-3: faint, very small, round, 14"
diameter. In a very rich, group of
faint, compact ellipticals with CGCG 139-140 = Shkh 352-2 0.8' W, CGCG 139-142
= Shkh 352-4 0.7' N, Shkh 352-7 0.7' NE and NGC 3647 1.5' WSW.
Shkh 352-4:
fairly faint, very small, round, 12", very small bright nucleus. Located 0.9' NE of CGCG 39-140 = Shkh
352-2 and 0.7' N of Shkh 352-3 in the core of this compact cluster. Shkh 352-7 lies 45" ESE.
Shkh 352-5:
extremely faint and small, 6" diameter. Furthest north in tight group of 7 members of Shkh 352,
packed into a 2' circle. Located
42" N of CGCG 39-142 = Shkh 352-4.
A mag 16 star lies 35" NW.
Shkh 352-6: very
faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter. This member of Shkh 352 forms the southern vertex of a tiny
quadrilateral with NGC 3647 = CGCG 39-135 0.8' NW, CGCG 39-140 0.7' N and CGCG
39-141 1' NE!
Shkh 352-7:
faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter, bright stellar nucleus. Located 40" NE of Shkh 352-3 and
45" ESE of CGCG 039-142 = Shkh 352-4.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3647 = m 223 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted an "eF neb.
star." His position falls in
a tight quartet including CGCG 039-135, -140, -141 and -142. Bigourdan misidentified a star as NGC
3647.
Various modern
sources pick all four of these compact galaxies as NGC 3647! NED, HyperLeda and NGC/IC Project
(Corwin) identifies CGCG 039-141 as NGC 3647, CGCG identifies CGCG 039-142 as
NGC 3647, and the RNGC position falls on CGCG 039-140. But CGCG 039-135 is the brightest
visually in the quartet! So,
although the identification is uncertain with 4 close candidates, the 2014
version of Harold Corwin's NGC positions file also identifies CGCG 039-135 as
NGC 3647.
******************************
NGC 3648 = UGC
6389 = MCG +07-23-043 = CGCG 213-043 = CGCG 214-002 = LGG 236-001 = PGC 34908
11 22 31.5 +39
52 37
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 75d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.6'. Contains a small, round, bright core
with a quasi-stellar nucleus.
Located 18' S of mag 6.6 SAO 43717 and 7' ESE of mag 9.7 SAO 43713.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3648 = h868 on 18 Mar 1831 and noted "pB; pmE; S; has a
suspicious nucleus, as if a vF close double star." The coordinates are marked uncertain,
but his position is just 1' south of UGC 6389.
******************************
NGC 3649 = UGC
6386 = MCG +03-29-038 = CGCG 096-036 = IC 682 = PGC 34883
11 22 14.8 +20
12 30
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4' (viewed oval core
only). A mag 14.5 star is just off
the south edge [23" from center].
Forms a pair with NGC 3646 7.8' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3649 = H III-16 = h869, along with NGC 3646 (see notes), on 15
Feb 1784 (sweep 146). JH made two
observations of the pair and his mean position is fairly accurate.
Lewis Swift
possibly found the galaxy on 22 Apr 1889, assumed it was new, and recorded it
in his 8th discovery list, #56 (later IC 682) as "eF; eS; R; vF * close
np." There is nothing at his
position, but 1.0 min of RA east is NGC 3649 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 3650 = UGC
6391 = MCG +04-27-031 = CGCG 126-043 = PGC 34913
11 22 35.4 +20
42 15
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 54d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.2', irregular
surface brightness, small brighter core.
Situated 2.7' SE of a mag 11 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3650 = Sw III-60 on 5 Mar 1886 and noted "eF; S; R; between
2 stars." His position is 16
sec of RA west of UGC 6391, though
this galaxy is south of two brighter stars.
******************************
NGC 3651 = HCG
51A = UGC 6388 = MCG +04-27-028 = CGCG 126-042n = Holm 249a = WBL 326-004 = PGC
34898
11 22 26.3 +24
17 56
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4
48"
(4/18/15): brightest of the 7 members of HCG 51. At 488x, it appeared moderately to fairly bright, round,
0.6' diameter. It forms a merged
double system with HCG 51F at the south edge. The companion is faint to fairly faint, very small,
elongated 2"1 ~N-S, ~12"x6". The two galaxies were not fully resolved but there is a dip
in brightness at the point they merge.
NGC 3653 lies 1.5' SE.
HCG 51G, just
28" SE, is a faint, round, quasi-stellar knot under 10"
diameter. MCG +04-27-030 = HCG 51D
is 1' E and appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter, brighter
nucleus. CGCG 126-040 = HCG 51B is 2.8' W and the largest in the septet. It appeared moderately bright,
elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.4', sharply concentrated with a small bright
core. Most catalogues misidentify
this galaxy as IC 2759, which lies 1' further NNW. IC 2759 = HCG 51E is also moderately bright but small,
round, 18" diameter, sharply concentrated with a small bright core.
17.5"
(5/11/96): this is the brightest member of the HCG 51 quintet. Fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated N-S, 1.0'x0.8', small brighter core. Forms a small isosceles triangle with NGC 3653 (51C) 1.4' SE
and MCG +04-27-030 (51D) 1.0' E.
MCG +04-27-026 (51B) lies 2.7' W and brighter IC 2759 (51E) is 1' N of
51B.
MCG +04-27-026
is very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.9'x0.6', very weak
concentration. Larger of close
pair with IC 2759 1.0' N but has a significantly lower surface brightness. Modern catalogues misidentify this
galaxy as IC 2759. IC 2759 is
faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, moderate surface brightness. Finally MCG +04-27-030 is extremely
faint and small, 12" diameter.
It's the faintest of five in HCG 51.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3651 = H III-335 = h870, along with NGC 3653, on 10 Apr 1785
(sweep 394) and recorded "Two, both vF and vS. The most south [NGC 3653] is the faintest. I saw them both very well with
240. About 2 or 3' from each
other." JH noted "F; R;
gbM; the np of 2." His
position is a good match with UGC 6388.
******************************
NGC 3652 = UGC
6392 = MCG +06-25-055 = CGCG 185-049 = Arak 291 = LGG 236-002 = PGC 34917
11 22 39.0 +37
45 54
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 150d
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
1.0'x0.5'. Contains a bulging core
and much fainter extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3652 = H II-775 = h871 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 915) and logged
"pB, cL, lE, vgmbM." NGC
3652 was discovered by WH (II 775).
JH noted (single observation) "F; pL; wires visible in
twilight." Both positions are
at the edges of UGC 6392.
******************************
NGC 3653 = HCG
51C = MCG +04-27-029 = CGCG 126-044 = Holm 249b = PGC 34905
11 22 30.1 +24
16 45
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
48"
(4/18/15): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.6'x0.4',
sharply concentrated with a very small bright core. NGC 3653 is the second brightest member of HCG 51 with
slightly brighter NGC 3651 (and companions) 1.5' NW.
17.5"
(5/11/96): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 30" diameter, stellar
nucleus. Second brightest in HCG
51 quintet with brightest member NGC 3651 1.4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3653 = H III-336 = h872, along with NGC 3651, on 10 Apr 1785
(sweep 394) and recorded "Two, both vF and vS. The most south [NGC 3653] is the faintest. I saw them both very well with
240. About 2 or 3' from each
other." JH noted "vF; the
sf of 2." His position is
45" too far southeast.
******************************
NGC 3654 = UGC
6407 = MCG +12-11-022 = CGCG 334-029 = PGC 35025
11 24 10.9 +69
24 47
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, brighter along the
major axis, very small bright core.
Situated midway betwen a mag 12 star 3.1' NE and a mag 13 star 3.4' SW
of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3654 = H II-880 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and recorded "F,
S, lE from sp to nf, bM." His
position matches UGC 6407.
******************************
NGC 3655 = UGC
6396 = MCG +03-29-039 = CGCG 096-037 = LGG 237-003 = PGC 34935
11 22 54.7 +16
35 24
V = 11.6; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 30d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, large, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, very well concentrated
with a relatively large bright core and an intensely bright small nucleus. Member of a group (LGG 237) that
includes NGC 3681, 3684 and 3686.
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, prominent core,
stellar nucleus, fainter extensions, high surface brightness. A mag 12.5 star is 2.5' ENE.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly bright, bright core, slightly elongated. Located 45' WNW of a mag 6 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3655 = H I-5 = h873 on 30 Dec 1783 (early sweep 71) and recorded
"A nebula. F, not of the
cometic kind, but seem to be resolvable.
It is of a roundish shape, but not regular." JH made three observations and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3656 = Arp
155 = VV 22a = UGC 6403 = MCG +09-19-063 = CGCG 268-029 = PGC 34989
11 23 38.5 +53
50 32
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 7d
48"
(4/6/13): bright, moderately large, irregularly round, ~1.3'x1.0', large very
bright core but no distinct nucleus.
A mag 12.7 star is just off the west edge of a large, diffuse halo. A dust lane or absorption patch is
evident on the north side as a region of lower surface brightness.
MCG +09-19-64, a
merging companion, is attached at the southern edge of the halo [40" S of
center]. It appeared faint, fairly
small, low surface brightness, slightly elongated E-W, 20"x15". PGC 2452556,
2.3' ENE, was a fairly faint, fairly small, roundish glow, 15" diameter,
with a brighter core.
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, round, fairly small, 0.8' diameter, fairly weak
concentration with a brighter core.
A mag 12 star is just off the west side, 45" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3656 = H II-782 = h874 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"pB, S, R, vgmbM, just following a small star." JH logged "pB; R; vglbM; 20";
a * 12m preceding." and measured a very accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3657 = UGC
6406 = MCG +09-19-065 = CGCG 268-030 = LGG 241-010 = PGC 35002
11 23 55.6 +52
55 15
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, small bright
core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3657 = H III-768 = h876 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and noted
"vF, vS, stellar, left doubtful." His dec is is 3' south of UGC 6406 but JH measured accurate
position (used in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 3658 = UGC
6409 = MCG +07-24-002 = CGCG 214-003 = LGG 236-003 = PGC 35003
11 23 58.3 +38
33 45
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter, small
bright core, symmetrical appearance.
Located 15' SW of NGC 3665 and 9' SE of mag 9 SAO 62530.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3658 = H IV-59 = h877 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 915) and recorded
"cB, S, R, BN, the nucleus considerably well defined, and the chevelure
vF." His position (CH's
reduction) is 1' northwest of UGC 6409.
JH made two observations and only measured one position, which was poor,
but noted "Nothing remarkable in its character to place it in the 4th
class."
******************************
NGC 3659 = UGC
6405 = MCG +03-29-040 = CGCG 096-038 = PGC 34995
11 23 45.3 +17
49 04
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 60d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, weak concentration, elongated WSW-ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3659 = H II-53 = h878 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and noted
"F, S, r." JH measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3660 = UGCA
234 = MCG -01-29-016 = Mrk 1291 = PGC 34980
11 23 32.2 -08
39 31
V = 11.9; Size 2.9'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 110d
48"
(4/21/17): at 697x and 813x; this multi-armed barred spiral appeared bright,
large, oval 4:3 WNW-ESE, ~2.8'x2.1'.
The core consists of fairly narrow bar oriented NNW-SSE with a bright
quasi-stellar nucleus at the center.
Subtle spiral structure was evident in the halo with a couple of long
spiral arcs, though the contrast was too low to distinguish complete arms. A mag 11.5 star is 2' NE of center and
three mag 10-12.5 star are ~5' E.
2MASX J11231643-0840067,
a Hoag-type Ring galaxy ("Burcin's Galaxy") lies 4' WSW. The core of
this Hoag-type Ring appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter,
brightens slightly to a faint stellar nucleus. The detached ring (roughly 1' across and mag V = 17.7) was
not seen, though Jimi had pops of the northeast section.
48"
(5/12/12): fairly bright, large, oval 5:4 WNW-ESE, ~2.5'x2.0', well
concentrated with a bright, elongated core that seems to contains a brighter
bar. The outer halo fades out
gradually and increases in size with averted vision. 2MASX J11231643-0840067 (Ring Galaxy) lies 4' W and 2MASX
J11234820-0841218 is 4.4' SE.
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly large, round, ~2' diameter with averted vision,
broad concentration but then suddenly increases to a small nucleus. A faint star is off the west edge 1'
from center. A trio of mag 10-12
stars follows by ~5'. Located 19'
NE of mag 6.9 HD 98853.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3660 = H II-635 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 705) and noted "F,
pL, iR, vgbM." His position
matches MCG -01-29-016 = PGC 34980.
******************************
NGC 3661 = IC
689 = MCG -02-29-022 = PGC 34986
11 23 38.4 -13
49 51
V = 14.0; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 137d
17.5"
(3/29/85): faint, very elongated NW-SE.
A string of three mag 11 stars begins 1.6' S and continues to the
SE. NGC 3667 lies 10' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3661 = H III-530 = h3339, along with NGC 3667, on 27 Mar 1786
(sweep 548) and noted "vF, stellar." His position is 2' due south of MCG -02-29-022 = PGC
34986. JH logged "F; S; R;
gbM. The preceding of 2 [with NGC
3667]."
Ormond Stone
found the galaxy again on 1 Jan 1889 with the 26-inch at the Leander-McCormick
Observatory and assumed it was new.
His micrometric position (#421 in the LM Southern Nebulae list) matches
PGC 34986. Dreyer didn't
catch the equivalence, but IC 689 = NGC 3661.
******************************
NGC 3662 = UGC
6408 = MCG +00-29-025 = CGCG 011-086 = PGC 34996
11 23 45.6 -01
06 12
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.7'. There is a fairly bright star ~mag 13.5
which is superimposed about 10" NE from the geometric center and appears
similar to a bright stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3662 = H IV-4 = h879 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded
"an excessively faint nebula, consisting of a nucleus with a vF, S, brush
sp. The brush is not regularly fan
shapes." Herschel commented
in his 1814 PT paper that "a very small star has an extremely faint and
very small nebula attached to it in the shape of a puff.". He gave this example as evidence of a
union of attraction between the nebula and the star. JH called this object a "star 13-14 m with a F, S,
nebulous brush."
Wolfgang
Steinicke, in "Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters"
states Julius Schmidt found NGC 3662 on 29 Mar 1862 with a 15.7-cm refractor
and described an "exceedingly faint, object with slight central
condensation." There was a controversy involving a number of observers
whether this was a "variable nebula" (like NGC 1555) as either this
galaxy or a nearby star appeared in the BD catalogue (BD -1¡ 2436) and marked
as a nebula. Involved in the controversy
were Julius Schmidt, d'Arrest, Hermann Goldschmidt, C.H.F. Peters and
Argelander. The end result is that
Argelander found a mistake occurred in the BD entry and the star should not
have been marked as nebulous.
******************************
NGC 3663 = MCG
-02-29-023 = PGC 35006
11 23 59.8 -12
17 47
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/29/85): faint, fairly small, oval E-W, low even surface brightness. Two mag 13 and 15 stars are at the NE
edge 39" and 57" from the center, respectively.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3663 in 1880 with his 36" silvered-glass reflector
and recorded "eF, fan-shaped, star close". There is nothing at his position but 15' north is MCG
-02-29-023 = PGC 35006 and two stars are at the northeast side of this
galaxy. Common's position for his
32 discoveries are consistently poor in declination (obtained from reading the
setting circle), so this identification is very plausible.
******************************
NGC 3664 = Arp 5
= VV 251 = UGC 6419 = MCG +01-29-041 = CGCG 039-170 = VIII Zw 146 = LGG 233-004
= PGC 35041
11 24 24.8 +03
19 39
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
48"
(5/12/12): This disrupted spiral was a fascinating sight in Jimi Lowrey's
48-inch. The brightest feature is a very knotty 1' irregular bar oriented
SW-NE, containing at least three brighter knots. The brightest knot is at the
northeast end with at least two very close knots on the southwest side. A very
short offshoot extends just north of the northeast end. Fainter haze surrounds the bar on the
NW and SE sides.
The second
brightest feature is a detached, mottled "arm segment" on the
southwest side that's oddly cocked (NW-SE) perpendicular to the bar. As it
appeared detached from the bar, it didn't seem like it was part of a spiral
feature. But this arm segment dims
significantly and continues curving clockwise around the south and east side,
making a low surface brightness outer loop or ring, reaching around to the
other side of the bar! Then I
realized the bar was noticeably offset towards the northwest side within a
rounder 1.6' outline.
NGC 3664A,
situated 6.2' south, is a much fainter disturbed companion that was likely
involved in a train wreck with NGC 3664 during an earlier encounter. NGC 3664 is a 30" fairly low
surface brightness glow with a broad concentration, but it didn't reveal any
irregular structure. UGC 6417, a more challenging edge on, is another 5'
further south.
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly large, low surface brightness glow with just a weak
concentration, ~2' diameter.
Nearly collinear with a wide pair of mag 10.5/12.5 stars 3' SE with a
mag 10.5 star 7' NW also on this line.
In addition, three mag 13 stars to the east are collinear! Located 20' W of a mag 6.7 star. This
Arp galaxy has an unusual extension that juts at a 90¡ angle from the main
body.
13.1"
(4/10/86): very faint, slightly elongated ~N-S. Two stars lie SE and a bright star (82 Leo) is ~20' E.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3664 on 14 Mar 1879 with the 11-inch refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory in Italy. He called it a double nebula with the two nuclei
separated by 15"-20", so he resolved the two brightest
"knots" along the central bar.
The discovery was reported in a short note in AN 94, p. 335.
******************************
NGC 3665 = UGC
6426 = MCG +07-24-003 = CGCG 214-004 = LGG 236-004 = PGC 35064
11 24 43.7 +38
45 47
V = 10.8; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 30d
18"
(5/30/03): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 2.4'x1.6', strong
concentration with a very bright core which increases to the center. A mag 14.5 star lies 1.6' N of center,
outside the halo. NGC 3658 lies
15' SW.
17.5"
(5/2/92): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 2.5'x1.3',
increases to very bright core, stellar nucleus, fainter elongated halo. A mag 15 star is off the north edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3665 = H I-219 = h881 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 915) and recorded
"vB, cL, vgmbM, iF." JH
made two observations, first logging it (sweep 335) as "vB; R; pgmbM;
50"; r."
The RNGC has a
typo in the declination, which is listed as 2 deg 54' instead of 38 deg 54'.
******************************
NGC 3666 = UGC
6420 = MCG +02-29-025 = CGCG 067-071 = PGC 35043
11 24 26.2 +11
20 31
V = 12.0; Size 4.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 100d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, elongated ~E-W, bright core, sharper light cut off on
the east side. A mag 14 star is
1.5' NNE of center. Located 9' SW
of mag 5.8 SAO 99598.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3666 = H I-20 = h882 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"E, r. A vB star may be taken
into the field with it." CH's
reduced position is 10 tsec following UGC 6420. JH observed it on 3 sweeps, first noting on sweep 242
"eF; 2nd or 3rd class. The
bright star 1341 A.S.C. follows it.
This neb must have changed greatly if it ever belonged really to the 1st
class [as place by WH]."
Winnecke wrote a
paper in 1879 (AN 2293) claiming this nebula displayed "periodic
variability". As
"proof" Winnecke mentions William Herschel placed this nebula in his
first class of "Bright Nebula", but John Herschel called it "eF,
2nd or 3rd class." Winnecke
described it as "pretty bright", while d'Arrest in 1863 termed it
"subobscura". Dreyer
found it barely visible in 1887 with the 10-inch Grubb refractor at Armagh but
in 1891 he it appeared bright.
Dreyer was
critical of reports of variability of nebulae in general and commented in a
1891 paper that "this is a diffused nebula with a very slight central
condensation" and "the appearance of objects of this kind is far more
influenced by the state of our atmosphere than that of nebulae with a distinct condensation." Wolfgang Steinicke discusses this cases
on page 519 of his book on the history of the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3667 =
(R)NGC 3667A = MCG -02-29-025 = Holm 252a = PGC 35028
11 24 17.0 -13
51 26
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/29/85): moderately bright, very small, round, small bright nucleus. Forms a close pair with NGC 3667A = MCG
-02-29-026 1.1' E. The companion
appeared faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. NGC 3661 lies 10' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3667 = H III-531 = h3340, along with NGC 3661, on 27 Mar 1786
(sweep 548) and noted "cF, vlbM, stellar." JH recorded "pF; R; 20"; has 3 stars 10 mag near
it, with the two following of which it makes an equilateral triangle.
******************************
NGC 3668 = UGC
6430 = MCG +11-14-023 = CGCG 314-026 = PGC 35123
11 25 30.4 +63
26 46
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 137d
17.5"
(4/22/95): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.5'x1.0',
mottled appearance. Well
concentrated with an elongated core and a bright nucleus. A mag 15 star is superimposed at the
northwest end 0.6' from center.
Located 2.6' NE of a mag 10 star.
Forms a pair
with CGCG 314-028 = Arak 293 9.7' E, at the edge of the 225x field. The Arakelian galaxy (catalogue of high
surface brightness galaxies) appeared fairly faint, very small, round. Appears a compact fairly high surface
brightness glow about 20" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3668 = H II-845 = h880 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and noted
"vF, pS." His position
(CH's reduction) is 14 sec of RA west of UGC 6430. The mag 15 star superimposed on the northwest side is
mentnioned in the UGC notes as a galaxy, but it appears stellar on the SDSS.
******************************
NGC 3669 = UGC
6431 = MCG +10-16-135 = CGCG 291-067 = PGC 35113
11 25 26.7 +57
43 17
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 153d
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, even surface
brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3669 = H II-829 = h883 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted
"vF, E, easily resolvable."
His position is accurate.
JH made a single observation and logged "vF; mE; vlbM; 60"
length."
******************************
NGC 3670 = UGC
6427 = MCG +04-27-033 = CGCG 126-048 = PGC 35067
11 24 49.7 +23
56 43
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
0.7'x0.5'. Moderate concentration
with faint extensions and a small, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3670 = H III-337 = h884 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, S." His single
position (CH's reduction) is 4' northwest of UGC 6427, the brightest galaxy in
the vicinity. JH called this
galaxy "eF; vS; R" and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3671 = CGCG
291-068= PGC 35149
11 25 52.5 +60
28 46
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.4'; PA = 10d
17.5"
(3/19/88): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14.5 star is close east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3671 = H III-922 = h885 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"vF, vS, 2 very small stars in it." One of these "small stars" is probably the
nucleus. JH's position
matches CGCG 291-068 although his description reads "This must be my
father's neb, but it is a suspicious object and I doubt whether it be not a little
knot of 3 or 5 stars." Only a
single mag 14.5 star is close following.
******************************
NGC 3672 = MCG
-02-29-028 = UGCA 235 = PGC 35088
11 25 02.5 -09
47 40
V = 11.4; Size 4.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 8d
17.5"
(3/29/85): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 2:1 N-S, weakly concentrated to
the center.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, diffuse. Located
20' W of a mag 7.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3672 = H I-131 = h886 on 4 Mar 1786 (sweep 597) and reocorded
"cB, E, 4 or 5' long and near 4' broad, gbM."
Andrew Ainslie
Common probably found this galaxy in 1880 with his 36" reflector, assumed
it was new, and reported #17 as "pB, L, bM, E 180¡" in his Copernicus
discovery list.
******************************
NGC 3673 = ESO
503-016 = MCG -04-27-010 = UGCA 236 = PGC 35097
11 25 12.8 -26
44 12
V = 11.5; Size 3.6'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 70d
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 2.0'x1.4',
broad concentration to halo.
Appears brighter along the major axis like a bar (verified on the DSS)
with a very small brighter core.
Two mag 11.5 and 13 stars following closely, 2' and 1.5' from the
center. Located 8' N of mag 8.7
SAO 179863.
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated nearly 2:1 WSW-ENE. Contains a bright 45" elongated
core embedded in a much faint halo, ~2.5'x1.5'. Within the halo is the strong impression of a bar and the
galaxy is locally brighter immediately following the bar.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3673 = h3341 on 22 Mar 1836 and recorded "F; vL;
vglbM. Several small stars near,
and one = 7m nearly south, at 6' distance. HIs position and description matches
ESO 503-016.
******************************
NGC 3674 = UGC
6444 = MCG +10-16-138 = CGCG 291-069 = PGC 35191
11 26 26.6 +57
02 54
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 33d
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, small, very elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 3683 lies
13.6' SE and NGC 3683A is 23' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3674 = H II-886 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and logged "pB,
iF." The NGC position from
d'Arrest is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3675 = UGC
6439 = MCG +07-24-004 = CGCG 214-005 = PGC 35164
11 26 07.8 +43
35 06
V = 10.2; Size 5.9'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 178d
17.5"
(4/6/91): very bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S, 4'x1.5', very bright
sharply defined elongated core, substellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is at the SSW edge 2.0' from the center. A dust lane is evident by a sharper
light cut-off along the east side of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3675 = H I-194 = h887 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and recorded
"vB, mE in the meridian, BN."
JH made two observations, first noting (sweep 248) "vB; L; mE;
vsmbM; 2' long, 40" broad.
Many stars 14 and 15 mag precede."
******************************
NGC 3676 = MCG
-02-29-029 = PGC 35131
11 25 37.5 -11
08 23
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 151d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, occasional very faint stellar
nucleus. Located in an asterims of
5 mag 11.5-12.5 stars with two mag 11.5 stars just 1' NNE and 1' SE. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3676 = LM II-436 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position, but 30' south is MCG -02-29-029 = PGC
35131 and his comment "2 st 10 nf, sf" matches this galaxy perfectly. NGC 3676 was not recovered by Bigourdan
because of the poor discovery position.
RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent and MCG -02-29-029 is not labeled as NGC 3676 in the
MCG, Deep Sky Field Guide, Megastar, etc.
******************************
NGC 3677 = UGC
6441 = MCG +08-21-035 = CGCG 242-035 = PGC 35181
11 26 17.7 +46
58 26
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6'. Weak, even concentration to a small,
brighter core. Collinear with two
mag 11 stars 4' and 6' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3677 = h888 on 19 Mar 1828 and noted "S; R; vsbM to a *
16m." His mean position
from 2 observations is 1' north of UGC 6441.
******************************
NGC 3678 = UGC
6443 = MCG +05-27-071 = CGCG 156-075 = PGC 35177
11 26 15.7 +27
52 01
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(3/29/03): faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, fairly even surface
brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3678 = h889 on 13 Apr 1831 and recorded "vF; R; psbM;
25". Is 2' sp a *
12m." His position and
description matches UGC 6443.
******************************
NGC 3679 = MCG
-01-29-021 = Mrk 1294 = PGC 35165
11 26 08.6 -05
35 09
Size
1.0'x0.5'; PA = 178d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, small, elongated 5:2 N-S, 0.7'x0.3', fairly even
surface brightness. Three mag 14
stars are within 2'. Located 4.6'
SSE of a mag 10 star. The NGC identification is very uncertain and NGC 3679 may
apply to MCG -01-29-012.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3679 = H III-112 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and recorded
"cL, eF, R, r. Just
preceding, and very near a B star.
The nebulosity touches the star.
There is so much moonlight that I do not see it satifactory, and am,
even not without some doubts as to the reality, but must defer the verification
till a darker night." There
is nothing near his position.
Dreyer notes
that WH could not find this nebula again on 29 Dec 1786 (sweep 673). He reported "Looked for the Nebula
III. 112 and though the night is apparently not a bad one, I could not find
it. I examined a great part of the
heavens in this neighborhood but saw nothing of it." He searched again unsuccessfully on 20
Mar 1789 (sweep 912), but found another nebula - probably MCG -01-29-021 -
"making a trapezium with 2 small stars". The RNGC and PGC (as well as secondary sources such as
Megastar) identify this galaxy as NGC 3679. But there is no bright star near MCG -01-29-021
matching the original description and Dreyer concludes that III-112 is probably
nonexistent. NGC 3915 = H III-113,
the next object found in the sweep, also cannot be identified with any
confidence.
See Harold
Corwin's discussion of these identities.
He suggests that NGC 3679 might be MCG -01-29-012, located 2.4' south of
of mag 7.8 HD 98750. My visual
description refers to (R)NGC 3679.
Interestingly, Spitaler also identified this galaxy as NGC 3679 in an
1892 observation and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3680 = Cr
247 = ESO 265-SC032
11 25 37 -43 15
00
V = 7.6; Size 12'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): scattered group of a dozen stars at 105x in 7' but with
an interesting arrangement as many of the stars form two intersecting lanes crossing
at a right angle. Includes a few
mag 10-10.5 stars.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3680 = D 481 on 7 May 1826 and recorded "a cluster of
stars, about 10' diameter, mixt magnitude. This precedes 25
Centauri." Dunlop made 4
observations of this cluster and his position is roughly 10' SE of the center
of the large cluster (typical error).
On JH's first sweep (h3342) of 3 Feb 1835 he logged "cluster VIII
class, 60 or 70 stars 11..13th mag in a compact round space, 10'
diameter." His second observation reads: "not very rich but a good
cluster; gradually compressed in the middle, large, rich, very scattered,
almost fills field, stars 10..14th mag."
******************************
NGC 3681 = UGC
6445 = MCG +03-29-048 = CGCG 096-045 = PGC 35193
11 26 29.8 +16
51 48
V = 11.2; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 170d
24"
(5/27/17): bright, fairly large, roundish, contains a relatively large brighter
core which is sharply concentrated with an intensely bright nucleus. A string of 3 stars extends to the ENE
of the galaxy, the last is an uneven double [~7" separation]. First in a bright quartet with NGC 3684
14' NE, NGC 3686 28' NE and NGC 3691 24' ENE.
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, round, brighter core, stellar nucleus. On a line with two stars mag 11 and 12
3.0' NE and 4.7' NE. First of four
in the NGC 3686 group with NGC 3684 14' NNE, NGC 3691 24' ENE and NGC 3686 28'
NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3681 = H II-159 = h891 = h3343 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 198) and
recorded "pB, S, bM, rather too large to be called stellar." His position is 18 sec of RA west of
UGC 6445. JH made three
observations at Slough (measuring an accurate position) and one at the Cape of
Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 3682 = UGC
6459 = MCG +11-14-027 = CGCG 314-029 = PGC 35266
11 27 41.2 +66
35 23
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 95d
18"
(3/30/05): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated E-W, ~0.6'x0.45'. Sharply concentrated with a very small,
very bright, 20" core and a much fainter halo. Located on the Draco-Ursa Major border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3682 = H I-262 = h890 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and recorded
"cB, vS, iF. A sort of a
nucleus with a vF nebulosity about it." His RA was 92 tsec too large and dec 3' too large. JH logged "pB; R' vsmbM almost to
a *; 30" dia." and his position matches UGC 6459.
******************************
NGC 3683 = UGC
6458 = MCG +10-16-143 = CGCG 291-072 = PGC 35249
11 27 32.0 +56
52 37
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 128d
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated NW-SE, small
bright core. In a low power field
with NGC 3674 14' NW and NGC 3683A 21' NE. NGC 3683A was noted as moderately bright and large,
oval ~SW-NE, broad concentration.
A mag 13 star is off the northeast edge, 1.7' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3683 = H I-246 = h892 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and logged
"F, pL, iR." His
position (CH's reduction) is 17 sec of RA too small. JH noted "E.
haze so that I can barely be certain that a nebula exists.", but
his position is very accurate!
******************************
NGC 3684 = UGC
6453 = MCG +03-29-050 = CGCG 096-047 = LGG 237-006 = PGC 35224
11 27 11.2 +17
01 48
V = 11.4; Size 3.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
24"
(5/27/17): bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, irregular halo increases
in size with averted, ~1.6'x 1.2'.
Contains a relatively large brighter core that is nearly round and is
very weakly concentrated to the center.
Middle of three bright galaxies that are nearly collinear with NGC 3681
14' SW and NGC 3686 14' NE. NGC
3691 lies 15' ESE.
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad
concentration. Second of three on
a line with NGC 3681 14' SW and NGC 3686 14' NE. Also, NGC 3691 lies 15' SE.
John Herschel
found NGC 3684 = h893 on 17 Mar 1831 and logged "cB; L; E; vgbM; 100"
diameter." JH made a total of
three observations and d'Arrest measured the position on 5 nights. JH is credited with the discovery in
the GC and NGC.
But Wolfgang
Steinicke found that WH probably discovered this galaxy on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep
198). After discovering NGC 3681,
he turned north and found another new object, II-160, which he described as
"cL, R, brightest in the middle but the brightness goes off very
gradually." His
position is poor -- 35 sec of RA west and 10' north of NGC 3684 and also 68 sec
of RA west and 2' south of NGC 3686.
Both JH and Dreyer assumed II-160 applied to NGC 3686 but Wolfgang
states that WH didn't move his telescope that far north in the sweep and
discovered NGC 3684 instead.
******************************
NGC 3685 = MCG
+01-29-045 = CGCG 039-192 = Todd 9 = PGC 35305
11 28 16.2 +04
19 39
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 140d
18"
(4/30/11): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Forms the western vertex of a triangle
with two mag 13 stars 2' NE and 2' E.
Forms a close pair with UGC 6466 just 1' SW, but I wasn't convinced this
low surface brightness spiral was glimpsed.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3685 = Todd 9 on 11 Dec 1877 in his search for a trans-Neptunian
planet (AN 2698). I was unable to
identify this object but Corwin found a match with CGCG 039-192. He describes this as "the higher
surface brightness component of a pair of CGCG galaxies; the other is UGC
06466, a pretty low surface brightness barred spiral." I confirmed Todd's offsets for the
nearby stars, so this identification is certain. The RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent, though NED
and HyperLeda use this identification.
******************************
NGC 3686 = UGC
6460 = MCG +03-29-051 = CGCG 096-049 = LGG 237-007 = PGC 35268
11 27 44.1 +17
13 26
V = 11.3; Size 3.2'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, very large, slightly elongated ~N-S, broad mild
concentration with a relatively large slightly brighter core and a small
brighter nucleus. A 14th magnitude
star is on the south edge of the halo, 1.2' from center. The halo extends ~2.5'x2.0' and encompasses
this star.
13.1"
(1/18/85): brightest and largest in a group with NGC 3681, NGC 3684 and NGC
3691. Elongated 4:3 ~N-S,
3.0'x2.4', brighter core. An
extremely faint star or knot is involved.
A mag 11 star lies 2.6' N of center. NGC 3684 is 14' SSW and NGC 3691 19' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3686 = H III-28 = h894 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and logged
"vF, L, r." His position
is 15 sec of RA due east of UGC 6460.
His observation of II-160 a month later on 17 Apr 1784 was assumed by JH
and Dreyer to be a duplicate observation, but Wolfgang Steinicke analyzed the
sweep and found II-160 applies to NGC 3684 instead.
JH observed h894
on 3 sweeps recording "pB; pL. (N.B. II 160 and III 28 are probably
identical". On a second sweep
he noted "B; L; R; bM; has a L star north and a smaller one
south". Finally he logged
"B; vL; E; vgbM; 2' diam.
Near a *." Dreyer
followed JH's comment in his first sweep and commented in his 1912
"Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that the transit for II 160
must have been recorded 1 tmin too late.
******************************
NGC 3687 = UGC
6463 = MCG +05-27-073 = CGCG 156-078 = Mrk 736 = PGC 35285
11 28 00.6 +29
30 39
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, round. Seems to have an irregular surface brightness with a very
small, slightly brighter condensation in the halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3687 = H II-770 = h895 on 22 Feb 1789 (sweep 909) and noted
"pB, pL, R, lbM." His position matches UGC 6463. JH made 5 observations.
******************************
NGC 3688 = MCG
-01-29-024 = PGC 35269
11 27 44.4 -09
09 56
V = 14.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 10d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.35', low even
surface brightness. Located 7.6'
SSW of a mag 10.5 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3688 = LM II-437 in 1886 and noted "lE in PA 0¡." His position is an unusually good match
with MCG -01-29-024 = PGC 35269, and his position angle is similar. Steinicke lists the discoverer as
Ainslie Common, but the closest entry in his list (#17) is a much better match
with NGC 3672 .
******************************
NGC 3689 = UGC
6467 = MCG +04-27-037 = CGCG 126-057 = PGC 35294
11 28 11.0 +25
39 41
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 97d
17.5"
(4/9/99): moderately bright, oval 5:3 ~E-W, ~1.3'x0.8', broadly concentration
to a brighter core. The core
brightens but no distinct nucleus.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3689 = H II-339 = h897 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"pF, pS, irr." JH logged
"B; pL; gbM; lE". His
position is just of the south side of UGC 6467.
******************************
NGC 3690 = Arp
299 = VV 118 = UGC 6471/2 = MCG +10-17-003/005 = CGCG 291-073 = Mrk 171a/b =
Holm 256a/b = PGC 35321
11 28 32.3 +58
33 43
V = 11.5; Size 2.9'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
48"
(5/12/12): at 488x, the southwest component (VV 118b) of NGC 3690 appeared as a
very bright, elongated, irregular knot of high surface brightness. Contains a very bright, quasi-stellar
nucleus. The northeast component
(VV 118a) is the larger of the merged interacting pair and appeared bright,
moderately large, ~1' diameter, small very bright core. A very low surface, asymmetric halo
extends on the northwest side of the bright pair. The southwest component is generally misidentified as IC
694, which is described below.
VV 118d/e,
probably HII regions, are just 45" NW of NGC 3690 (just outside the halo). Occasionally an extremely faint and
small glow popped in this position, 6"-8" diameter. IC 694, ~1' NW of the bright pair, was
easily visible as a fairly faint, slightly elongated glow, 15"x12",
weak concentration. PGC 35345 (the
brighter component of Arp 296) lies 2.6' NE. It was also a direct vision, fairly faint glow, fairly
small, oval 4:3 NW-SE, 24"x18", increasing to a very small brighter
core.
17.5"
(4/1/95): NGC 3690 is a disrupted, interacting double system (Arp 299). This unusual pair appears moderately
bright, fairly small, elongated E-W.
The appearance is confusing with two very small "knots" in a
common halo elongated E-W (20" between centers). On the west side is a fairly bright virtually stellar
"knot", which is probably the nucleus of the brighter member of NGC
3690. There is a small fainter
unconcentrated extension on the following end and the two components are not
individually resolved. With
averted vision, IC 694 was barely glimpsed as an extremely faint spot about 1'
NW.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~E-W, irregular, mottled
appearance. A mag 14 star is
superimposed on the west side and an extremely faint mag 15.5 star or knot is
involved. This is a disrupted
interacting system which includes IC 694.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3690 = H I-247 = h896 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded
"pB, lE, mbM." On 9 Apr
1793 (sweep 1039) he logged "vB, pL, lE near the parallel, but a little
from nf to sp." JH reported
"B; R; pgbM. Query whether
there be not a * excentric towards the south-following side." The
"star" may refer to the companion on the south side. On 27 Jan 1852, LdR's assistant Bindon
Stoney described the system as "Neb div into two parts, faint appendage np
about one dia distant."
Swift also
noticed it was double in 1883, writing in Sidereal Messenger IV (p39),
"mentioned to all observers as very little elongated. Chancing to run across it with a power
of 132, I immediately suspected it to be a close double, which suspicion a
power of 200 confirmed. It is
probably the closest double nebula known." Swift reobserved the galaxy on 18 Apr 1892 (list X) and
noted "vs, close D with [NGC] 3690, suspected with 132, ver with
200". This is nearly
identical to his 1883 comments.
Dreyer entered Stoney's and Swift's second component as IC 694 -- but
did they apply to the same object?
Usually, IC 694
is identified as the southwest component of the interacting double system NGC
3690 and this is likely what Swift resolved in his first observation. But Stoney's earlier observation
clearly resolved NGC 3690 into two components as well as picking up the
extremely faint 16th mag galaxy (MCG +10-17-002a = VV 118c) "one
diameter" NW of the NGC 3690 system.
Based on Stoney's observation, it is reasonable to assign IC 694 or IC
694B to MCG +10-17-002a = VV 118c.
******************************
NGC 3691 = UGC
6464 = MCG +03-29-053 = CGCG 096-050 = LGG 237-001 = PGC 35292
11 28 09.4 +16
55 11
V = 11.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 15d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; fairly bright, moderately large, sightly elongated,
1.0'x0.8', broad weak concentration but no core or nucleus. Last in a group (LGG 237) and a
prominent quartet with NGC 3681, 3684 and 3686.
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, slightly elongated, moderately large, even surface
brightness. Last of four in the
NGC 3686 group. Located 19' SSE of
NGC 3686 and 15' SE of NGC 3684.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3691 = H II-54 = h898 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and noted
"vF, S, r." His position
is 35 sec of RA east of UGC 6464 (the previous object in the sweep, NGC 3686,
was 15 sec too far east). He found
this galaxy a month later (17 Apr 1784, sweep 198) and logged "not F, S,
R." JH measured the position
twice, but made the single description "F; E; 40"; has a * 10m 5'
sp". Heinrich d'Arrest also
measured an accurate position (2 nights).
******************************
NGC 3692 = UGC
6474 = MCG +02-29-032 = CGCG 067-084 = PGC 35314
11 28 24.0 +09
24 27
V = 12.1; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 95d
18"
(5/3/11): fairly bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 E-W, 2.4'x0.4'. Extends at least 80% of the separation
(2.9') of two mag 13/13.5 stars to the NE. Well concentrated with a bright core that gradually
increases to very small nucleus.
The halo fades at the tips and only extends the estimated diameter with
averted vision. Located 10' SE of
mag 9.6 HD 99621. A group of IC
galaxies, including IC 696, lies 20' S and NGC 3705 is 27' ESE.
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, thin edge-on 5:1 E-W, 2.0'x0.4', very small bright
core. A mag 13 star is off the NE
edge 2.3' from the center. NGC
3705 lies 26' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3692 = H II-152 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and noted "F,
mE, r." His position (CH's reduction) is 7' N of UGC 6474. Not observed by
JH. Neither JH nor d'Arrest made an observation. The GC position (revised by Tempel) is also too far
north. The NGC position is 9 tsec
west and 2' south of UGC 6474.
Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate micrometric position in 1892 using
the 27" refractor at Vienna.
******************************
NGC 3693 = MCG
-02-29-032 = PGC 35299
11 28 11.5 -13
11 41
V = 12.3; Size 3.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 E-W, very small bright
core. A mag 12 star is 3.3'
WSW. Located 10' SE of mag 8.3 SAO
156691.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3693 = H III-532 = h3344 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and noted
"vF, lE, vlbM." JH
logged "F; pmE in parallel; gpmbM; 20"." The NGC misidentifies h3334 as NGC 3693
(typo).
******************************
NGC 3694 = UGC
6480 = MCG +06-25-076 = CGCG 185-070 = PGC 35352
11 28 54.1 +35
24 50
V = 12.9; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/18/98): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 30"-40" diameter,
bright core, stellar nucleus at moments.
Brightest in a pretty similar trio of NGC 3695 11' NNE and NGC 3700 11'
NE (both with uncertain NGC identifications).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3694 = h899 on 11 Mar 1831 and logged "Not vF; R; sbM
almost to a star; 20"."
His position matches UGC 6480.
******************************
NGC 3695 = NGC
3698 = UGC 6490 = MCG +06-25-078 = CGCG 185-071 = PGC 35389
11 29 17.3 +35
34 31
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/18/98): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7'. Weak even concentration to a slightly
brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus with direct vision at 280x. A mag 14 star lies 1.7' SE. In a trio with NGC 3694 11' SSW and NGC
3700 5.7' SE.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on the Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 3695 on 31
Mar 1867 in his observation of NGC 3694.
He described "3 faint nebula forming a triangle certainly seen here
and one or more susp in the neighborhood.
There being no great difference in brightness, it is not easy to see
which is h899 [NGC 3694]. The 2 nf
ones, pos 310¡, dist 339" [5564 and 5566]." The relative position for the latter two exactly match NGC
3695 = GC 5564 = UGC 6490 and NGC 3700 = GC 5566 = UGC 6494.
But on 18 Mar
1876 Dreyer reobserved NGC 3694 and stated "nnp is a pS, eeF neb [=5564]
in PA 357.2¡, Dist 256.7"."
This was the position Dreyer used in NGC for NGC 3695 and it corresponds
with mag 14.8 star at 11 28 53.1 +35 29 00 (2000). In the same observation, Dreyer notes "about 15' n and
a few minutes f is another eF, vS neb [5565] with an ef* 2' sf." Apparently he felt this object was not
observed on 31 Mar 1867 so he assigned it separate designations GCS 5565 = NGC
3698, but his rough description applies to UGC 6490 = NGC 3695, which has a mag
14.4 star 1.7' southeast. So, most
likely NGC 3698 is a duplicate observation of NGC 3695.
******************************
NGC 3696 = PGC
35340
11 28 43.9 -11
16 58
Size
1.2'x1.0'; PA = 90d
18"
(5/12/07): very faint, very small, elongated 4:3 E-W, ~16"x12". There appeared to be a mag 15.5 star
superimposed NE of center. Located
3.2' NW of a mag 10 star.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): extremely faint, very small, round. Only glimpsed with averted, though the observation was
likely made through clouds that I noticed afterwards.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3696 = LM II-438. There are no pertinent notes (simply described as round) or
sketch found for this object and nothing at his position. But 10 sec if RA east and 10' north is
the faint galaxy PGC 35340. NGC
3696 was not recovered by Bigourdan and the identification with PGC 35340 is
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3697 = UGC
6479 = MCG +04-27-042 = CGCG 126-061 = HCG 53a = Holm 258a = WBL 335-001 = PGC
35347
11 28 50.4 +20
47 43
V = 13.1; Size 2.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 93d
17.5"
(4/1/95): brightest of three in the HCG 53. Fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, weak
even concentration. A mag 11.5
star is 3.6' W and a mag 13 star 1.8' SE.
The mag 13 star is on a line midway to a pair of close companions MCG
+04-27-044 (HCG 53B) 4.0' SE and MCG +04-27-045 (HCG 53C) 3.3' SE. IC 700 lies 13.9' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3697 = h900 on 24 Feb 1827 and noted "eF; vS; E in
parallel." His position and
description matches UGC 6479.
******************************
NGC 3698 = NGC
3695 = UGC 6490 = MCG +06-25-078 = CGCG 185-071 = PGC 35389
11 29 17.3 +35
34 31
See observing
notes for NGC 3695.
J.L.E. Dreyer
found NGC 3698 on 18 Mar 1876 while an assistant at Birr Castle. He noted that "about 15' north and
a few minutes following [NGC 3694] is another eF, vS neb with an eF* 2'
sf." This description appears
to match NGC 3695 = UGC 6490, which was discovered 9 years earlier by Sir
Robert Ball on 31 Mar 1867 (see notes on N3695). The actual separation is 11' but there is a faint star 2'
SE. So NGC 3698 = NGC 3695.
******************************
NGC 3699 = PK
292+1.1 = ESO 129-PN21 = PN G292.6+01.2 = Ced 114
11 27 58.4 -59
57 37
V = 11.0; Size 71"
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this showpiece planetary appeared very
bright, fairly large, ~70" in diameter and gave an excellent contrast
response using an UHC filter at 200x.
The planetary is bisected by a prominent, broad dark rift that slashes
through the planetary from WSW to ENE (like Centaurus A!). The northern lobe is the more
prominent: both larger and brighter.
The shape of this lobe is semicircular with a round, outer periphery but
with a fairly straight edge SW-NE in the interior due to the dark rift. The center of the dust lane is south of
the geometric center of the planetary, giving an asymmetric distribution to the
lobes. The rift itself is widest
at the ENE end and tapers down towards the WSW end. Superb view at 350x as the extra magnification increases the
contrast and confirms that the south lobe is fully detached by the dust land at
the WSW end. The compact planetary
He 2-67 lies in the same field 11' SE.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 100x, this planetary appeared moderately bright and
large, ~60"-65" in size.
There was a good contrast gain with a UHC filter at 105x and 166x and it
appeared brightest on the north side of the planetary. A dark rift running WSW-ENE appears to
nearly detach the smaller and fainter southern section.
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this interesting planetary is
moderately bright, fairly large, ~70" in diameter with some faint stars
superimposed. With the UHC filter
the appearance is very unusual with a dark rift bisecting it in a WSW-ENE
orientation just below the geometric center. At 228x, the northern "hemisphere" is both larger
and brighter with an irregular surface brightness. A mag 13 star is ~1' NW. This is a fascinating planetary set in a beautiful Centaurus
star field with an appearance similar to faint HII region or a small version of
Cen A!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3699 = h3345 on 1 Apr 1834 and recorded "B; pL; irr R;
pgpmbM; 90"; r. Almost
resolved. It is, however, by no means a mere knot of the milky way."
******************************
NGC 3700 = UGC
6494 = MCG +06-25-079 = CGCG 185-073 = PGC 35413
11 29 38.6 +35
30 53
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(4/18/98): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 1.0'x0.7', weak
concentration. Similar to NGC 3695
5.7' NW and third in trio with NGC 3694. The orientation given matches the main
bar - a fainter outer ring oriented NW-SE was not seen.
Sir Robert Ball, an assistant on the
Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 3700 on 31 Mar 1867 while
observing NGC 3694. Ball mentions
"the 2 nf ones, Pos 310, Dist 339" which precisely matches the separation
and position angle of UGC 6480 and UGC 6494. This suggests NGC 3694 = UGC 6480 and NGC 3700 = UGC 6494,
despite the NGC position for NGC 3700 off by 20 tsec in RA and 6' in dec.
******************************
NGC 3701 = UGC
6493 = MCG +04-27-048 = CGCG 126-068 = PGC 35405
11 29 28.9 +24
05 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 145d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5', weak
concentration with a central bulge.
A mag 14 star lies 0.9' N of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3701 = H II-349 = h901 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"F, pL, of an irregular triangular form." CH's reduction is 4.4' northwest of UGC 6493 (an similar
offset with several objects in the sweep). JH noted "pB, lE" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3702 = MCG
-01-29-026 = PGC 35448
11 30 13.4 -08
51 47
V = 14.2; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 158d
17.5"
(3/29/85): faint, small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3702 = LM II-439 and recorded "mag 15.2, 0.1'
dia, R, gbM, *10 precedes 30s; *10
follows 30s." There is
nothing at his position but 1 min of RA east and 8' north is MCG
-01-29-026. A mag 9-10 star is 20
sec of RA east (and 1.8' north) and a mag 13 star is 20 sec of RA west, both
plausible candidates but not a certain match. RNGC identifies this galaxy as NGC 3702, but MCG does not
label it as such.
******************************
NGC 3703
11 29 36 -08 37
=Not found,
RNGC. = PGC 170146 at 11 29 09.2
-08 26 47?, Corwin
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3703 = LM I-187 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA) but Corwin
suggests a possible identification with PGC 170146 at 11 29 09.2 -08 26
47. He notes, though, the sketch
"only vaguely matches the galaxy (and its surrounding stars)" so this
identification is uncertain. The
RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3704 = MCG
-02-29-037 = PGC 35435
11 30 04.6 -11
32 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(3/29/85): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 15 star is 42" E of
center. Forms a close pair with
NGC 3707 1.7' E. Located 2.6' ESE
of a mag 10 star.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3704 = T I-35 = T V-10 on 23 Feb 1878 with the 11"
refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and recorded "Class III; a star 15m
(nebulous?) follows 2 sec; near the comparison star is another fainter nebula
[NGC 3707]." His micrometric
position matches MCG -02-29-037 = PGC 35435, the brighter of the pair.
Andrew Ainslie
Common independently discovered this galaxy in 1880 with his 36"
silvered-glass reflector and described "2 [along with NGC 3707], F, R, on
the parallel, star symmetrically placed between." Common's single position is 13' north
of MCG -02-29-037 but his description is a perfect match with the pair. The NGC description for NGC 3704
mentions a mag 9-10 star 2' SSE of NGC 3704, although the bright star is
actually 2.6' WNW. The RNGC and
MCG position is 2' too far north.
Harold Corwin
suggests that Swift's IC 703 might be a duplicate observation of NGC 3704.
******************************
NGC 3705 = UGC 6498
= MCG +02-29-039 = CGCG 067-093 = Holm 259a = PGC 35440
11 30 07.4 +09
16 37
V = 11.1; Size 4.9'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 122d
18"
(5/3/11): very bright, very large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 NW-SE (with averted
vision), 3.5'x1.5'. Contains a
large, brighter core that increases to a very bright stellar nucleus. Outside the central region, the outer
halo fades rapidly but doesn't have a distinct boundary.
17.5"
(2/28/87): bright, fairly large, small bright core, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
4.0'x1.6'. NGC 3692 lies 26' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3705 = H II-13 = h902 = h903 on 18 Jan 1784 (sweep 84) and
recorded "a pL nebula. It is
probably a faint cluster of stars, not being of the cometic kind." JH made two observations, but his PD
differed by 5' and his descriptions were sufficiently different he assumed h902
and h903 were perhaps different objects.
But Dreyer notes that "only one nebula seen by H, h, d'A, Vogel,
Tempel and Ld R" so h902 = h903 = II 13 = NGC 3705.
******************************
NGC 3706 = ESO
378-006 = MCG -06-25-022 = PGC 35417
11 29 44.4 -36
23 29
V = 11.3; Size 3.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, moderately bright, moderately large, elongated
3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.5'x1.0'. Contains a
bright, sharply defined 40" core and much fainter extensions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3706 = h3346 on 1 May 1834 and noted "pB; R; psbM;
20"." His mean position
(from 3 observations) matches ESO 378-006.
******************************
NGC 3707 = PGC
35446
11 30 11.5 -11
32 37
V = 15.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(3/29/85): extremely faint and small, round. Picked up 2.6' E of NGC 3704.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3707 = T V-10b on 23 Feb 1878. He noted NGC 3704 as "Class III; a star 15m (nebulous?)
follows 2 sec; near the comparison star is another fainter nebula [NGC
3707]."
Andrew Common
made an independent discovery in 1880 with his 36" silvered-glass
reflector (along with NGC 3704) and described "2, F, R, on the parallel,
star symmetrically placed between."
Common's single position (obtained roughly using his setting
circles) is 13' north of the pair
MCG -02-29-037 = NGC 3704 and PGC 35446 = NGC 3707. His description applies, though, as there is a mag 15 star
between the two galaxies. Dreyer
credits both Tempel and Common with the discovery in the NGC. Howe could only find NGC 3704 on 4
nights of searching with the 20-inch refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in
Denver.
The NGC summary
descriptions (from Tempel?) for both NGC 3704 and NGC 3707 has errors. The description for NGC 3707 mentions a
"*15 (neb?) 2s following", which actually describes the mag 15 star
2.8 tsec following NGC 3704. See
RNGC Corrections #4.
For some reason,
the RNGC ignores the second fainter galaxy of the pair and lists NGC 3707 as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3708
11 30 42 -03 13
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3708 = LM I-188 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position and this object could not be recovered
by Harold Corwin, even with Stone's field sketch.
******************************
NGC 3709
11 30 42 -03 15
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3709 = LM I-189 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position and this object could
not be recovered by Harold Corwin.
******************************
NGC 3710 = UGC
6504 = MCG +04-27-052 = CGCG 126-078 = PGC 35502
11 31 07.0 +22
46 05
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, small, round, well-defined 30" halo is weakly concentrated
but no noticeable core. Located
4.5' SW of mag 7.8 SAO 81865. A
mag 15 star lies 1.3' SE and a pair of similar stars 2' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3710 = H II-350 = h904 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, S." CH's reduction is
5' north of UGC 6504. JH logged
"F; has a *7.8 nf dist 5'." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3711 = MCG
-02-29-035 = PGC 35392
11 29 25.5 -11
04 46
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
16" LX200 (4/14/07):
extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3'. Located 2.4' N of a mag 11 star. The observation may have been made through some clouds.
17.5"
(3/29/85): extremely faint, very small, round. A mag 11 star is 2.4' S of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3711 = LM II-440 in 1886. His position is 1.5 min of RA following MCG -02-29-035, but
his description of a "*9, 4' S." is a reasonable match (a mag 11 star
is 2.5' south). Howe's corrected
RA in the IC 2 notes is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3712 = Arp
203 = UGC 6506 = MCG +05-27-082 = CGCG 156-090 = PGC 35507
11 31 09.2 +28
34 05
V = 14.0; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 160d
18"
(3/17/07): UGC 6506, the galaxy identified as NGC 3712 in the RNGC and PGC,
appeared extremely faint, small, elongated. Occasionally it was glimpsed as a very low surface
brightness hazy patch with no concentration. It extended perhaps 0.4'x0.2' in the direction of a couple
of stars with a third star nearby making a triple. Located ~8' NE of mag 6.7 HD 100041.
More likely NGC
3712 is a duplicate observation of NGC 3714. See observing notes for that number.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3712 = h905 on 26 Mar 1827 and recorded "vF; R;
smbM." The following month he
noted "F; vS; R; bM."
Neither description is helpful in identifying this number and his one
good position (first observation) falls on a blank patch of sky, roughly 8'
from both NGC 3714 and UGC 6506.
Bigourdan and Reinmuth were unsuccessful in finding h905. RNGC and RC3 identify UGC 6506 as NGC
3712, but UGC, MCG and CGCG do not label this galaxy as NGC 3712.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 3712 is more likely a duplicate observation of NGC 3714 as he
observed these objects on different sweeps and his position for NGC 3712 was
far enough off that he assumed it was new. See his identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3713 = NGC
3927: = UGC 6511 = MCG +05-27-084 = CGCG 156-094 = PGC 35546
11 31 42.0 +28
09 13
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.7',
small bright core. Collinear with
a mag 11.5 star 5' WNW and a mag 13 star 8.5' WNW.
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', bright core
increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus, halo is ill-defined. Brightest of 4 in region with NGC 3714
13' NNE, UGC 6522 11' SE and CGCG 156-92 5.5' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3713 = H II-367 = h906 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, vS." JH made three
observations and his mean position matches UGC 6511. NGC 3927, from d'Arrest, is probably a duplicate observation
with a 20 minute error in RA. See
that number.
******************************
NGC 3714 = UGC
6516 = MCG +05-27-085 = CGCG 156-095 = PGC 35556
11 31 53.6 +28
21 31
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 68d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, fairly high surface
brightness (like the core of a larger galaxy), moderate concentration though no
nucleus.
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration. Appears similar to the core of a larger
galaxy. NGC 3713 lies 13' SSW.
17.5"
(4/9/99): very faint, very compact galaxy ~20" in diameter, brightens
somewhat to center. Picked up at
100x along with brighter NGC 3713 located 13' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3714 = H III-353 = h907 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"eF but doubtful. I tried to
verify it, but could not succeed."
His re-reduced position is 38 sec of RA east of UGC 6516, but matches in
declination and JH measured a fairly accurate position on 3 sweeps (given in
the GC and NGC). There was a
misprint in the PT catalogue of 10 tmin from the offset star, so Auwers
questioned the identity of III-353.
******************************
NGC 3715 = MCG
-02-29-041 = PGC 35540
11 31 32.3 -14
13 53
V = 11.1; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 11.4; PA = 145d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, even
concentration, bright core, smoothly increases to core. A mag 10.5 star is 5.0' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3715 = H II-562 = h3347 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and recorded
"F, S, bM, iF." There is
nothing at his position, but 35 sec of RA west and 2' north is MCG -02-29-041 =
PGC 35540. JH made two
observations from the Cape of Good Hope and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3716 = UGC
6513 = MCG +01-30-001 = CGCG 040-001 = PGC 35545
11 31 41.2 +03
29 16
V = 13.5; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 150d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, weak even concentration. Located just west of the midpoint of a
line connecting two mag 10 stars oriented N-S and separated by 8'.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3716 on 6 Apr 1866 and recorded "faint,
small. West of a line connecting
two mag 11/12 stars." His
position and description matches UGC 6513.
******************************
NGC 3717 = ESO
439-015 = MCG -05-27-015 = UGCA 238 = PGC 35539
11 31 32.0 -30
18 28
V = 11.2; Size 6.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 33d
48"
(4/21/17): at 488x; very bright, large, nearly edge-on ~5:1 SSW-NNE, slightly
bulges at the center. Contains a
large, very bright central section with a mag 12.5 attached near the NNE end. A sharp dust lane cuts off part of the
central section along the northwest flank, partially hiding the core. Only a very faint, thin strip of the
galaxy on the northwest side of the dust lane was occasionally visible. With averted vision the low surface
brightness outer extensions (beyond the mag 12.5 star) were visible out to
roughly 3.5' diameter. Forms a pair with IC 2913 7.4' SE. The companion
appeared fairly bright, round, 0.6' diameter, moderate even surface brightness
but no obvious core/nucleus.
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated SSW-NNE,
2.5'x0.5', small brighter core, fades at the ends of the thin extensions. A mag 13 star is attached near the NNE
end and this galaxy appears like a dagger attached to the brighter star. Located 7' ESE of mag 9 SAO
179951. Photographs reveal a
strong dust lane but this was not noticed visually.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, small, very elongated ~N-S, thin, moderately large. Located 10' SE of mag 8.5 SAO 179951
and 1¡ SSW of north Crateris (V = 5.8).
Forms a pair with IC 2913 7.3' SE (not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3717 = h3348 on 29 Apr 1834 and recorded "pB; S; mE;
attached to a star."
His position matches ESO 439-015.
He made a second observation the next sweep, though his position was 7'
too far north.
******************************
NGC 3718 = Arp
214 = UGC 6524 = MCG +09-19-114 = CGCG 268-048 = PGC 35616
11 32 35.0 +53
04 05
V = 10.8; Size 8.1'x4.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 15d
48"
(4/4/11): NGC 3718 is a very striking, distorted system with sweeping arms
emanating from an oval main body crossed by a curving dust lane (reminiscent of
Centaurus A). At 375x it appeared
very bright, very large, elongated ~5:2 N-S (including arms), ~6.5'x2.5',
contains a bright round core. A
star is at the east edge of the core.
The main body is nearly split by a dust lane or gap oriented NW to SE,
which is particularly evident on the NW side as a lane. A spiral arm (perhaps 0.4' wide) is
attached at the NW end and gently curves counterclockwise towards the NE. The surface brightness is fairly low
and the arm or wing dims as it extends nearly to the west of a mag 11 star
located 4' NNE of center. The dust on the south side of the core covers a
larger region and is concentrated just west of where the southern arm begins to
emerge on the southeast end. A
fairly low surface brightness arm spreads south (wider than the northern arm),
passing east of a wide mag 11 pair at 33" separation. The overall visual impression is that
the "arms" are really tidal tails being drawn out from a past
interaction as the central body looks more like the merger of two galaxies
resulting in the warped dust lane and "S" shaped body. All five members of HCG 56 (located 7'
S) were easily resolved.
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, fairly large, broad concentration, almost round. Double star h2574 = mag 11/11 at
35" separation is 2.2' SSW of center. NGC 3729 lies 12' ENE.
The galaxy chain HCG 56 = UGC 6527 = VV 150 lies 7' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3718 = H I-221 = h908 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"pB or cB, R, vgmbM, about 3' dia." His position is accurate.
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 27 Jan 1852 with LdR's 72", commented "found a neb
strongly mottled, with stars inv."
A later observation in 1868 questioned if it was a double nebula.
******************************
NGC 3719 = UGC
6521 = MCG +00-30-005 = CGCG 12-008 = Holm 260b = PGC 35581
11 32 13.4 +00
49 09
V = 13.0; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/10/86): moderately large, fairly diffuse, almost round, broad weak
concentration. Forms a close pair
with NGC 3720 2.2' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3719, along with NGC 3720, on 15 Mar 1866 and noted a
faint, difficult double nebula, with a difference in RA of 9 sec and 1' in
declination. His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3720 = UGC
6523 = MCG +00-30-006 = CGCG 12-010 = Holm 260a = PGC 35594
11 32 21.6 +00
48 15
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/10/86): moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharp concentration. Appears smaller but slightly brighter
than NGC 3719 2.2' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3720, along with NGC 3719, on 15 Mar 1866 and noted a
faint double nebula, with a difference in RA of 9 sec and 1' in
declination. His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3721 = PGC
35727
11 34 07.8 -09
28 01
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.5'; PA = 141d
24"
(3/9/13): fairly faint, small, oval 5:3 NW-SE, 24"x15",
lens-shaped. Two mag 15/15.5 stars
lie 2' SE. The identification of
this galaxy with NGC 3721 is uncertain.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3721= LM II-441 in 1886 and simply recorded
"mag 15.5, 0.1' dia, R, gbM."
There is nothing at his position but Harold Corwin lists PGC 35727 as a
possible candidate at 11 34 07.8 -09 28 01 (2000). This galaxy is 1.5 tmin of RA east of Leavenworth's position
(typical error) but matches in declination. Corwin lists PGC 170156 as a preferable candidate at 11 31
53.4 -09 31 57. This galaxy is 0.7
min of time west of Leavenworth's position but is 4.5' south (a less common
error). Finally, RNGC identifies
MCG -01-30-003 as NGC 3721.
Although brighter than the other candidates, it is 1.7 min of RA east
and 7' south of Leavenworth's position.
All in all, there is no compelling candidate to me. See Corwin's identification notes for
more.
******************************
NGC 3722 = MCG
-01-30-005 = PGC 35746
11 34 23.3 -09
40 48
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.4
24"
(3/9/13): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, fairly low
even surface brightness. Brightest
of four in a 4' string, including extremely faint MCG -01-30-006 = PGC 35753
just 0.7' NNE. PGC 35753 appeared
extremely faint to very faint, round, just 6" diameter!
18"
(5/12/07): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, low even surface
brightness. First of three in a 4'
string with NGC 3724 1.8' NE and MCG -01-30-008 4' NE. NGC 3730 (MCG -01-30-003) lies 6.4' NNW
and NGC 3732 10' SSW.
17.5"
(4/5/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. First of close trio with MCG -01-30-007
= NGC 3724 (uncertain ID) 1.8' NE and MCG -01-30-008 4.0' NE. Also nearby is MCG -01-30-003 (possibly
NGC 3730) 6.4' NNW and a two anonymous galaxies 9' and 10' NNE. Located 10' NNE of NGC 3732. The galaxies in this group have
uncertain NGC designations due to poor positions by Leavenworth.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3722 = LM II-442, along with NGC 3724, in 1886 and
noted "mag 15.0, round, 0.2', sbMN, 1st of 2 [with N3724]." There is nothing at his position, but
this number is generally equated with MCG -01-30-005, which lies 1.8 min of RA
east (good match in dec). The
error in RA is fairly common in the LM discoveries, though there is no galaxy
southeast to match NGC 3724 (a companion is northeast).
Corwin proposes
PGC 170153 as NGC 3722. This
galaxy is a closer match in RA
(less than 1 min of RA west) and agrees in declination. Also, NGC 3734 would match IC 2910 in
relative offset. See NGC 3734.
******************************
NGC 3723 = MCG
-02-30-002 = PGC 35604
11 32 30.6 -09
58 11
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, small round, 25" diameter, weak concentration to
a very small brighter nucleus. In
a group of mostly faint galaxies with several uncertain NGC designations from
Leavenworth (NGC 3721, NGC 3722, NGC 3724) ~35' NE and NGC 3732 which is 26'
ENE.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3723 in 1880 with his 36-inch reflector. His position is just 8 sec of RA
following and 1.5' north of MCG -02-30-002 (relatively accurate compared to his
generally poor positons).
******************************
NGC 3724 = MCG
-01-30-007 = PGC 35757
11 34 28.7 -09
39 37
V = 14.2; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 55d
24"
(3/9/13): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 24"x12", contains
a small bright core with fainter extensions. Middle galaxy in a 4' string with NGC 3722 1.8' SW and MCG
-01-30-008 = PGC 35771 2.4' ENE.
Both of these companions are comparable in brightness. Also much fainter
MCG -01-30-006 is 1.1' SW. PGC
35771 (labeled as NGC 3730 in the RNGC) appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 0.4'x0.15'.
18"
(5/12/07): extremely faint, very small, elongated 3:2 or 2:1 SW-NE,
~20"x12". Second of
three in a 4' string with NGC 3722 1.8' SW and MCG -01-30-008 2.3' ENE.
17.5"
(4/5/97): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. Brightest in close trio with MCG
-01-30-005 = NGC 3722: 1.8' SE and MCG -01-30-008 2.3' NE, although still
required averted vision. The NGC
identifications in the group (from Leavenworth) are uncertain due to poor
positions and several nearby faint galaxies.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3724 = LM II-443 in 1886 and noted "mag 15.0,
0.4' dia, R, sbMN, 2nd of of 2 [with NGC 3722]." There is nothing at his exact position, though a number of
candidates are in the area. MCG
-01-30-007 = PGC 35757 is often taken (RNGC, PGC, NED, HyperLeda) as NGC 3724
and MCG -01-30-005 = PGC 35746 is taken as NGC 3722. The MCG does not label MCG -01-30-007 as NGC 3724. This pair is between ~1.7 min of RA
east of Leavenworth's positions (not an uncommon error) though the relative
orientation (southwest-northeast) is wrong. Corwin proposes the identification NGC 3722 = PGC
170153 and NGC 3724 = IC 2910.
These two galaxies are less than 1 min of RA west of Leavenworth's
position and match the correct orientation.
MCG -01-30-007
was possibly discovered by Andrew Common 6 years earlier with his 36-inch
reflector. In his description for
NGC 3732 (#20), he mentions "a cluster of 3 similar ones 15' N",
which appears to refer to MCG -01-30-005, -007 and -008, though Dreyer did not
assign NGC designations to Common's trio.
******************************
NGC 3725 = UGC
6542 = MCG +10-17-015 = CGCG 291-078 = CGCG 292-005 = Mrk 179 = PGC 35698
11 33 40.6 +61
53 16
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7', weak
concentration to a small, slightly brighter coire. A mag 14 star is 1' SE of center. UGC 6528, 7.6' to the SW, is faint, fairly small,
irregularly round, 1.0' diameter, low surface brightness. . NGC 3762, a nice edge-on, lies 27' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3725 = H II-836 = h909 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and logged
"F, S, R, r, almost of equal light throughout." CH's reduced position is 1' south of
UGC 6542. JH made two observations,
noting (sweep 406) "Not vF; R: gbM; 40"."
******************************
NGC 3726 = UGC
6537 = MCG +08-21-051 = CGCG 242-045 = PGC 35676
11 33 21.1 +47
01 45
V = 10.4; Size 6.2'x4.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 10d
48"
(4/19/17): at 375x and 488x; very bright, very large spiral, extending 3:2 N-S,
4.5' to 5' x 3'. Contains a
brighter, mottled central core that is sharply concentrated with an intensely
bright roundish nucleus. Two
obvious spiral arms are attached on the north and south end of the central
region. The northern arm is
brightest at its root near the northeast side of the core. It rotates clockwise and sharply curls
west and southwest, then dims and ends west of the nucleus. This arm appeared a bit thicker than
the DSS2 image. The southern arm
is shoots straight southeast, and curls a bit east. The arm contains a couple of slightly brighter HII patches
including NGC 3726:[BKB2006] 2, situated 1.4' south of center. The outer halo has a low surface
brightness but extends to a mag 12.5 star 2.4' N of center.
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, large, oval 2:1 N-S, 5.0'x2.5', patchy mottled appearance,
very small or stellar nucleus but no core. A mag 12 star is at the north tip 2.4' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3726 = H II-730 = h910 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"pB, bM, 4' long and 3' broad, r." His position is at the north edge of the galaxy. JH made two observations, first
recording "pB; vL; E in meridian; vgbM; 4' l, 2' br; has a * at its
northern extremity."
William Rambaut,
observing with LdR on 26 Mar 1848, recorded "Before nebula came into the
field of the large finding eyepiece Lord Rosse observed a vF neb p it about 2m
nearly in the parallel [likely CGCG 242-042, which was ignored in the GC and
NGC]. [NGC 3726] is tolerably
bright nucleus almost in centre; Lord Rosse at intervals perceived traces of
spiral arrangement; dark black elliptical stripe a little above the
nucleus." R.J. Mitchell on 30
Mar 1856 wrote, "it appears of the shape annexed [sketch shows a dramatic
"S" shaped (barred) spiral], which exaggerates. There can be no doubt of the bend
upwards at Alpha [shows the southeast arm] and of the darkness about the
nucleus." NGC 3726 was
included in the list of spiral nebulae in the 1850 PT paper.
******************************
NGC 3727 = PGC
35697
11 33 40.9 -13
52 44
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
18"
(4/29/06): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.3' SE. NGC 3734 lies 19' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3727 = LM II-444 in 1886 and recorded "mag
15.2, 0.1' dia, R, gbMN, *11, 1' SE." His position is 0.8 min of RA east of PGC 35697 and the
description applies. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1899-00 (given in the IC 2 notes) with the
20" refractor at Denver.
******************************
NGC 3728 = UGC
6536 = MCG +04-27-061 = CGCG 126-087 = PGC 35669
11 33 15.8 +24
26 49
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small.
Contains a bright core and stellar nucleus surrounded by faint
extensions SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.6'. A
nice mag 9/10 pair at 12" lies 11' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3728 = H II-351 = h912 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, S." CH's reduction
is 3.8' northwest of UGC 6536. JH
recorded "F; S; R; bM" and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3729 = UGC
6547 = MCG +09-19-117 = CGCG 268-051 = PGC 35711
11 33 49.3 +53
07 33
V = 11.4; Size 2.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated ~N-S. A mag 11 star is on the SSW edge
57" from the center. NGC 3718
lies 12' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3729 = H I-222 = h911 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"pB, iE, gbM, nearly in the meridian, about 2' long. JH called this galaxy
"Not B; L; lE; a *12 mag south-preceding very near the edge." His position is accurate.
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 27 Jan 1852 with LdR's 72", commented "12' following
[NGC 3718] is another neb, irr, with a bright star in south edge and having
dark lanes through it."
******************************
NGC 3730 = MCG
-01-30-003 = PGC 35734
11 34 16.8 -09
34 34
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 18d
24"
(3/9/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
~30"x24". Sharply
concentrated with a bright round core and a much fainter halo. Forms a close pair with MCG -01-30-004,
an extremely faint edge-on just 0.8' SSW of center. This companion was only marginally glimpsed. NGC 3730 is the brightest member of a
group of galaxies (all with uncertain identifications) including MCG -01-30-005
(NGC 3722), -006, -007 (NGC 3724) and -008 roughly 6' SE. Another trio of faint galaxies (PGC
156711, 156714 and 156715) is ~6' NE.
Finally PGC 35727 (possibly NGC 3721) lies 7' NNW.
18"
(5/12/07): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 0.4'x0.3', broad weak
concentration with an occasional sparkle at the center (slightly brighter
nucleus). A group of 4 or 5 mag
14-15 stars follows. Located 16' N
of NGC 3732 and 10' NNW of a string of three galaxies (including NGC 3722 and
NGC 3724). 2MASX J11344327-0931595
(first in another extremely faint trio) lies 5' NE.
17.5"
(4/5/97): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration to center but no well-defined core. Several fainter galaxies in field including the trio of NGC
3722, NGC 3724 and MCG -01-30-008 ~6' SE and a very faint pair of anonymous
galaxies 4.5' NE and 7.0' NE. The
NGC identification is very uncertain as Leavenworth's position is a very poor
match.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3730 = LM II-445 in 1886 and logged "mag 15.6,
0.5' dia, lE 140¡, glbM."
There is nothing at this position, though a number of galaxies to the
east are possibilities. In
addition, Andrew Common, in his observation of NGC 3732, noted "a cluster
of 3 similar ones 15' n."
Dreyer assumed one of these was Leavenworth's NGC 3730 (mentioned in the
NGC notes section).
The brightest and
largest of the galaxies to the north of NGC 3732 is MCG -01-30-003 = PGC 35734,
though this is not necessarily one of Common's "cluster of 3". This galaxy is 0.9 min of RA east of
Leavenworth's position and 2' north.
The RNGC likely misidentifies MCG -01-30-008 as NGC 3730. Another possibility is NGC 3730 refers
to one of the trio of extremely faint galaxies that are situated ~6' northeast
of MCG -01-03-003, though none would likely be described as large as 0.5'
diameter. So, MCG -01-30-003 is
the most plausible candidate.
******************************
NGC 3731 = UGC
6553 = MCG +02-30-001 = CGCG 068-003 = PGC 35731
11 34 11.7 +12
30 44
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak
concentration. A wide mag 10/14
pair lies 7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3731 = H III-80 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 188) and noted "vF,
vS, R, stellar; brightest in the middle.
240x confirmed it."
His position is The NGC position is 10 sec of RA east and 1' south of
UGC 6553.
******************************
NGC 3732 = MCG
-02-30-005 = PGC 35734
11 34 13.9 -09
50 44
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
18"
(5/12/07): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated nearly 3:2 E-W, ~1.0'x0.7'. Contains a bright core which gradually
increases to the center. A mag 12
star lies 1' SW. Brightest in a
group with a string of three very faint galaxies 10'-12' NNE and an additional
4 very faint galaxies 5'-8' further north. This group contains NGC 3722, NGC
3724 and NGC 3730.
17.5"
(4/5/97): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, broad
concentration with a bright core.
A mag 12 star lies 1.0' SW.
A group of at least six very faint galaxies lies between 10'-20' N and
NGC 3723 lies 26' WSW.
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated but irregular outline,
fairly bright elongated core. A
faint stellar nucleus is visible at moments. A mag 13 star lies 1.0' SW. Located 35' W of Theta Crateris (V = 4.7).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3732 = H II-552 = h913 on 4 Mar 1786 (sweep 597) and noted
"F, pS, iR. Following a very
small star." His position is
accurate. JH recorded (sweep 129)
"S; R; psbM; has a * 14m, 45¡ sp."
Andrew Ainslie
Common found it in 1880 with his 36-inch and included it as #20 in his
Copernicus discovery list: "F, R, a cluster of 3 similar ones 15'
N." The "3 similar
ones" might refer to MCG -01-30-005 = NGC 3722, MCG -01-30-007 = NGC 3724
and MCG -01-30-008 .
Unfortunately, there are a number of faint galaxies in in this area so
these identifications are uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3733 = UGC
6554 = VV 459 = MCG +09-19-123 = CGCG 268-055 = LGG 250-001 = PGC 35797
11 35 01.7 +54
51 02
V = 12.4; Size 4.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/19/88): very faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, very diffuse. Located 4' N of mag 5.6 SAO 28064 which
detracts from viewing! Located
within a large galaxy group including NGC 3738 21' SSE and NGC 3737 8' NE but
not a member of AGC 1318.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3733 = H III-771 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"eF, S, irr E. On account of
the brightness of the foregoing star which was in the field of view with it; I
had nearly overlooked it. His
position matches UGC 6554.
******************************
NGC 3734 = MCG
-02-30-006 = PGC 35773
11 34 40.7 -14
04 54
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 19d
18"
(4/29/06): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak concentration
with a very small slightly brighter core.
Located 7' ESE of mag 9.4 HD 100552. NGC 3727 lies 19' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3734 = H III-935 = h3349 on 19 Apr 1794 (sweep 1058) and noted
"vF or eF, S, bM." CH's
reduction is 4' south of MCG -02-30-006 = PGC 35773. JH recorded "eeF, R,
gbM, difficult but a good obs." from the Cape of Good Hope and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3735 = UGC
6567 = MCG +12-11-036 = CGCG 334-042 = PGC 35869
11 35 57.3 +70
32 09
V = 11.8; Size 4.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 131d
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, 3.0'x0.6', small bright core,
stellar nucleus at moments. A mag
14 star lies 1.1' NE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3735 = H I-287 = h914 on 7 Dec 1801 (sweep 1105) and recorded
"cB, mE, mbM, from np to sf, about 3' long and 1' broad." CH's reduction is within 1' of UGC
6567. JH called this galaxy
"F; mE in pos 130.4¡; bM; 90" l and 12" br."
******************************
NGC 3736 = UGC 6560
= MCG +12-11-035 = CGCG 334-041 = PGC 35835
11 35 41.7 +73
27 07
V = 14.5; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 155d
18"
(3/30/05): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 ~NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5'. A faint star is superimposed on the SE
side. Located 4.7' NE of mag 8.3
HD 100532.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3736. Although the
discovery was not published in Lord Rosse observations, Wolfgang Steinicke says
it was probably found around between 1885 and 1887 with his 6.1-inch Simms
refractor. The NGC position is 0.6 tmin east of UGC 6560. At this declination the error amounts
to only 2-3 arc minutes. UGC 6560
is not labeled as N3736 in UGC or MCG, though it is in the CGCG.
******************************
NGC 3737 = UGC
6563 = MCG +09-19-128 = CGCG 268-058 = Holm 266a = PGC 35840
11 35 36.4 +54
56 55
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, very small, round. Forms a pair with CGCG 268-057 = NGC 3737A 1.3' SW. The companion appeared extremely faint,
very small, slightly elongated.
Member of AGC 1318.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3737 = H III-772 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"vF, stellar neb." His
position is accurate (discovered immediately after NGC 3733). d'Arrest also measured two accurate
positions.
******************************
NGC 3738 = Arp
234 = UGC 6565 = MCG +09-19-130 = CGCG 268-060 = PGC 35856
11 35 48.5 +54
31 28
V = 11.7; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, ~2.0'x1.3',
noticeably mottled or knotty appearance. Broad concentration but no defined
core or nucleus. A brighter knot
(HII complex?) is on the northwest side.
A chain of bright stars begins at a mag 10.5 star 2.5' NE of center and
extends southeast. NGC 3756 is 16'
SE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE although has
an irregular appearance. Sharper
edge on the west side and more curved on the east side. Two mag 10/11 stars are 2.4' NE and
4.0' ENE of center. NGC 3756 lies
15' SE.
13"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, almost even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3738 = H II-783 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"pB, pL, bM." His position
matches UGC 6565.
******************************
NGC 3739 = UGC
6564 = MCG +04-27-071 = CGCG 126-105 = PGC 35841
11 35 37.6 +25
05 19
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 17d
17.5"
(5/4/02): very faint, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.2', very low even
surface brightness. Located 12' W of mag 7.0 HD 100843 (very close double?).
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 3739 on 16 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory in St. Petersburg. He
recorded "Very faint nebula, situated in the middle between several small
stars. Almost on a straight line
between two stars (mag 11-12), little closer to the south one, from which the
PA is 327 ¡. From the more northern star it is 160 ¡. Distance between the two
stars from each other is about 4'." He found this object (along with 7
others) while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke) in Mar-Apr 1869.
******************************
NGC 3740 = UGC
6573 = MCG +10-17-023 = CGCG 292-008 = PGC 35883
11 36 12.3 +59
58 35
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 110d
18"
(3/30/05): faint, small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 0.5'x0.2'. Situated on a line between a mag 14
star 2' SE and a mag 13 star 3' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3740 = H III-847 = h915 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"eF, vS, iF." CH's
reduced position is 2' south of UGC 6573.
JH called this galaxy "vF; R; vgbM; 30"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3741 = UGC
6572 = MCG +08-21-068 = CGCG 242-057 = PGC 35878
11 36 06.2 +45
17 02
V = 14.0; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 5d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, low surface
brightness, very weak concentration, a faint star is just off the west
side. Collinear with a 13"
pair of mag 12 stars located ~10' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3741 = h916 on 19 Mar 1828 and recorded "vF; R; vgbM;
20"." His position
(single observation) matches UGC 6572.
******************************
NGC 3742 = ESO
320-006 = MCG -06-26-001 = PGC 35833
11 35 32.5 -37
57 23
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 116d
18"
(4/25/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE,
~45"x30". Contains a
small, brighter, round core. Forms
a pair with NGC 3749 4.8' SE. In a
group with NGC 3783 43' ENE. The DSS image reveals large, sweeping spiral arms
(not seen) that increase the overall size considerably.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3742 = h3350 on 21 Apr 1835 and recorded "pB, pL, R, glbM,
40"." His mean position
from 2 sweeps matches ESO 320-006.
******************************
NGC 3743 = CGCG
126-106 = PGC 35855
11 35 57.4 +21
43 21
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.4'
18"
(5/12/07): very faint, extremely small, round, 12" diameter. Located 1.4' NW of a mag 10 star. Discovered on the same night as
Copeland's Septet (13 April 1876) and located 30'-35' SW of the Septet.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3743 on 18 Mar 1876, just west of "Copeland's Septet",
and recorded "F, S, R, from *9 [offset of] 78" in PA 322.5¡. This offset points exactly to CGCG
126-106 = PGC 35855, although the galaxy was positioned much too close to
Copeland's Septet on the constructed sketch of 13 Apr 1876 because of a
confusion with the offset stars.
******************************
NGC 3744 = CGCG
126-107 = PGC 35857
11 35 57.9 +23
00 42
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.2'; PA = 10d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3', brighter core. NGC 3761 lies 10' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3744 = St XII-46 on 11 Apr 1882. His position matches CGCG 126-107 = PGC 35857.
******************************
NGC 3745 = HCG
57G = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED1 = MCG +04-28-004 = PGC 36001
11 37 44.4 +22
01 16
V = 15.2; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 100d
48"
(4/16/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, round, 15"
diameter. Squeezed between
slightly brighter and larger NGC 3748 and NGC 3745.
17.5"
(5/11/96): this member of Copeland's Septet appears extremely faint and small,
round. Located between brighter NGC 3748 1.1' E and NGC 3746 just 0.7' S.
17.5"
(3/19/88): second of 7 member of Copeland's Septet. Extremely faint and small, round. Second in a very tight trio with NGC 3746 43" SSW and NGC 3748 1.1' ENE. Located 3.2' NW of NGC 3753.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3745 and other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 5 Apr 1874. He noted "pB; pL; R" and labeled it Beta on the
constructed sketch made on 13 Apr 1876.
See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3746 = HCG
57B = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED2 = UGC 6597 = MCG +04-28-005 = CGCG
127-006 = VV 282 = PGC 35997
11 37 43.6 +22
00 35
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 127d
48"
(4/16/15): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, sharply
concentrated with a very small bright core. The 0.6'x0.4' halo has a low surface brightness. NGC 3745 is 40" N with NGC 3748
1.6' NE.
The 9th member
of the group, 2MASX J11373896+2202269, lies 2.1' NW. It appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15"
diameter. This galaxy is not a
member of HCG 57.
17.5"
(5/11/96): this member of Copeland's Septet appears very faint, very small,
round. Brightest of close trio
with similar NGC 3748 1.6' NE and NGC 3745 just 0.7' N.
17.5"
(3/19/88): first of 7 in Copeland's Septet and second brightest in the
group. Very faint, very small,
round. Brightest of a close trio
with NGC 3745 43" NNE and NGC 3748 1.6' NE.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3746 and 2 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 9 Feb 1874. He noted "pB; cL; glbM; E 90¡ +/-" and labeled it
Gamma on the constructed sketch made on 13 Apr 1876. See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3747 = PGC
90149
11 32 31.0 +74
22 42
V = 15.3; Size 0.3'x0.1'
17.5"
(4/18/98): extremely faint, very small, round. Only visible with averted vision for moments although
repeatedly glimpsed. Listed as
nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3747 = H III-969 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "eF,
S." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911) matches PGC 90149 and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his
1912 edition of WH's catalogues.
See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 and Harold Corwin's full story in
his notes for NGC 3752.
This galaxy is
too faint to be included in CGCG or MCG and assuming it is the galaxy seen by
WH, it is certainly one of the faintest that he ever recorded (B = 16.2). RNGC classifies NGC 3747 as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3748 = HCG
57E = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED3 = MCG +04-28-007 = CGCG 127-007 = VV 282
= PGC 36007
11 37 49.1 +22
01 34
V = 14.8; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 66d
48"
(4/16/15): at 488x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
0.4'x0.3', small brighter core.
HCG 57H (the "8th member" of Copeland's Septet), is 0.9' SSE
and appeared faint to fairly faint, very small, round, 12" diameter.
48"
(2/20/12): at 488x, HCG 57H = PGC 36010 was easily seen 0.9' SSE of NGC
3748. It appeared faint, very
small, round, 12" diameter.
17.5"
(5/11/96): very faint, very small, round.
Third of three in a tight trio within Copeland's Septet with extremely
faint NGC 3745 1.1' W and NGC 3746 1.6' SW.
17.5"
(3/19/88): third of 7 in Copeland's Septet. Extremely faint and small, round. This galaxy is the third in a close trio with NGC 3745 1.1'
WSW and NGC 3746 1.6' SW. Located
2.9' NNW of NGC 3753.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3748 and 3 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 5 Apr 1874. He noted "pB; pS; R" and labeled it Delta on the
constructed sketch made on 13 Apr 1876.
See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3749 = ESO
320-008 = MCG -06-26-002 = PGC 35861
11 35 53.2 -37
59 50
V = 12.3; Size 3.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 107d
18"
(4/25/09): faint, moderately large, elongated. At times only the brighter 30" core was visible but
with concentration, long low surface brightness arms extend WNW-ESE and
increase the size to ~1.4'x0.5'.
The eastern side of the galaxy nearly reaches a line connecting two mag
12/13 stars with a separation of 3'.
Located 4.8' SE of NGC 3742 and on images appears to be tidally
disrupted.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3749 = h3351 on 21 Apr 1835 and logged "pB; lE; glbM;
40"." His mean position
from 2 consecutive sweeps matches ESO 320-008.
******************************
NGC 3750 = HCG
57C = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED4 = VV 282c = MCG +04-28-008 = CGCG
127-009 = PGC 36011
11 37 51.7 +21
58 27
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 160d
48"
(4/16/15): moderately bright, small, round, very small bright core, high
surface brightness, 18" diameter.
First in a striking trio with spirals NGC 3753 40" NE and 3754 1.0'
NE.
17.5"
(5/11/96): faint, very small, round, very small bright core. First of three in Copeland's Septet in
a tight trio with NGC 3753 just 40" NE and NGC 3754 1.0' NE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fourth of 7 in Copeland's Septet. Very faint, very small, round. Located just 39" SW of brighter NGC 3753.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3750 and 2 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 9 Feb 1874. He noted "pB; lbM; * in Pos 23.8¡, distance
109.3"." and labeled it Epsilon on the constructed sketch made on 13
Apr 1876. See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3751 = HCG
57F = Copeland's Septet = UGC 6601 = MCG +04-28-009 = PGC 36017
11 37 53.9 +21
56 11
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 5d
48"
(4/16/15): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated N-S, 22"x16",
very small bright nucleus, fairly high surface brightness. Southernmost member of Copeland's
Septet.
17.5"
(5/11/96): extremely faint and small, round, 20" diameter. Requires averted vision although easier
to view than NGC 3754. Furthest
southern member of Copeland's Septet.
Located 2.0' WSW of a mag 13 star and 2.7' S of brightest member NGC
3753.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3751 and 3 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 5 Apr 1874. He noted "F; L; E 45¡ +/-". This galaxy is labeled Zeta on the
constructed sketch in the 1880 publication. See NGC 3753.
Although NGC
3751 = UGC 6601, the UGC copied the coordinates and magnitude for CGCG 127-011
located 8' south, so this data is incorrect.
******************************
NGC 3752 = UGC
6515 = MCG +13-08-064 = CGCG 351-063 = PGC 35608
11 32 32.3 +74
37 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/18/98): fairly faint, moderately large. At first this galaxy appeared roundish (probably viewing the
core only), but then fainter extensions were seen NW-SE, increasing the
dimensions to 1.2'x0.6'. Forms a
triangle with two mag 11/13 stars 2.4' ENE and 1.4' NNE, respectively, and
several other stars trail off towards the SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3752 = H II-905 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "pB,
pL." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911) matches UGC 6515 and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his
1912 edition of WH's catalogues.
See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 or Harold Corwin's full story in his
notes for NGC 3752.
JH probably
found a faint star close to WH's original erroneous position that he catalogued
as h917. In the NGC, Dreyer used
JH's position for h917 for NGC 3752 = II-905. (personal email from Wolfgang Steinicke on 25 Dec 2013)
******************************
NGC 3753 = HCG
57A = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED6 =
VV 282a = UGC 6602 = MCG +04-28-010 = CGCG 127-012s =PGC 36016
11 37 53.8 +21
58 53
V = 13.6; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 120d
48"
(4/16/15): moderately to fairly bright, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
45"x15", contains a small bright core. Tightly paired with NGC 3754 21" NE of center and NGC
3750 40" SW. A mag 12 star is
1.3' N.
17.5"
(5/11/96): the brightest member of Copeland's Septet appears very faint, very
small, slightly elongated NW-SE.
Closely bracketed by NGC 3750 40" SW and virtually in contact with
NGC 3754 just 20" NE of center.
A mag 12 star lies 1.3' N.
17.5"
(3/19/88): this galaxy is the brightest member of Copeland's Septet. Very faint, fairly small, elongated
WNW-ESE, bright core. This is the
central galaxy in a very tight trio with NGC 3750 39" SW and NGC 3754
22" NE of center. Other
members include NGC 3745 3.2' NW, NGC 3746 2.9' NW and NGC 3748 2.9' NNW.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3753, while an assistant at Birr Castle, on 9 Feb 1874 and noted
"pF, star in PA 5.5¡, Dist 71.7"." This galaxy was labeled Eta in the constructed sketch of 13
Apr 1876. Copeland found this
group while searching in vain for d'Arrest's GC 2464 = NGC 3760, which he
assumed was in the general location.
But d'Arrest had made a 1-hour error in RA, so his object was not to be
found and the Septet happened to be just west of d'Arrest's erroneous position.
Due to a mixup
in the reference star, though, Dreyer's computed positions for Copeland's
Septet were offset 1.5 min of RA too far west and 16' too far south. The error was caught by Hermann Kobold
while observing with the 19.2-inch refractor at the Strassburg Observatory in
1894 (see AN 3241). Dreyer
acknowledged the correction in AN 3246 and the correction was given in the IC 1
Notes section. Still, the RNGC did
not catch the correction and listed the entire Septet as nonexistent! See RNGC Corrections #2 and Deep Sky
1983. The nickname "Copeland
Septet" appears in the RC2 notes section.
******************************
NGC 3754 = HCG
57D = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED7 = VV 282b = MCG +04-28-011 = CGCG
127-012ne = PGC 36018
11 37 55.0 +21
59 07
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0
48"
(4/16/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, slightly elongated N-S,
0.4'x0.3', small bright core.
Situated just off the northeast side of NGC 3753.
17.5"
(5/11/96): one of the three most difficult members of Copeland's Septet appears
extremely faint and small, round.
Difficult to resolve from brighter NGC 3753 just 40" SW of
center. A mag 12 star is 1.0' N.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3754 and 3 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 5 Apr 1874. He noted "vF; R" and labeled it Theta on the
constructed sketch made on 13 Apr 1876.
See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3755 = UGC
6577 = MCG +06-26-008 = CGCG 186-012 = PGC 35913
11 36 33.4 +36
24 37
V = 12.8; Size 3.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 133d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2'x1'. Broad, weak concentration to a slightly
brighter oval core. A couple of
very faint stars are nearby.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3755 = h920 on 11 Mar 1831 and noted "eF; pmE; pL;
gbM." His position and
desciption matches UGC 6577.
******************************
NGC 3756 = UGC
6579 = MCG +09-19-134 = CGCG 268-063 = LGG 250-002 = PGC 35931
11 36 47.9 +54
17 39
V = 11.5; Size 4.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 177d
24"
(5/27/17): bright, large, elongated ~2:1 N-S, ~3.5'x1.7'. Uneven, moderate surface brightness
(except low surface brighterness outer halo) but no distinct core or nucleus. The halo (arms) is not symmetric and
change shape with different brighter patches (parts of spiral arms) using
averted vision. Often the north
half of the galaxy appeared brighter.
NGC 3738 is 16' NW.
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, large, oval 2:1 N-S, even surface
brightness. A mag 10 star is 4.0'
NNW of center.
13"
(3/24/84): fairly large, diffuse, elongated N-S.
8"
(3/28/81): very faint, low surface brightness. Located 15' SE of NGC 3738.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3756 = H II-784 = h918 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"pB, cL, lE, 3' long."
His position matches UGC 6579.
******************************
NGC 3757 = UGC
6584 = MCG +10-17-026 = CGCG 292-010 = PGC 35955
11 37 02.9 +58
24 56
V = 12.6; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(4/14/01): compact, high surface brightness glow, round, 25" diameter,
very small bright core. A mag 13
star lies 1' E of center. Several
galaxies are within 30' in a group (LGG 246).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3757 = H III-843 = h919 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted
"vF, stellar neb.
North-preceding a small star." CH's reduced position is 1' northwest of UGC 6584 and the
star is 1' east. JH reported "vF; R; 15". Has a vS star south-following rather more than a diameter
from edge."
******************************
NGC 3758 = MCG
+04-27-073 = CGCG 126-110 = Mrk 739 = PGC 35905
11 36 29.2 +21
35 46
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6
48"
(4/20/17): at 697x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30"
diameter. Two stellar nuclei were
resolved, separated by only 6" separation E-W. The eastern nucleus seems slighter brighter or perhaps more
stellar. The western nucleus is
quasi-stellar (perhaps a few arseconds diameter). NGC 3758 is a post merger system and the twin nuclei
(separated by ~11,000 light-years) both house super-massive black holes! The seeing was fairly poor at the time
of the observation but the twin nuclei were still easily resolved. Located 2.6' ESE of a bright mag 9.7
star (SAO 81899).
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5' diameter. Following by 2.5' is mag 9.7 SAO 81899
which is the first of three on a line to the NE. Also in the field is a
43" pair of mag 9.5 stars ~8' SSE.
Copeland discovered NGC 3758 and this galaxy is situated 30' SW of
Copeland's Septet.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3758 south of "Copeland's Septet on 18 Mar 1874 and logged
"pB; S; R; smbM; Nucl not stellar." His offsets to nearby stars is a perfect match with CGCG
126-110 = PGC 35905, although it was placed too close to Copeland's Septet on
the constructed sketch of 13 Apr 1876 showing all discovered nebulae. This galaxy was independently found by
Stephan exactly 10 years later on 18 Mar 1884 and accurately placed in his list
XIII-61.
Bill Keel dubbed
this the "Owl" galaxy (because of twin nuclei) in a 1993 article in
Mercury magazine article "The real astrophysical zoo - Colliding
galaxies", though there are no Google hits on that nickname.
******************************
NGC 3759 = UGC
6581 = MCG +09-19-136 = CGCG 268-064 = PGC 35945
11 36 54.1 +54
49 23
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.1' N of a mag 11 star and 16'
E of mag 5.6 SAO 28064. Forms a
pair with IC 2943 2.2' NW. NGC
3759A = UGC 6582 lies 20' N.
Member of AGC 1318.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3759 on 19 Aug 1866 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
twice, matches UGC 6581 and he accurately places a mag 11 star 2' distant (due
south).
******************************
NGC 3760 = NGC
3301 = UGC 5767 = MCG +04-25-035 = CGCG 124-045 = PGC 31497
10 36 56.0 +21
52 55
See observing
notes for NGC 3301. There is a one
hour error in RA in the NGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3760 on 21 Feb 1863 and recorded "B, pS, mbMN =
*13, a mag 11 star precedes 4 seconds of time and south 175"." There is nothing at his position and he
searched in vain for it again in Jan 1865. Dreyer mentions in the NGC notes that nothing was found at
Birr Castle, though "a large group of novae preceding it [Copeland's
Septet!] was found."
In the IC 1
notes, Dreyer comments "Delenda.
It is = [NGC] 3301 with an error of 1 hour in RA [too large]." This identity was first suggest by
Kobold in 1894. d'Arrest also
mistakenly placed the nearby mag 11 star to the south, instead of north (same
offset) and also made the same 1 hour transcription error the same night with
NGC 3375, which is identical to NGC 3162.
******************************
NGC 3761 = CGCG
127-001 = PGC 35933
11 36 44.1 +22
59 31
V = 14.0; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(5/4/02): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Contains a faint stellar nucleus at
moments. Located 1¡ NNW of Copeland's
Septet.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3761 = St XII-47 on 11 Apr 1882. His positon matches CGCG 127-001 = PGC 35933.
******************************
NGC 3762 = UGC
6591 = MCG +10-17-027 = CGCG 292-011 = PGC 35979
11 37 23.9 +61
45 33
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 167d
17.5"
(4/14/01): this attractive spindle appeared fairly faint/moderately bright,
fairly small, elongated 7:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.35', sharp bright core, stellar
nucleus. NGC 3725 lies 27' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3762 = H II-837 = h921 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"pB, lE." CH's reduced
position is 1' northwest of UGC 6591 and JH's position (used in the NGC) is 1'
south.
******************************
NGC 3763 = IC
714 = MCG -02-30-009 = PGC 35907
11 36 30.3 -09
50 48
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, almost even surface
brightness. Overpowered by Theta
Crateris (V = 4.7) just 3.7' NE.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3763 in 1880 and recorded "F, diffused, sp 7
stars." His position is
within 0.2 min of RA and 1' south of MCG -02-30-009 = PGC 35907, the only
nearby galaxy he might have picked up.
I'm surprised, though, he didn't mention mag 4.7 Theta Crateris, only 3.7'
northeast.
Francis
Leavenworth independently found this galaxy on 25 Feb 1887 and gave an accurate
micrometric position for object #430 in the Southern Nebulae list (later IC
714). So, NGC 3763 = IC 714.
******************************
NGC 3764 = MCG +03-30-020
= CGCG 097-025 = II Zw 52 = PGC 35930
11 36 54.6 +17
53 18
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, round, 0.7' diameter, very small brighter core with
direct vision. This is a close
interacting system (unresolved).
Forms a pair with NGC 3768 5.5' SE. Both William and John Herschel missed this galaxy although
they observed nearby NGC 3768.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3764 on 20 Apr 1862, in the field of NGC 3768. His position, from two observations,
matches CGCG 097-025 = PGC 35930 and he mentions a mag 15 star that follows by
14.9 seconds of RA.
NGC 3764 was
probably discovered earlier by R.J. Mitchell at Birr Castle on 22 Mar
1857. While observing h923 = NGC
3768 he noted "npp is another of the same character, but fainter." Dreyer, while preparing the 1880
publication added the note "= GC 2466, nova d'Arrest", though only
d'Arrest is credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3765 = MCG
+04-28-001 = CGCG 127-003 = PGC 35956
11 37 04.2 +24
05 46
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 40"x30", even surface
brightness. About 5' following is
a perfect equilateral triangle of mag 11 stars with sides 4'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3765 = h922 on 28 Mar 1832 and noted "vF; R;
30"." His position
(single observation) matches CGCG 127-003 = PGC 35956.
******************************
NGC 3766 = Cr
248 = ESO 129-SC027
11 36 14 -61 36
36
V = 5.3; Size 15'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this is a superb naked-eye open cluster in Centaurus
with several hundred stars resolved in a 15' field. It contains a very dense mass of stars in the central 5'
that are seemingly arranged in a spiral configuration as well as a beautiful
string of stars running SW-NE on the south side of the cluster. A mag 7.2 M-type reddish star (SAO
251470) lies at the NW end, a mag 7.5 star is on the east side (HD 306799) and
a mag 7.1 star (HD 100943) is on the SE side. This impressive cluster was a surprising showpiece as it
wasn't on my radar as an excellent cluster. Located 50' NW of a mag 5.1 star and 1.4¡ due north of mag
3.1 Lambda Centauri.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3766 = Lac III-7 = D 289 = h3352 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He noted "three faint stars in
nebulosity". On 27 Apr 1826
James Dunlop logged "A pretty large cluster of stars of mixt magnitudes,
about 10' diameter. The greater number of the stars are of a pale white colour.
There is a red star near the preceding side; another of the same size and
colour near the following side; another small red star near the centre; and a
yellow star near the south following extremity, all in the cluster." Dunlop's position was about 10' too far
SE.
JH first
observed the cluster on 14 Mar 1834 and noted "the preceding of two chief
stars of a fine, large, loose, round cluster of stars 8..12th mag; gradually
pretty much brighter in the middle, fills field; 150..200 stars." Two
sweeps later he recorded "A very fine cluster class VII; nearly round, 8'
diameter, slightly compressed in the middle, stars of 9..15th magnitude; place
that of an orange star 9..10th mag following the centre."
******************************
NGC 3767 = UGC
6590 = MCG +03-30-023 = CGCG 097-031 = PGC 35969
11 37 15.5 +16
52 37
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 25"x20"
diameter, fairly high surface brightness (core only viewed?). A mag 14 star lies 2.3' SW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3767 = h924 on 17 Mar 1831 and simply noted "vF; S;
bM." His position
matches UGC 6590.
******************************
NGC 3768 = UGC
6589 = MCG +03-30-024 = CGCG 097-030 = PGC 35968
11 37 14.4 +17
50 23
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 1.0' diameter,
moderately concentrated. Forms a
pair with NGC 3764 5.5' NW. Member
of a large group (LGG 246).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3768 = H III-29 = h923 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and described
a "very faint, extremely small nebula, or rather nebulous star. The sweeping power left me rather
doubtful but 240x verified it."
His position (CH's reduction) is 28 sec of RA too large (recorded on a
very windy night and the RA could not be determined well). JH also called this galaxy
"stellar; a burred star.", though he measured a fairly accurate
position. It seems odd that both
missed nearby NGC 3764 (discovered by d'Arrest).
******************************
NGC 3769 = Arp
280 NED1 = UGC 6595 = MCG +08-21-076 = CGCG 242-065 = Holm 270a = PGC 35999
11 37 44.2 +47
53 34
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 152d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
2.5x0.8', weak concentration. A
mag 13.5 star is 2.2' NE of center.
A very close companion NGC 3769A = CGCG 242-066, which appeared very
faint, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, low surface brightness, is 56" SE of
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3769 = H II-731 = h925 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and reported
"F, S, E from sp to np."
JH made two observations, recording on sweep 330 "'B; mE; gbM;
60" l, 30" br."
Neither Herschel
noticed the faint companion NGC 3769A at the southeast end, which was observed
at Birr Castle. On 9 Apr 1852, Bindon Stoney recorded "gbM, a F appendage
of 2nd neb." On 17 Apr 1855,
R.J. Mitchell logged "The appendage looks like an independent nebula. Lord Rosse thought the B ray
resolvable." On 12 Apr 1861,
Samuel Hunter also noted "Two, probably connected." A sketch shows the companion at the
correct orientation. But
surprisingly, neither JH nor Dreyer added this second galaxy to the GC or
NGC. Kobold measured an accurate
position in 1902 with the 18-inch refractor at Strassburg.
******************************
NGC 3770 = UGC
6600 = MCG +10-17-028 = CGCG 292-012 = LGG 251-001 = PGC 36025
11 37 58.7 +59
37 01
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 107d
18"
(3/5/05): fairly faint, small, round, fairly high surface brightness, only
20" diameter. I probably
viewed only the core as the catalalogued dimensions are much larger).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3770 = H II-838 = h926 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"pB, S." CH's reduced position is 10 tsec west of UGC 6660. JH called this galaxy both
"B" and "eF", although the latter observation mentions
"Sky growing dull. Mirror
tarnished." His mean position matches UGC 6600.
******************************
NGC 3771 = MCG
-01-30-018 = PGC 36107
11 39 06.0 -09
20 53
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, fairly small, round, increases to a bright core, appears to
have a very faint larger halo.
Appears similar to NGC 3791 8' E.
This identification is uncertain as the NGC position from Leavenworth is
1.7 tmin farther west.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3771 = LM II-446 in 1886 and logged "mag 14.5,
0.1' dia, R, *10 p 15 seconds."
There is nothing near his position, but 1.7 min of RA east is MCG
-01-30-018 = PGC 36107. To clinch
this identification, there is a star 16 sec preceding as Leavenworth's notes,
though the mag is closer to 13.
Still, Corwin gives this identification as somewhat uncertain. The RNGC RA is 0.7 minutes too far
west.
******************************
NGC 3772 = UGC
6598 = MCG +04-28-006 = CGCG 127-008 = PGC 36005
11 37 48.5 +22
41 28
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 16d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.5',
slightly brighter core. Located
40' N of Copeland's Septet!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3772 = H II-352 = h927 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, vS." CH's reduction
is 5' north of UGC 6598. JH made
two observation and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3773 = UGC
6605 = MCG +02-30-005 = CGCG 127-008 = Mrk 743 = PGC 36043
11 38 13.0 +12
06 44
V = 12.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 165d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus, small faint halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3773 = H III-81 = h928 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 188) and recorded
"eF, vS; it contains more nebulosity than the preceding [NGC 3731]; 240x
showed it better than 157."
******************************
NGC 3774 = MCG
-01-30-016 = PGC 36058
11 38 30.3 -08
58 35
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 56d
24"
(3/9/13): very faint to faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20",
low but irregular surface brightness.
A mag 12 star is 2.9' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3774 = LM II-447 on 24 Jan 1887 and noted mag 15.8,
0.2'x0.1', E 75¡. Another neb or
eF star p 0.5'; *9 np 3'."
His position is 6 sec of RA west and 1' north of MCG -01-30-016 = PGC
36058. His PA and description is a
good match, although the mag 9 star described by Leavenworth as 3' northwest
lies 2.9' southwest.
******************************
NGC 3775 = MCG
-02-30-012 = PGC 36055
11 38 26.8 -10
38 19
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/9/99): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.3', low even
surface brightness. A mag 12 star
lies 3.0' NNW. Forms a pair with
NGC 3779 6.8' NE.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3775 in 1880 and described "pB to a Nucl; another 5' nf,
eeF." The second object was
catalogued as NGC 3779. Common's
position is 1.2' south of MCG -02-30-012 and NGC 3779 = MCG -02-30-013 is 6.8'
NE, a reasonable match.
******************************
NGC 3776 = CGCG
012-045 = PGC 36048
11 38 17.9 -03
21 15
V = 15.4; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.6
18"
(4/30/11): extremely faint, very small, round, 12" diameter, required
averted and could not hold steadily.
Collinear with two stars mag 12.7/13.8 at 3.2' S and 5.6' S. Only faint stars in the field.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3776 = LM I-190 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His very
rough position (nearest min of RA) is about 3' south of CGCG 012-045 = PGC
36048, a very small faint galaxy.
RNGC identifies this galaxy as NGC 3776, but the CGCG does not make the
NGC equivalence.
******************************
NGC 3777 = MCG
-02-30-008 = PGC 35879
11 36 06.8 -12
34 08
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35d
18"
(3/19/04): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5', very weak
concentration. Located 13' SE of
mag 7.2 SAO 156771.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3777 = LM I-191 on 26 Feb 1886 and recorded
"mag 15.0, 0.8' dia, iR, small star or neb following." There is nothing near his very rough
position (near min of RA). But 2.5
min of RA west is MCG -02-30-008 = PGC 35879 and a very faint star is 4 sec of
time following. Herbert Howe's
measured an accurate RA (given in the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 3778 = ESO
216-026 = PGC 36051
11 38 22 -50 43
00
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 40d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
SW-NE, ~40"x32", contains a small bright core. A mag 14.5-15 star is barely off the
northwest edge [17" from center].
ESO 216-027 lies
8' ENE. It was visible as a faint
round glow, 25" diameter, with a low surface brightness. A mag 13.6 star is close southeast
[42" from center].
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3778 = h3353 on 31 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF; R; 20";
in a field with 50 or 60 small stars." His position matches ESO 216-026 = PGC 36051.
******************************
NGC 3779 = IC
717 = MCG -02-30-013 = PGC 36084
11 38 51.3 -10
35 01
V = 13.7; Size 2.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 85d
17.5"
(4/9/99): extremely faint, fairly small, round, 0.5'. Was not able to locate initially at 220x but once picked up
with averted a dim glow was visible <50% of the time. Located 6.8' NE of brighter NGC 3775.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3779 in 1860 with his 36" reflector. With respect to NGC 3775, he noted
"another 5' nf ". Close
to this offset is MCG -02-30-013 = PGC 36084. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position, that was
repeated in the IC 2 notes.
Frank Muller
found IC 717 on 14 Feb 1888 with the 26-inch refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory and described it as "1.0'x0.8', E 90¡, dif." With respect to NGC 3775, he measured
an offset of +53.92 seconds in RA but no delta for declination. Apparently he made a 30 second error as
NGC 3779 follows by +24 seconds in RA.
His description "E 90¡ [E-W]" seems to clinch the
identification IC 717 = NGC 3779.
******************************
NGC 3780 = UGC
6615 = MCG +09-19-150 = CGCG 292-014 = PGC 36138
11 39 22.3 +56
16 15
V = 11.5; Size 3.1'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak
concentration, uneven surface brightness [images reveal a face-on multiarmed
spiral]. A mag 13 star is off the
ENE side 2.1' from center. Forms a
pair with NGC 3804 13' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3780 = H I-227 = h929 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"pB, cL, iF, r, 3' by 2'. JH made two observations, noting on sweep 345,
"F; L; R; vglbM; 60".
Twilight."
******************************
NGC 3781 = MCG
+05-28-004 = CGCG 157-005 = WBL 344-001 = PGC 36104
11 39 03.8 +26
21 43
V = 13.7; Size 0.5'x0.3'
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, very small, round, very small brighter core. A mag 14.5 star is 50" E. First of three with NGC 3784 and NGC
3785 7' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3781 = St XI-11, along with NGC 3784 and 3785, on 28 Apr 1881.
His position matches MCG +05-28-004.
******************************
NGC 3782 = UGC
6618 = MCG +08-21-087 = CGCG 242-071 = PGC 36136
11 39 20.7 +46
30 48
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.5', almost
even surface brightness. A mag 12
star is at the SSW tip 0.6' from center and a mag 15 star is off the NNE tip
1.3' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3782 = H II-732 = h930 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"F, S. Almost between 2
stars, the cheveulure touches them both; the are sp the nebula." JH reported "a * 15m with a
nebulous tail nf which touches another star."
******************************
NGC 3783 = ESO
378-014 = MCG -06-26-004 = PGC 36101
11 39 02 -37 44
18
V = 11.9; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 162d
18"
(4/25/09): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.6',
bright quasi-stellar nucleus.
Located just NW of a mag 9.2 that detracts from viewing. This well-studied face-on galaxy
contains a very bright, highly variable, Seyfert 1 nucleus (one of the closest)
and my observation describes the core of the galaxy. NGC 3742/3749 lies ~40' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3783 = h3354 on 21 Apr 1835 and recorded "pB; R; vsbM;
precedes (to n) a * 9m." His
position and description matches ESO 378-014.
******************************
NGC 3784 = MCG
+05-28-006 = CGCG 157-006 = Holm 271a = WBL 344-002 = PGC 36147
11 39 29.8 +26
18 33
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(4/15/93): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, weak
concentration, low surface brightness.
Located just 0.9' NE of a mag 10.5 star. Forms a close pair with NGC 3785 0.8' SE with NGC 3781 7'
NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3784 = St XI-12, along with NGC 3781 and 3785, on 28 Apr 1881. His position matches CGCG 157-006 = PGC
36147.
******************************
NGC 3785 = UGC
6620 = MCG +05-28-007 = CGCG 157-008 = Holm 271b = WBL 344-003 = PGC 36148
11 39 32.9 +26
18 08
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5" (4/15/93):
faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, small bright core, very faint
extensions. Located 1.5' E of a
mag 10.5 star. This galaxy is the
slightly brighter of a close pair with NGC 3784 just 0.8' NW. NGC 3781 lies 7' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3785 = St XI-13, along with NGC 3781 and 3784, on 28 Apr
1881. His position matches UGC
6620.
******************************
NGC 3786 = Arp
294 NED1 = VV 228b = UGC 6621 = MCG +05-28-008 = CGCG 157-009 = Mrk 744 = Holm
272b = WBL 345-002 = PGC 36158
11 39 42.4 +31
54 32
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 77d
18"
(4/10/04): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, brighter
core. I observed SN 2004bd,
discovered less than a week earlier on 4/4/04 and situated just 4.7" W and
1.2" S of center. When the
seeing steadied, the supernova was clearly resolved as a mag 14.5
"star" close WSW of center (along the major axis) and very close to
the brighter (Markarian) core.
Forms a pair with NGC 3788 1.4' NE of center. A mag 10.8 star lies 2.0' SE.
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, bright
core. Forms a pleasing close pair
with NGC 3788 (separation of 1.4' NE).
The galaxies are elongated at nearly right angles and almost attached at
the ENE end of NGC 3786. A mag
10.5 star is 2' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3786 = h931 on 29 Apr 1827, along with NGC 3788, and logged
"the sp of 2 [with NGC 3788]; less bright and smaller than the
nf." He made 3 observations
of both galaxies.
******************************
NGC 3787 = MCG
+04-28-015 = CGCG 127-017 = PGC 36154
11 39 37.9 +20
27 17
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, elongated 4:3, SW-NE, 0.4'x0.3'. Moderate concentration to a
quasi-stellar nucleus. Forms the
NE vertex of a small triangle with a mag 13 star 1' W and a mag 12 star 1.7'
S. NGC 3805 lies 16' SE. Located at the NW edge of AGC 1367.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3787 on 10 May 1864. His position is within 30" of
CGCG 127-017 = PGC 36154 and he also noted a mag 15-16 which precedes by 4.5
seconds of time and slightly south.
******************************
NGC 3788 = Arp
294 NED2 = VV 228a = UGC 6623 = MCG +05-28-009 = CGCG 157-010 = Holm 272a = WBL
345-003 = PGC 36160
11 39 44.7 +31
55 51
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 178d
17.5" (2/24/90):
moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, brighter core. Forms a striking pair of elongated
spirals with NGC 3786 1.4' SW (Arp 294), which is almost attached at the south
end of NGC 3788. A mag 10.5 star
lies 2.7' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3788 = h932 on 29 Apr 1827, along with NGC 3786, and logged
"pB, E in merid [N-S]; gbM; 40-50" long; the nf of 2 [with NGC
3786]."
Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 24 Feb 1852, reported "2 rays, forming an
angle of about 100¡, the south one has a nucleus, and there is a knot at the
north extremity of the north one."
Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate micrometric position in 1891 at
the Vienna Observatory.
******************************
NGC 3789 = MCG
-01-30-015 = PGC 36036
11 38 09.1 -09
36 26
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 179d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.4'. Contains a small brighter core and
stellar nucleus with extremely faint extensions. Forms the western vertex of a near equilateral triangle with
two mag 13.5 stars ~2.5' SSE and east.
Located 25' NE of mag 4.7 Theta Crateris. Misidentified in the RNGC and MCG as MCG -01-30-019.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3789 = LM II-448 in 1886 and noted "mag 14.8,
0.3'x0.2', E 180¡. RNGC and MCG
misidentify MCG -01-30-019 as NGC 3789.
This galaxy is only 3' south of Leavenworth's position but does match
his description (elongated N-S).
But 1.4 min of RA west is MCG -01-30-015 = PGC 36036 and the position
angle is directly N-S. Considering
Leavenworth's positions are often too far east, but accurate in declination,
MCG -01-30-015 is a much more likely candidate.
******************************
NGC 3790 = UGC
6624 = MCG +03-30-032 = CGCG 097-043 = LGG 246-011 = WBL 347-001 = PGC 36167
11 39 47.2 +17
42 44
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 154d
48"
(4/2/11): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.3', sharply
concentrated with a very bright small core. First of six in the NGC 3801 group with MCG +03-30-35 4.5'
ESE and NGC 3801 7' ENE. A mag
11.5 star lies 2.3' SE.
18"
(5/12/07): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.3',
nearly collinear with two mag 11.5 and 13 stars to the SE. First in a group with brightest member
NGC 3801.
17.5"
(4/1/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, very small brighter core,
faint stellar nucleus at moments.
Collinear with two mag 11.5 and 13 stars 2.3' and 4.7' SE, respectively. First in the NGC 3801 group and located
7.0' WSW of NGC 3801.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3790 = H III-109 = h933 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 198) and recorded
"I suspect a vS stellar nebula in the same field with the preceding one
[NGC 3801], about 8 or 10' distant and south-preceding it. The suspected nebula
is in a row with two small stars and preceding them." His description fits UGC 6624
perfectly, although the separation is only 7'. Interestingly, although he noticed this fairly faint galaxy
in the field of NGC 3801, he missed NGC 3802, which is located just 2'
north. JH made two observations
and recorded "F; vS; pmE; sbM; the first of 3 [with NGC 3801 and
3802]."
******************************
NGC 3791 = MCG
-01-30-020 = PGC 36156
11 39 41.7 -09
22 02
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 164d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, gradually brighter
halo, small bright core. Located
6.0' N of mag 7.4 SAO 138326.
Forms a pair with NGC 3771 8' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3791 = H III-609 = h935 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 705) and recorded
"vF, vS, R, gbM. 240 showed
it very plainly." His
RA is 30 sec too small and falls very close to NGC 3771!. JH's position and description
("vF; R; gbM; 20"; has a * 8m 6' south, on the same meridian")
matches MCG -01-30-020 = PGC 36156.
******************************
NGC 3792
11 39 38.1 +05
06 00
=**?,
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3792 on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory in Madison, WI.
He noted "vF, diffused.
Neb makes an isosceles triangle with D.M. 2523 and 2525. There is nothing at his position and
there is no entry for NGC 3792 in any modern catalogue.
Harold Corwin
noticed that a double star (~16" separation) ~6' north of the NGC position
matches his description of making an isosceles triangle with DM 2523 and
2525. This double star is listed
here.
******************************
NGC 3793
11 40 02.0 +31
52 39
=*?, Gottlieb
and Corwin. Not found,
Thomson. Incorrect identification
in RNGC.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3793, along with NGC 3797, on 12 Feb 1882, and described (paper
V) "from the beautiful double nebula [NGC 3886/3788] I have a rough sketch
from 12 Feb 1882, which shows two fainter nebulae +18 sec and +30 sec [in RA]
following the southern companion [NGC 3786]." There are no galaxies near these offsets and neither
Bigourdan or Pease could find these numbers.
RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 157-007 as NGC 3793.
This galaxy is located 15 sec west and 4.9' south of NGC 3788. Dorothy Carlson incorrectly equates NGC
3793 = NGC 3786. Harold Corwin
identifies two stars matching Tempel's separation from NGC 3786.
******************************
NGC 3794 = NGC
3804 = UGC 6640 = MCG +09-19-153 = CGCG 268-070 = CGCG 292-019 = PGC 36238
11 40 54.1 +56
12 10
See observing
notes for NGC 3804. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC. See
CGCG 268-068 = (R)NGC 3804.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3794 = H III-773 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and logged "cF,
pS, just following a vS star."
His position (CH's reduction) is 20 tsec preceding and 1' north of UGC
6640 = PGC 36238 and the star is at the west edge, so the identification is
certain.
He found the
galaxy again on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded "pB, E. I saw it too late to describe it
properly." His position here
is even cloer to UGC 6640, but he catalogued it as II-830 assuming it was new
and Dreyer added it as NGC 3804.
Dreyer noted the equivalence in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues and
mentioned in Malcolm Thomson's and Harold Corwin's correction lists.
RNGC
misidentifes CGCG 268-068 as NGC 3794.
This galaxy is located 1 degree south of the NGC position! I originally observed CGCG 268-068
assuming it was NGC 3804.
******************************
NGC 3795 = UGC
6629 = MCG +10-17-038 = CGCG 292-017 = PGC 36192
11 40 06.7 +58
36 47
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 53d
17.5"
(4/14/01): spindle-shaped galaxy, fairly faint, elongated 7:2 SW-NE in the
direction of a mag 12 star 5' SW, 1.4'x0.4'. In a galaxy group (LGG 246) with NGC 3757 27' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3795 = H III-844 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted "vF,
mE, S." CH's reduced position is 1.5' southeast of UGC 6629. Samuel Hunter, LdR's observing
assistant on 12 Feb 1860, logged "faint, elongated N-S, vgbM, ends
pointed."
******************************
NGC 3796 = UGC
6638 = MCG +10-17-039 = CGCG 292-018 = PGC 36215
11 40 31.1 +60
17 56
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 127d
18"
(3/5/05): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 0.6'x0.5',
increases to a very small bright core and a stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3796 = H II-839 = h937 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and recorded
"pF, cS, R, mbM." CH's
reduced RA is 27 tsec too large. JH made two observations, noting on sweep 406
"pB; R; 35"; pgbM."
His position is within 1' of UGC 6638.
******************************
NGC 3797
11 40 13.3 +31
54 24
=*, Corwin. Not found, Thomson but NGC 3788. =NGC 3788, Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3797, along with NGC 3793, on 12 Feb 1882. At his offset from NGC 3786 is a single
mag 15 star (see NGC 3793). Dorothy Carlson incorrectly equates NGC 3797 = NGC
3788 in her 1940 NGC Correction list and this is repeated in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 3798 = UGC
6632 = MCG +04-28-018 = CGCG 127-022 = PGC 36199
11 40 14.0 +24
41 49
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 60d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.7',
moderate concentration with a small brighter core visible with direct
vision. In a small group (LGG 245)
with NGC 3812 14' NE and NGC 3815 20' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3798 = H II-340 = h938 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"F, vS, lbM." CH's
reduction is 9 sec of RA east of UGC 6632. He observed this galaxy again on the next sweep 4 nights
later and recorded "vF, vS, stellar with a vF and very short ray towards
the preceding side." JH's
position (h938) matches UGC 6632.
******************************
NGC 3799 = Arp
83 NED1 = VV 350b = UGC 6630 = MCG +03-30-037 = CGCG 097-047 = PGC 36193
11 40 09.4 +15
19 38
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 115d
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, very small, round.
Forms a striking pair located just off the southwest end of NGC 3800
1.4' from center. A mag 12 star is
1.1' directly south, and a brighter mag 10.5 star is 2.9' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3799 = h934 = h3355 on 21 Apr 1832, while observing NGC 3800 = H
II-103. He noted "F; E nf to
sp; has another F neb [NGC 3799] attached to its preceding extremity." In a later sweep, he called it "an
appendage to II 103 [NGC 3800], which it precedes." WH, in his observation of NGC 3800,
noted "2 or 3 stars visible in it." One of these "stars" may refer to NGC 3799.
******************************
NGC 3800 = Arp
83 NED2 = VV 350a = UGC 6634 = MCG +03-30-039 = CGCG 097-049 = PGC 36197
11 40 13.4 +15
20 32
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 52d
17.5"
(3/29/89): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
1.8'x0.5'. Forms a close pair with
NGC 3799 just off the SW end 1.4' from the center. A mag 10.5 star is 3.2' SSE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3800 = H II-103 = h936 = h3356 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and
noted "F, S, E, r. 2 or 3
star visible in it. The nebula is
near some small stars." JH
made 5 observations at Slough and one at the Cape of Good Hope. His first observation (21 Apr 1832)
reads "F; E nf to sp; has another F neb [NGC 3799] attached to its
preceding extremity."
******************************
NGC 3801 = UGC
6635 = MCG +03-30-040 = CGCG 097-051 = Holm 273a = WBL 347-003 = LGG 246-002 =
PGC 36200
11 40 16.8 +17
43 41
V = 12.0; Size 3.5'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 120d
48"
(4/2/11): the brightest of 6 galaxies in a 15' group that is stretched out in a
SW to NE orientation. At 375x
appeared very bright, very large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, ~2.5'x1.7', sharply
concentrated with a very bright core and much fainter outer halo. There is some ill-defined structure in
the halo, either due to dust, spiral arms or both. NGC 3802 is 2.3' N, MCG +03-30-035 is 3.4' SW, NGC 3803 is
4.5' N, NGC 3790 is 7' WSW and NGC 3806 is 8' NE. MCG +03-30-035 (B = 16.6) appeared fairly faint, moderately
large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, ~40"x10". A mag 11.5 star is
2.4' preceding.
18"
(5/12/07): moderately bright, fairly large but moderately low surface
brightness, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, broad concentration with a brighter core that
increases to a small, brighter nucleus.
Brightest in a group including NGC 3790 7' W and NGC 3802 2.3' N.
17.5"
(4/1/95): brightest in a group.
Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.8', broad
concentration to a brighter core.
Forms a close pair with NGC 3802 2.3' NNE. Also in the field are NGC 3790 7.0' WSW and NGC 3806 8.1'
NE. Located 7' WNW of mag 8.7 SAO
99729.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3801 = H III-30 = H II-161 = h939 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and
recorded III-30 as "vF, pS, r, preceded by two vB stars." His position is only 8 sec of RA
following NGC 3801 = UGC 6635, although JH (in the GC) and Dreyer (in the NGC)
assumed it applied to NGC 3802, 2.3' north of NGC 3801. A month later, on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep
198), he returned to the field and recorded II-161 as "F, not S, R,
bM." His position on this
sweep is 4' too far south. JH made
3 observations and his mean position matches UGC 6635.
Since WH
observed only one object near this position on both sweep 170 and 198, we can
assume he picked up the brighter galaxy NGC 3801 both times, and missed NGC
3802. In fact, he was uncertain if
II-161 was new or identical to III-30, though decided to assign it a new
internal number. So, H II-161 = H
III-30 = NGC 3801 and JH should be credited with the discovery of NGC 3802. Wolfgang Steinicke confirmed these
conclusions (email on 7/15/14).
******************************
NGC 3802 = UGC
6636 = MCG +03-30-041 = CGCG 097-052 = Holm 273b = WBL 347-004 = LGG 246-003 =
PGC 36203
11 40 18.8 +17
45 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 85d
48"
(4/2/11): this bright edge-on is located 2.3' N of NGC 3801 in a group of 6
galaxies. It appeared edge-on 5:1
E-W, 1.4'x0.3'. Contains a
brighter, slightly bulging core. A
mag 13 star is just off the following end, 1.0' from center. NGC 3803 lies 2.2' N.
18"
(5/12/07): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.3'. A mag 13 star is just off the following
end. Located 2' N of NGC 3801 in a
group.
17.5"
(4/1/95): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4', very weak
concentration. Almost reaches to a
mag 13.5 star just off the east end 1.0' from center. Located 2.3' NNE of NGC 3801 in a group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3802 = h940 on 14 Mar 1784 and simply noted "last of 3
[with NGC 3790 and 3801]." He
made 3 observations, though real description. WH is credited with the discovery (III-30) in the GC and
NGC, although that number most likely applies to NGC 3801 (see that number).
******************************
NGC 3803 = PGC
36204
11 40 17.2 +17
48 06
Size 0.3'x0.2'
48"
(4/2/11): this galaxy is the faintest of 5 NGC galaxies (and one MCG) in the
NGC 3801 group. At 375x it
appeared fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, slightly brighter core. Located 4.5' N of NGC 3801 and 2.2' N
of NGC 3802.
17.5"
(4/1/95): Not found.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3803 on 27 Mar 1856 with LdR's 72" and noted "A [on
the diagram] is a vvF knot." The sketch clearly matches PGC 36204.
******************************
NGC 3804 = NGC
3794 = UGC 6640 = MCG +09-19-153 = CGCG 268-070 = CGCG 292-019 = PGC 36238
11 40 54.1 +56
12 10
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is at the WNW edge. Forms a wide pair with NGC 3780 13' WNW.
William Herschel
rediscovered NGC 3804 = H II-830 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded
"pB, E. I saw it too late to
describe it properly." CH's reduced position is within 2' of UGC 6640. He originally discovered this galaxy on
14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and logged "cF, pS, just following a vS
star." It was catalogued as
III-773 and later as NGC 3794.
There was probably just enough difference in position and description
for both Herschel and Dreyer to assume the objects were different, but there is
only one galaxy here. So, NGC 3804
= NGC 3794. The primary
designation should be NGC 3794 (earlier discovery), but it is known as NGC 3804
because of the more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3805 = UGC
6642 = MCG +04-28-019 = CGCG 127-024 = PGC 36224
11 40 41.6 +20
20 35
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 60d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, small bright core
dominates a small halo. A mag 13
star is 2.2' WSW. NGC 3787 lies
16' NW. Located at the western edge of AGC 1367.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3805 = H III-375 = h941 on 25 Apr 1785 (sweep 401) and logged
"eF, S, but strong twilight and moonlight make it impossible to describe
it properly." JH reported
"Not vF; S; R; bM." and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3806 = UGC
6641 = MCG +03-30-042 = CGCG 097-054 = PGC 36231
11 40 46.6 +17
47 47
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2
48"
(4/2/11): last of 6 in the NGC 3801 group. At 375x appeared fairly bright, large, slightly elongated
N-S, 1.4'x1.2', broad weak concentration but no core. Located 8' NE
of NGC 3801 and 5' N of mag 9.2 HD 101485. NGC 3807 is probably a 16th magnitude star 2.4' NE of NGC
3806, although the two numbers are equated in the UGC and PGC and repeated in
Megastar.
17.5"
(4/1/95): very faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness glow with no
concentration. Collinear with two
mag 12.5-13 stars to the SSW by 2.5' and 4.5'. Located 5' N of mag 8.7 SAO 99729 and 8' NE of NGC 3801 in a
group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3806 on 3 Apr 1851 and noted "another vF neb, about 6' nf
[NGC 3802]." On 6 Apr 1855,
R.J. Mitchell logged it as "vvF, R, lbM." UGC 6641 lies 6.9' NE of NGC 3802, so this identification is
certain. The 1861 LdR publication
mentions "2 'novae' near [NGC 3801 and 3802], probably a 3rd." but
does not give Stoney's offset from NGC 3802.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 21 Apr 1862 and noted a mag
9-10 star is 5' south. His
position is accurate and both JH in the GC and Dreyer in the NGC credit
d'Arrest with the discovery, although d'Arrest commented his object might be
identical to one of the two LdR novae mentioned in the 1861 publication.
******************************
NGC 3807
11 40 54.7 +17
49 07
=*, Corwin. "Not found", Carlson. =NGC 3806, UGC.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3807 on 27 Mar 1856 and noted "C [on the sketch] is a vvF
knot or possibly a star." The
diagram shows object "C" to the northeast of NGC 3807
("B"). There is nothing
in this position and Bigourdan and Reinmuth reported negative findings. UGC, PGC (and other secondary sources
such as Megastar) equate NGC 3806 = NGC 3807, but Mitchell's object is very
likely the mag 16.5 star identified by Harold Corwin.
******************************
NGC 3808 = Arp
87 NED1 = VV 300a = UGC 6643a = MCG +04-28-021 = CGCG 127-025s = PGC 36227
11 40 44.2 +22
25 46
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 123d
48"
(4/20/17): NGC 3808 is the brighter member of a remarkable interacting pair
with NGC 3808A 1' N. At 375x it
appeared fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, brighter core.The
beginning of spiral arms extend south on the northwest end and north on the
east end . On deep images, the northern arm extends into a tidal bridge to NGC
3808A (and wraps around the companion), but visually the arm only extended
roughly half-way.
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, weak concentration, very
faint stellar nucleus. Located
3.5' NNE of mag 9.1 SAO 81939.
Forms a close, interacting pair (Arp 87) with NGC 3808A = VV 300b 1' N. The companion appeared very faint, very
small, round, very small brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3808 = H III-338 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted "vF,
vS." CH's reduction is 10 sec
of RA east and 3.8' north of this interacting system.
******************************
NGC 3809 = UGC
6649 = MCG +10-17-040 = CGCG 292-020 = LGG 251-002 = PGC 36263
11 41 16.1 +59
53 09
V = 12.7; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 123d
18"
(5/31/03): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter,
well-concentrated with a small, prominent core and stellar nucleus. Very symmetrical appearance.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3809 on 20 Aug 1866 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
twice) matches UGC 6649.
******************************
NGC 3810 = UGC 6644
= MCG +02-30-010 = CGCG 068-024 = PGC 36243
11 40 58.7 +11
28 17
V = 10.8; Size 4.3'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/2/92): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, broad concentration,
increases to brighter core but no nucleus, large very faint halo of dimensions
3.0'x2.0'. A group of three mag
11-12 stars mag is located between 9'-11' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3810 = H I-21 = h943 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"pB, L, lE, r." CH's
reduced position is 50 sec of RA east of UGC 6644.
Several
interesting observations were made with LdR's 72". On 18 Mar 1851, Bindon Stoney recorded
"BM, F neby all round of a mottled charachter, knot or appendage in the p
part. On 10 Apr 1852, he queried
"Spriral? glbM." Dreyer,
though, observing in 1878, comments "Beyond doubt a glob cl, outlying F
branches on a F background which fades away gradually."
******************************
NGC 3811 = UGC
6650 = MCG +08-21-091 = CGCG 242-074 = Mrk 185 = PGC 36265
11 41 16.6 +47
41 27
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, moderately large, oval elongated nearly 3:2 N-S,
1.5'x1.1', broadly concentrated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3811 = H II-737 = h942 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted
"pF, S, lbM, iR." CH's
reduction is 8 sec of RA east of UGC 6650. JH's mean position from two observations is 1' too far
north.
******************************
NGC 3812 = UGC
6648 = MCG +04-28-023 = CGCG 127-027 = WBL 348-001 = PGC 36256
11 41 07.8 +24
49 18
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright, small, round, prominent core, fairly high surface
brightness. Located 1.7' WNW of
mag 8.4 SAO 81942. First of three
in a 220x field with NGC 3814 5' E and NGC 3815 6.7' ESE. Member of a small group (LGG 245) with
NGC 3798 14' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3812 = H III-320 = h944 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and simply
noted "stellar", probably rushed in the observation. JH recorded "F; R; has a * 6.7 m
sf, dist 3'. His position is an
exact match with UGC 6648.
******************************
NGC 3813 = UGC
6651 = MCG +06-26-019 = CGCG 186-024 = PGC 36266
11 41 18.7 +36
32 47
V = 11.6; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
2.4'x0.8'. Broad concentration to
a large brighter core which brightens to a small nucleus. Mottled appearance with an irregular
surface brightness. A mag 14 star
is at the east end 1.3' from center.
Two mag 14 stars just off the west end 2.1' and 2.8' from center are
collinear with the major axis. A
mag 15 star is close SW of the core by 1.2'. Located 13' ENE of mag 7.8 SAO 62647.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3813 = H I-94 = h945 on 28 Apr 1785 (sweep 404) and recorded
"cB, pL, mE nearly in the meridian.
His position is 10 sec of RA west of UGC 6651. On sweep 72, JH called it "pB; pL; 90 l, 60" b, E
in parallel; hazy."
******************************
NGC 3814 = MCG
+04-28-024 = CGCG 127-028 = Holm 276b = WBL 348-002 = PGC 36267
11 41 27.7 +24
48 19
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 175d
17.5"
(4/15/93): second and faintest of three with NGC 3812 5' W and NGC 3815 2.5'
E. Very faint, very small,
round. Located 3.1' E of mag 8.4
SAO 81942.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3814 = St XI-14 on 25 Apr 1881. His position matches CGCG 127-028 = PGC 36267.
******************************
NGC 3815 = UGC
6654 = MCG +04-28-025 = CGCG 127-030 = Holm 276a = WBL 348-003 = PGC 36288
11 41 39.3 +24
48 01
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 72d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, broad
concentration. Last in a small
group (LGG 245) with NGC 3184 2.5' W, NGC 3812 6.7' WNW and NGC 3798 20' WSW. Located 5.8' ESE of mag 8.4 SAO 81942.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3815 = H III-339 = h946 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF, vS, goes into the field with the foregoing [NGC 3812]. He discovered NGC 3812 4 nights
earlier, but missed NGC 3815. JH
called this galaxy "Not vF; pL; 30"." and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3816 = UGC
6656 = MCG +03-30-046 = CGCG 097-060 =WBL 353-003 = LGG 249-005 = PGC 36292
11 41 48.0 +20
06 14
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 70d
17.5":
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated WSW-ENE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Member of AGC 1367 with
CGCG 097-068 7' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3816 on 9 May 1864. His position, measured on two nights, matches UGC 6656.
******************************
NGC 3817 = UGC
6657 = MCG +02-30-012 = CGCG 068-028 = HCG 58c = PGC 36299
11 41 53.0 +10
18 16
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, brighter core. A mag 11 star is 2.7' NNW of
center. First of five in the field
in HCG 58 with NGC 3819 4.3' NE, NGC 3822 4.7' ESE, NGC 3825 7.9' ESE and NGC
3820 5.7' NNE. This group is
superimposed on distant galaxy cluster Abell 1356.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3817 = h947 on 18 Jan 1828 and noted "F. The first of 4 [with NGC 3819, 3822 and
3825]." His position is at
the south edge of NGC 3817.
******************************
NGC 3818 = MCG
-01-30-023 = UGCA 243 = PGC 36304
11 41 57.3 -06
09 21
V = 11.7; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 103d
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly bright, fairly small, oval, very bright core containing a
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3818 = H III-284 = h948 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 379) and recorded
"vF, S, iE, lbM." His RA
is 33 sec too large. JH logged
"B; R; psbM; 30". At least 2nd class." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3819 = MCG
+02-30-013 = CGCG 068-030 = HCG 58d = PGC 36311
11 42 05.9 +10
21 04
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 160d
17.5"
(4/25/87): very faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Second of five in HCG 58, located 4.2'
NE of NGC 3817. Forms a close pair
with NGC 3820 2.0' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3819 = h950 on 18 Jan 1828 and noted "vF; the second of 4
[with NGC 3817, 3822 and 3825]; place estimated from the others."
******************************
NGC 3820 = MCG
+02-30-014 = CGCG 068-031 = HCG 58e = PGC 36308
11 42 04.9 +10
23 02
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/25/87): extremely faint, small, almost round, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Located 2.0' N of NGC
3819 and 5.5' NNE of NGC 3817.
Third of five (and faintest) in HCG 58.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3820 on 29 Apr 1865 and accurately placed 2' north of
h950 = NGC 3819.
******************************
NGC 3821 = UGC
6663 = MCG +04-28-030 = CGCG 127-032 = PGC 36314
11 42 09.0 +20
18 56
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, very small bright core. A mag 14 star is at the SW edge and a
mag 10 star lies 2.9' W. Member of
AGC 1367 cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3821 = H III-376 = h949 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and noted
"suspected, vF, vS. I am
pretty sure of it; but twilight is too strong." There is nothing at his position, but 18 sec of RA west is
UGC 6663 (only nearby galaxy). JH
made two observations, recording on sweep 246 "vF; S; R; psbM; a * 11m
precedes 10s."
******************************
NGC 3822 = NGC
3848? = UGC 6661 = MCG +02-30-015 = CGCG 068-033 = HCG 58a = PGC 36319
11 42 11.1 +10
16 40
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 178d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, small, oval N-S, brighter core. Brightest in HCG 58 and the fourth of
five in the field within the NGC 3817-3869 group. Forms a close pair with NGC 3825 3.2' ESE on the Leo-Virgo
border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3822 = H II-153 = h951, along with NGC 3825, on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep
194) and recorded both as "Two F, pS, cometic nebula." His single position is just 1'-2'
too far south. He probably found
this pair a month ealrier (15 Mar 1784, sweep 174), but his position was 2.0
tmin too far east and they were recorded as III-35 = NGC 3848 and III-36 = NGC
3852. If so, NGC 3822 = NGC 3848.
******************************
NGC 3823 = MCG
-02-30-017 = PGC 36331
11 42 15.1 -13
52 01
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, weak
concentration, 0.7'x0.6'. Situated
directly between two mag 13-14 stars 2' N and 2' S. NGC 3831 lies 1.0¡ NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3823 = h3357 on 7 May 1836 and logged "F; lE; pslbM;
40"." His position is
just off the north side of PGC 36331 although he questioned if a double error
of 1 min in RA and 1 degree in dec would make it a duplicate of NGC 3831.
******************************
NGC 3824 = UGC
6676 = MCG +09-19-161 = CGCG 268-073 = PGC 36370
11 42 44.9 +52 46
47
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 118d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.35', pretty even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star lies
2.0' SW. Forms a pair with NGC
3829 8' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3824 = H III-774 = h952 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted
"vF, vS." His position
(CH's reduction) -- 1.0 tmin too
large and 3' south of UGC 6676, but his relative position with nearby NGC 3829
(recorded next in the sweep) is reasonably accurate. A more accurate position was measured on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep
946). JH logged "vF, mE"
and measured a good position.
******************************
NGC 3825 = NGC
3852? = UGC 6668 = MCG +02-30-018 = CGCG 068-037 = HCG 58b = MKW 10 = PGC 36348
11 42 23.7 +10
15 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 160d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Fifth of five (second
brightest) in HCG 58 with NGC 3822 3.2' WNW. Also located within the larger NGC 3817-3869 group on the
Leo-Virgo border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3825 = H II-154 = h953, along with NGC 3822, on 15 Apr 1784
(sweep 194) and recorded both as "Two F, pS, cometic nebula." His single position is just 1'-2'
too far south. He probably found
this pair a month earlier (15 Mar 1784, sweep 174), but his position was 2.0
tmin too far east and the pair was recorded as III-35 = NGC 3848 and III-36 =
NGC 3852. If so, NGC 3825 = NGC
3852.
******************************
NGC 3826 = UGC
6671 = MCG +05-28-018 = CGCG 157-018 = PGC 36359
11 42 32.8 +26
29 20
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A close trio of mag 14 stars is 8' NE. NGC 3830 lies 10' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3826 = H II-341 = h954 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"F, stellar." JH made 3
observations, calling it "pB; R; psbM; 15"."
******************************
NGC 3827 = UGC
6673 = MCG +03-30-054 = CGCG 097-070 = LGG 246-006 = PGC 36361
11 42 36.3 +18
50 44
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 65d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6', very
weak concentration. Located midway
between mag 9.1 SAO 99747 4.5' S and a mag 10. star 4.5' NNW. Outlying member of AGC 1367.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3827 on 29 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches UGC 6673 and his description mentions a mag 16 star is 21 seconds of
time preceding and a bit south.
The star is at his offset, though only 14th magnitude.
******************************
NGC 3828 = MCG
+03-30-057 = CGCG 097-075 = PGC 36376
11 42 58.4 +16
29 15
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(3/29/89): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 11 star is 1.7' SE.
Forms a pair with edge-on UGC 6686 5.9' E. UGC 6686 appeared very faint, very small (only the central
region was seen).
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3828 = Big 46 on 28 Mar 1886. His position matches CGCG 097-075,
though CGCG (and the UGC notes to UGC 6686) fail to label this galaxy as NGC
3828. MCG labels it
correctly. Mentioned by Malcolm
Thomson in his "CGCG Corrections" and in Harld Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3829 = UGC
6690 = MCG +09-19-164 = CGCG 268-074 = PGC 36439
11 43 27.3 +52
42 40
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 95d
18"
(5/31/03): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.5'x0.35', weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 3824 8' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3829 = H III-775 = h955 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted
"suspected; vF, vS." His
position is poor -- 37 tsec too large and 2' south of UGC 6690, but his offset
from NGC 3824 (previous nebula discovered in the sweep) is a good match. JH simply noted "eF", but his
position is within 1' of UGC 6690.
******************************
NGC 3830 = MCG
+05-28-024/025 = CGCG 157-023 = PGC 36414
11 43 11.8 +26
33 32
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(4/15/93): very faint, very small, round.
Forms an equilateral triangle with two mag 13 stars 1.5' W and 1.5'
SW. NGC 2826 lies 10' SW. This is an unresolved double system.
The
identification of NGC 3830 is uncertain and the number may be a duplicate
observation of NGC 3826.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3830 = h956 on 19 Apr 1832 and simply logged "Cloudy;
hardly discernible." His position is 3.7' south of CGCG 157-023 = PGC
36414. Bigourdan was unable to
recover this object. The RNGC
identifies this galaxy as NGC 3830 due to its proximity in position.
Corwin suggests
that this entry is probably a duplicate of NGC 3826, which is located 43 sec of
RA west but with the same declination.
NGC 3826 was observed on three sweeps but NGC 3830 was recorded on a
different sweep. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 3831 = MCG
-02-30-023 = PGC 36417
11 43 18.6 -12
52 42
V = 12.7; Size 2.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 23d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.4'. Contains a small, bright core and very
faint extensions which fades at the tip.
Surrounded by several MCG galaxies, though these were not searched
for. A mag 9 star lies 6' N. NGC 3823 lies 1¡ south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3831 = h957 on 9 Mar 1828 and logged "F; vS; R; bM. Well observed." His position is within 1' of MCG
-02-30-023. Herbert Howe noted an
elongation in PA 20 degrees.
******************************
NGC 3832 = UGC
6693 = MCG +04-28-040 = CGCG 127-038 = PGC 36446
11 43 31.4 +22
43 31
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1
18" (5/30/03):
faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, low surface brightness, very
weak concentration. A mag 11 star
is 2.2' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3832 = H III-340 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF, pL. I suspected two
stellar near it, but could not ascertain with 240 whether they were stars or
nebula as I could not stop long enough to view them sufficiently." CH's reduction is 5' due north of UGC
6693. The CGCG does not label this
galaxy NGC 3832. The RA in the MCG
is 1.0 min too small.
******************************
NGC 3833 = UGC
6692 = MCG +02-30-020 = CGCG 068-043 = PGC 36441
11 43 28.8 +10
09 43
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/25/87): very faint, fairly small, very diffuse, elongated SSW-NNE. A very faint mag 15.5 star is off the
SW end 0.9' from center. Forms a
pair with MCG +02-30-023 = PGC 36456 6' NNE. The companion (identified as NGC 3848 in the RNGC and PGC)
appeared very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Member of the NGC 3817-3869 group near
the Leo-Virgo border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3833 = H III-102 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and noted "eF,
pL." CH's reduction is 3'
south of UGC 6692. Neither JH nor
d'Arrest made an observation.
Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate micrometric position in 1892 using
the 27" refractor at Vienna.
******************************
NGC 3834 = MCG
+03-30-065 = CGCG 097-084 = PGC 36443
11 43 37.7 +19
05 26
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, round, 0.8' diameter (viewed core only?). Located 9' SW of mag 9.2 SAO
99762. NGC 3827 lies 21' SW. This galaxy is within one degree of the
core of AGC 1367 and is likely an outlying member (identical redshift).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3834 on 29 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
30" north of CGCG 097-084 = PGC 36443.
******************************
NGC 3835 = UGC
6703 = MCG +10-17-055 = CGCG 292-021 = PGC 36493
11 44 04.9 +60
07 11
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 60d
18"
(5/31/03): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE. Broad concentration with a large,
slightly brighter middle and slightly fainter extensions. Extended in the direction of a mag 12
star 3.6' NE. Located 7' NW of mag
7.7 SAO 15622.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3835 = h958 on 14 Apr 1831 and recorded "pF; lE; gbM;
preceds * 8m, 5' distant. His
position (measured twice) is good, though the star is 7' southeast.
******************************
NGC 3836 = VV
477 = MCG -03-30-010 = PGC 36445
11 43 29.7 -16
47 40
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, elongated 3:2 or 2:1 NW-SE, ~0.9'x0.6'. Appears brighter along a major axis
NW-SE, surrounded by a rounder, faint halo. A mag 12-13 star is just off the north flank, perhaps
45" from the center.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3836 = T I-36 = T IV-8 on 29 Apr 1877. His micrometric position in list IV is an exact match with
MCG -03-30-010 = PGC 36445. On the
SDSS, the foreground star happens to lie at the exact tip of the northern
spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 3837 = UGC
6701 = MCG +03-30-068 = CGCG 097-089 = PGC 36476
11 43 56.4 +19
53 41
V = 13.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter core. This is the second brightest galaxy in
the core of the galaxy cluster AGC 1367 and lies 3.6' SSW of NGC 3842
(brightest in the core). UGC 6697,
the third brightest galaxy, lies 4.7' NNW.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round.
Second brightest in the core of the cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3837 = H III-377 = h961 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and recorded
"two [with III-378 = NGC 3842], the time and NPD is that of the most north
[NGC 3842], which is the largest and brightest; and is vF, pS. The most south [NGC 3837] eF; vS, but
twilight is too strong to determine them properly." His position is 10 sec of RA preceding
NGC 3842. JH made two
observations, measured an accurate position, and assumed he had discovered
h961. Dreyer concludes in the his
revision of WH's catalogues that h961 = H III-377 = NGC 3837.
******************************
NGC 3838 = UGC
6707 = MCG +10-17-056 = CGCG 292-022 = LGG 244-005 = PGC 36505
11 44 13.8 +57
56 53
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 141d
18"
(5/31/03): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.3',
spindle-shaped. Sharp
concentration with a very small bright core and stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 3.2' S. Member of the LGG 246 group along with
NGC 3757 and NGC 3795.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3838 = H II-831 = h959 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and logged
"pB, vS, lE." CH's
reduced position is within 1' of UGC 6707.
******************************
NGC 3839 = UGC
6700 = MCG +02-30-024 = CGCG 068-048 = PGC 36475
11 43 54.3 +10
47 06
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, weak concentration, elongated
WSW-ENE. Forms the north vertex of
near equilateral triangle with mag 8.5 SAO 99760 6.0' SSE and mag 8.4 SAO 99756
7.1' SW. Member of the NGC
3817-3869 group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3839 = St XII-48 on 19 Apr 1882. His position matches UGC 6700 = PGC 36475.
******************************
NGC 3840 = UGC
6702 = MCG +03-30-070 = CGCG 097-091 = PGC 36477
11 43 58.9 +20
04 37
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 67d
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, very small, irregularly round, broad concentration. Located 2.9' NNW of NGC 3844 in the
core of galaxy cluster AGC 1367.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small, round.
This is the farthest northern galaxy in the core of AGC 1367. Appears similar to NGC 3844 and NGC
3845.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3840 on 8 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on two nights, matches UGC 6702 and he mentions "it is certainly one of
LdR's 'eight knots'."
******************************
NGC 3841 = MCG
+03-30-073 = CGCG 097-096 = PGC 36469
11 44 02.2 +19
58 19
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, extremely small, small bright core. Located 1.3' N of NGC 3842 in the
central core of AGC 1367. Nearby
are NGC 3845 1.7' NNW, and UGC 6697 3.0' W.
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, very small, in central core of AGC 1367.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3841 = h960 = Big. 48 on 25 Mar 1827 and simply noted "F;
R." On a later sweep (334) he
recorded "vF; S; the first of 4 [with NGC 3837, 3842 and 3845." All modern catalogues equate NGC 3841
with CGCG 097-096 = PGC 36469, but JH's two positions are a better match with the
edge-on UGC 6697, as well as his offset from NGC 3842!
Heinrich
d'Arrest's #118 in his AN 1500 discovery list matches CGCG 097-096, so he
clearly observed this galaxy. In
his main monograph "Siderum Nebulosorum" he gives an uncertain
equivalence with h960. Harold
Corwin's equates Big. 48 with NGC 3841.
The MCG reverses the identifications of NGC 3841 and 3842.
******************************
NGC 3842 = UGC
6704 = MCG +03-30-072 = CGCG 097-095 = PGC 36487
11 44 02.1 +19
57 00
V = 11.8; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(2/20/88): moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core. A mag 15 star is 0.8' SE of core. Brightest and largest in core of the
rich cluster AGC 1367 with NGC 3841 1.3' N, UGC 6697 3.2' WNW, NGC 3845 2.9'
NNE, NGC 3837 3.6' SSW and NGC 3851 4.7' ENE.
13.1"
(2/25/84): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, many companions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3842 = H III-378 = h962 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and recorded
"two [with III-377 = NGC 3837], the time and NPD is that of the most north
[NGC 3842], which is the largest and brightest; and is vF, pS. The most south [NGC 3837] eF; vS, but
twilight is too strong to determine them properly." His position is 10 tsec preceding NGC
3842, so the identification is certain.
JH misassigned III-377 to h962 and III-378 to h966 = NGC 3851 in the GC
and Dreyer repeated this in the NGC.
According to Harold Corwin, Bigourdan discovered nearby CGCG 097-090 =
Big 47 (1' west), but it wasn't assigned a NGC or IC designation. MCG reverses the identifications of NGC
3841 and NGC 3842.
******************************
NGC 3843 = UGC
6699 = MCG +01-30-011 = CGCG 040-034 = PGC 36471
11 43 54.7 +07
55 33
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 42d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, small bright core.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3843 on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory. and recorded "F; elongated 225¡ [SW-NE]. Follows a star 11m by 14s [of
time]." His position and
description matches UGC 6699, though the star is closer to 13th mag.
******************************
NGC 3844 = UGC
6705 = MCG +03-30-069 = CGCG 097-097 = PGC 36481
11 44 00.8 +20
01 46
V = 13.9; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 28d
17.5"
(3/12/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, broad concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. Located in
the core of AGC 1367 4.8' N of NGC 3842.
Nearby are NGC 3845 2.3' SE, NGC 3841 3.4' S, NGC 3840 2.9' N.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small, round, brighter core, similar to NGC 3840
and NGC 3845.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3844 (#119 in his AN 1500 list) on 8 May 1864 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His position, measured on two nights, matches UGC 6705.
******************************
NGC 3845 = MCG
+03-30-074 = CGCG 097-100 = PGC 36470
11 44 05.5 +19
59 45
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located 1.6' NNE of NGC 3841 in the
core of AGC 1367.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3845 = h963 on 17 Mar 1831 and recorded "vF; pS; the last
of 4 [with NGC 3841, 3837 and 3842].
There are however 3 or 4 more nebulae in this neighbourhood." His position is 0.8' southwest of CGCG
097-100 = PGC 36470. d'Arrest
measured an accurate position (observed on 2 nights).
******************************
NGC 3846 = UGC
6710 = MCG +09-19-171 = CGCG 268-078 = PGC 36539
11 44 29.1 +55
39 08
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE. First in a group of five galaxies with NGC 3850 17' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3846 = h964 on 10 Feb 1831 and recorded "F; pL; R;
vgbM." His single position is
barely off the southwest edge of UGC 6710.
******************************
NGC 3847 = NGC
3856? = UGC 6708 = MCG +06-26-023 = CGCG 186-032 = PGC 36504
11 44 14.0 +33
30 52
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, round, slightly brighter core. A close pair (CGCG 186-029) NE was not
noticed.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3847 = h965 on 3 Apr 1831 and recorded "not vF; S; R
psbM." His position matches
UGC 6708. Rudolph Spitaler's
position is 7.5' too far north (error in offset star?) and Max Wolf
misidentified this galaxy on a Heidelberg plate. As a result the "corrected" declination in the IC
2 Notes section is off by 10'.
Sinnott's NGC2000.0 repeats this erroneous position. It is possible that either NGC 3855 or
NGC 3856 (found by d'Arrest but with a poor position) is a duplicate of this
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3848 = NGC
3822 = UGC 6661 = MCG +02-30-015 = CGCG 068-033 = HCG 58A = PGC 36319
11 42 11.1 +10
16 40
See observing
notes for NGC 3822.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3848 = H III-35 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174), along with NGC 3852,
and described both as "Two, very small, and eF. Their situation is in the same parallel of declination, and
distance perhaps 3 or 4 minutes.
It took up some time to see them well."
The RNGC
identifies MCG +02-30-023 = CGCG 068-046 as NGC 3838 (the closest galaxy to his
position) though there is only a single object here "in the same parallel
of declination". Malcolm
Thomson feels that CGCG 068-046 is a reasonable match in position. CGCG 068-046 is not labeled NGC 3848 in
MCG or CGCG.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 3848 and NGC 3852 are probably duplicate observations of NGC
3822 and NGC 3825 (found again by WH a month later!). This pair is 2.0 min of RA west of WH's position and 1-2'
south. The separation of
this pair is 3.2' (roughly east-west), agreeing with WH's description, so this
identification seems more liekly likely.
******************************
NGC 3849 = IC
730 = MCG +01-30-013 = CGCG 040-040 = Todd 10 = PGC 36658
11 45 35.2 +03
13 54
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 35d
48"
(4/16/15): at 488x; moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 or 5:3 SW-NE,
0.5'x0.3', small bright core, fairly high surface brightness. A mag 16.3 star is off the southeast
side [27" from center]. An
extremely faint "star" was noted off the northwest side [25"
from center]. After later checking
the SDSS, I discovered this is a compact galaxy (SDSS J114534.52+031417.8) with
V = 17.8. An extremely faint
edge-on poking out of the east side of IC 730 was not seen.
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 25" diameter, no
concentration. Visible steadily
with direct vision. A mag 15 star
lies 1.6' SSW. This is a Todd
discovery and due to a poor position is listed as nonexistent in RNGC. This galaxy is listed as IC 730 (good
position from Javelle) in modern catalogues.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3849 = Todd 10 on 11 Feb 1878 in his search for trans-Neptunian
planets with the 26-inch refractor at the Naval Observatory. He noted a "large and
nebulous" object with a star 2' in PA ~210¡ (SSW). There is nothing at his rough position,
but using Todd's discovery sketch, Harold Corwin identifies NGC 3849 =CGCG
040-040.
Javelle found
this galaxy on 22 Mar 1893 with the 30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory
and measured an accurate position.
Javelle and Dreyer assumed J. 2–728 was new, so it acquired the
designation IC 730. All modern
catalogues label this galaxy as IC 730 only. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3850 = UGC
6733 = MCG +09-19-174 = CGCG 268-079 = PGC 36660
11 45 35.6 +55
53 12
V = 13.3; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 130d
18"
(2/14/10): fairly faint, fairly large oval 3:2 NW-SE, 1.6'x1.1', low surface
brightness, very weak concentration.
Located 17' WSW of NGC 3888 and 19' NW of mag 5.3 HD 102328 (adjacent to
AGC 1377).
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, diffuse oval NW-SE. Second of five in a group with NGC 3846 17' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3850 = H III-776 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"eF, pL, lE. Time inaccurate,
left doubtful." There is
nothing at his position but exactly 1.0 min of RA east is UGC 6733. Probably because of the poor position
it was not recovered by Bigourdan.
MCG gives the NGC identification as uncertain. The RNGC mislabels NGC 3850 as NGC 3889.
******************************
NGC 3851 = MCG
+03-30-077 = CGCG 097-106 = PGC 36516
11 44 20.4 +19
58 51
V = 14.4; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.2; PA = 85d
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, extremely small, round, just non-stellar. Forms a faint "pair" with a
mag 14.5 star 37" W of center.
Located 4.7' ENE of NGC 3842 in the core of AGC 1367.
13.1"
(2/20/88): extremely faint, stellar.
Located east of a faint star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3851 = h966 on 24 Feb 1827 and logged "vF; R; the nf of
2." He mistakenly equated H
III-378 with this galaxy, instead of h962 = NGC 3842 and this error was
repeated in the NGC. WH did not
record this object.
******************************
NGC 3852 = NGC
3825? = UGC 6668 = MCG +02-30-018 = CGCG 068-037 = HCG 58B = PGC 36348
11 42 23.7 +10
15 51
See observing
notes for NGC 3825.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3852 = H III-36, along with NGC 3848, on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep
174), and described both as "Two, very small, and eF. Their situation is in the same parallel
of declination, and distance perhaps 3 or 4 minutes. It took up some time to see them well." There are no pair of galaxies fitting this
description near his position and both numbers were equated by Dreyer in his
1912 NGC Correction list (repeated by Reinmuth).
In his 1912
update of WH's catalogues, Dreyer notes that NGC 3852 was not found by
Bigourdan but possibly there was a 1 tmin error in RA in reducing the
position. Corwin suggests NGC 3848
and NGC 3852 may be duplicate observations of NGC 3822 and NGC 3825. These galaxies have the same declination
and 3.2' separation but lie 2.0 tmin west of H's position. So, NGC 3852 = NGC 3825 and NGC 3848 =
NGC 3822 seems the most likely scenario, although this identification is
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3853 = UGC
6712 = MCG +03-30-081 = CGCG 097-107 = PGC 36535
11 44 28.3 +16
33 29
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 140d
17.5"
(3/29/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, halo increases to a
small bright core.
Alphonse
Borrelly found NGC 3853 around 1871 with a 7.2-inch comet-seeker at the
Marseille Observatory. His description reads "R, lE, small ncl at
center" and his micrometric position in AN 1885 (4th object) matches UGC
6712.
WH probably
discovered this galaxy on 30 Dec 1783 (sweep 72) and logged "Some minutes
after 32, I saw a small nebula, but in looking a good while at the finder to
determine its place, lost is again.
I suspect partly that is consists of a few vS stars, but shall look for
it another night." Although
he was completely uncertain on the minute of RA, his polar distance is an exact
match with NGC 3853.
******************************
NGC 3854 = NGC
3865 = MCG -01-30-028 = PGC 36581
11 44 52.1 -09
13 58
See observing
notes for NGC 3865.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3854 = LM II-449 in 1886 and reported "mag
14.5, 0.3' dia, lE 70¡, gbsbMN."
There is nothing close to his position. The brightest galaxy in the vicinity is NGC 3865 = PGC
36581, 28 sec of RA east and 9' north and Harold Corwin lists this galaxy as
the most likely candidate. Due to
the unusually large discrepancy in declination and only a fair match in PA
(70¡), this identification is very uncertain. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3855 = IC
2953 = UGC 6709 = MCG +06-26-025 = CGCG 186-033 = PGC 36508
11 44 25.8 +33
21 18
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, round, 0.8', low even surface brightness
17.5" (2/24/90):
very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. On a line with two mag 14 stars located
6'-7' SE. In a group with NGC 3847
10' NNW, IC 2952 1.8' W and MCG +06-26-028 4.5' ESE (not observed on
2/24/90). The identifications are
very uncertain in this group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3855 on 8 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single observation
gives a rough declination (marked to the nearest arcmin and very uncertain) and
mentions a companion to the north [NGC 3856], though without a position or even
offset. There are a number of
galaxies in the vicinity, but none exactly matching in RA.
When Rudolph
Spitaler looked for the pair in 1891 with 27-inch refractor at the Wien
Observatory, he identified CGCG 186-31 as NGC 3855 and UGC 6709 as NGC 3856
(published in AN 3167-68). His
positions (roughly 17 tsec of RA west of d'Arrest's position) are given in the
Notes and Corrections section of the IC 1. Stephane Javelle independently found these galaxies on 11
Jun 1896 at the Nice Observatory and they were later catalogued as IC 2952 and
IC 2953.
UGC, MCG and
CGCG label these galaxies using the IC designations. RNGC, MCG and CGCG identify CGCG 186-036 as NGC 3855. This is a very small galaxy located 5'
SE of the close pair. RNGC
classifies NGC 3856 as nonexistent. It seems very unlikely that CGCG 186-036
was the single galaxy seen by d'Arrest as IC 2953 in the same field is both
larger and more prominent visually.
If we accept
Spitaler's corrected positions in the IC 2 notes, then NGC 3855 = IC 2952 and
NGC 3856 = IC 2953. Malcolm
Thomson proposes NGC 3855 = IC 2953 and NGC 3856 = CGCG 186-036, though the
fainter galaxy would be located southeast, instead of north as d'Arrest
mentions. Harold Corwin argues
d'Arrest most likely picked up the two brightest galaxies in the vicinity. So, he proposes NGC 3855 = IC 2953 and
NGC 3856 = NGC 3847, though the latter galaxy is nearly 10' to the north. So, although NGC 3855 is most likely IC
2953 (brightest galaxy nearest d'Arrest's position), the identification of NGC
3856 is very uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3856 = MCG
+06-26-028 = CGCG 186-036 = PGC 36569
11 44 44.9 +33
19 16
Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(4/14/01): extremely faint, small, round.
Requires averted vision and cannot hold steadily. Located 4.5' ESE of IC 2953 = NGC 3855.
The
identification of NGC 3856 = CGCG 186-036 is very uncertain and this number may
be a duplicate observation of NGC 3847.
See notes for
NGC 3855.
******************************
NGC 3857 = MCG
+03-30-084 = CGCG 097-117 = PGC 36548
11 44 50.1 +19
31 58
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 40d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 3.3' NW of mag
8.1 SAO 99769 and 5.8' SW of NGC 3862 within the galaxy cluster AGC 1367.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small, round.
A fairly bright star is 3.5' SE.
Appears similar to NGC 3859 5' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3857 = St XIII-63, along with NGC 3859, 3864, 3867 and 3868, on
23 Mar 1884. His position matches CGCG 097-117 = PGC 36548. Lewis Swift independently found this
galaxy on 13 Apr 1885 and reported it in list I-13. Swift's position is 12 sec of RA too far west and 1.5' too
far south.
******************************
NGC 3858 = NGC
3866 = MCG -01-30-029 = PGC 36621
11 45 11.7 -09
18 51
See observing
notes for NGC 3866.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3858 = LM II-450 in 1886 and reported "mag
15.6, 0.1' dia, R, gbM, *9.5 preceding 3 sec [of time]." His position is 30 sec of RA west of
NGC 3866 = PGC 36621 (discovered by Andrew Common in 1880). A star is 3 sec of RA west, so this
identification NGC 3858 = NGC 3865.
Because of the poor position NGC 3865 was not found by Bigourdan and
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3859 = UGC
6721 = MCG +03-30-091 = CGCG 097-122 = PGC 36582
11 44 52.3 +19
27 16
V = 14.1; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 58d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, small, very elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Member of AGC 1367 with NGC 3857 4.7'
NNW and CGCG 97-123 2.5' N.
Located 3.4' SW of mag 8.1 SAO 99769.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small.
Located 3.4' SW of a bright star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3859 = St XIII-64, along with NGC 3857, 3864, 3867 and 3868, on
23 Mar 1884. His position matches
UGC 6721. Lewis Swift
independently found this galaxy on 13 Apr 1885 and reported it in list
I-14. His position is 10 sec of RA
too far west and 2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3860 = UGC
6718 = MCG +03-30-088 = CGCG 097-120 = Holm 285a = PGC 36577
11 44 49.1 +19
47 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 38d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, broad concentration. Member of galaxy cluster AGC 1367 with
NGC 3862 13' SSE, NGC 3842 14' NW, CGCG 097-115 5' NNW and CGCG 097-131 6' NE. Nearby members included NGC 3860B = MCG
+03-30-087 1.3' S and CGCG 097-113 2.2' S.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, small, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3860 = H III-386 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and recorded
"vF, vS, r." His
position is 2' due south of UGC 6718, the brightest cluster member in the
vicinity. The RNGC position is 0.2
min of RA too far west and 1' north.
******************************
NGC 3861 = UGC
6724 = MCG +03-30-093 = CGCG 097-129 = Holm 287a = WBL 353-057 = LGG 249-004 =
PGC 36604
11 45 03.8 +19
58 25
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 77d
48"
(5/15/12): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 1.7'x1.0', well
concentrated with a large, bright core and very small brighter nucleus. A very faint spiral arm emerges on the
north or northeast side of the core and winds counterclockwise, merging with
MCG +03-30-094, a close companion
on the southeast side. A
similar second arm emerges from the south side of the core and unwinds towards
the west, ending at 0.9' W of center.
A very faint extension on the northwest side was not seen. The companion is situated just 50"
SE of center and appeared fairly faint, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 0.6'x0.25', even
surface brightness. CGCG 97-133
lies 4.3' NE.
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, fairly sharp
concentration with a very bright core and stellar nucleus, faint oval
halo. This member of AGC 1367 is
located 6.5' NW of mag 7.4 SAO 81972.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, moderately large, small bright core, diffuse.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3861 = h970 on 23 Mar 1827 and noted "F; S; R; bM. Doubtful." His position is just off the
northwest side of UGC 6724.
******************************
NGC 3862 = UGC
6723 = MCG +03-30-095 = CGCG 097-127 = 3C 264 = PGC 36606
11 45 05.0 +19
36 23
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a close trio with IC 2955 0.9'
NNW and CGCG 97-118 2.9' W. This
galaxy is in the core of AGC 1367 and is the brightest in the field with NGC
3857, NGC 3859, NGC 3868.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round, bright core, IC 2955 0.9' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3862 = H III-385 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted "vF,
vS, r." His position is
within 1.5' of UGC 6723.
******************************
NGC 3863 = UGC
6722 = MCG +02-30-028 = CGCG 068-054 = Holm 286a = PGC 36607
11 45 05.6 +08
28 11
V = 12.9; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, thin edge-on WSW-ENE, moderately large, bright
core. This pretty galaxy is
located 15' N of XI Virginis (V = 4.9) within the UGC 6730 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3863 = m 224 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, perhaps 2' l,
mE, almost ray, pos 70¡, glbM."
His position is less than 1' south of UGC 6722 and the description
matches.
******************************
NGC 3864 = MCG
+03-30-097 = CGCG 097-130 = Holm 288b = WBL 353-060 = PGC 36620
11 45 15.6 +19
23 32
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/12/88): very faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Located 3.3' W of NGC 3867 in AGC 1367.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3864 = St XIII-65, along with NGC 3857, 3859, 3867 and 3868, on
23 Mar 1884. His position matches
CGCG 097-130 = PGC 36620. Lewis
Swift independently found this galaxy on 13 Apr 1885 and reported it in list
I-15. Swift's position is 8 sec of
RA too far west and 1.5' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3865 = NGC
3854 = MCG -01-30-028 = PGC 36581
11 44 52.1 -09
13 58
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 49d
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, very small
brighter core appears offset from the geometric center. Located 4.5' SE of mag 9 SAO 138385. Forms a pair with NGC 3866 7' SSE.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3865 in 1880 with his 36-inch reflector and reported "F,
pL, dif, another sf [NGC 3866] not so L". Common's single position is 0.3 min of RA east of MCG
-01-30-028 = PGC 36581.
Leavenworth probably found this galaxy again in 1886 and reported it in
list II-449 = NGC 3854, though his position is 28 sec of RA too far west as
well as 9' too far south. MCG
misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 3858.
See Corwin's notes for NGC 3854.
******************************
NGC 3866 = NGC
3858 = MCG -01-30-029 = PGC 36621
11 45 11.7 -09
18 51
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 56d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak concentration. A mag 11.5 star is close off the west
edge 0.8' from center. Forms a
pair with NGC 3865 6' NW.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3866 in 1880 and noted "another sf [of NGC 3865] not so
L". The only logical
candidate is MCG -01-30-029 = PGC 36621, situated 7' southeast of NGC 3865. Leavenworth probably found this galaxy
again in 1886 and reported it in list LM II-450 = NGC 3858. His position is 30 sec of time too far
west. So, NGC 3866 = NGC 3858,
with discovery priority to Common.
******************************
NGC 3867 = UGC
6731 = MCG +03-30-103 = CGCG 097-134 = PGC 36649
11 45 29.6 +19
24 01
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 173d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, small, oval ~N-S, bright core. Member of the galaxy cluster AGC 1367 with NGC 3868 2.7' N.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, brighter than NGC 3857 and 3859 to the NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3867 = St XIII-66, along with NGC 3857, 3859, 3864 and 3868, on
23 Mar 1881. His position matches
UGC 6731.
******************************
NGC 3868 = MCG
+03-30-104 = CGCG 097-135 = Holm 288a = WBL 353-062 = PGC 36638
11 45 29.9 +19
26 41
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, weak concentration. Located in a trio within AGC 1367 with
NGC 3867 2.7' S and NGC 3864 4.5' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3868 = St XIII-67, along with NGC 3857, 3859, 3864 and 3867, on
23 Mar 1884. His position matches CGCG 097-135 = PGC 36638.
******************************
NGC 3869 = UGC
6737 = MCG +02-30-032 = CGCG 068-059 = PGC 36669
11 45 45.6 +10
49 29
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 135d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, bright core, faint
stellar nucleus, pretty galaxy.
Member of the NGC 3817-3869 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3869 = h971 on 10 Mar 1826 and noted "F; S; sbM; irreg fig;
r." His mean position (2
sweeps) is just off the west side of UGC 6737.
******************************
NGC 3870 = UGC
6742 = MCG +08-22-001 = CGCG 268-081 = Mrk 186 = LGG 258-023 = PGC 36686
11 45 56.6 +50
11 59
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 25d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.5',
weak concentration. Situated near
the intersection of a string of
stars to the SE and a couple of stars nearly collinear to the ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3870 = H III-833 = h972 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 946) and noted
"vF, vS." JH made three
observations and and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3871 = UGC
6744 = MCG +06-26-031 = CGCG 186-041 = IC 2959 = PGC 36702
11 46 10.2 +33
06 31
V = 14.7; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 105d
17.5"
(2/24/90): very faint, very small, elongated E-W. First of four and forms the west vertex of an equilateral
triangle with sides 4' length with NGC 3880 and NGC 3881 to the NE and east and
also forms a rhombus using a mag 13 star 3.7' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3871 = h967 on 3 Apr 1831 and noted "eF; R; gbM. The preceding of 3 [with NGC 3880 and
3881] forming an equilateral triangle.
Place very rough."
There is nothing at his position (given only to the nearest min of RA
and min of Dec; both marked as +/-), but 1 min 15 sec of RA due east is UGC
6744, which perfectly fits his description. Rudolph Spitaler observed the field in 1891 at the Wein
Observatory, though his position is 2' too far south (same offset with NGC
3881).
Stephane Javelle
found this galaxy again when he went through the region on 11 Jun 1896 with the
30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory and because of JH's poor position
assumed it was new. So, NGC 3871 =
IC 2959.
******************************
NGC 3872 = UGC
6738 = MCG +02-30-033 = CGCG 068-060 = PGC 36678
11 45 49.1 +13
46 00
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a very
small bright core. Located 1¡ SW
of Denebola = Beta Leonis (V = 2.1).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3872 = H II-104 = h973 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"pB, R, vS, cometic (or rather close resolvable). The kind of nucleus visible is pretty
large and seems not to consist of a single star or point, but looks as if it
were resolvable." JH made
three observations, describing it on sweep 242 as "B; R: vsmbM, to a *
11m; 40"."
******************************
NGC 3873 = UGC
6735 = MCG +03-30-106 = CGCG 097-137 = Holm 289a = WBL 353-065 = LGG 249-003 =
PGC 36670
11 45 46.1 +19
46 26
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, broad
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
Forms a close double with NGC 3875 0.9' SE within the galaxy cluster AGC
1367.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round, bright core, close pair with NGC 3875.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3873 = H III-387 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted "vF,
vS, R." His position matches
the double system NGC 3873/3875 so III-387 could apply to either component. But it's reasonable to assume he picked
up NGC 3873, which is slightly brighter and larger visually.
When Heinrich
d'Arrest observed III-387 on 8 May 1864, he discovered it was double and
measured both components.
He applied III-387 to the northwest component and wrote "Double
Nebula, seen [by WH] as single in 1785.
Estimated distance = 52", PA = 119¡. The north-preceding [NGC 3873] is a little brighter and the
view is the fainter [NGC 3873] is extremely difficult. Both are only 2'." But when Dreyer added d'Arrest's
"nova" to the GC Supplement (5582), he mistakenly wrote "III-387
sf", instead of "III-387 np". Assuming III-387 applies to NGC 3873, then d'Arrest should
be credited with the discovery of NGC 3875.
******************************
NGC 3874
11 45 37.7 +08
34 26
=**, Reinmuth
and Corwin.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3874 = H III-104 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and recorded "I
suspect a vF, vS nebula; but there is too much twilight to verify
it." There is nothing
at his position and Bigourdan was unable to find this nebula on two occasions.
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel Nebel", notes "F
double star in Dreyer's place."
Harold Corwin agrees with this identification. The only galaxy near his position is NGC 3863, but this
galaxy is 45 sec of RA west and 5' south of WH's offsets.
******************************
NGC 3875 = UGC
6739 = MCG +03-30-105 = CGCG 097-139 = Holm 289b = WBL 353-067 = PGC 36675
11 45 49.4 +19
46 03
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 87d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, very small, very elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. Forms a close double system with
brighter NGC 3873 0.9' NW within AGC 1367.
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, small, oval ~E-W, small brighter core.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small.
Forms a pair with NGC 3873.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3875 on 8 May 1864 and noted a double nebula with H
III-387 = NGC 3873 at 52" separation in PA 119¡ (east-southeast). d'Arrest noted the north-preceding
nebula was slightly brighter and the south-following nebula extremely
difficult. He attached the designation III-387 to the north-preceding
object. Dreyer added d'Arrest's
"nova" to the GC Supplement (5582), using d'Arrest's mean position
(two observations) but mistakenly noted "III-387 sf", instead of
"III-387 np". He
repeated this error in the NGC, incorrectly crediting d'Arrest with the
discovery of NGC 3873, instead of NGC 3875.
******************************
NGC 3876 = UGC
6730 = MCG +02-30-029 = CGCG 068-055 = PGC 36644
11 45 26.7 +09
09 39
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.2' NE. Located 5.7' E of mag 8.6 SAO 119025.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3876 = H III-103 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and noted "vF,
r." His position is 4'
northeast of UGC 6730 and 4.5' north-northeast of UGC 6734, a much fainter
galaxy. Rudolph Spitaler measured
an accurate micrometric position on 24 Mar 1892 using the 27" refractor at
Vienna (given in the IC 1 notes).
The major
catalogues UGC, CGCG and MCG do not label UGC 6730 as NGC 3876, but it is
identified correctly in the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 3877 = UGC
6745 = MCG +08-22-002 = CGCG 243-004 = PGC 36699
11 46 07.6 +47
29 41
V = 11.0; Size 5.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; very bright, very large, excellent edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, ~4.5'
length and 1' wide. The central
region appears mottled and contains a fairly small brighter core with a sharp,
intense stellar nucleus. The ends
of the SW and NE extensions are irregular in brightness (brighter streaks) and
don't narrow at the ends. At times
they seemed warped, perhaps due to the patchy brightness. NGC 3738 is 16' NW.
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, 4.5'x1.1', bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 10.5
star is 3.8' NNW of center.
Located 16' S of Chi Ursa Majoris (V = 3.7).
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly bright, large, very elongated, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus.
17.5"
(4/18/98): Viewed 13.5 magnitude supernova SNGC 1998S as an easy object on the
south side of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3877 = H I-201 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded "pB,
mE nearly in the meridian, 4 or 5' long, 1' broad." His RA (CH's reduction) is 10 sec too
large.
******************************
NGC 3878 = MCG
+06-26-032 = CGCG 186-042 = PGC 36708
11 46 17.8 +33
12 16
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(2/24/90): extremely faint and small, round, very low surface brightness. Faintest and smallest of four with NGC
3880 2.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3878 = h974 on 29 Apr 1827 and logged "vF; R; the first in
an unequally divided line of 3 [with NGC 3880 and 3881]. His position matches CGCG 186-042 = PGC
36708. In this sweep (74) he
missed NGC 3871, which was found later.
R.J. Mitchell missed NGC 3878 when he observed the group on 28 Mar 1856
at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 3879 = UGC
6752 = MCG +12-11-040 = CGCG 334-051 = PGC 36743
11 46 49.8 +69
22 59
V = 13.1; Size 2.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.3'. This galaxy appeared as a low surface
brightness phantom streak with no concentration. The galaxy is close following a group of five stars
including two to the south and three to the west with a mag 10.5 star 2.5' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3879 = H II-881 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and logged "F,
mE, about 1 1/2' long, from np to sf, but near the parallel." His position matches UGC 6752. In "Scientific Papers of WH",
Dreyer notes this galaxy was not found by d'Arrest or Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3880 = MCG
+06-26-033 = CGCG 186-043= PGC 36712
11 46 22.3 +33
09 42
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(2/24/90): very faint, small, round, very diffuse, very low surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is off
the north end 0.8' from center.
Third of four in a group with NGC 3878 2.5' NW and NGC 3881 4' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3880 = h968 = h975 on 29 Apr 1827 and noted (sweep 74) "vF;
R; bM; the second of an unequally divided line of 3 [with NGC 3881 and NGC
3878]." On sweep 337 he only
has a rough position for h968 which he assumed was different and logged
"eF; R; gbM. The second of 3
[with NGC 3871 and NGC 3881]."
So, on both sweeps he missed one of the 4 brighter galaxies here.
******************************
NGC 3881 = MCG
+06-26-034 = CGCG 186-046 = PGC 36722
11 46 34.4 +33
06 23
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.75'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 15d
17.5"
(2/24/90): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 13
star is 4' SW. Last of four in a
small faint group with NGC 3880 4.2' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3881 = h969 = h976 on 29 Apr 1827 and recorded h976 as "vF;
R; the third of an unequally divided line of 3 [with NGC 3878 and 3880]. His position is accurate. He found the galaxy again on 3 Apr 1831
and logged "eF; R; gbM. The
last of 3 [forming an equilateral triangle with NGC 3871 and 3880]." His positions for these three galaxies
were very poorly determined but the identifications are obvious from the
description. In the first sweep he
missed NGC 3871 and in the later sweep he missed NGC 3878. Rudolph Spitaler measured a position in
1891 at the Vienna Observatory, though his position is 2' too far south (same
error with NGC 3871).
******************************
NGC 3882 = ESO
170-011 = PGC 36697
11 46 06.6 -56
23 17
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 126d
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very unusual setting for a galaxy
as this object is buried in a rich Centaurus Milky Way star field only 5.3¡
from the Galactic plane. At 200x,
it appeared fairly bright in the 24", fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
2'x1', weak concentration. A mag
13 star sits at the SE edge and 4 or 5 fainter stars are superimposed on the
unconcentrated glow. A faint star
barely off the NW end appears to be a very close double. Located 2.4' WSW of mag 8.8 HD 102323.
This galaxy was
misclassified as a diffuse nebula in the RNGC and as a reflection nebula in the
Sky Atlas 2000.0, probably because it is embedded in the Milky Way.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3882 = h3358 on 3 Apr 1834 and recorded "vF; lE; has two
stars in it." His position is
just off the north side of ESO 170-011.
This galaxy is misclassified by the RNGC as a diffuse nebula in the RNGC
and the Sky Atlas 2000.0 lists it as a reflection nebula! I'm not certain where the first
misclassification occurred, although Sven Cederblad included it as a nebula.
******************************
NGC 3883 = UGC
6754 = MCG +04-28-053 = CGCG 127-054 = PGC 36740
11 46 47.1 +20
40 31
V = 12.6; Size 3.0'x2.4'; Surf Br = 14.6
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, fairly small, very slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Located 17' N of
NGC 3884 in the galaxy cluster AGC 1367.
17.5"
(2/13/88): faint, small, round, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3883 = H III-372 on 13 Apr 1785 (sweep 398) and recorded
"vF, cL, but moonlight is too strong to see it well." His position is 13 sec of RA west and
3' south of UGC 6754. Neither JH
nor d'Arrest made an observation.
******************************
NGC 3884 = UGC
6746 = MCG +04-28-051 = CGCG 127-052 = PGC 36706
11 46 12.1 +20
23 30
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 10d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, broad concentration,
small faint core. Located 4.5' NNE
of mag 7.7 SAO 81978 within AGC 1367.
NGC 3884 forms a
pair with IC 732 4' NW. The
companion is very faint, very small, very elongated. This system is a contact
pair though was not resolved.
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, brighter middle
increases to a small brighter core, very faint halo extended ~N-S.
13.1"
(2/25/84): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3884 = H III-388 = h977 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted
"vF, vS, r." His
position (CH's reduction) is just 3 sec of RA east of UGC 6746. JH recorded "pF; nf a * 7m; Delta
RA = 4.5 sec, dist 5'. His offset
from mag 7 HD 102243 is fairly close, but his position was 34 tsec of RA too
far east. Dreyer used JH's
erroneous RA in the NGC, placing NGC 3884 east of NGC 3883, instead of west.
This error was caught by Bigourdan but was not corrected by Dreyer in the IC
Notes section.
******************************
NGC 3885 = ESO
440-007 = MCG -05-28-006 = Mrk 186 = PGC 36737
11 46 46.4 -27
55 19
V = 11.9; Size 2.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 123d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 12 star is 1.4' ESE and a fainter
mag 13.5 star is 1.4' SSE of center.
Located 6' NE of mag 7.6 SAO 180171.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3885 = H III-828 = h3359 on 10 Mar 1790 (sweep 939) and logged
"eF, stellar. Just preceding
a very small star. With 300x, R,
vgbM." JH made two observations
and measured an accurate position,
******************************
NGC 3886 = UGC
6760 = MCG +03-30-111 = CGCG 097-147 = PGC 36756
11 47 05.6 +19
50 14
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 132d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad
concentration. Member of AGC 1367.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3886 on 9 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches UGC 6760 and the description mentions the mag 11 star that follows by
13.5 seconds of RA and 45" south.
******************************
NGC 3887 = MCG
-03-30-012 = UGCA 246 = PGC 36754
11 47 04.7 -16
51 16
V = 10.6; Size 3.3'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly bright, large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 3.0'x2.0', broadly
concentrated halo, no well-defined nucleus. A mag 12 star is at the NE edge of the halo 1.2' from the
center and a mag 13 star is off the SE edge 2.0' from center.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, diffuse. Located 90' NE of mag 5 Zeta Crateris.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3887 = H I-120 = h979 = h3360 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and
recorded "cB, L, bM, iR, 4 or 5' l and 3 or 4' br." His position matches MCG -03-30-012 =
PGC 36754. From the Cape of Good
Hope, JH logged "pB; L; R; vgpmbM r(?); 90"."
******************************
NGC 3888 = UGC
6765 = VV 455 = MCG +09-19-189 =CGCG 268-085 = Mrk 188 = PGC 36789
11 47 34.5 +55
58 01
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 120d
18"
(2/14/10): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.0'. The galaxy is extended in the direction
of a mag 12.5 star 1.9' WNW of center.
Appears brighter along the major axis and increases mildly to a nucleus
that seems offset to the SE side.
Located south of a group of 5 mag 9-10.5 stars and 21' NNE of mag 5.3 HD
102328. Several galaxy are in the
vicinity including NGC 3898 16' NE, NGC 3889 3.7' NE and MCG +9-19-183 4.7'
NNW. AGC 1377, a distant cluster
near the bright star, lies ~15' south!
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, moderately large, oval WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 12.5 star is 1' W. There are five fairly bright mag 9-10
stars to the NE and NW (including mag 8.8 SAO 28139 and mag 9.2 SAO 28134)
arranged in two parallel strings.
Third of five in the NGC 3898 group with NGC 3889 3.7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3888 = H II-785 = h978 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted
"pB, S, lE." His RA is
30 tsec too small. JH made two
observations and measured an accurate position (used in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 3889 = MCG
+09-19-191 = PGC 36819
11 47 48.2 +56
01 06
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 126d
18"
(2/14/10): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 24"x12", low even
surface brightness. Located just
3.7' NE of NGC 3888. The redshift
(z = .054) implies this is an outlying member of AGC 1377.
17.5"
(3/19/88): very faint, very small, elongated WNW-ESE. Located 3.7' NE of NGC 3888.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3889 on 13 Mar 1852 with LdR's 72" and noted "another
F, S, 5' nf [NGC 3888]. The faint
galaxy MCG +09-19-191 is situated 3.7' northeast of NGC 3888 and is a
reasonable candidate in position and brightness. But a second observation by Lawrence Parsons on 1 Apr 1878
confused the situation as he logged "Nova, vF, vS, Pos 167.2 deg (SSE),
Dist 340.5"." This
placed the nebula southeast of NGC 3888 instead of northeast. In compiling the NGC, Dreyer was swayed
by the second observation and placed NGC 3889 just 2 seconds of RA following
NGC 3888 and 5.6' south and there is nothing at Parsons' position.
In an attempt to
identify NGC 3889, the RNGC assigns it the same coordinates and new description
as NGC 3850 which is located 17' WSW of NGC 3888! Listed in my RNGC Corrections #1, WSQJ January
1985. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3890 = NGC
3939 = UGC 6788 = MCG +13-09-003 = CGCG 352-008 = PGC 36925
11 49 19.9 +74
18 08
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(5/31/03): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak concentration, no
noticeable core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3890 = H III-940 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1068) and recorded
"vF, S, R, bM." CH's
reduced position (used in the GC) is 2.8' northwest of UGC 6788 = PGC
36925. Heinrich d'Arrest measured
an accurate position, although the NGC position is 1.0 min of RA too far west.
WH later
rediscovered this galaxy on the sweep of 2 Apr 1801 with large systematic
errors in position and catalogued it again as III-971 = NGC 3939. The corrected position in MN, 71, 509,
1911 reveals III-971 = III-940. Dreyer
mentioned the 1 tmin error in the NGC position of NGC 3890 and the equivalance
with NGC 3890 in his notes to the 1912 version of WH's catalogues.
******************************
NGC 3891 = UGC
6772 = MCG +05-28-031 = CGCG 157-035 = PGC 36832
11 48 03.3 +30
21 34
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 70d
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.7'. Contains a very small, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3891 = H II-723 = h980 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 805) and noted
"pB, S, lE." JH made
three observations, logging "B; R; sbM; 20-30"." on sweep 65,
and measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3892 = MCG
-02-30-030 = PGC 36827
11 48 00.9 -10
57 43
V = 11.5; Size 3.0'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 E-W, 2.0'x1.5', prominent
core, very small brighter nucleus, large faint halo. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SW edge of the halo 1.1'
from the center. Located 5' WSW of
a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3892 = H II-553 = h981 = h3361 on 4 Mar 1786 (sweep 597) and
recorded "pB, pL, bM, iF. To
the south and a little preceding is a vS star inclosed in the nebulosity, which
at first had the appearance of a small, stellar nebula." His position is accurate. JH logged this galaxy from England as
"L; R; gbM; 60"; r" and from the Cape of Good Hope as "pB;
R; pL; 45"; first gradually the psbM."
******************************
NGC 3893 = UGC
6778 = MCG +08-22-007 = CGCG 243-008 = Holm 293a = LGG 258-016 = PGC 36875
11 48 38.2 +48
42 39
V = 10.5; Size 4.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, 2.4'x1.6', broad
moderate concentration, small bright core. There is a hint of spiral structure with an impression of an
arm attached at the SW end trailing to the east. A mag 13.5 star is involved at the NW side 1.0' from the
center and a mag 10.5 star is 3.1' SW.
Forms a pair with NGC 3896 3.7' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3893 = H II-738 = h982 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and recorded
"pB, pL, R, mbM." His
position is accurate. JH logged
"B; pL; R; gb and psmbM; 60"."
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 15 Apr 1852 with LdR's 72", logged "Spiral probably,
knot in south edge and a * outside preceding edge." The next night he also noted the
"spiral branch seems to start from the south edge and go round the
following and n sides as far as the preceding star." Further observations of the spiral
structure were made in 1857 and 1861.
******************************
NGC 3894 = UGC
6779 = MCG +10-17-078 = CGCG 292-033 = Holm 294a = LGG 251-004 = PGC 36889
11 48 50.3 +59
24 56
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, fairly small, oval 2:1 WSW-ENE, brighter along the major
axis, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3894 = H I-248 = h983 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951), along with NGC
3895, and logged "cB, pL, iF." JH made two observations and noted
"B; pL; R; pgmbM; the prec of 2." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3895 = UGC
6785 = MCG +10-17-080 = CGCG 292-035 = Holm 294b = LGG 251-005 = PGC 36907
11 49 04.0 +59
25 57
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 3894 2.2' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3895 = H II-832 = h984 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951), along with
NGC 3894, and logged "pB, pL, R." JH made a single observation,
"F; pL; E; gbM. The foll of
2."
******************************
NGC 3896 = UGC
6781 = MCG +08-22-008 = CGCG 243-009 = Holm 293b = LGG 258-017 = PGC 36897
11 48 56.4 +48
40 28
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, small, oval NW-SE, small bright core. A mag 13.5 star is at the north edge
26" from the center. Forms a
pair with NGC 3893 3.7' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3896 = H II-739, along with NGC 3893, on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816)
and noted "F, vS." His
position is 2' too far north.
d'Arrest found it on 4 Dec 1861 and assumed it was new, though he made a
transcription error and his position is 36 minutes of time too small.
******************************
NGC 3897 = UGC
6784 = MCG +06-26-041 = CGCG 186-054 = PGC 36902
11 48 59.5 +35
00 58
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2
18"
(4/5/03): faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak concentration to
center but no core. A mag 13.5
star lies 2.5' NW. Located 10' NW
of mag 5.7 SAO 62718.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3897 = H II-408 = h986 on 28 Apr 1785 (sweep 404) and noted
"vF, vS, R." CH's
reduction is NGC 3897 is 12 sec of RA west of UGC 6784. JH made three observations and called
this galaxy either "pF" or "F".
******************************
NGC 3898 = UGC
6787 = MCG +09-19-204 = CGCG 268-088 = CGCG 269-002 = PGC 36921
11 49 15.2 +56
05 03
V = 10.7; Size 4.4'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 107d
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, very bright core,
stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group of five galaxies with NGC 3888 15' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3898 = H I-228 = h985 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"cB, vB irr Ncl with F branches, 1 1/2' l, 3/4' br." JH made 4 observation calling it (sweep
345) "B; pL; R; psmbM; 60"."
******************************
NGC 3899 = NGC
3912 = UGC 6801 = MCG +05-28-037 = CGCG 157-041 = PGC 36979
11 50 04.5 +26
28 47
See observing
notes for NGC 3912.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3899 = h987 on 26 Mar 1827 and noted "pB, R,
smbM". There is nothing at
his position, but 1 min of RA east and 2' north is NGC 3912 = h992 which was
observed on three different sweeps, but not on the sweep in which he found
h987. Reinmuth noted the
equivalence NGC 3899 = NGC 3912 and Corwin agrees with this equivalence.
******************************
NGC 3900 = UGC
6786 = MCG +05-28-034 = CGCG 157-038 = PGC 36914
11 49 09.4 +27
01 19
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 2d
17.5"
(5/2/92): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, 2'x1', brighter core,
very small prominent round core, faint stellar nucleus. Surrounded by a mag 11.5 star 3.3' S, a
mag 10.5 star 4.6' NNE and a mag 12 star 5.0' ESE.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly bright, elongated, bright core, NGC 3912 30' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3900 = H I-82 = h988 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"pB, pS." JH made 6 observations, recording on sweep 57 "B; pL;
R; sbM to nucleus; 40"."
******************************
NGC 3901 = UGC
6675 = MCG +13-09-001 = CGCG 351-068 = CGCG 352-006 = LGG 284-010 = PGC 36386
11 42 49.7 +77
22 22
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 165d
18"
(3/5/05): very faint, moderately large, low surface brightness, very weak
concentration, elongated roughly 4:3 though it was difficult to pin down an
orientation as the halo increased with averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3901 = H III-970 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and logged
""vF, pL, r." This
is one of 15 far northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich
plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 6675 and Dreyer repeated this position
in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 or Harold Corwin's full
story in his notes for NGC 3752.
******************************
NGC 3902 = UGC
6790 = MCG +04-28-055 = CGCG 127-060 = LGG 254-001 = PGC 36923
11 49 18.9 +26
07 18
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8', weak
concentration. Member of the
nearby group LGG 254 and located ~2 degrees NW of the NGC 4005 cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3902 = H III-321 = h989 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"vF, pS." CH's reduction
is 10 sec of time preceding UGC 6790. JH made two observations and measured a
more accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 3903 = ESO
378-024 = MCG -06-26-008 = AM 1146-371 = LGG 256-002 = PGC 36906
11 49 03.9 -37
31 02
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(5/15/10): faint at 175x or fairly faint at 220x, fairly small, slightly
elongated ~E-W, ~30"x25", just a broad weak concentration wit no core
or zones. Situated in a E-W line
of stars with a mag 14 star 50" W and a mag 12 star 2.6' E. A pair of mag 14/15 stars also lies
1.5' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3903 = h3362 on 21 Apr 1835 and logged "pF; R or lE; gvlbM;
among stars." His position
(measured twice) matches ESO 378-024.
******************************
NGC 3904 = ESO
440-013 = MCG -05-28-009 = LGG 255-002 = PGC 36918
11 49 13.2 -29
16 37
V = 10.9; Size 2.7'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 8d
18"
(4/29/06): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
20" core and a much fainter halo of uniform surface brightness. NGC 3923 lies 40' NE. Member of a group with NGC 3923, 4105,
IC 764 and N4106.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located 40' SW of NGC 3923.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3904 = H II-864 = h3363 on 7 Mar 1791 (sweep 998) and logged
"pB, S, R, vgmbM, almost resembling a nucleus." CH's reduction is 2' southwest the
center of this galaxy. JH made a
single observation, noting "pB, R, psmbM, 15 arcseconds."
******************************
NGC 3905 = MCG
-01-30-035 = PGC 36909
11 49 04.9 -09
43 48
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 40d
17.5"
(5/2/92): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, low even surface
brightness. Forms the vertex of a
right triangle with a mag 12 star 3' N and a mag 13 star 2' E. The halo fades into the background so
it is difficult to determine the elongation.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3905 in 1880 with his 36" reflector. He recorded #24 in his Copenicus
discovery list as "F, L, diffused". His (rough) position is 0.3 min of RA east and 2' south of
MCG -01-30-035 = PGC 36909.
Ormond Stone
found this galaxy again in 1886 at the Leander-McCormick and reported I-192 as
"mag 15.5, 1.8' dia, iR, gbM."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is essentially correct (30 sec of
RA east). Dreyer credited both
Common and Stone in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3906 = UGC
6797 = MCG +08-22-012 = CGCG 243-011 = PGC 36953
11 49 40.4 +48
25 33
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, fairly large, round, low surface brightness, broad mild
concentration. Bracketed by a mag
12.5 star 2.0' S and a mag 13.5 star 2.6' NNE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3906 = H III-715 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted "eF,
pS." CH's reduction is at the
west edge of UGC 6797.
******************************
NGC 3907 = UGC
6796 = MCG +00-30-028 = CGCG 012-094 = Holm 295a = WBL 359-003 = PGC 36941
11 49 30.1 -01
05 12
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
18"
(4/9/05): This is a close pair of galaxies (NGC 3907A/B) although John Herschel
only recorded a single object. The
eastern component has a fairly high surface brightness and appears fairly
faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.4'x0.3' (viewed core only and
missed the much fainter extensions).
Forms a close 1.7' pair with NGC 3907B = UGC 6793 just west. The companion appears as a faint
edge-on, ~3:1 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.25', low even surface brighness. UGC 6793 is larger, though has a lower
surface brightness than NGC 3907.
Both galaxies were comparable in ease of viewing so it's surprising that
Herschel missed one.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3907 = h990 on 15 Apr 1828 and noted "eF; S;
psbM." His position is just
off the south side of UGC 6796, though his missed the nearby companion to the
west.
******************************
NGC 3908 = PGC
36967
11 49 52.6 +12
11 09
V = 15.0; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(3/9/13): very faint to faint, small, round, 18" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Located 3.3'
SE of a mag 10.6 star and 12' E of mag 8.6 HD 102633.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3908 = Sw I-17 on 10 Apr 1885 and noted "F; vS; R;
mbM." There is nothing at his
position, but 7' north is PGC 36967.
This faint galaxy is not catalogued in the MCG or CGCG and may be too
faint for Swift to have picked up.
He called the galaxy "F[aint]", although he generally called
difficult galaxies eF or eeF.
Although there are no other nearby candidates, this identification is
very uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3909 = ESO
217-SC008
11 50 07 -48 14
42
Size 18'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 71x and 142x): at 71x, this very large, scattered cluster
contained ~75 stars mag 10-14 in a 20'x14' field, elongated E-W. Many of the stars are arranged in a
roughly circular (somewhat boxy) annulus, with relatively few stars in the
interior. Stands out reasonable
well at low power, but unimpressive at 142x. On the west side is HJ 4476, a 10.1/11.0 pair at 20". A couple of doubles are on the east
side, including a 13th mag pair at 14", and near the center is a mag
10.2/11.8 pair at 25".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3909 = h3364 on 1 Mar 1835 and logged "a fine, large, but
coarse cl class VII; stars 9, 10, 11m; two double stars are in it." On a later sweep he recorded
"Place of a double star in a vL, no v comp cl, class VII, well defined and
insulated, has about 50 or 60 st 9...12 m". His position corresponds with a pair of mag 10-11 stars at
18" separation in a scattered group. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 3910 = UGC 6800
= MCG +04-28-058 = CGCG 127-063 = PGC 36971
11 49 59.3 +21
20 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, oval ~NW-SE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 12.5 star is
30" off the NW edge and 1.0' NNW of center.
Otto Struve
found NGC 3910 on 3 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo Observatory
in St. Petersburg and recorded "a round nebula, 20" diameter, strong
concentratin to center. A star
10-11 is 48" north." He
found this object (along with 7 others) while searching for Comet Winnecke
(7P/Pons-Winnecke) in Mar-Apr 1869.
Although Struve
is credited with the discovery in the GC Supplement and the NGC, WH made the
original discovery on 27 Dec 1786 (sweep 671) though was not convinced it was a
nebula. He recorded "eF, eS. Suspected, but may be a
deception." His position
(CH's reduction) is less than 3' southwest of NGC 3910. He never went back in a later sweep to
confirm this object and the discovery was not published in his catalogues or
assigned an internal discovery number.
******************************
NGC 3911 =
(R)NGC 3920 = UGC 6803 = VV 367 = MCG +04-28-059 = CGCG 127-064 = PGC 36981
11 50 06.0 +24
55 13
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, brighter core,
faint stellar nucleus. NGC 3920
lies 10' W. The identifications of
NGC 3911 and NGC 3920 are reversed in all modern catalogues.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3911 = H III-341 = h991 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF, vS, but little exceeding the stellar. 240 showed it very plainly." His position is 3' southwest of UGC 6803, within his typical
margin of error.
But when John
Herschel reobserved this field, he assumed UGC 6803 was new and UGC 6795, a
fainter galaxy 10' west was his father's III-341. Furthermore, his RA was offset to the east and because of this
confusion the identifications of NGC 3911 and NGC 3920 were exchanged in the
CGCG and repeated in all modern catalogues. The identifications given by Malcolm Thomson and Harold
Corwin place the NGC labels on the historically correct galaxies, but this leaves
the numbering out of order in RA (NGC 3920 precedes NGC 3911).
******************************
NGC 3912 = NGC
3899 = UGC 6801 = MCG +05-28-037 = CGCG 157-041 = PGC 36979
11 50 04.5 +26
28 47
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 5d
17.5"
(4/25/98): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.2'x0.6'. Broad concentration with a brighter
core but no well-defined nucleus.
The surface brightness is irregular at 280x. Sky transparency and seeing conditions poor.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, elongated N-S.
NGC 3902 lies 23' SSW and NGC 3900 30' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3912 = H II-342 = h992 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"F, pL." JH made three
observations, noting on sweep 343, "pB; pL; R; gbM; 60"." h987 = NGC 3899 is a fourth observation
on 26 Mar 1827 with a similar description, but his position was 1.0 tmin
west. So, NGC 3912 = NGC 3899,
with NGC 3912 the principal designation.
******************************
NGC 3913 = IC
740 = UGC 6813 = MCG +09-20-001 = CGCG 268-092 = CGCG 269-004 = Holm 296a = PGC
37024
11 50 38.9 +55
21 13
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.5
18"
(4/30/11): fairly faint, fairly large, 2' diameter. The halo has a very low surface brightness with a weak,
broad concentration to a small brighter core. NGC 3916 lies 13' S and NGC 3921 is 17' SSE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration. NGC 3916 and NGC 3921 are located about
15' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3913 = H II-786 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920), along with nearby
NGC 3916 and 3921, and noted "F, E." His position (CH's reduction) is 2' southwest of UGC 6813.
Lewis Swift
"rediscovered" this galaxy on 8 May 1890 and described "eeF; pL;
iR; 3916-3921 in field."
Dreyer recatalogued it IC 740.
Both positions are close enough to each other, that I'm surprised
neither suggested the equivalence.
So, NGC 3913 = IC 740.
******************************
NGC 3914 = UGC
6809 = MCG +01-30-017 = CGCG 040-050 = PGC 37014
11 50 32.7 +06
34 05
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 40d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Either a knot or more likely a faint
star is superimposed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3914 = H III-90 = h995 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191)and noted
"vF, vS, not mbM. Near some
bright stars and very near a faint star." JH logged (sweep 253) "F; R: 15"; has a * 13m,
70" dist np."
******************************
NGC 3915
11 50 30 -05 09
= Not found,
RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3915 = H. III-113 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and recorded
"eF, eS. 240x showed 2 vS
close stars with nebulosity between them; but probably a more favorable evening
will prove it a deception."
There is nothing at his position (nor for NGC 3679 = H. III-112, the
previous object in the sweep), though 1.0 min of RA preceding is IC 2963 and
Wolfgang Steinicke identifies NGC 3915 as IC 2963.
Harold Corwin
notes that the NGC position is from Christian Peters (in his Copernicus lists). There is nothing near Peters'
position (a bit further east than WH's), but perhaps he measured a poor
position for IC 2963, which is 1.1 minutes of RA west of his position, or
refers to IC 741, which is 19' N of his position. Harold Corwin suggests NGC 3915 might be LEDA 170172 at 11
46 55.6 -05 11 16 (J2000), though IC 2963 seems a more likely candidate to
me. PGC (and HyperLEDA) identifies
NGC 3915 as IC 738 and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. With all these uncertainties, I've
listed the number as Not Found.
******************************
NGC 3916 = UGC
6819 = MCG +09-20-005 = CGCG 269-005 = CGCG 268-093 = PGC 37047
11 50 51.0 +55
08 36
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
48"
(5/12/12): at 488x appeared bright, fairly large, elongated nearly 4:1 SW-NE,
~1.2'x0.3'. Arp 224 = NGC 3921
lies 4.5' SE, MCG +09-19-213 is 5.8' SSW and PGC 2491113 (part of Arp 224) is
3.6' ESE.
18"
(4/30/11): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.2'. NGC 3921 lies 4.5' SE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, thin edge-on SW-NE, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 3921 4.5' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3916 = H II-787 = h993 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"Two, the south-following [NGC 3921], which is that of which the place is
taken, is pB, S [with another [NGC 3916] north-preceding about 5', it precedes
the other about 5 sec in time.)"
JH logged "eF; R; gbM" and his position is within 1' of UGC
6819.
******************************
NGC 3917 = UGC
6815 = MCG +09-20-008 = CGCG 268-093 = PGC 37036
11 50 45.4 +51
49 28
V = 11.8; Size 5.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 77d
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, broad
concentration without a distinct nucleus.
Two stars are off the south edge; a mag 13.5 star 1.3' S and a mag 14
star 1.3' SE of center. Forms a
pair with the 16th magnitude flat galaxy UGC 6802 6.2' WNW (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3917 = H II-824 = h994 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 946) and recorded
"'B, mE, about 6' l and 2' br."
CH's reduced position is 5' north of UGC 6815 and the description
matches perfectly. JH made a
single observation and logged "F; vmE; vgbM; 150" l, 30"
br." Although he equated h994
with II-824 in the Slough Catalogue, he assigned a separate GC designation to
II-824 and placed it 1¡ too far north.
The two GC designations were combined by Dreyer in the NGC.
The RA in the
RNGC is 0.7 min of RA too far east.
There is a similar offset for NGC 3921 located 3¡ north. Listed in my RNGC Corrections #3.
******************************
NGC 3918 = Blue
Planetary = PK 294+4.1 = ESO 170-PN13 = PN G294.6+04.7
11 50 17.8 -57
10 56
V = 8.2; Size 19"
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x the "Blue
Planetary" has an even, extremely high surface brightness disc of 15"
and a saturated, vivid blue color.
The edge is crisply defined and the disc has a uniform surface
brightness. At 350x, the planetary
is oval or irregular, perhaps 18"x15". There was no sign of the central star, though I didn't try
higher powers.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 76x appears as a bright,
beautiful blue cosmic egg floating in a rich star field, ~15"
diameter. Extremely high surface
brightness and with a sharply defined edge to the uniformly lit disc. At 228x, appears to be set in the
middle of an absorption hole in the Milky Way as there are very few faint stars
in a 4'-5' circular region surrounding the planetary. Outside this hole, the Milky Way background is very evident
and fairly bright.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 195x, this 8th magnitude planetary appears as a
beautiful 10"-12" blue disc with a very crisp edge. No central star was glimpsed or other
structural details at this magnification though the surface brightness is
unusually high. Situated in a rich
star field but set near the middle of a oval 12'-13' ring of mag 11 and 12
stars which are near the periphery of the 17' field at 195x! Located 8.4' SSW of mag 8.1 HD 102817
and 19' SW of mag 5.6 HD 103101.
The open cluster NGC 3960 lies 90' N.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, the "Blue Planetary"
appears as a bright, round disc, ~15" diameter with a vivid blue color (V
= 8.2). The surface brightness is
very high and the edge of the halo is crisply defined, but no structural
details or central star were noted.
Good response to UHC filter, although it was unnecessary for a good
view. The Milky Way is quite rich
here in faint stars but the planetary seems to be set a darker, circular hole
without the faint background glow - a contrast affect with the PN?
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3918 = h3365 = Brisbane 3807, though recorded it as a "fine
blue star" in the Brisbane Star Catalogue of 1826. JH discovered its nebulous appearance
on 3 Apr 1834 and described this planetary as "perfectly round; very
planetary; color fine blue;...very like Uranus, only about half as large again
and blue." In a letter to
Francis Baily from the Cape of Good Hope dated 22 Oct 1834, he added "On
the 3d of April I discovered another fine planetary nebula, having a perfectly
sharp disc, without the least haziness, of about 6" diameter. The most remarkable feature about this
is its evident blue colour, which needs not the presence of lamp light, or that
of any red star, to be very conspicuous, as it appears when the nebula stands
alone in a dark field." In
1835 he reported (AN 281) it as a "fine blue colour inclining to green."
The term
"planetary", of course, had been used by his father but William never
made an analogy to Uranus. In his
textbook "A Treatise on Astronomy" John wrote about "planetary
nebulae": "They have, as their name, exactly the appearance of
planets." He also reported
the colors of several as shades of blue (NGC 7009, 7662, 3242, 3918). See additional comments on M57.
******************************
NGC 3919 = UGC
6810 = MCG +03-30-119 = CGCG 097-161 = PGC 37032
11 50 41.5 +20
00 54
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. A mag 13 star is 1.0' ENE of center. A mag 15.7z galaxy 3' NE was not
noticed. Located 80' E of the core
of AGC 1367. With a similar
redshift, this galaxy seems likely to be an outlying member.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3919 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position matches
UGC 6810 and he mentions the mag 14 star that follows by 4.3 seconds of RA, and
slightly north.
******************************
NGC 3920 =
(R)NGC 3911 = UGC 6795 = MCG +04-28-056 = CGCG 127-061 = PGC 36926
11 49 22.2 +24
56 19
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/15/93): very faint, small, round, ~30" diameter. A mag 10.5 star is just off the west
edge (40" W of center) which hinders observation. NGC 3911 lies 10.5' E. The identifications of NGC 3911 and NGC
3920 are reversed in all catalogues.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3920 = h996 on 28 Mar 1832. Although he gives no visual description, he mentioned "Follows III 341 [NGC 3911] on
same parallel." He was
confused on the identification of H. III 341 and assigned the nova to the wrong
object. Because of this confusion,
the identifications of NGC 3911 and NGC 3920 are reversed in all modern
catalogues. This error is
discussed in Malcolm Thomson's Catalogue Corrections, WSQJ April 1989 and CGCG
Corrections. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3921 = Arp
224 = VV 31 = UGC 6823 = MCG +09-20-009 = CGCG 268-095 = CGCG 269-007 = I Zw 28
= Mrk 430 = PGC 37063
11 51 06.8 +55
04 43
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
48"
(5/12/12): at 488x; the "core" of this disrupted galaxy is very
bright, oval 4:3 N-3, ~25"x20", fairly sharply concentrated with a
small intense nucleus that brightens to a blazing stellar center. A large, faint tear-drop shaped plume
extends from the core 1' due south.
The plume forms an elongated loop or ring with a brighter rim. The
offset, brilliant core sits at the north edge of the loop.
PGC 2489542 lies
1.2' SW and appeared faint, very small, elongated 2:1 E-W,
~12"x6". PGC 2491113 is
2.4' NNE and was fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated,
12"x9". These two
fainter galaxies are captured in Arp's 200-inch photo. Also nearby are MCG +09-19-213 5' WSW
and NGC 3916 5' NW. NGC 3921 is
considered a proto-typical late stage merger-remnant with two long, crossed
tidal tails indicating a merger of two former disk galaxies.
18"
(4/30/11): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S,
~1.0'x0.7'. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright core that increases to the center and a much fainter outer
halo. NGC 3916 lies 4.4' WNW. This
is a disrupted galaxy with an off-set nucleus and long filamentary arms.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, small, round, small very bright core. Brightest of three with NGC 3916 4.5'
NNW and MCG +09-19-213 5' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3921 = H II-788 = h997 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"Two, the south-following [NGC 3921], which is that of which the place is
taken, is pB, S [with another [NGC 3916] north-preceding about 5', it precedes
the other about 5 sec in time.)"
JH logged "pB; R; psbM" and measured an accurate position. The
RA in the RNGC is 0.5 min too large.
******************************
NGC 3922 = NGC
3924 = UGC 6824 = MCG +08-22-017 = CGCG 269-008 = CGCG 243-017 = LGG 258-001 =
PGC 37072
11 51 13.4 +50
09 25
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 38d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.4', fairly low
surface brightness, slightly brighter middle. A 20" pair of mag 12/13 stars lies 4' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3922 = H III-716 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted "vF,
vS." His position is 3' north
of UGC 6824 = PGC 37072. There are no other objects close by, so this
identification is solid. He
observed this galaxy again on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 946) and measured a very
similar position, but recorded it again as II-825 = NGC 3924. So, NGC 3922 = NGC 3924.
******************************
NGC 3923 = ESO
440-017 = MCG -05-28-012 = PGC 37061
11 51 01.8 -28
48 21
V = 9.8; Size 5.9'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 50d
18"
(4/29/06): very bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, ~2.5'x1.5'. Well-concentrated with a very bright
elongated core that increases to a stellar nucleus. The relatively fainter halo increases in size with averted
vision. This well-studied galaxy
is surrounded by concentric gaseous shells of material.
8"
(5/21/82): bright, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, small bright
nucleus. NGC 3904 lies 40' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3923 = H I-259 = h3366 on 7 Mar 1791 (sweep 998) and logged
"cB, pL, gbM, lE, the brightness takes up a large space of it." His position is at the southwest edge
of the galaxy. JH made two
observations, first logging "B, pL, lE, glbM, 80" long, 50"
broad, resolvable."
******************************
NGC 3924 = NGC
3922 = UGC 6824 = MCG +08-22-017 = CGCG 269-008 = CGCG 243-017 = PGC 37072
11 51 13.4 +50
09 26
See observing
notes for NGC 3922. This number is
incorrectly applied to UGC 6849 in the RNGC, UGC, CGCG, RC3!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3924 = H II-825 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 946) and recorded
"pB, L, bM, iF." His
position is just far enough off (3' north-northeast of UGC 6824) that WH didn't
equate it with III-716 = NGC 3922, which he previously discovered on 9 Mar
1788. Dreyer later realized the
equivalence and noted in his 1912 Monthly Notices paper on NGC corrections
"to be struck out (= 3922)".
CGCG, UGC, RNGC and RC3 misidentify UGC 6849 as NGC 3924 . See Harold
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3925 = MCG
+04-28-071 = CGCG 127-075 = PGC 37078
11 51 21.0 +21
53 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, small, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.4'. Located 4.5' NE of a mag 10.5
star. A mag 11.5 star lies 4' ESE
and a nice equal mag 13 pair [12" separation] is 4' ENE. The double system NGC 3926 is the field
8' N.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3925 on 19 Feb 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
twice, matches CGCG 127-075 = PGC 37078, and he mentions the double star (in my
notes) that follows by 19 seconds of time. The RNGC declination is 2' too far north.
******************************
NGC 3926 = VV
218a/b = UGC 6829 = MCG +04-28-074 = CGCG 127-076 = PGC 37079/37080
11 51 28.2 +22
01 33
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'
17.5"
(5/4/02): this is a double system in a common envelope. The combined glow is elongated ~5:2
WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.3'. In moments of
better seeing, the system resolved into a contact pair with the brighter
component (VV 218b) following and the companion appearing as a very small knot
(VV 218a) at the west edge! The
separation is just 24" between centers. NGC 3925 is 8' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3926 = H III-379 = h998 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and noted
"eF, lE, easily resolvable, may be a patch of stars, the night not being
dark enough." JH made a
single observation, logging "eF; R; S; near a star." Perhaps his
comment about near a star refers to the western component!
******************************
NGC 3927 = NGC 3713:
11 31 42.0 +28
09 13
See observing
notes for NGC 3713. =Not found,
Carlson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3927 on 27 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There are no stellar
or nonstellar objects near his single position. He mentioned the observation was beyond doubt, but the sky
conditions were poor. No one has
suggested or found a plausible candidate.
Harold Corwin concludes "NGC 3927 is probably lost for good."
But in April
2015, after checking possible digit errors in d'Arrest's postion I found that
if he made a 20 minute error in time (too large) then his position is a very
close match with NGC 3713. After
notifying Harold Corwin, he concurs this is the only reasonable identification
though still leaves a bit of uncertainty as d'Arrest failed to mention any
nearby stars.
******************************
NGC 3928 = UGC
6834 = MCG +08-22-019 = CGCG 243-019 = Mrk 190 = Miniature Spiral = PGC 37136
11 51 47.6 +48
40 59
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. Bracketed between
a mag 13.5 star 1.3' SE and a mag 14 star 1.9' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3928 = H II-740 = h999 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted
"pF, pS, stellar." CH's
reduction is 1.7' northeast of UGC 6834.
JH called it "not vF; S; R; pspmbM" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3929 = UGC
6832 = MCG +04-28-076 = CGCG 127-080 = PGC 37126
11 51 42.5 +21
00 09
V = 14.0; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, very small, elongated WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is at the SE end 0.5'
from center. Located at the center
of triangle formed by a mag 11 star 1.7' SE and two mag 13.5 stars 1.8' N and
2.0' W. NGC 3940 lies 12' E. Member of the NGC 3937 group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3929 on 4 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 2 nights, matches UGC 6832 and he accurately placed the mag 11 star that
follows by 5.3 seconds of RA and 1' south.
******************************
NGC 3930 = UGC
6833 = MCG +06-26-045 = CGCG 186-059 = Holm 300a = PGC 37132
11 51 45.8 +38
00 54
V = 12.4; Size 3.2'x2.4'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 30d
18"
(4/5/03): very faint, moderately large, round. Appears as a very diffuse ill-defined glow with just a weak
concentration. It was not
initially noticed initially in the field.
Located 2.5' E of a mag 13 star, the southernmost of three collinear mag
13/13.5 stars. John Herschel
mentioned a 7th magnitude star which followed due east by 3'. This is Groombridge 1830, which has the
third fastest known proper motion (7.04"/yr) and this star is now roughly
23' SE!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3930 = H III-616 = h1000 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and recorded
"vF, cS, just south of a star 6th mag. I suspected at first that my glass had been affect with
damp." On 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 915) he logged "eF, irr figure, 3 or 4'
dia, resolvable. About 5' south of
a star 6th mag." In his 1814
PT paper, WH mentions that on one observation he logged "A star of the 6th
magnitude, about 5' north of a very faint nebula, or an irregular
figure." But on a observation
two years before, the two objects were then so near each other, as, at first
sight, it caused a suspicion that some damp had settled upon the eye-glass and
affected the star. He commented
this might suggest that the nebula had a considerable proper motion, though
differences in observing conditions might account for the difference. Coincidentally, this star is
Groombridge 1830, which has the third fastest known proper motion of
7.04"/yr and this star is now roughly 23' SE! But in a two-year period there was not a significant proper
motion of the star.
******************************
NGC 3931 =
(R)NGC 3917A = UGC 6825 = MCG +09-20-011 = CGCG 268-096 = CGCG 269-009 = PGC
37073
11 51 13.4 +52
00 02
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Located 4.9' W of mag 8.6 SAO 28166. NGC 3917 lies 11' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3931 = H III-769 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and noted "cF,
S." There is nothing at his
position, but 1 min of RA preceding, and 2' north is UGC 6825. Keenan labeled this galaxy NGC 3917A
(assuming it was new) in his 1935 paper "Studies of Extra-Galactic
Nebulae".
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey, identified PGC 37168 as NGC 3931. This galaxy is close to WH's position,
but UGC 6825 is much brighter and more likely to have been picked up. CGCG and MCG do not label their
corresponding catalogue entries as NGC 3931. Both Harold Corwin and Malcolm Thompson discuss this
identification.
******************************
NGC 3932
11 52 10.8 +48
37 13
=* 5.5' SE NGC
3928, RC1 and Thomson. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC. See
CGCG 243-022 for notes.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3932 on 4 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position in
AN 1500 corresponds with a mag 13 star 5.5' southeast of NGC 3928. d'Arrest didn't included this object in
his compilation of observations "Siderum Nebulosorum" (1867). RNGC,
CGCG and MCG misidentify CGCG 243-022 as NGC 3932. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3933 = UGC
6839 = MCG +03-30-122 = CGCG 097-170 = PGC 37156
11 52 02.0 +16
48 35
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 83d
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, fairly small, oval WSW-ENE, almost even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 3934 3.6' NE.
Alphonse
Borrelly discovered NGC 3933, along with NGC 3934, around 1871 with a 7.2-inch
comet-seeker at the Marseille Observatory. His description (5) reads "pF, E, elliptic, no bright
point" and his micrometric position in AN 1885 matches UGC 6839. Dreyer included the discovery in the GC
Supplement (5588). The pair was
independently found by PechŸle in 1884 in Copenhagen.
******************************
NGC 3934 = UGC
6841 = MCG +03-30-123 = CGCG 097-171 = PGC 37170
11 52 12.6 +16
51 06
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, low surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is 2.0'
N. Forms a pair with NGC 3933 3.6'
SW.
Alphonse
Borrelly discovered NGC 3934, along with NGC 3933, around 1871 with a 7.2-inch
comet-seeker at the Marseille Observatory. His description (6) reads "eF, nearly round, almost
undiscernable" and his micrometric position in AN 1885 matches UGC
6839. Dreyer included the
discovery in the GC Supplement (5589).
The pair was independently found by PechŸle in 1884 in Copenhagen.
******************************
NGC 3935 = UGC
6843 = MCG +06-26-049 = CGCG 186-061 = PGC 37183
11 52 24.1 +32
24 15
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 114d
17.5"
(2/24/90): faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE, small bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3935 = h1001 on 29 Apr 1827 and noted "pB; R;
psbM." His mean position
(from 3 sweeps) is an excellent match with UGC 6843. Alphonse Borrelly's
position in AN 1885 appears to have a typo in RA as he placed this object 23
sec of RA west of NGC 3933. Since
Borrelly listed this object after NGC 3933 in his short table, he may have
communicated the correct RA to Dreyer.
******************************
NGC 3936 = ESO
504-020 = MCG -04-28-004 = UGCA 248 = PGC 37178
11 52 20.5 -26
54 21
V = 12.0; Size 3.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 63d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 3.0'x0.6', fairly
even surface brightness. A mag
10.5 star is 4.8' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3936 = h3367 on 24 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; vmE; 2' l;
15" br; pos of extension = 59.3¡." His position and description match ESO 504-020.
******************************
NGC 3937 = UGC
6851 = MCG +04-28-081 = CGCG 127-088 = PGC 37219
11 52 42.6 +20
37 52
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(4/7/89): moderately bright, very small, slightly elongated, small very bright
core. Brightest in the NGC 3937
group with NGC 3943 9.8' SSE and IC 2968 2.8' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3937 = H III-389 = h1003 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted
"vF, vS." JH made a
single observation and measured an accurate position.
The RNGC equates
NGC 3937 with IC 2968, but IC 2968 is a separate galaxy located 3' west (see
that number).
******************************
NGC 3938 = UGC
6856 = MCG +07-25-001 = CGCG 214-034 = CGCG 215-002 = LGG 269-002 = PGC 37229
11 52 49.4 +44
07 15
V = 10.4; Size 5.4'x4.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly bright, fairly large, large round halo, 3'x3', fairly weak
concentration, core appears elongated E-W, faint stellar nucleus embedded.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3938 = H I-203 = h1002 on 6 Feb 1788 (sweep 810) and recorded
"cB, cL, R pBNM." JH
made two observations, logging on sweep 248 "a superb nebula; B; vL; R; 3'
diam; vgbM; r; is probably a globular cluster."
On 17 Mar 1849,
Johnstone Stoney reported "Suspect it to be a spiral. Lord Rosse and I independently thought
at moments that were saw a ring around the nucleus. Two years later, Bindon Stoney logged "Spiral of the
faintest class. The middle is pB,
but branches vF. Conjectured form
as in diagram [which shows a 3-armed spiral]." Listed as "Spiral or curvilinear" in LdR's 1850 PT
paper.
******************************
NGC 3939 = NGC
3890 = UGC 6788 = MCG +13-09-003 = CGCG 352-008 = PGC 36925
11 49 19.9 +74
18 08
See observing
notes for NGC 3890.
William Herschel
found NGC 3939 = H III-971 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "eF, vS,
R." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911)
matches UGC 6788 and Dreyer
repeated this position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 or
Harold Corwin's full story in his notes for NGC 3752.
WH discovered
this galaxy earlier on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1068) and it was catalogued as
III-940 = NGC 3890. So, NGC 3939
is a duplicate of NGC 3890.
******************************
NGC 3940 = UGC
6852 = MCG +04-28-082 = CGCG 127-089 = PGC 37224
11 52 46.5 +20
59 21
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is
2.4' SE. Member of the NGC 3937
group with NGC 3946 8.2' ENE and NGC 3929 12' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3940 = H III-380 = h1004 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and noted
"F, S." His position is
10 sec of RA following UGC 6852.
WH found NGC 3940 again on 27 Dec 1786 (sweep 671) and noted
"suspected; but doubtful; probably 2 vF and very close stars." On this sweep, CH's reduction is 3' too
far south-southwest, though he didn't equate it with his earlier observation.
******************************
NGC 3941 = UGC
6857 = MCG +06-26-051 = CGCG 186-062 = PGC 37235
11 52 55.3 +36
59 10
V = 10.3; Size 3.6'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 2.5'x1.2', high surface
brightness, small very bright mottled core, substellar nucleus, fairly small
halo. A mag 13.5 star is 1.6' ENE
of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3941 = H I-173 = h1005 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 719) and recorded
"vB, R, NM but very gradually diminishing about 2 1/2' diam." His position (CH's reduction) is 3' too
far north. JH made three
observation and measured a more accurate position. Samuel Hunter, observing with LdR's 72" on 17 Apr 1862,
questioned if it was a "right-handed spiral?"
******************************
NGC 3942 = MCG
-02-30-035 = PGC 37099
11 51 30.1 -11
25 29
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 127d
18"
(3/19/04): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8'x0.6'. Low, even surface brightness with no
discernable core.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3942 = LM II-451 and reported "mag 16.0,
0.8'x0.5', E 160¡, gvlbM." There is nothing near his position, but 1.3 min
of RA due west is MCG -02-30-035 = PGC 37099 and the description is a
reasonable fit. Due to the poor
position, Bigourdan could not find this object.
******************************
NGC 3943 = MCG
+04-28-084 = CGCG 127-090 = PGC 37237
11 52 56.6 +20
28 44
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, small, oval, small bright core. Located 6' NE of mag 7.3 SAO 82020. Located in a group with NGC 3937 9'
NNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3943 on 27 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 2 nights, matches CGCG 127-090 = PGC 37237 and he accurately placed the mag
13 star that precedes by 15.5 sec of RA.
******************************
NGC 3944 = UGC
6859 = MCG +04-28-085 = CGCG 127-091 = CGCG 157-048 = LGG 254-004 = PGC 37244
11 53 05.1 +26
12 25
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.6', brighter
core. Situated between two mag
10.5-11 stars 2.5' W and 3.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3944 = H III-322 = h1007 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and simply
noted "vF, stellar."
CH's reduction is 3.7' southwest of UGC 6859. JH made 3 observations and measured a fairly accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3945 = UGC
6860 = MCG +10-17-096 = CGCG 292-042 = PGC 37258
11 53 13.6 +60
40 32
V = 10.8; Size 5.8'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 15d
17.5"
(4/13/91): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, 2.0'x1.5'. The small, very bright core has sharp
edges and appears mottled with bright spots. The slightly elongated halo is much fainter. Three stars are near; a mag 12 star is
1.3' SW and two mag 13.5 star lie 1.7' NW and 1.3' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3945 = H I-251 = h1006 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and recorded
"vB, perfectly R, BN with F chevelure joining to it by imperceptible
degrees; the whole about 1 1/2' dia.
CH's reduced position is 16 tsec of RA too small. JH made two observations and logged on
sweep 344 "B; R; psbM; 60"; a star precedes 8 sec of time from neb in
PA 215.9¡."
******************************
NGC 3946 = MCG
+04-28-089 = CGCG 127-096 = PGC 37268
11 53 20.6 +21
01 17
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, extremely small, round. Located 3.0' ENE of a mag 10.5 star. Member of the NGC 3937 group with NGC
3954 9.6' SE and NGC 3940 8' W.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3946 = Big 49, along with NGC 3948, on 23 Apr
1886. His position is an exact
match with CGCG 127-096 = PGC 37268.
******************************
NGC 3947 = UGC
6863 = MCG +04-28-088 = CGCG 127-095 = PGC 37264
11 53 20.3 +20
45 06
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(4/7/89): moderately bright, fairly small, oval E-W. A mag 15.5 star is at the east edge 0.9' from center. Located 3.2' SE of a mag 10 star. Member of the NGC 3937 group with CGCG
127-092 6.0' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3947 = H II-403 = h1008 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and recorded
"F, S, irr F." His
position is 17 sec too far west. He measured a more accurate position on two later
observations, including 27 Dec 1785 (sweep 671). JH recorded "F; mE; bM; a coarse D * precedes."
******************************
NGC 3948
11 53 36.7 +20
57 03
=*, Corwin
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3948 = Big 50 on 23 Jun 1886. There are no galaxies at his position,
which is 14 sec of RA east and 4' south of NGC 3946, which he also discovered. At this offset, though is a mag 13.4
star. RNGC misidentifies NGC 3954
as NGC 3948.
******************************
NGC 3949 = UGC
6869 = MCG +08-22-029 = CGCG 243-025 = Holm 301a = PGC 37290
11 53 41.6 +47
51 31
V = 11.1; Size 2.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/7/89): bright, fairly large, oval NW-SE, broad concentration, substellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
3950 1.8' N (appears stellar). A
mag 15 star lies 3.0' NE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3949 = H I-202 = h1009 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and logged
"pB or cB, pS, lE." JH made two observations, first logging "B;
mE; vgbM." Nearby NGC 3950
was found at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 3950 = MCG
+08-22-030: = Holm 301b = PGC 37294
11 53 41.3 +47
53 05
V = 15.5; Size 0.4'x0.35'
17.5"
(4/7/89): seen as an extremely faint mag 15.5-16.0 stellar object located 1.8'
N of NGC 3949. The redshift-based
light travel time is nearly 1 billion years!
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Lord Rosse, discovered NGC 3950 on 31 Mar 1872. While observing NGC 3949 = GC 2604 he
noted a "companion nebula north about 2.5'." On 27 Apr 1875, Dreyer's micrometric
measurement placed the nova in position angle 356.5¡ (north), distance
154.6". There is a very faint
galaxy, PGC 37294, close north but the separation is only 1.6', so Dreyer's
offset is 1' too far north.
Despite the error, this galaxy was likely seen at Birr Castle. Karl Reinmuth identifies this galaxy as
NGC 3950 in his 1926 photographic survey Die Herschel-Nebel.
The RNGC
position is 4' north of NGC 3949.
Dorothy Carlson misidentifies NGC 3950 as a star.
******************************
NGC 3951 = UGC
6867 = MCG +04-28-090 = CGCG 127-099 = PGC 37288
11 53 41.2 +23
22 56
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 172d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.9'x0.5', weak
concentration. Brightest in a
string of five galaxies including UGC 6846 and 6855 to the NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3951 = H III-342 = h1010 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, vS, lE." JH noted
"vF; S; R" and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3952 = MCG
-01-30-044 = IC 2972 = PGC 37285
11 53 40.6 -03
59 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 85d
17.5" (5/10/86):
fairly faint, thin edge-on, faint arms ~E-W, brighter core. Located 7.5' SSE of mag 8.3 SAO 138460.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3952 = H III-612 = h1012 on 11 Mar 1787 (sweep 709) and noted
"vF, cS, E." CH's
reduction is 2' north of MCG -01-30-044 = PGC 37285. JH made 3 observations and on sweep 147 called it "F;
lE; nearly in parallel; resolvable??"
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy on 23 Mar 1895 and reported XI-127 = IC 2972 as "vF; pS;
R; 2 B stars n and np; s of 2 [with IC 2969]." His position is very close to NGC 3952, so its surprising
that neither Swift nor Dreyer realized the equivalence NGC 3952 = IC 2972.
******************************
NGC 3953 = UGC
6870 = MCG +09-20-026 = CGCG 269-013 = PGC 37306
11 53 48.8 +52
19 35
V = 10.1; Size 6.9'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 13d
17.5"
(3/19/88): very bright, very large, elongated ~N-S, 5'x2', very bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is
at the west edge 0.9' from the center and a brighter mag 11 star is off the NE
side 2.7' from center. Visible in
16x80 finder.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3953 = H V-45 = h1011 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"cB, Br N with F branches, 6 or 7' l, 3 or 4' br." JH reported "B; L; vsbM; r; 3'
diam. Fine object."
It has been
proposed that NGC 3953, and not NGC 3992, is the object discovered by Pierre
MŽchain, and associated with M109.
See http://www.astrobril.nl/FortinOther.html#M109
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant on 3 Mar 1851, reported "S neb, vF, 6' npp." Although this object was not mentioned
again in 3 later observations at Birr Castle, it probably refers to 16th
magnitude PGC 2412642, 4.5' WNW of center (Steinicke concurs). R.J. Mitchell sketched the galaxy on 19
Apr 1857 at Birr Castle (included in LdR's 1861 publication).
******************************
NGC 3954 = UGC
6866 = MCG +04-28-091 = CGCG 127-098 = PGC 37291
11 53 41.7 +20
52 57
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms the northern vertex
of an isosceles triangle with a mag 10 star 4.4' SSE and a mag 11 star 4.2'
SSW. Member of the NGC 3937 group
with NGC 3947 10' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3954 = H III-381 = h1013 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and noted
"vF, R." His re-reduced
position is 10 sec of RA following UGC 6866. CH made a 2¡ 25' error in reducing the declination, so JH
assumed h1013 was new. His
position is just 40" southeast of center.
******************************
NGC 3955 = ESO
504-026 = MCG -04-28-005 = PGC 37320
11 53 57.1 -23
09 50
V = 11.9; Size 2.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 165d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 NNW-SSE,
2.3'x0.6', broad concentration to a 1.5' diameter core. A mag 14.5 star is just preceding the
NNW tip 1.1' from center. Located
4.7' SW of mag 8.9 SAO 180282.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3955 = H II-623 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660) and recorded
"vF, S, E. Near the meridian
but a few deg. from np to sf., a little brighter south of the
middle." His position and
description matches ESO 504-026.
******************************
NGC 3956 = ESO
572-013 = MCG -03-30-016 = UGCA 251 = PGC 37325
11 54 00.9 -20
34 01
V = 12.1; Size 3.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 58d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE. Broad concentration with no
well-defined core. Halo gradually
fades into background, so difficult to estimate size but roughly 3.2'x1.0'
(slightly larger than similar NGC 3955).
Located 4.5' SE of mag 8.6 SAO 180275.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3956 = H III-290 = h3368 on 10 Mar 1785 (sweep 709) and logged
"eF, pL, broadly elongated from a few degrees sp to nf." JH made a single observation and
recorded "F; pL; mE; glbM; 60"; pos 236.8¡." Both Herschels measured accurate
positions.
******************************
NGC 3957 = ESO
572-014 = MCG -03-30-017 = IC 2965 = PGC 37326
11 54 01.5 -19
34 09
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 173d
13.1"
(2/23/85): moderately bright, edge-on spindle 4:1 N-S. NGC 3981 lies 35' SE.
8"
(5/21/82): very faint, small, spindle-shape.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3957 = H II-294 = Sw XI-124 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and
recorded "F, S, E, r."
His position is just 1' too far east.
Lewis Swift
probably found this galaxy again on 20 Feb 1898 and reported "B, S, eE, a
ray." Dreyer assumed this was
a new nebula, which he catalogued as IC 2965. There is nothing at Swift's position, but 3.5 tmin of time
east (same declination) is NGC 3957 and the description fits. Harold Corwin suggests NGC 3957 = IC
2965, the only plausible candidate he could find.
******************************
NGC 3958 = UGC
6880 = MCG +10-17-098 = CGCG 292-043 = LGG 251-006 = PGC 37358
11 54 33.6 +58
22 01
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 28d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, slightly
brighter core. A mag 14 star lies
~30" N. Located 8.2' SSW of
NGC 3963.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3958 = H II-833 = h1014 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted
"F, S." JH made two
similar observations and measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3959 = MCG
-01-30-046 = PGC 37363
11 54 37.7 -07
45 24
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, round, small bright core. Located midway between a mag 13 star 30" off the SE
edge and a mag 13.5 star 30" off the NW edge. Forms a pair with NGC 3967 10' SE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3959 = T V-11, along with NGC 3967, on 19 May 1881 and noted
"between two star mag 14 and 16.". His micrometric position (measured twice) matches MCG
-01-30-046 = PGC 37363, as the comment clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 3960 = ESO
170-SC14 = Cr 250 = Mel 108
11 50 33 -55 40
36
V = 8.3; Size 7'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): roughly 30 fainter stars are resolved in a 6' group
over unresolved background haze.
The cluster is moderately bright, weakly compressed and rich in faint
stars although it does not contain any stars brighter than 12th magnitude! Located 1.5 degrees due north of the
"Blue Planetary", NGC 3918.
NGC 3882 lies 56' SW. This is an old open cluster with an age of roughly
one billion years.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3960 = D 349 = h3369 on 30 Apr 1826 and described "a pretty
large, faint nebula, 6' or 7' diameter, easily resolvable with slight
compression of the stars to the centre, or rather towards the following side of
the centre." His position is
just 5' south-southeast of center (relatively small error for him). JH only observed this cluster on one
sweep (5 Apr 1837) and noted "cluster, VI class, pretty rich, irregular
figure, round with long appendages, gradually pretty much brighter to the
middle, 9', stars 13th magnitude."
******************************
NGC 3961 = UGC
6885 = CGCG 334-055 = PGC 37390
11 54 57.6 +69
19 48
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9
18"
(3/5/05): faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, slightly brighter
core. With averted vision the
faint halo grows to 40".
Situated between a mag 14 star 1' SW and a mag 14.5 star 1.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3961 = H III-905 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and noted "eF,
vS, 300x confirmed it." His position matches UGC 6885 = PGC 37390 although
this galaxy was not found by Bigourdan and it was listed as a dubious object by
Father Hagen.
******************************
NGC 3962 = MCG
-02-30-040 = UGCA 253 = PGC 37366
11 54 40.1 -13
58 30
V = 10.7; Size 2.6'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/11/96): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated 5:4 N-S,
2.0'x1.7'. Sharply concentrated
with a bright 25" core and increasing to a nonstellar nucleus. Forms a right triangle with two mag
10.5 stars 2.2' S and 3.1' SSE.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3962 = H I-67 = h3370 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and logged
"cB, pL, mbM, iF." JH
made two observations from the Cape of Good Hope and first logged "vB; R;
psmbM; 40"; forms a triangle with 2 stars 10-11m." His position matches MCG -02-30-040 =
PGC 37366.
******************************
NGC 3963 = UGC
6884 = MCG +10-17-100 = CGCG 292-044 = LGG 251-007 = PGC 37386
11 54 58.7 +58
29 37
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.9
18"
(5/31/03): moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, 2.5'x2.0',
fairly low irregular surface brightness.
Asymmetric appearance with the slightly brighter core offset from center
and one or two faint stars or
knots embedded near the edge of the halo (breezy conditions and fairly poor
seeing made confirmation difficult).
Forms a pair with NGC 3958 8.2' SSW.
17.5"
(5/2/92): moderately bright, moderately large, round, 2' diameter, irregular
surface brightness. A mag 14.5
star is at the SSW edge of the halo 0.5' from the center. The very small core of the galaxy
appears to be just NE of this star.
A non-stellar knot is clearly visible with averted vision at the NE edge
of the halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3963 = H IV-67 = h1015 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded
"pB, vL, R. The greatest part
of it equally bright, then fading away pretty suddenly. Between 2 and 3' dia." His re-reduced position (with respect
to 66 UMa) is 20 sec of RA too large, but JH measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3964 = MCG
+05-28-043 = CGCG 157-050 = PGC 37375
11 54 53.4 +28
15 45
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 76d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, starry center. A mag 11.5 star lies 0.9' NNE of
center. Very close to the Leo-Ursa
Major border.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3964 = h1016 on 30 Mar 1827 and recorded "A * 10m with eF
neb 45¡ sp; 30". The neb by a
diagram made at the time is oval, and forms a kind of appendage to the
star." His positions on 3
sweeps and descriptions point directly to CGCG 157-050 = PGC 37375.
******************************
NGC 3965 = PGC
157086
11 54 23.1 -10
52 01
Size
0.6'x0.4'; PA = 123d
24"
(3/22/14): very faint, small, round, 12"-15" diameter. Immediately picked up once the position
was centered at 375x. Located
11.8' NNW of mag 8.2 HD 103449.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3965 = LM II-452 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His notes mention "mag 16.0, 0.1' dia, R, bMN, *9.5 np
4'." There is nothing at his
position, but Harold Corwin identifies LEDA 157086 = 2MASX J11542315-1052003 as
NGC 3965. This faint galaxy is
located 43 tsec west of Leavenworth's position (a typical error with the LM
discoveries) and a mag 11 star 4.4' NW matches Leavenworth's description. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3966 = NGC
3986 = UGC 6920 = MCG +05-28-053 = CGCG 157-058 = PGC 37544
11 56 44.1 +32
01 17
See observing
notes for NGC 3986.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3966 on 8 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 12-13
star that precedes by 4.1 seconds of time and 22" south (separation of
49" from the nebula) but there is nothing at his single position. Max Wolf suggested in list VIII that
d'Arrest's RA was off by 30 seconds and Dreyer copied this
"correction" into the IC 2 notes. The corrected position matches CGCG 157-056 = IC 2981
(see that number) and RNGC, MCG, CGCG and PGC identify CGCG 157-056 as NGC
3966.
But Harold
Corwin (e-mail from 6 Mar 1998) notes that NGC 3986 has a star at the exact
separation given by d'Arrest, although this galaxy is over 20' southeast of
d'Arrest's position (one of his few very poor positions). Curiously, d'Arrest mentions he was
searching for h1027 = NGC 3986!
So, NGC 3966 = NGC 3986.
See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3967 = MCG
-01-30-047 = PGC 37398
11 55 10.4 -07
50 37
V = 10.7; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 11.1; PA = 118d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, small bright
core. A mag 13.5 star is 1' ENE. A
semicircle of five stars with a 4' diameter is about 5' SE. NGC 3959 lies 10' NW. This galaxy does not appear as bright
as listed magnitude V = 10.7.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3967 = T V-13, along with NGC 3959, on 19 May 1881. His micrometric position (measured
twice) matches MCG -01-30-047 = PGC 37398, as well as his comment "a mag
11 star follows and 3'-4' south."
******************************
NGC 3968 = UGC
6895 = MCG +02-30-045 = CGCG 068-092 = CGCG 069-004 = PGC 37429
11 55 28.8 +11
58 07
V = 11.8; Size 2.7'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/11/02): moderately bright and large, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 2'x1.3'. The halo is pretty diffuse but
brightens fairly suddenly to a distinct core and occasional stellar nucleus. Located 2.6' WSW of mag 9.8 SAO 99868
and 3¡ SE of Denebola. Also two
mag 11 stars are 4.5' NNW and 5' N.
Together with the mag 9.8 star the galaxy forms the SW vertex of a
rectangle with these two mag 11 stars.
Forms a close pair with NGC 3973 2.7' NE (missed by John Herschel).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3968 = H II-162 = h1018 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded
"not vF, pL, iR, r, vlb towards the following part." His position
(CH's reduction) is 2.3' southeast of UGC 68985. JH made two observations and logged (sweep 242) "pB; R;
vgbM; a * 10m 25¡ nf, dist 4'-5'."
******************************
NGC 3969 = ESO
572-017 = MCG -03-30-020 = PGC 37396
11 55 09.2 -18
55 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 64d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.8'. Weak, even concentration to an
ill-defined brighter core. Located
3.7' S of a mag 10 star. A mag 12
star is 1.8' ENE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3969 = LM II-453 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. He reported "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, gbMN, *10 in PA
340¡ at 4' distance." There is nothing at his position, but 10' south is
ESO 572-017 and a mag 10 star matching his description is 3.8'
north-northwest. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position (given in the IC 2 Notes section) with the
20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 3970 = MCG
-02-30-041 = PGC 37425
11 55 28.1 -12
03 41
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 98d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5'. Contains a round, very small, bright
core with faint extensions. A mag
11 star is 2.3' SSE. Forms a pair
with NGC 3974 3.6' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3970 = h1020, along with NGC 3974, on 9 Mar 1828 and noted
"F; S; R; psbM; 15". The
p of 2."
******************************
NGC 3971 = NGC
3984: = UGC 6899 = MCG +05-28-047 = CGCG 157-054 = PGC 37443
11 55 36.4 +29
59 45
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, moderate surface
brightness. Collinear with a 3'
string of three equal mag 12.5 stars to the SSE (closest 3' S).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3971 = H II-724 = h1019 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 805) and noted
"F, vS." JH recorded
"pB; R; bM. An exact
obs." His position matches
UGC 6899. See comments for NGC
3984, which may be a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 3972 = UGC
6904 = MCG +09-20-032 = CGCG 269-016 = Holm 304a = LGG 241-006 = PGC 37466
11 55 45.2 +55
19 13
V = 12.3; Size 3.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 120d
18"
(4/30/11): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2 NW-SE,
2.0'x0.6', weak concentration. Two
mag 13.4 stars to the southwest are nearly collinear with the core of the
galaxy. Observed Supernova 2011by,
which was discovered just a few days previously on April 26. It was situtated 19" N and 5"
of the nucleus and was easily visible even in darkening twilight. The magnitude was pretty similar to the
two stars on the southwest side.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, almost even
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with NGC 3977 5.4' NE. NGC 3990
and NGC 3992 lie 20' NE and NGC 3982 is 13' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3972 = H II-789 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted "Two,
the first [NGC 3972] pB, E. The
second [NGC 3977], F, S." His single position is 3' west of UGC 6904, but
d'Arrest measured an accurate position on 7 Oct 1866.
******************************
NGC 3973 = MCG
+02-31-001 = CGCG 068-093 = CGCG 069-005 = PGC 37439
11 55 37.0 +11
59 51
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(5/11/02): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3'. Nearly lost in the glare of mag 9.8 SAO
99868 just 45" SSE. This
galaxy is the faint companion of NGC 3968 2.7' SW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3973 with LdR's 72" on 15 Mar 1855, while observing NGC
3968. He simply noted "[NGC
3968] is pF, R, sbM. Nova
nf." It was seen again by
Dreyer on 16 Apr 1876 as "an eeF object, most probably an eS neb" at
56" separation in PA 318.6¡ from a mag 10 star.
******************************
NGC 3974 = MCG
-02-31-001 = PGC 37452
11 55 40.2 -12
01 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/11/96): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 1.0' diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
1.4' preceding. Fainter of pair
with NGC 3970 3.6' SW. Located 20'
WNW of mag 7 SAO 157002.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3974 = h1021, along with NGC 3964, on 9 Mar 1828 and recorded
"vF; S; R; bM; 15". The
f of 2."
******************************
NGC 3975 = MCG
+10-17-103 = Holm 306b = PGC 37480
11 55 53.7 +60
31 46
V = 15.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/13/91): extremely faint, small, round, very low even surface brightness,
requires averted vision. Forms a
pair with NGC 3978 2.0' ESE.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Lord Rosse, discovered NGC 3975 on 21 Feb 1874 and recorded as
a "vF, vS knot" 17.2 sec preceding and 32" north of [NGC
3978]. "It was quite
certainly and repeatedly seen by Lord Rosse and Copeland." This offset points to MCG +10-17-103 =
PGC 37480.
This galaxy is
mentioned in the UGC notes to NGC 3978, though questioned if it is NGC
3975. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes on Lewis Swift's IC 3166, which may be a duplicate
observation.
******************************
NGC 3976 = UGC
6906 = MCG +01-31-001 = CGCG 041-006 = Holm 305a = PGC 37483
11 55 57.3 +06
44 56
V = 11.5; Size 3.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 53d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, thin edge-on WSW-ENE, small bright core is
possibly stellar.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3976 = H II-132 = h1022 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged
"pL, E, pBM, r." JH
recorded (sweep 117) "B; E 30¡ nf to sp; vsmbM to nearly a star. The arms very faint."
Johann Palisa
found this galaxy on 26 Mar 1886 with the 26" Clark refractor at the
Vienna Observatory and thought it was new. His micrometric position in AN 2782 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3977 = NGC
3980 = UGC 6909 = MCG +09-20-034 = CGCG 269-017 = Holm 304b = PGC 37497
11 56 07.2 +55
23 26
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.3
18"
(4/30/11): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
40"x35", weak even concentration to a small brighter core. Located 5.4' NE of NGC 3972 in a group.
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 3972 5.4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3977 = H II-790 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted "Two,
the first [NGC 3972] pB, E. The
second [NGC 3977], F, S." His single position is 3' west of NGC 3972 and
no offset was given for II-790. But Dreyer reobserved this galaxy on 31 May
1878 at Birr Castle and noted "nf one F, R, Pos 37.7¡, Dist 323.3"
[from NGC 3972].
Lewis Swift
independently discovered the galaxy on 16 Apr 1885 and described Sw I-18 = NGC
3980 as "eF; pL; pE; v diff; D neb nr." His position is just 7 sec of RA east of NGC 3977, though
perhaps Dreyer decided it was new as Swift's description didn't agree well with
H's.
******************************
NGC 3978 = UGC
6910 = MCG +10-17-105 = CGCG 292-047 = Holm 306a = PGC 37502
11 56 10.3 +60
31 21
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration. Located just 4' W of mag 8.0 SAO 15664 and
7.6' ENE of a mag 9.5 star. A mag
13 star is 1.7' SSE. Forms a pair
with NGC 3975 2' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3978 = H II-840 = h1023 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"F, S, bM." CH's reduced
position is 3' south of UGC 6919.
JH made two observations and measured an accurate position. Harold Corwin suggests IC 3180 may be a
duplicate observation. See his
notes on that number.
******************************
NGC 3979 = UGC
6907 = MCG +00-31-003 = CGCG 013-005 = IC 2976 = PGC 37488
11 56 01.1 -02
43 15
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 112d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.5', even
concentration to a very small brighter core. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.0' NNE of center.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3979 on 23 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory and recorded "pF, the nebula precedes DM 2593, 42s
[of time]. A star 11.5 north and following 30"." His
position and description matches UGC 6907.
Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy on 27 Apr 1886 and reported it as new in list
III-61. Both Holden and Swift are credited in the NGC. Swift found the galaxy
again 11 years later on 23 May 1897, while observing at Echo Mountain in
southern California. His last observation was off by 1.5 min in RA and
Dreyer, assuming Sw XI-129 was new, catalogued it as IC 2976. Corwin
notes this galaxy was "discovered twice by Lewis Swift, once toward the
beginning of his systematic sweeping for new nebulae (April 1886), and once
toward the end (May 1897)." So, NGC 3979 = IC 2976, with discovery
priority to Holden.
******************************
NGC 3980 = NGC
3977 = UGC 6909 = MCG +09-20-034 = CGCG 269-017 = PGC 37497
11 56 07.2 +55
23 26
See observing
notes for NGC 3977.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3980 = Sw I-18 on 16 Apr 1885 and noted eF; pL; pE; v diff; D
neb nr." His position is just
7 sec of RA east of NGC 3977 (discovered by WH in 1789). Both Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 NGC
correction paper, and Harold Corwin equate NGC 3980 with NGC 3977. The
"D[ouble] neb nr" might apply to NGC 3990 and 3998, though the NGC
description reads "D star nr", which would then apply to a mag 12/13
double star 2.5' east-southeast.
Another possibility is that NGC 3980 refers to NGC 3972. This galaxy is a better fit with
Swift's description "pL; pE", but it is further off in position (6'
southwest).
******************************
NGC 3981 = Arp
289 = VV 8a = ESO 572-020 = MCG -03-31-001 = UGCA 255 = PGC 37496
11 56 07.1 -19
53 49
V = 11.3; Size 5.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15d
48"
(4/20/17): at 488x; bright, large, very elongated 4:1 SSW-NNE, ~2.5'x0.6'. The central region consists of a bright
very elongated bar-like core that condenses to a small brighter nucleus. A fairly thin, straight arm is evident
extending north by over 1' on the east side of the galaxy. The counterpart extending south on the
west side was more difficult to distinguish from the halo on the south
side. A low contrast knot (VV 8b)
was visible on the south tip of this arm [1.2' SSW of center]. Vorontsov-Velyaminov interpreted this
knot as a companion attached at the end of a spiral arm. A mag 13 star is 1' E and mag 9.8 HD
103615 is 4.3' NW.
13.1"
(2/16/85): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
off the east edge 1.0' from the center.
The galaxy forms the east vertex of a rough isosceles triangle with two
mag 10 stars 4.2' NW and 5.0' SSW.
ESO 572-023, located 13' ENE, appeared faint, very small, round,
brighter core. I'm surprised this
galaxy was missed by Herschel.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3981 = H III-274 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and noted "vF,
pL, iF." His position is just
1' too far east.
******************************
NGC 3982 = UGC
6918 = MCG +09-20-036 = CGCG 269-019 = PGC 37520
11 56 28.1 +55
07 29
V = 11.0; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.5
18"
(4/30/11): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter. Broad concentration but no real zones,
though the center is slightly brighter.
Two mag 12/13 stars lie 3.5' S.
Located 23' SW of NGC 3998 in a group of 6 galaxies. See Hubble image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2010/36/image/a/
17.5"
(5/2/92): bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 N-S, 2.0'x1.5', broad
concentration but does not have a well-defined core except for a faint stellar
nucleus or very faint star superimposed at center. A wide pair (1.0' separation) of mag 11 and 12 stars lie
3.5' S. Forms a wide pair with NGC
3972 13' NW.
17.5"
(4/18/98): 13th magnitude supernova SNGC 1998aq was an easy object within the
outer halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3982 = H IV-62 = h1017 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"cB, quite R. A large place
in the middle of nearly an equal brightness; towards the margin suddenly less
bright." JH called this
object "B; pL; R; nearly uniform, but hazy; diam 25"." His RA is exactly 1.0 tmin too large,
but Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position (on 5 nights). Ralph Copeland, observing with LdR's
72" in 1878, noted "definition not good, but feel sure that is a
globular cluster."
******************************
NGC 3983 = UGC
6914 = MCG +04-28-098 = CGCG 127-108 = PGC 37514
11 56 23.7 +23
52 05
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 114d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, elongated 3-1 WNW-ESE, 0.9'x0.3', very faint stellar
nucleus. Appears to have a
brighter bar along the major axis.
Located 80' SSW of the NGC 4005 group (possible member?).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3983 = H III-343 = h1024 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, vS." JH logged
"F; S; R; psbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3984 = NGC
3971: = UGC 6899 = MCG +05-28-047 = CGCG 157-054 = PGC 37443
11 55 36.4 +29
59 45
See observing
notes for NGC 3971 and UGC 6943 (identified as NGC 3984 in modern
catalogues). Identification not
certain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3984 = h1026 on 10 Apr 1831 and recorded "eF; R: bM;
25"." He later added
"Supposed at the time to be II.724 [NGC 3971], but on reducing the obs, it
differs 1 min in RA and 1 deg in PD, BOTH which can hardly be
mistakes." There is nothing
at his position.
Modern
catalogues (including RC3) label UGC 6943, an extremely low surface brightness
face-on spiral with two stars nearly superimposed, as NGC 3984. This galaxy is 1 min 15 sec of RA
following JH's position as well as 2.5' north. This identification seems very unlikely due to the faintness
of the galaxy and the fact that the bright nearby stars were not
mentioned. Malcolm Thomson
concludes that NGC 3984 is nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
agrees that the NGC 3984 UGC 6943 but feels that despite errors in both RA
and Dec, NGC 3984 is most likely a reobservation of NGC 3971. These entries were recorded on
different sweeps and although NGC 3971 was described as "pB, R, bM",
there are many situations where Herschel made very discordant estimates of
brightness. See his identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 3985 = UGC
6921 = MCG +08-22-045 = CGCG 243-031 = PGC 37542
11 56 42.0 +48
20 02
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 73d
17.5"
(4/7/89): moderately bright, moderately large, oval WSW-ENE, broad moderate
concentration, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3985 = H III-707 = h1025 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"vF, vS. Another still
fainter and smaller suspected sf."
The latter object is either a faint star or nonexistent as there is only
a single galaxy here. Soon after
"A thick fog came up at once; it has been below all the evening."
******************************
NGC 3986 = NGC
3966 = UGC 6920 = MCG +05-28-053 = CGCG 157-058 = PGC 37544
11 56 44.1 +32
01 17
V = 12.6; Size 3.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 110d
17.5"
(2/24/90): faint, small, edge-on E-W, bulging core. A close double star is located just 0.8' SW of the center
consisting of mag 13 and 14 stars with separation 9" oriented N-S. Member of the NGC 3995 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3986 = h1027 on 29 Apr 1827 and logged "E nearly in
parallel [east-west]; a * 11m near." His mean position (3 observations)
matches UGC 6920. NGC 3966, found
by d'Arrest on 8 May 1864, is a duplicate observation. See notes for NGC 3966.
******************************
NGC 3987 = UGC
6928 = MCG +04-28-099 = CGCG 127-110 = WBL 368-001 = Holm 308c = LGG 261-001 =
PGC 37591
11 57 20.9 +25
11 42
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 58d
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE,
1.5'x0.4', large bright core, irregular surface brightness. First of 4 in a string with NGC 3989
2.6' NE, NGC 3993 4.7' NE and NGC 3997 7.7' NE. A mag 10.5 star is 2.4' N.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Located 2.5' S of a mag 10.5 star. Member of the NGC 3987/4005 group with
NGC 3989 2.6' NE, NGC 3993 4.6' NE and NGC 3997 7.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3987 = H III-323, along with III-324 (either NGC 3993 or 3997)
on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded "vF, lE. Suspected another eF,
about 5' or 6' nef. I was pretty
sure of it." His single
position is 2' west of UGC 6928.
In the NGC,
Dreyer mistakenly assigned H III-323 (with a question mark) to NGC 4015, found
by R.J. Mitchell at Birr Castle on 27 Apr 1854. And in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William
Herschel", Dreyer incorrectly equated H III-323 with "Theta"
(NGC 3993), based on Auwer's reduction.
******************************
NGC 3988 = MCG
+05-28-057 = CGCG 157-061 = PGC 37609
11 57 24.2 +27
52 39
V = 13.3; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Weak even concentration to center but
no core. First of three on a line
with NGC 4004 9' E and IC 2982 6' E.
A mag 11 star is 5' following (near IC 2982).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3988 = h1028 on 13 Apr 1831 recorded "vF; R; gbM. The first of 2 [with NGC
4004]." On a later sweep he
logged "vF; S; R; sbM like a *.
The p of 2 with several stars between them." His position matches CGCG 157-061 = PGC
37609.
******************************
NGC 3989 = MCG
+04-28-100 = CGCG 127-111 = WBL 368-002 = LGG 260-005 = Holm 308d = PGC 37599
11 57 26.7 +25
13 58
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 135d
24"
(3/22/14): very faint, small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1.2' E of a mag 10.5 star and
2.6' NNE of NGC 3987. NGC 3993 is
2.6' E.
17.5"
(3/19/88): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 1.2' E of a mag 10 star. Member of the NGC 4007 group with NGC 3987 2.5' SSW and NGC
3993 2.7' ENE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3989 at Birr Castle on 27 Apr 1854 and was labeled
"Xi" on the later constructed sketch. Although a micrometric position was not measured, the
identification with CGCG 127-111 = PGC 37599 is certain.
******************************
NGC 3990 = UGC
6938 = MCG +09-20-043 = CGCG 269-024 = Holm 310b = PGC 37618
11 57 35.6 +55
27 31
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 40d
18"
(4/30/11): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 0.4'x0.3'. Located
2.9' W of brighter NGC 3998.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, small bright
core. Forms a pair with NGC 3998
2.9' E. Located 4.4' S of mag 9.2
SAO 28204.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3990 = H II-791 = h1029, along with NGC 3998, on 14 Apr 1789
(sweep 920) and recorded both as "Two, the last [NGC 3998] cB or vB, R,
vgbM. The preceding [NGC 3990] pB,
E, S."
******************************
NGC 3991 = Arp
313 "Group" = VV 523 = Haro 5 = KTG 39A = UGC 6933 = MCG +06-26-060 =
CGCG 186-073 = Holm 309c = PGC 37613
11 57 31.1 +32
20 16
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 33d
24"
(5/25/14): moderately to fairly bright, very elongated 4:1 SSW-NNE,
1.0'x0.25'. At 375x, this
irregular galaxy has a striking, asymmetric appearance with a very bright,
elongated knot (site of very active star formation), 15"x8", at the
NNE end. At 375x the knot is
slightly skewed to the major axis of the longer (but fainter) portion of the
galaxy. There is no central
brightening, in fact, the galaxy dims just south-southwest of the knot (though
not completely detaching the knot) and then brightens along the southern half.
At best, there was a very small, inconspicuous core. First in an excellent trio
(KTG 39) with NGC 3994 3.8' SSE and the remarkable NGC 3995 3.8' SE.
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.3'. This object has a bright stellar knot
at the NNE end (about 25" from the center) giving an unusual asymmetric
appearance! First of three
striking elongated systems with NGC 3994 3.7' SSE and NGC 3995 3.9' SE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3991, along with NGC 3995, on 5 Feb 1864 with the
11" refractor at the Copenhagen Observatory. His position (measured on 3 nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3992 = M109
= UGC 6937 = MCG +09-20-044 = CGCG 269-023 = PGC 37617
11 57 35.9 +53
22 29
V = 9.8; Size 7.6'x4.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 68d
48"
(4/20/17): stunning showpiece barred spiral! The central bar extends 1.5' in length SW-NE and is
highlighted by an extremely bright, rounder nucleus. Striking spiral arms wrap around the bar/nucleus forming an
oval ring, with brighter "handles" at the ends of the bar. A pair of outer spiral arms, ~6'x4',
extend west on the north side and east on the south side. A mag 13 star is superimposed [50"
NNW of center].
18"
(5/14/07): bright, large, elongated 3:2 or 5:3 SW-NE, ~6.5'x4'. The galaxy lies between a mag 9.5 star
5' SW and a mag 12 star 3.4' NE of center, just beyond the edge of the
halo. The galaxy is sharply
concentrated with a fainter halo and a bright, oval core that increases
slightly to a faint stellar nucleus.
With averted vision, the halo is quite extensive and reaches to the mag
12 star to the northeast. The halo
appears mottled or dusty with an impression of spiral structure. A mag 12.5 star is superimposed less
than 1' N of the center and another mag 12 star is near the SW end.
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, large, elongated 5:3 SW-NE, at least 6.0'x3.5', broadly
concentrated halo, large faint halo.
A mag 13 star is superimposed on the halo 50" NNW of center. A mag 13 star is at the NE edge of the
halo 3.4' from center. Located
5.1' NE of mag 9.3 SAO 28199 and 39' SE of mag 2.4 Gamma UMa. Forms a pair with UGC 6923 15' SSW.
13"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, large, elongated SW-NE, bright core, diffuse
halo. A star is superimposed NW of
the core.
Charles Messier
probably discovered M109 = NGC 3992 = H IV-61 = h1030 in March or April 1781
and added a position by hand in his personal copy of the catalog. MŽchain has been given credit for
discovery of this object, but according to the SEDS page, his position
corresponds well with NGC 3953, not NGC 3992. See http://www.astrobril.nl/FortinOther.html#M109
WH independently
discovered NGC 3992 = H IV-61 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded "pB,
cB Ncl with vF extended branches about 30¡ np to sf, 5 or 6' long, 3 or 4'
br." He recorded it again on
the next sweep as "cB, vL, Br Ncl with vF elongated branches 7 or 8'
long"
******************************
NGC 3993 = UGC
6935 = MCG +04-28-101 = CGCG 127-112 = Holm 308A = LGG 260-002 = WBL 368-003 =
PGC 37619
11 57 37.8 +25
14 25
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 141d
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2 NW-SE,
1.2'x0.35', weak concentration.
Two mag 11.5-12 stars are off the NW end. Sandwiched between NGC 3997 3.0' NE and NGC 3987 4.7'
SE. Also NGC 3989 is 2.5' W.
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, broad concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 3989 2.7'
WSW. Member of the NGC 4007 group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3993 on 25 Apr 1854 and it was labeled "Eta" on the
constructed sketch of the group made at Birr Castle. In a later observation, a very faint star was noted close
south-following and two mag 11-12 stars north-preceding. The micrometric position is very accurate.
Harold Corwin
notes that WH's III-324 refers to NGC 3997 and not NGC 3993 as Dreyer assigned
in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH". But Wolfgang Steinicke lists WH as the discoverer of NGC
3993 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393), probably due to the better match in position.
******************************
NGC 3994 = Arp
313 NED1 = VV 249b = KTG 39B = UGC 6936 = MCG +06-26-059 = CGCG 186-074 = Holm
309b = PGC 37616
11 57 36.9 +32
16 39
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 10d
24"
(5/25/14): at 375x appeared fairly bright, elongated oval 5:2 SSW-NNE,
0.8'x35', well concentrated with a very bright core. Second in a striking trio (KTG 39) with NGC 3995 1.9' NE and
NGC 3991 3.8' NNW.
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, prominent
core. Second of three elongated
systems with NGC 3991 3.8' NNW and NGC 3995 1.8' NE. Located 5' WNW of mag 6.4 SAO 62774.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3994 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11" refractor at the
Copenhagen Observatory. His
position, measured on 3 nights, is accurate and he accurately placed a mag 15
star (called 17th magnitude) the precedes by 4 seconds due west.
******************************
NGC 3995 = Arp
313 NED2 = VV 249a = KTG 39C = UGC 6944 = MCG +06-26-061 = CGCG 186-075 = Holm
309a = PGC 37624
11 57 44.1 +32
17 39
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 33d
24"
(5/25/14): fairly bright striking galaxy with unusual asymmetric structure,
fairly large, elongated roughly 5:2 SSW-NNE, well concentrated with a very
bright core containing a short bar oriented E-W. A long linear arm is attached at the west side of the core
and extends south ~40". The
outer, western edge of this arm has a sharply defined edge and the inner
(eastern) side has a low, irregular surface brightness. A short extension (arm) heads northeast
from the east side of the core. As
a result the core appears offset towards the north, because of the longer
southern arm. Mag 6.4 HD 103928
lies 5' ESE and was placed outside the field.
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, large
bright core. Third and largest of
an excellent trio with NGC 3994 1.8' SW and NGC 3991 3.8' NW. Located 6.6' W of mag 6.4 SAO 62774.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3995, along with NGC 3991, on 5 Feb 1864. His position, measured on 3 nights, is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3996 = UGC
6941 = MCG +03-31-004 = CGCG 098-011 = PGC 37628
11 57 46.0 +14
17 50
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5', nearly
even surface brightness. A line of
stars oriented SSW-NNE precedes the galaxy and two mag 13.5-14 stars
follow. Located 20' ENE of a mag
6.7 star and 2.1¡ ESE of Beta Leonis (Denebola).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3996 = h1032 on 23 Apr 1832 and logged "vF; pL; R; has two
stars sf." This was one of
the last two objects discovered by JH at Slough, though he measured the
position again on the 26th and 28th of April.
******************************
NGC 3997 = UGC
6942 = MCG +04-28-102 = CGCG 127-114 = Holm 308B = LGG 260-003 = WBL 368-004 =
PGC 37629
11 57 48.3 +25
16 15
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, irregular,
~1.0'x0.7'. Contains a small
brighter core embedded in a curving bar oriented ~E-W. There was an impression of weak spiral
arms in the halo. Bracketed by two
mag 12.5-13 stars just off the east and southwest side. Brightest and fourth in a string with
NGC 3993 3' SW and NGC 3987 7.7' SW.
17.5" (3/19/88):
faint, small, elongated ~E-W (central bar), small bright core. Bracketed by two mag 12 stars 0.9' E
and 0.9' SW of center. Member of
the NGC 4007 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3997 = H III-324 = h1033, along with NGC 3987 = H III-323, on 6
Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded "vF, lE. Suspected another eF, about 5'
or 6' nef. I was pretty sure of
it." NGC 3997 is 7.8' NE of
NGC 3987, while NGC 3993 is 4.7' NE, so either could apply but NGC 3997 is
slightly brighter. JH measured an
accurate position and described "F; vS; E pos 25¡ Between 2 stars,
80" dist."
The two WH
numbers have been applied to different galaxies. JH equated NGC 3997 = H
III-323 in the Slough catalogue.
Dreyer gave a possible equivalence of NGC 4015 = H III-323 and NGC 4021
= H III-324 in the NGC, which in the 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH",
Dreyer equates NGC 3987 = H III-323 and NGC 3993 = H III-324.
******************************
NGC 3998 = UGC
6946 = MCG +09-20-046 = CGCG 269-025 = Holm 310a = LGG 241-007 = PGC 37642
11 57 56.1 +55
27 13
V = 10.7; Size 2.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 140d
18"
(4/30/11): very bright, fairly large, slightly elongated 5:4 NNW-SSE, 1.8'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a small, blazing core that increases to a very bright stellar nucleus. NGC
3990 lies 3' due W. Brightest in a
group of 6 galaxies in a 30' field.
17.5"
(4/6/91): very bright, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, sharply
concentrated with a round very bright well-defined core, increases to stellar
nucleus. Located 5.6' SSE of mag
9.2 SAO 28204. Forms a pair with
NGC 3990 3.0' W. Brightest in a
group including NGC 3982, NGC 3972 and NGC 3977.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3998 = H I-229 = h1031 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920), along with
NGC 3990, and recorded both as "Two, the last [NGC 3998] cB or vB, R,
vgbM. The preceding [NGC 3990] pB,
E, S." His offset from NGC
3990 (22 sec of RA) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3999 = CGCG
127-117 = WBL 368-005 = PGC 37647
11 57 56.5 +25
04 05
V = 15.4; Size 0.4'x0.2'; PA = 88d
24"
(3/22/14): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, even surface
brightness. Situated 1.4' E of a
mag 12 star and 4.5' SSW of mag 8 HD 103913. A string of gaalxies oriented NW to SE begins with NGC 4000,
which lies 4.5' N.
17.5"
(4/18/98): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Requires averted vision and can only
hold steadily 2/3 of the time. A
mag 12 star is 1.5' preceding.
Located 4.6' SSW of mag 7.4 SAO 82077 in the NGC 4005 cluster. The RNGC identification is incorrect.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 3999 on 25 Apr 1878 in one of the
six Birr Castle observations of the NGC 4005 cluster. Parsons placed this nebula at 277" separation in PA
201.3¡ (SSW) with respect to mag 8 HD 103913 and it was labeled as Mu on the
composite sketch of the cluster.
At this exact offset is CGCG 127-117 = PGC 37647. The RNGC position is clearly in error
and points to a blank piece of sky (closer to NGC 4011). Listed in my RNGC Corrections #3.
******************************